Monday Notes  demonstrative pronouns (dem): demonstrate which one

o this, that, these, those

PARTS OF SPEECH  indefinite pronouns (ind): don’t refer to a definite person or thing
NOUN (n) and (N): person, place, thing, idea o each, either, neither, few, some, all, most, several, few, many,
Types: none, one, someone, no one, everyone, anyone, somebody,
 common (n): names a general noun; begins with a lower case nobody, everybody, anybody, more, much, another, both, any,
letter (city) other, etc.
 proper (N): names a specific noun; begins with a capital letter ADJECTIVE (adj)
(Atlanta)  modifies nouns (I have a green pen.) and pronouns (They are
 possessive (pos n, pos N): shows ownership (girl’s, Roger’s) happy.)
PRONOUN (pro)  tells: Which one? How many? What kind?
 takes the place of a noun  proper adjective: proper noun used as an adjective (American
flag)
Refer to the Pronoun chart at the end of this handout.  Articles: a, an, the {label these as articles, even though they
Types: function somewhat like adjectives}
 personal pronouns PREPOSITION (prep)
o 1st person: pronouns having to do with “me”  shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other
o 2nd person: pronouns having to do with “you” word in the sentence
o 3rd person: pronouns having to do with everyone else  We went to school. We went up the stairs.
o singular nominative (nom): I, you, he, she, it o Examples:
o plural nominative (nom): we, you, they across between of under
after by off until
o singular objective (obj): me, you, him, her, it
against during on with
o plural objective (obj): us, you, them
around except over according to
o singular possessive (pos): my, your, his, her, its, mine, yours at for since because of
plural possessive (pos): our, your, their, ours, yours, theirs before from through instead of
below in to
 interrogative pronouns (int): ask questions
o Which? Whose? What? Whom? Who?

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INTERJECTION (intj)
 Shows emotion or intensity, but has no real connection with the Be careful when deciding.
rest of the sentence Reading is great. [Reading = great  linking verb]
 Usually punctuated with an exclamation point; use a comma if the The game is on Saturday. [here “is” means “takes place” 
feeling is not as strong. action verb]
o Oh! Wow! Man! The flower smells pretty. [flower = pretty  linking verb]
The dog smells the flower. [here “smells” means “sniffs” or
CONJUNCTION (cc) and (sc) and (cor conj) “gathers the scent of”  action verb]
 joins words, phrases, and clauses
Types:  helping verb (h.v.): “helps” an action verb or linking verb
 coordinating conjunctions (cc)  If a verb phrase has four verbs, the first three are helping. If a
o F A N B O Y S (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) verb phrase has three verbs, the first two are helping.
 subordinating conjunctions (sc): start adv. dependent clauses (and o These words CAN be helping verbs:
therefore must be followed by subject and verb) is will must
o after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, be would have
when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc. am can has
 correlative (cor conj): always are in pairs are could had
o not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and was shall do
VERB (a.v.) and (l.v.) and (h.v.) were should does
 shows action or helps to make a statement been may did
Types: being might ought
 action verb (a.v.): shows action Examples:
She wrote a note. Helping verbs paired with an action verb:
 linking verb (l.v.): links two words together We have been taking notes all day. [“taking” is action]
o These words CAN be linking verbs: Helping verb paired with a linking verb:
am are be She will be cold without a jacket. [“be” is linking]
is
was were been
being remain appear seem
become smell feel sound
grow stay look taste

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Verb tenses:  can act as an adjective (adj prep ph)
 present (pres): happening now I want a room with a view.
jump talk eat What kind of room? One with a view.
falling is falling am falling  can act as an adverb (adv prep ph)
 past (past): happened previously His house is on the lake.
jumped talked ate Where is the house? On the lake.
fell was falling
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION (op)
 future (f): will happen in the future
 follows a preposition and tells “what?”
will jump shall talk will be eating
The key is under the rug.
 present perfect (pres perf): have or has plus past participle have
Under what?
jumped has talked have been eating
Answer: the rug; that’s the object of the preposition.
has been falling
 If there is no object, it’s not a preposition
 past perfect (past perf): had plus the past participle
Please stand up.
had jumped had talked had been eating
“Up” is an adverb in this case.
 future perfect (f perf): will have or shall have plus past participle
will have jumped shall have talked will have been SIMPLE SUBJECT (s)
eating  the “who” or “what” of the verb
 must be a noun or pronoun
ADVERB (adv)
 can never be in a prepositional phrase
 modifies adjectives (really cute), verbs (extremely fast), and other
 There and here are never subjects of a sentence.
adverbs (very easily)
 The subject can be an “understood you”
 tells: How? When? Where? To what extent?
Bring me the remote control, please.
 Not and never are always adverbs.
(You bring it.)
Tuesday Notes VERB (or simple predicate) (v.t or v.i.)
SENTENCE PARTS AND PHRASES Types:
 transitive (v.t.): takes a direct object (We love grammar.)
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE (adj. prep. ph. and adv. prep. ph.)  intransitive (v.i.): does not take a direct object (Please sit down.)
 group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a  All linking verbs are intransitive.
noun or pronoun —continued

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COMPLEMENT
 completes the meaning of the subject and verb o Examples:
Types: Appositive: My son Jesse likes trains.
 direct object (do): is a noun or pronoun; follows an action verb; is “Jesse” follows and renames “son”
never in a prepositional phrase. To find it, say the subject and Appositive phrase: Ann, my daughter, loves to dance.
verb and then what? or who? “my daughter” follows and renames “Ann.” It’s a phrase
I like English. because it includes the possessive pronoun “my” along with
I like what? Answer: English; that’s the direct object. the noun “daughter.”
 indirect object (io): is a noun or pronoun; comes after a verb and
before a direct object; is never in a prepositional phrase. To find NOUN OF DIRECT ADDRESS (nda)
it, say the subject, verb, and direct object and then to or for  person being spoken to in a sentence
whom or what? o Examples:
He gave me the paper. Mom, I’m hungry. Go clean your room, Rebecca.
He gave paper to whom? Answer: me; that’s the indirect object.
 predicate nominative (pn): is a noun or pronoun; follows a linking COMPLETE SUBJECT (underlined with one line)
verb and renames the subject. To find it, say the subject and  part of sentence about which something is being said
linking verb and then what?  simple subject plus its modifiers
He is a nice guy.  Dependent clauses modifying the subject are part of the complete
He is what? Answer: a guy; “guy” is the predicate nominative, subject of the independent clause.
because “guy” is a noun. “Nice” modifies guy, not “he.”
 predicate adjective (pa): is an adjective; follows a linking verb and COMPLETE PREDICATE(underlined with two lines)
describes the subject. To find it, say the subject and linking verb  part of sentence that says something about the subject
and then what?  verb plus its modifiers
He is nice.  Dependent clauses modifying the verb are part of the complete
He is what? Answer: nice is the predicate adjective, because predicate of the independent clause.
“nice” is an adjective that modifies “he.”

APPOSITIVE/APPOSITIVE PHRASE (app/ app ph)

 noun or pronoun that follows and renames another noun or
pronoun.

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 Wednesday Notes An imperative sentence (imp) gives a command and ends in a period.
An exclamatory sentence (exc) expresses strong feelings and ends in
CLAUSES AND SENTENCE TYPE an exclamation point.
A declarative, interrogative, or imperative sentence can be
CLAUSES exclamatory if it expresses strong feelings and ends in an exclmation
 Each clause must have a subject and verb. point.
Types of Clauses:
 independent clause (ind cl) (also called main clause):
o Every sentence must have at least one independent clause.
Thursday Notes
o The independent clause can usually stand alone. CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION
o An independent clause does not start with a relative pronoun
or subordinating conjunction. CAPITALIZATION
 dependent clause (dep cl) (also called subordinate clause):  Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives.
o The dependent clause can never stand alone. o days of the week, months, holidays, historical events
o A dependent clause starts with a relative pronoun or a o names of people, companies, organizations
subordinating conjunction. o names of states, countries, cities, islands, bodies of water,
o Examples: mountains, streets, parks, stores
We will eat when the bell rings. o nationalities, races, religions
She likes the guy who sits in front of her. o brand names of products
o titles of books, magazines, stories, poems, songs
SENTENCE TYPES o names of ships, trains, monuments, planets
simple sentence (s) = one independent clause  Always capitalize the pronoun “I.”
compound sentence (cd) = two or more independent clauses [joined  Capitalize the first word of each sentence.
with a comma and a coordinating conjunction OR a semi-colon]  Capitalize the first word of a quotation.
complex sentence (cx) = one independent clause + one or more
dependent clauses SEMICOLON
 joins two clauses without a coordinating conjunction
SENTENCE PURPOSE o He likes apples; she likes oranges.
A declarative sentence (dec) makes a statement and ends in a period.  can be used in a series with commas for clarity
An interrogative sentence (int) asks a question and ends in a o London, England; Paris, France; Madrid, Spain;
question mark.

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APOSTROPHE  Use single quotations marks only to enclose quotations within
 Use apostrophes to make words possessive and to make quotations.
contractions.  Use double quotations marks in all other situations.
 Don’t use apostrophes to make words plural. He’s a real “team player.”
 Possessive pronouns don’t use apostrophes. Possessive pronouns
include hers, its, ours, and yours.
 Be sure you have a real word before your apostrophe: children’s
toys, not childrens’ toys.
 If the word is plural and ends in s, add an apostrophe only: dogs’
owners.
 Treat singular nouns ending in s just like any other singular noun:
boss’s, Brutus’s.

UNDERLINING/ITALICIZING
 Underlining and italicizing are the same thing.
 Underline or italicize titles of long things: newspapers, magazines,
CDs, movies, novels, plays, musical compositions, etc.
 Underline or italicize names of ships, planes, trains, and artwork.
 Underline or italicize foreign expressions.

QUOTATION MARKS
 Quote titles of short things: short stories, poems, songs, articles,
episodes of TV shows, etc.
 Quote dialogue and words copied from other sources.
 Commas and periods that follow quoted words always go inside
closing quotation marks. I said, “Go home.”
 Colons and semicolons that follow quoted words always go
outside closing quotation marks.
We’re “friends”; we don’t date.

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COMMAS 10. Noun of direct address that ends a sentence—comma before
 Rule numbers are significant for reference purposes only. (Please don’t sit there Sue.)
 Following the rules are lists of common subordinating 11. Day of week, month  date, year, (The baby is expected on
conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions, and relative pronouns. Sunday, February 27, 2000, in Georgia.)
  = no comma 12. city, state, (We moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, in 1975.)
13. Introductory word, — comma after (Well, I hope these rules
1. adverb dependent clause independent clause—needs a comma come in handy. However, you must use them.)
(If it rains, we’ll go inside.) 14. Interrupter, — comma before and after (These rules, I think, will
2. independent clause  adverb dependent clause—no comma help you if you use them.)
(We’ll go inside if it rains.)
3. independent clause coordinating conjunction independent Common subordinating conjunctions:
clause—comma goes before the cc (Joe likes pizza, but Fred likes because if when
tacos.) after even until
4. subject verb  cc verb—no comma (Joe likes pizza but does not as while so
like vegetables.) though as that
5. introductory prepositional phrase is followed by a comma since if before
(After English class, we go to lunch.) whenever although unless
6. A nonessential appositive has commas before and after (We read
The Great Gatsby a novel in class.)
Coordinating conjunctions = FANBOYS
7. An essential appositive has no commas (We read the novel The
for and nor but or yet so
Great Gatsby in class.)
8. Items in a series—comma after each item (Please buy apples
Relative pronouns:
oranges and bananas. I like the warm fuzzy blanket.)
that which who whom whose
9. Noun of direct address that begins a sentence—comma after
(Tom would you hand me the phone?)

on the next page

Friday Notes
DIAGRAMMING

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 Pronoun Chart
Case refers to nominative, objective, and
 possessive pronouns 
this is Nominative (or Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive
singular/
also called subjective) pronouns pronouns adjectives pronouns
plural
Voice pronouns

First Singular I me mine my myself

Person Plural we us ours our ourselves

Singular you you yours your yourself

Second
you, you all, you, you all, yours your yourselves
Person Plural
y’all y’all

he, she, it him, her, it his, hers his, her, its himself,
Third Singular herself,
Person itself
Plural they them theirs their themselves

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