MODULE 1: Nature, Goals and Perspectives in/of - promotes the study of a society’s culture through

Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science their belief systems, practices, and possessions.

3. Linguistic Anthropology

- examines the language of a group of people and its

relation to the culture.

4. Physical Anthropology

- looks into the biological development of humans and

their contemporary variation.

5. Applied Anthropology

- attempts to solve contemporary problems through the

application of theories and approaches of the discipline.
- Its broader sense involves social (i.e. actions and
interactions),cultural(i.e. practices and traditions)and CLAUDE LEVI -STRAUSS - Author of Tristes Tropiques
political(i.e. power relations)realities. one of the classic studies in anthropology and it
presented the lives of a non-modern society in Brazil
These social sciences provide a precarious yet
captivating portrayal social life as: PHILIPPE BOURGOIS - professor of anthropology at
University Of Pennsylvania, studied the lives of street
- Impinged upon by social forces(sociology),
level drug dealers
- Routinized by cultural practices(anthropology), and
KEY INFORMANTS - the individuals who have significant
- Constantly enmeshed in power relations (political knowledge on the topic being studied by the
science). anthropologist
ANTHROPOLOGY: PARTICIPATION OBSERVATION METHODS - which entail
the participation of the researcher on the daily practices
- Greek words: Anthropos(human) and logos(study)
and rituals of the group being studied .
- Seeks to answer the primary question: What does it
The study of Anthropology is holistic in the sense of that
mean to be human?
its studies:
- is the study of the people their origins their
- humans, both as biological and social creatures ,
development and the contemporary variations
wherever and whenever they have been found on the - human behavior from the time the species existed to
face of the Earth the time that it will desist,
BIOLOGICAL - genetic composition of humans, their - human behavior from all regions of the world , and
relationship with other primates, and their evolution.
- all forms of human actions and beliefs.
SOCIAL - human behaviors, attitudes, and belief
SOCIOLOGY: - scientific study of society including
systems, which range from birth practices to burial rites.
patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and
Five Sub Disciplines of Anthropology: culture - Came from Latin word socius which means
companion or associate and logos Greek word for study
1. Archaeology:
- examines the remains of ancient and historical AUGUSTE COMTE – Father of Sociology, he coined the
human populations to promote and term sociology. According to him, sociology is a
understanding of how humans adapted to the scientific inquiry that covers human social activities.
environment and developed.
C.WRIGHTMILLS -coined the phrase “sociological
2. Cultural Anthropology imagination”.
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION - refers to the ability of POLITICAL SCIENCE:
sociologist to understand society systematically - It is
–two Greek words: polis–city-state in Greece, scire–to
"the awareness of the relationship between personal
know. The political activities in the polis later on termed
experience and the wider society"
as politikus in Latin. It aims to know the activities within
Sub Disciplines of Sociology: the state.

1. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - the main focus is to study the Sub disciplines of Political Science:
impact of group life to a person’s nature and personality
1. POLITICAL THEORY- Helps us better understand
2. SOCIAL CHANGE AND DISORGANIZATION - branch of the concepts that have shaped our politics,
sociology that inquires on the shift in social and cultural including freedom, equality, individuality,
interactions and the interruption of its process through democracy and justice.
delinquency, deviance, and conflicts. 2. COMPARATIVE POLITICS-It gives emphasis to
the areas of democratization and development,
3. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION - as “a state of
social movements, institutions and behavior in
disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or
democracies and dictatorships, government
consensus among the members of a society. 4. HUMAN
formation, political parties, corruption, political
4. ECOLOGY - pursues studies that relate human representation, and comparative political
behavior to existing social institutions. economy—especially development.
3. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - the study of state
5. POPULATION OR DEMOGRAPHY - inquires on the to state relations and the wider margin of the
interrelationship between population characteristics impacts of globalization and climate change
and dynamics with that of a political, economic, and such as terrorism, piracy, and democratization
social system. of non-Western territories fall into the category
6. APPLIED SOCIOLOGY - uses sociological research and of international relations.
methods to solve contemporary problems. It often uses 4. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR - it covers the attitudes,
interdisciplinary approach to better address social knowledge and actions of an individual in
problems response to political variables such as policies
created by the government, behavior of
Why do we need to study sociology? politicians and general political environment.
- Sociology studies societies to promote social change, 5. PUBLIC POLICY - this field inquires on the types
create new theories, and document human behavior. of governmental policies and the underlying
motivations for their enactment and
COMMUNITY -means a group of people living similar life implementation.
in some aspects. Communities can be based on various 6. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION- Analyzes the
things like style of worshipping the almighty, skin color, strategies applied by administrative units in
economic background (rich and poor), working fields, implementing the existing policies and feedback
etc. mechanism that they use to gain the opinion of
the public.
- Generalized term
ALFRED BOYER – politics is the interaction between
SOCIETY
the civil society and the government in the activity
– is a term that is used to describe all these of governance.
communities that share a common geographical or
MAX WEBER – politics is the exercise of power
social territory. Many communities together form a
within a state
society.
DAVID EASTON -politics is the authoritative
- Particular group of people
allocation of scarce values.
Weber introduced two essential concepts in EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - refers to the recognition
political science power and state: of that system’s existence and authority by other
actors and systems
1. POWER - as defined by Robert Dahl, is “the ability
of person A to make person B do what person B 3. TERRITORY - is also the geographic space in
would not otherwise do”(American Political Science which the sovereignty of a state is exercised
Association, 2013 This implies the capacity to direct
4. PEOPLE - It is the most important element in
and influence the decision of others
a nation. The number of people in a particular state
2. STATE - is a political entity that consists of four varies from one another to the other
elements territory, government, people and
MODULE 2: Concept, Aspects and Changes in/of
sovereignty.
Culture and Society
Four Elements of State:
CULTURE
1. GOVERNMENT – machinery of political
- is everything that a person learns as a member of
authority and administration
a society It is a people’s way of life.
Three branches of Philippine Government:
E.B TAYLOR:
- Executive
- describes culture a “that complex whole,which
- Legislative encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes,laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
- Judicial/ Judiciary Branch
knowledge, and everything that a person learns and
MONARCHS - are better leader as they are not shares as a member of society”
prone to employ force to subjugate members of
- an English Anthropologists, coined the term
their society as they do not feel the pressure to
culture in the 18th century
maintain their position, which they inherited
Characteristics of Culture:
ARISTOCRACY - best form of government ( Less
prone to corruption given that it is run by a group of 1. CULTURE IS EVERYTHING:
people who have no vested self-interest due to
- It is what a person has, does, and thinks as part of
their high moral values and non - economic
a society Belief system, set of behaviors, and
preoccupation.
material possessions
POLITY - best alternative for an effective
CULTURE - is the powerful agent in shaping the
government or the rule of middle class. Most
decisions and actions of humans in a given
efficient, as it is less prone to corruption This is due
situation.
to the rulers who come from the middle class are
satisfied economically, and are well educated. MATERIAL CULTURE – all tangible and visible parts
of the culture (food, and even buildings)
DEMOCRACY - considered by Aristotle as an
ineffective type of government. NONMATERIAL CULTURE - all intangible parts of
culture which consist of values, ideas, and
2. SOVEREINTY - This is the independence of
knowledge
the state from the foreign powers. A state is
free from foreign control 2. CULTURE IS LEARNED: - Culture set of
beliefs, attitudes, and practices that an
INTERNAL SOVEREINTY - refers to the capacity of a
individual learns through his or her
political system to implement its rules and policies
family,school, church, and other social
within its territory
institutions
 ENCULTURATION - the process of learning your changing needs of humans as they interpret and
own culture survive in their environment.

ACCULTURATION - culture can be modified to SOCIETY:

accommodate desirable traits from other
- is seen as an outcome of multiple interactions of
cultures Cultural modification of an individual,
people
group, or people by adapting to or borrowing
traits from another culture - is a process in which people continuously interact with
one another
DECULTURATION - the reason of the culture has
been lost and even the cultural trait itself is in Three classical theories of the origin of society:
the process of being forgotten
1. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM AND SOCIAL
3. CULTURE IS SHARED - A particular ORDER: - society as a system with parts, and these parts
behavior cannot be considered as a culture if have their respective functions to perform
there is only one person practicing it.
2. CONFLICT THEORY AND CONFLICT: - it can be
LANGUAGE - is the main vehicle of culture said that the values and goals are sometimes the source
of conflict within a society.
4.CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY -
Humans are Born into cultures that have values 3. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AND MEANING
on beauty and body. MAKING: - Meaning is important because it is the basis
of actions towards or against specific elements of the
Examples:
environment Meaning.
1. Wearing lip plates is a sign of beauty
SYMBOLS – anything that can stand as representation of
and women are the ones who are expected to
something
wear them to appear desirable to men
Comparison of Theories and Society:
2. Foot binding among women ensures
their potential for good marriage. These women - AUGUST COMTE - Society as a social organism
are subjected to decades of physical alteration possessing a harmony of structure and function
that involves the restructuring of their feet to
achieve “lotus feet” - EMILE DURKHEIM - Society as a reality in its own right
Collective consciousness is of key importance to society,
LOTUS FEET - the ideal length of about 7.5 centimeters which society cannot survive without
(3 inches)
- COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS - set of shared beliefs,
5. CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE; ideas, attitudes, and knowledge that are common to a
social group or society
- INUITS OF ARCTIC REGION - well known for
building igloos during fishing and hunting expeditions - TALCOTT PARSONS - Society is a total complex Of
human relationships in so far as they grow out of the
– TUPIQS - ( tents made of animal skin, as their
action in terms of means end relationship
temporary homes
- MEANS - END RELATIONSHIP --'The means’ refers to
- FOOD TABOOS - these are the socially
the methods by which one achieves a goal 'The ends'
constructed and accepted prohibitions on the
refers to the outcome of an effort
consumption of several food items
- GEORGE HERBERT MEAD - Society is an Exchange of
6. CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE - Culture
gestures that involves the use of symbols
can Cause problems for the people who
subscribe to it - MORRIS GINSBERG - Society as a collection of
individuals united by certain relations –
7. CULTURE CHANGES - Culture is never
static This dynamism of culture is due to the
GEORGE DOUGLAS COLE - Society as the complex of Several Types of Gender Based on a Person’s
organized associations and institutions with community Orientation:

- ROBERT MACLVER AND CHARLES PAGE 1.HETEROSEXUAL attracted to opposite sex

Society as a system of usages and procedures of 2.HOMOSEXUAL attracted to same sex

authority and mutual aid of many groupings and
3.BISEXUAL attracted to both sexes
divisions, of controls of human behavior and liberties.
4.ASEXUAL attracted to any sex
Rules: Invisible Hand of Society
5.POLYSEXUAL attracted to multiple types of gender
- Guides in the performance of roles and in
everyday actions and interactions. 6.PANSEXUAL accommodate all types of gender
MODULE 3: Importance of Cultural Relativism in 7.TRANSGENDER people whose gender identities do not
Attaining Cultural Understanding match their biological identity as a male or female
Two primary factors that shape the behavior of human 2. SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS:
groups;
- GLOBAL SOUTH – developing countries
1. Environment
- GLOBAL NORTH – developed countries People falling
2. History into different social classes are bound to experience life
differently in terms of the following:
ESKIMOS – wears thick layers of garment made of
animal fur 1. Form of transportation
MAASAIS – wear loose, single-layer clothes made of 2. Type and amount of food that they can afford and
cotton, which are meant to make them comfortable . consume daily
NATIONALITY - identity that is tied to being part of a Determinants of one’s social status:
nation or country “a group of people who share the
same history, traditions, and language 1. Income

NATURALIZATION - is the legal act or process by which a 2. Value of assets and savings
noncitizen in a country may acquire citizenship or 3. Cultural interests and hobbies
nationality of that country
4. Economic status of his or her peers and relatives
ETHNIC GROUPS - smaller cultural groups that share
specific environments, traditions, and histories that are Seven class system (Great Britain):
not necessarily subscribed to by the mainstream culture 1. Elite
Examples of Ethnic Groups in the Philippines: 2. Established middle class
- Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Visayan Bisaya Hiligaynon, 3. Technical middle class
Bikol Waray and the like
4. New affluent workers
Social Differences:
5. Traditional working class
1. GENDER - “refers to socially constructed
roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given 6. Emergent working class
society considers appropriate for men and women”
7. Precariat
- SEX - refers to the biological differences between
British Traditional Three Class System:
males and females such as their reproductive organs
and genetic differences. 1. Upper Class

2. Middle Class
 3. Working Class Cultural Variation:

Philippine Social Class System: ETHNOCENTRISM

1. Mahirap - a perspective that promotes an individual’s culture as

the most efficient and superior - “ethno”
2. Medyo mayaman
– Greek word; a people, nation or cultural grouping -
3. Sakto lang
Centric – Latin; center
4. Mayaman
- It is the practice of comparing other cultural practices
3. POLITICAL IDENTITY: with those of one’s own and automatically finding those
other cultural practices to be inferior
- refers to the set of attitudes and practices that an
individual adheres to in relation to the political systems - Ethnocentrism is a term coined by William Graham
and actors within his or society Sumner

- Frequently refers to a specific political party affiliation CULTURAL RELATIVISM- promotes greater appreciation
or partisan identity. of the cultures one encountered along the way.

Examples of Political Parties in the Philippines: Appreciation of other cultures may come about for two
complementary reasons:
- Ang Ladlad a party that negotiates for the welfare of
the LGBTQI community 1. acquisition of sufficient knowledge about the culture
in question
- Kabataan a party that promotes youth empowerment
2. direct exposure to other cultures
4. RELIGION - can also offer political identity to
its followers Members of Iglesia ni Cristo (promote the RACE – From 17th to 19th century it was used as a from
practice of block voting a church based exercise of one’s of human classification that was based on observable
right o suffrage. human traits and characteristics

COMMUNISM - a political theory derived from Karl These categories merely eflect the differences in:
Marx advocating class war and leading to a society in
- skin color ,
which all property is publicly owned and each person
works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. - size of skull ,

DEMOCRACY - literally, rule by the people The term is - height ,

derived from the Greek dēmokratiā which was coined
- body frame , and
from dēmos (“ and kratos (“ inthe middle of the 5 th
century BCE to denote thepolitical systems that existing - other physical characteristics.
in some Greek city states, notably Athens.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION -against individuals of African
SOCIALISM - a social and economic doctrine that calls descent by the colonizers became a highly observable
for public rather than private ownership or control of phenomenon
property and natural resources
Results of Racial Discrimination:
SORCERER OF LES GABILLOU - is an example of a
Paleolithic artwork This artwork depicts the a) Lower household income of black families than their
supernatural ability of a religious practitioner to white counterparts
become half man and half animal. b) Lesser access to good education
– MONOTHEISTIC believing in the existence of one God c) Poor housing conditions
– POLYTHEISTIC believing in the existence of d) Lesser to no access to health care systems
multipleGods
Three Major Colonizing Power: - OCCIPITAL LOBE Visual skills

1. Spanish SPEAKING CAPACITY:

2. American - BRAIN - is the primary source of humans’

capacity to comprehend sound and provide meaning to
3. Japanese
it
Forms of racism includes:
- VOCAL TRACT - acts as a mechanism by which
1. Segregated spaces sounds are produced and reproduced to transmit ideas
and values
2. Disqualification from potential work despite of
qualifications -TONGUE - of humans is also more flexible than
that of chimpanzee allowing for more control in making
3. Inaccessibility of quality education sounds.
BIOLOGICAL EGALITARIANISM - promotes the equality HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS – this fossil is a hyoid bone
of our biological makeup despite our ancestry which is crucial for speaking; discover by Dan Dediu of
XENOCENTRISM - refers to a preference for the foreign Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.
In this sense, it is the exact opposite of ethnocentrism It Two types of Grip;
is characterized by a strong belief that one’s own
products, styles, or ideas are inferior to those which 1. POWER GRIP - It enabled humans to wrap the
originate elsewhere thumb and the fingers on an object it became the
cornerstone of our capacity to hold tools firmly for
MODULE 4: The Significance of Cultural, Social, hunting and other activities
Political and Economic Symbols And Practices:
2. PRECISION GRIP – it enables humans to hold
CULTURE - is defined as “that complex whole which and pick objects steadily using their fingers
encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything STANDING AND WALKING CAPACITY:
that a person learns and shares as a member of a
Two Forms of Locomotion:
society
a) BIPEDALISM - capacity to walk and stand on two feet
To understand culture, you need to know the following:
b) QUADROPEDALISM - uses of all four limbs
1. Biological capacity of humans for culture
- Being bipedal humans gained more capacity to move
2. Place of humans in the animal kingdom
while carrying objects with their free hands This is an
3. How humans came to develop early forms of culture important trait, as it gave humans more

BIOLOGICAL CAPACITY: Human Origins and the Capacity for Culture:

1. OUR CAPACITY TO THINK: 1. OLDOWAN INDUSTRY - percussion flaking which is a

process involving the systematic collision of a hammer
- The primary biological component of humans allowed stone with a core stone
for culture is the developed brain It has necessary parts
for facilitating pertinent skills such as speaking touching - The impact of the collision produces a core tool (used
feeling seeing and smelling for general purposes) and a flake tool (used as a knife)

- FRONTAL LOBE AND MOTOR CORTEX - for cognition PERCUSSION FLAKING METHOD – these forms of
and motor abilities technology allowed for the species to butcher large
animals.
- PARIETAL LOBE touch and taste abilities
2. ACHEULIAN INDUSTRY: - Homo Erectus developed a
- TEMPORAL LOBE hearing skills more complex industry from what they inherited from
Homo Habilis Using the same process of percussion Characteristics of Paleolothic and Neolitic Societies:
flaking method Homo erectus created hand axes

- Hand axes were used in multiple activities such as light

chopping of wood, digging up roots and bulbs,
butchering animals, and cracking nuts and small bones -
This industry was named after Saint Acheul a patron
saint in southwest France as these artifacts were
discovered in the area

3. MOUSTERIAN INDUSTRY - The industry was

developed by the Homo Neanderthalensis ( in Europe
and West Asia)

- This industry was named after a site in France called Le

Moustier where evidence was uncovered in 1860

- The tools from this industry combined Acheulian Democracy of Early Civilizations:
industry techniques with the Levalloisian technique
which involved the use of a premade core tool and the CLEISTHENES – proposed demokratia as a political
extraction of a flake tool that has sharpened edges ideology that aimed at dispering power from the
monopoly of the elites to the masses.
4. AURIGNACIAN INDUSTRY - The term Aurignacian was
derived from Aurignac an area in France where the - Democracy in Greece was primarily about the
evidence for this industry was found inclusion of marginalized sectors of the society in the
day to day operations of the government
- development of self-awareness
Examples of Marginalized Sectors:
- This development was projected through cave
paintings and the fabrication of accessories such as - Trade vendors in the market
figurines, bracelets, and beads
- Transportation Jeepney drivers
- The cave paintings found in the El Castillo Cave In
- Care Services Barber Shop
Cantabaria Spain provide us with a glimpse of the
environment that the early humans lived in The legacy of Early Humans to Cotemporary Population:

5. MAGDALENIAN INDUSTRY - The industry was named - United Nations Educational, Scientific and
after the La Madeleine site in Dordogne, France Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - primary transnational
entity that manages and negotiates matters relating to
- defined by several revolutionary advancements in
human heritage
technology such as the creation of microliths from flint,
bone, antler, and ivory - CULTURAL HERITAGE - not limited to material
manifestations, such as monuments and objects that
- application of heat and fire BARBED HARPOONS
have been preserved over time
– the evidence of the growing sophistication of the
- Also encompasses living expressions and the
hunting skills and technology
traditions

HERITAGE BEING TANGIBLE - structures, monuments,

historical sites, and other artifacts

HERITAGE BEING INTANGIBLE - literature, oral

traditions, concepts and values
Take Note: Tangible Heritage could be movable or SOCIALIZATION – refers to the process by which an
immovable The primary difference in these two individual is oriented and thought by his or her society’s
categories is the size of the heritage. norm

The Roles of Museum in Preserving Human Heritage: IDENTITY FORMATION:

MUSEUMS - are the repository of archaeological finds SOCIAL IDENTITY – a person’s notation of who he or she
that allow people from contemporary period to is in the society
reconstruct the culture and environment of their
Two primary types of identity:
ancestors
- Primary Identity – consists of the roles and statues
In the 2010 Conference of the Museum Association,
that an individual learns as a child (sex, age and
new roles of the museum were identified:
ethnicity)
1. Fostering community solidarity through shared
- Secondary Identity – identity that he or she
history and
participates in the construction (educational
2. Regeneration and development of the local economy background, economic status and gender)
According to the National Geographic Society the 10
THEORIES OF IDENTITY:
most famous museums and with the biggest collection
of artifacts and fossils are the following: - ROLE LEARNING THEORY – promote sthe argument
that individuals learn a repertoire
1. Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC,
USA CONFORMITY – acceptance from the members of the
society
2. Le Louvre, Paris, France
NONCOMFORMITY – results in ostracism (exclusion
3. The Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece
from a society or group)
4. State Hermitage, St Petersburg, Russia
- THEORY IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM – promotes
5. The British Museum, London, UK the idea that individuals construct their notion of the
self through social interactions performed within a
6. The Prado, Madrid, Spain
society
7. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
NORMS AND VALUES:
City, New York, USA
Four categories of norms and values:
8. The Vatican Museums, Vatican City
1. FOLKWAYS
9. The Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy
– socially approved behaviors that have no moral
10. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
underpinning.

- Actions that constitute acceptable or expected

MODULE 5: The Context, Content, Process and behavior drawn from customs and conventions
Consequences of Socialization
- The traditional behavior or way of life of a particular
SELF community or group of people

– is a product of social processes CIVIL INATTENTION

- The behavior of an individual is acquired through – when we politely ignore others around us in public
enculturation and socialization process. The variation in settings
human behavior is attributed to the differences in
2. MORES
cultural templates of every society that the individual
learns from – are the norms related to moral conventions
- These includes behaviors that are considered 3. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY – conformity or
acceptable in relation to religious practices deviance is learned by an individual from those he or
she associates with
FROWNED – form an expression of disapproval
4. LABELING THEORY – actions are initially not
3.TABOOS – behaviors that are absolutely forbidden in
considered deviant until they are labelled as such by
a specific culture
members of a community
CANNIBALISM – the act of consuming another
CRIMINALITY - the definition itself are establishes by
individual of the same species as food
those in power through the formulation of laws and the
INCEST – human sexual activity between family interpretation of those laws by police, courts and
members or close relatives correctional institutions

4.LAWS- consists of the riles and regulations that are SOCIAL CONTROL:
implemented by the state making them the prime
Two elements that promote social control:
source of social control
1. INTERNALIZATION – an integral part of
STATUS AND ROLE:
communicating and incorporating social norms to an
ROLE – a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, individual’s personality
beliefs and norms as conceptualized by people in a
2. SANCTIONS – are powerful in leading an individual to
social situation
conform to social norms
ROLE SET – multiplicity of roles within a given status
Sanctions can be categorized into several types: -
CONFLICTS – may arise in the variety of the role that
FORMAL SANCTIONS – these are the rewards or forms
they have to perform
of punishment that are formally awarded by an
ROLE CONFLICT – stems from the divergent institution such as a government, a council or an
expectations of the statuses that an individual establishment
simultaneously occupies.
- INFORMAL SANCTIONS – these are the rewards and
ROLE STRAIN – this implies that the individual is having forms of punishment that are spontaneously given by
a difficulty in performing the role required of him other an individual or a group of people

CONFORMITY – act of following the roles and goals of - POSITIVE SANCTIONS – these are actions or statement
one’s society tat reward a particular behavior, which reinforce it
repetition
- This behavior often met with rewards and acceptance
from other members of the family MODULE 6: Forms and Functions of Social
Organizations
DEVIANCE – act of violation the prescribe social norms
BARKADA – a term used that most Filipinos in their
STIGMA – a strong sense of disapproval on youth use to refer to a group who share the same social
nonconforming behavior from members of the society. inclinations
Theories that explain the existence of deviants (human - SOCIAL GROUP – a collection of people who
group) and deviance (act) interact with each other and share similar
1. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY – our families, parents and characteristics and a sense of unity
significant others are the first to orient us with the rules - SOCIAL CATEGORY – a collection of people
of the society who do not interact but who share similar
2. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY – the individuals decision characteristics.
to follow or to go against social norms is dependent on
their perceived cost and benefit of such action
 - SOCIAL AGGREGATE – a collection of people BULLYING – an example of intergroup aggression, as
who are in the same place, but who do not interact or member of a dominant group inflict harm on an
share characteristics. individual who is perceived to be an outsider

SOCIAL NETWORKS – consists of individuals who have OUT-GROUP -the group that an individual is not a part
dyadic (interaction between two things/ interaction of
between a pair of individuals) relationships.
REFERENCE GROUP – an ideal group that the behavior
SOCIOGRAM – a visual presentation of the social of an individual can be shaped by the set of behavior
network present in one group or more and beliefs of a group that such an individual consider
as ideal
- It was developed by Jacob Moreno, psychiatrist in
1951 - PRIMARY GROUPS – the direct sources of an
individual’s social skills and knowledge - SECONDARY
Multiple Arrangement in Sociogram:
GROUPS – are more formal in context as the
1. CLIQUE – an exclusive group that is separate
relationships and interactions in them are limited to a
from the entire unit - It is a group of individuals who
particular role
interact with one another and share similar interests
- SMALL GROUPS – this type of interaction often forms
2. ONE-WAY CHOICE – an individual who related
exclusivity as experiences shared within the context
to another individual who does not reciprocate the
affiliation DYAD – composed of two individuals

3. ISOLATE – an individual who has chosen no TRIAD – composed of three individuals

one and is not chosen by anyone in the structure
CONFORMITY – the behavior of an individual that
IN-GROUP – is the social group in which an individual related to the following the prescribed norms of his or
directly affiliates and expresses loyalty to. her group

1. Members use titles, external symbols and dress to Two types of leaders in a small group:
distinguish
- EXPRESSIVE LEADER – a motivated by the
JEJEMONS – this group is popular for their relationships that he or she has with the members of
distinguishable dress code and language the group; cooperative style of management

MILITARY GROUPS – can also be seen as having a very - INSTRUMENTAL LEADERS – wherein the
strong in-group culture members of the group are directed to perform tasks
that lead to the achievement of the group goal.
2. Members apply positive stereotypes to their in-
group and negative stereotypes to the out-group ORGANIZATIONS – created by individuals to foster a
more direct relationship in secondary group setting
IN-GROUP FAVORITISM – it is the phenomenon of
individuals preferring members and behaviors practiced - FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
within an in-group as opposed to those from the out-
- INFORMAL ORGANIZATIONS
group
RATIONAL PLANNING – this process implies
3. Members tend to clash or compete with members
identification of tasks, roles, implementations,
of the out-group. This competition with other group
programs and policies
can also strengthen the unity within each group.

INTERGROUP AGGRESSION – takes place as member of

the ingroup harm individuals from the out-group due to
their undesirable traits