Energy Changes

ENERGY CHANGES
Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions
Reaction
Chemical Chemical
profile energy
activation energy
energy
activation energy
products
reactants
reactants energy change
energy change
products
(activation energy = minimum energy particles need to react) (activation energy = minimum energy particles need to react)
Energy chemical energy → heat energy heat energy → chemical energy

change
products have less chemical energy than the reactants products have more chemical energy than the reactants
Temperature gets hotter gets colder

change
Sign negative (–) e.g. –76 kJ/mol positive (+) e.g. +76 kJ/mol
Example
reactions
Example
uses in
everyday life
© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1152

Questions
1 The table shows the temperature change in some reactions. State whether each reaction is exothermic
or endothermic.
start final
exothermic or endothermic
temperature (°C) temperature (°C)
a 21 65
b 20 14
c 20 26
2 For each the reactions shown:

• draw the reaction profile
• draw an arrow to show the overall energy change (label this E)
• draw an arrow to show the activation energy (label this A)
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 Energy change = +208 kJ/mol 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3 Energy change = –76 kJ/mol
Chemical energy
Chemical energy
3 State whether each of these reactions is exothermic or endothermic.
reaction exothermic or endothermic
a burning petrol
b reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydrogencarbonate
c reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide
d reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium
e ammonium chloride dissolving in water in an ice pack
f thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate
g electrical decomposition of sodium chloride

ENERGY CHANGES
Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions
Reaction
Chemical Chemical
profile energy
activation energy
energy
activation energy
products
reactants
reactants energy change
energy change
products
(activation energy = minimum energy particles need to react) (activation energy = minimum energy particles need to react)
Energy chemical energy → heat energy heat energy → chemical energy

change
products have less chemical energy than the reactants products have more chemical energy than the reactants
Temperature gets hotter gets colder

change
Sign negative (–) e.g. –76 kJ/mol positive (+) e.g. +76 kJ/mol
Example • burning fuels • decomposition reactions

reactions • most neutralisation reactions • reactions of acids with hydrogencarbonates
• displacement reactions
• reactions of metals with acids
Example • burning fuels • sports injury ice packs

uses in • hand warmers • sherbert (contains citric acid & sodium
everyday life • self heating cans hydrogencarbonate)

Questions
1 The table shows the temperature change in some reactions. State whether each reaction is exothermic
or endothermic.
start final
exothermic or endothermic
temperature (°C) temperature (°C)
a 21 65 exothermic
b 20 14 endothermic
c 20 26 exothermic
2 For each the reactions shown:

• draw the reaction profile
• draw an arrow to show the overall energy change (label this E)
• draw an arrow to show the activation energy (label this A)
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 Energy change = +208 kJ/mol 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3 Energy change = –76 kJ/mol
Chemical Chemical
activation energy
energy energy
activation energy
CO + 3H2
N2 + 3H2
CH4 + H2O +208 kJ/mol
–76 kJ/mol
2NH3
3 State whether each of these reactions is exothermic or endothermic.
reaction exothermic or endothermic
a burning petrol exothermic
b reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydrogencarbonate endothermic
c reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide exothermic
d reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium exothermic
e ammonium chloride dissolving in water in an ice pack endothermic
f thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate endothermic
g electrical decomposition of sodium chloride endothermic

EXOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC?
Aim You are going to carry out some reactions and decide whether each one is exothermic or
endothermic.
Safety  The boiling tubes should be in a boiling tube rack and not held in your hand.
 IRRITANTS = NaOH, HCl, product of Ca + H2O reaction
 FLAMMABLE = Mg, Ca, Zn (there should be no flames in the lab)
 HARMFUL = CuSO4, NH4Cl
 Ca must only be handled with tweezers.
 Do not pour waste metals down the sink.
Method Each reaction should be done in a boiling tube which is in a boiling tube rack. You should
measure the temperature before adding the second reagent, stir the reaction carefully with the
thermometer, and record the highest or lowest temperature reached.
Temperature (°C)
Exothermic or
Reaction Instructions
Rise or endothermic?
Start End Change
fall?
Place 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid in a boiling
1) HCl + Mg tube, record the temperature, and then add a
piece of magnesium ribbon.

2) HCl + NaHCO3 tube, record the temperature, and then one
spatula load of sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Place 20 cm3 of water in a boiling tube,

3) NH4Cl + H2O record the temperature, and then add one
spatula load of ammonium chloride.
Place 20 cm3 of water in a boiling tube,

4) Ca + H2O record the temperature, and then add one
granule of calcium (using tweezers).

5) HCl + NaOH tube, record the temperature, and then add
20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
Place 20 cm3 of copper sulfate solution in a

6) CuSO4 + Zn boiling tube, record the temperature, and
then two spatula loads zinc powder.
Questions Write a balanced equation for all of the reactions (except 3).

EXOTHERMIC OR ENDOTHERMIC?
1 2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2 exothermic
2 HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2O + CO2 endothermic
3 NH4Cl dissolves endothermic
4 Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 exothermic
5 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O exothermic
6 CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu exothermic

BOND ENERGY CALCULATIONS 1
Bond Br-Br Cl-Cl C-Br C-C C-O C-H H-Cl
Bond energy (kJ/mol) 193 242 276 348 360 412 431
Bond S=O H-H O-H O=O C=C C=O H-Br
For each of the following reactions, use the bond energy data to:
a) calculate the energy change for the reaction
b) state whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic and explain why in terms of bond making and breaking
1 H H + Br Br 2 H Br
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
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H H H H
2 H C C H + Br Br H C C H
Br Br
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………..……….……
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3 H H + Cl Cl 2 H Cl
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
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O O
2 S
4 2 O S O + O O
O
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
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………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………..……….……
H H H
O
5 H C C C H + 5 O O 3 O C O + 4 H H
H H H
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
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………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………..……….……
H H H H H H
6 H C C C H + Br Br H C C C H
H H Br Br
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………..……….……
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………..……….……
H H O H H H O H
7 H C C C O H + H C O H H C C C O C H + H O
H
H H H H H H
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….………………………………………………………...……
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Area Strength To develop Area Strength To develop Area Strength To develop
Done with care and thoroughness Number and type of bonds correct Explain via breaking/making bonds
Shows suitable working Correct sign shown
Number and type of bonds clear Units given

Bond Br-Br Cl-Cl C-Br C-C C-O C-H H-Cl
Bond S=O H-H O-H O=O C=C C=O H-Br
a) calculate the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants

b) calculate the energy released when the bonds in products are made
c) calculate the energy change for the reaction
d) state whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic
e) explain why the reaction is exothermic or endothermic in terms of bond breaking and making
1 H H + Br Br 2 H Br
Break Make Energy change = break – make Exothermic

H-H 436 2 H-Br 2(366) = 629 – 732 More energy released making bonds than
Br-Br 193 Total 732 = –103 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
Total 629
H H H H
2 H C C H + Br Br H C C H
Br Br

C=C 612 C-C 348 = 2453 – 2548 More energy released making bonds than
4 C-H 4(412) 4 C-H 4(412) = –95 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
Br-Br 193 2 C-Br 2(276)
Total 2453 Total 2548
3 H H + Cl Cl 2 H Cl
ii)
H-H 436 2 H-Cl 2(431) = 678 – 862 More energy released making bonds than
Cl-Cl 242 Total 862 = –184 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
Total 678

O O
4 2 O S O + O O 2 S

4 S=O 4(435) 6 S=O 6(435) = 2238 – 2610 More energy released making bonds than
O=O 498 Total 2610 = –372 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
Total 2238
H H H
O
5 Hiii) C C C H + 5 O O 3 O C O + 4 H H
H H H

2 C-C 2(348) 6 C=O 6(743) = 6482 – 8162 More energy released making bonds than
8 C-H 8(412) 8 O-H 8(463) = –1680 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
5 O=O 5(498) Total 8162
Total 6482
H H H H H H
6 H C C C H + Br Br H C C C H
H H Br Br

C-C 348 2 C-C 2(348) = 3625 – 3720 More energy released making bonds than
C=C 612 2 C-Br 2(276) = –95 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
6 C-H 6(412) 6 C-H 6(412)
Br-Br 193 Total 3720
Total 3625
H H O H H H O H
H C C C O H + H C O H H C C C O C H + H O
7 viii)
H
H H H H H H
Break Make Energy change = break – make Neither exothermic nor endothermic
2 C-C 2(348) 2 C-C 2(348) = 6381 – 6381 Same amount of energy released making
2 C-O 2(360) 2 C-O 2(360) = 0 kJ/mol bonds as is needed to break bonds
C=O 743 C=O 743
8 C-H 8(412) 8 C-H 8(412)
2 O-H 2(463) 2 O-H 2(463)
Total 6381 Total 6381

Bond N-N C-C C-O N-H C-H H-H
Bond energy (kJ/mol) 158 348 360 388 412 436
Bond O-H O=O C=C C=O N≡N
Bond energy (kJ/mol) 463 498 612 743 944

H
1 2 H H + O O 2 H O
vi)
Break Make Energy change Exo/endothermic (& reason)
H H
2
H + 3O
vi) C C H O 2 O C O + 2 H O H
© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 22-May-2018 Chemsheets GCSE 1155

H H H
3 + +
N N O O N N 2 H O
vi)
H H
H H H H
4
Hvi) C C O H C C + H O H
H H H H
H H H H H H
5
H C C C H + H H H C C C H
vi)
H H H H
Done with care and thoroughness Adds up make/break well Can explain if endo/exothermic
Suitable working Finds energy change
Counts bonds well States if endo/exothermic

Bond N-N C-C C-O N-H C-H H-H
Bond energy (kJ/mol) 158 348 360 388 412 436
Bond O-H O=O C=C C=O N≡N
Bond energy (kJ/mol) 463 498 612 743 944

H
1 2 H H + O O 2 H O
vi)

2 H-H 2(436) 4 O-H 4(463) = 1370 – 1852 More energy released making bonds than
O=O 498 Total 1852 = –482 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
Total 1370
H H
2 H iii) C C H + 3O O 2 O C O + 2 H O H

C=C 612 4 C=O 4(743) = 3754 – 4824 More energy released making bonds than
4 C-H 4(412) 4 O-H 4(463) = –1070 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
3 O=O 3(498) Total 4824
Total 3754
H H H
N N + O O N N + 2 H O
3 x)
H H

N-N 158 N≡N 944 = 2208 – 2796 More energy released making bonds than
4 N-H 4(388) 4 O-H 4(463) = –588 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
O=O 498 Total 2796
Total 2208

H H H H
4
Hvii) C C O H C C + H O H
H H H H
Break Make Energy change = break – make Endothermic

C-C 348 C=C 612 = 3231 – 3186 Less energy released making bonds than
5 C-H 5(412) 4 C-H 4(412) = –+45 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
C-O 360 2 O-H 2(463)
O-H 463 Total 3186
Total 3231
H H H H H H
H +
5 iv) C C C H H H H C C C H
H H H H

C=C 612 2 C-C 2(348) = 3868 – 3992 More energy released making bonds than
C-C 348 8 C-H 4(412) = –124 kJ/mol needed to break bonds
6 C-H 6(412) Total 3992
H-H 436
Total 3868
Done with care and thoroughness Adds up make/break well Can explain if endo/exothermic
Suitable working Finds energy change
Counts bonds well States if endo/exothermic

1) In an experiment, 1.00 g of hexane (C6H14) was completely burned in air. The heat evolved raised the temperature of
200 g of water by 51.6°C. Use this data to
a) Calculate the heat given off by the 1.00 g of hexane. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
b) Calculate the heat given off by hexane in kJ/g. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
c) Calculate the moles of hexane burned. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
d) Calculate the heat given off by hexane in kJ/mol. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
2) In an experiment, 1.00 g of propanone (CH3COCH3) was completely burned in air. The heat evolved raised the
temperature of 150 g of water from 18.8°C to 64.3°C. Use this data to
a) Calculate the heat given off by the 1.00 g of propanone. '.''''''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
b) Calculate the heat given off by propanone in kJ/g. '''''''''.'''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
c) Calculate the moles of propanone burned. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
d) Calculate the heat given off by propanone in kJ/mol. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
3) In an experiment, 1.56 g of propan-1-ol (CH3CH2CH2OH) was completely burned in air. The heat evolved raised the
temperature of 250 g of water by 47°C. Use this data to
a) Calculate the heat given off by the 1.56 g of propan-1-ol. '.'''...''''''''''''''.''''''.
''''''''''''''''''..''''''''''''''''''''''''''.''''''.
b) Calculate the heat given off by propan-1-ol in kJ/g. '''''''''.'''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..'''''''''''''..
© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 09-July-13 Chemsheets GCSE 047

c) Calculate the moles of propano-1-ol burned. ''''''''''''..''''''''''''''''''..
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..'''''''''''''''''''.''.
d) Calculate the heat given off by propan-1-ol in kJ/mol. ''''''''..''''''''''''''''.''.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..''''''''''''''''''''.''.
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''..''''''''''''''''''.''.
4) In an experiment, 0.750 g of benzene (C6H6) was completely burned in air. The heat evolved raised the temperature of
200 g of water by 43.7°C. Use this data to
a) Calculate the heat given off by the 0.75 g of benzene. ''...'''...''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
b) Calculate the heat given off by benzene in kJ/g. '''''''''.''''''''''''''''''.''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
c) Calculate the moles of benzene burned. ''''''''''..'''''''''''''''''''''....
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
d) Calculate the heat given off by benzene in kJ/mol. ''''''..'''''''''''''''''''''..
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
5) 0.600 g of butan-1-ol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) was burned in a simple lamp burner under a container of water. There was
250 g of water in the container and its temperature rose by 19.4°C. Use this data to:
a) Calculate the heat given off by the 0.600 g of butan-1-ol. ''...'''...'''''''''''''''''..'.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
b) Calculate the heat given off by butan-1-ol in kJ/g. '''''.''''''.'''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
c) Calculate the moles of butan-1-ol burned. '''''''''''..''''''''''''''''''''..
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
d) Calculate the heat given off by butan-1-ol in kJ/mol. ''''''.''.'''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.

Calculate the energy change in each of the following reactions in kJ/mol. The specific heat 3 3 3
3
capacity of water is 4.2 J/g/°C and the mass of 1 cm of water is 1 g. 4 When 25 cm of 1.0 mol/dm hydrochloric acid was mixed with 25 cm of 1.0
3
mol/dm sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature of the solution rose by
3 3
1 When 25 cm of 1.0 mol/dm copper sulfate solution was mixed with an excess of zinc 6.8°C. Calculate the energy change for the reaction in kJ/mol.
powder, the temperature of the solution rose by 50.6 °C. Calculate the energy change HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
for the reaction in kJ/mol.
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) ....................................
...................................... ....................................
...................................... ....................................
...................................... ....................................
3 3 3 3
...................................... 5 When 40 cm of 2.0 mol/dm ethanoic acid was mixed with 40 cm of 2.0 mol/dm
sodium hydroxide solution, the temperature of the solution rose by 13.1°C.
3 3
2 When 50 cm of 1.0 mol/dm nitric acid was mixed with an excess of sodium Calculate the energy change for the reaction in kJ/mol.
hydrogencarbonate powder, the temperature of the solution fell by 6.7°C. Calculate the CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
energy change for the reaction in kJ/mol.
NaHCO3(s) + HNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) ....................................
...................................... ....................................
...................................... ....................................
...................................... ....................................
3 3 3 3
...................................... 6 When 20 cm of 1.5 mol/dm nitric acid was mixed with 20 cm of 1.5 mol/dm
potassium hydroxide solution, the temperature of the solution rose by 10.2°C.
3 3
3 When 25 cm of 0.20 mol/dm silver nitrate solution was mixed with 0.16 g of zinc Calculate the energy change for the reaction in kJ/mol.
powder, the temperature of the solution rose by 8.6 °C. The silver nitrate was in excess. HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Calculate the energy change for the reaction in kJ/mol (that is, per mole of zinc reacting).
(relative atomic mass of zinc = 65) ....................................
2 AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s) → 2 Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq)
....................................
......................................
....................................
......................................
....................................
......................................
......................................
© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 8-April-2013 Chemsheets GCSE 048

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 8-April-2013 Chemsheets GCSE 048
3 In an experiment, 0.60 g of propane (C3H8) was completely burned in air. The
Calculate the energy change in each of the following reactions in kJ/mol. The specific heat heat given off raised the temperature of 100 g of water by 64.9°C.
3
capacity of water is 4.2 J/g/°C and the mass of 1 cm of water is 1 g.
a) Calculate the heat released by burning 0.60 g of fuel in kJ. #######.
3 3
1 100 cm of 0.20 mol/dm copper sulphate solution was put in a calorimeter and 2.0 g of ####..#############################
magnesium powder added. The temperature of the solution rose by 25.1°C.
b) Calculate the heat released in kJ/g of fuel burned. ###########
a) Calculate the heat released in the reaction in kJ. ##############
#################################
####################################
c) Calculate the moles of fuel burned. #################.
b) Calculate the moles of copper sulphate reacting. #############..
#################################
####################################
c) Calculate the heat released in kJ/mol of fuel burned. ##########
c) Calculate the moles of magnesium reacting. ###############.
#################################
####################################
d) Show that the magnesium was in excess. ################# 3

4 3.53 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to 30.0 cm of 2.0 mol/dm
3
#################################### hydrochloric acid. The temperature fell by 10.3°C. Work out which reagent was
in excess and then calculate the energy change for the reaction in kJ/mol.
e) Calculate the energy change for the reaction in kJ/mol (in terms of moles of
copper sulphate reacting). NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
#################################### ####################################
####################################
2 When 0.3 g of a biscuit was burned under a tube containing 25 g of water, the
####################################
temperature rose by 52°C.
####################################
a) Calculate the heat released by burning the 0.3 g of biscuit.
####################################
####################################
####################################
b) Calculate the heat released in kJ/100 g of biscuit.
####################################
####################################
####################################
####################################

3 a) Calculate the energy change in this reaction. Bond energies are: (C-C) =
348, (C-H) = 412, (O=O) = 498, (C=O) = 743, (H-O) = 463 kJ/mol
3 H H H
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/g/°C and the mass of 1 cm of water is 1 g.
H C C C H + 5 O O 3 O C O + 4 H O H
1 In an experiment, 0.40 g of butane (C4H10) was completely burned in air. The heat given H H H
off raised the temperature of 100 g of water by 54.2°C.

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
a) Calculate the heat released by burning 0.40 g of fuel in kJ. )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
b) Calculate the heat released in kJ/g of fuel burned.
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
b) Explain why this reaction is exothermic or endothermic in terms of bond
c) Calculate the number of moles of fuel burned. breaking and making.
)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
d) Calculate the heat released in kJ/mol of fuel burned. )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
4 a) Calculate the energy change in this reaction. Bond energies are: (C≡C) =
837, (C-H) = 412, (H-H) = 436, (C-H) = 412, (C-C) = 348 kJ/mol
2 In an experiment, 0.50 g of glucose (C6H12O6) was completely burned in air. The heat H H
given off raised the temperature of 50 g of water by 36.1°C.
H C C H + 2 H H H C C H
a) Calculate the heat released by burning 0.50 g of glucose in kJ. H H
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b) Calculate the heat released in kJ/g of glucose burned. )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
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c) Calculate the number of moles of glucose burned.
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b) Explain why this reaction is exothermic or endothermic in terms of bond
d) Calculate the heat released in kJ/mol of glucose burned. breaking and making.
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1 a) 22.76 kJ
b) 56.91 kJ/g
c) 0.00690 mol
d) 3301 kJ/mol
2 a) 7.58 kJ
b) 15.16 kJ/g
c) 0.00278 mol
d) 2727 kJ/mol
3 Break = 6482, Make = 8162, Change = -1680 kJ/mol
4 Break = 2533, Make = 2820, Change = -287 kJ/mol

Energy Changes

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ENERGY CHANGES

Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions

Energy chemical energy → heat energy heat energy → chemical energy

Temperature gets hotter gets colder

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1152

2 For each the reactions shown:

3 State whether each of these reactions is exothermic or endothermic.

reaction exothermic or endothermic

b reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydrogencarbonate

c reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide

d reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium

e ammonium chloride dissolving in water in an ice pack

f thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate

g electrical decomposition of sodium chloride

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1152

Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions

Energy chemical energy → heat energy heat energy → chemical energy

Temperature gets hotter gets colder

Example • burning fuels • decomposition reactions

Example • burning fuels • sports injury ice packs

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1152

2 For each the reactions shown:

3 State whether each of these reactions is exothermic or endothermic.

reaction exothermic or endothermic

a burning petrol exothermic

b reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydrogencarbonate endothermic

c reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide exothermic

d reaction of sulfuric acid with magnesium exothermic

e ammonium chloride dissolving in water in an ice pack endothermic

f thermal decomposition of zinc carbonate endothermic

g electrical decomposition of sodium chloride endothermic

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1152

Place 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid in a boiling

Place 20 cm3 of water in a boiling tube,

Place 20 cm3 of water in a boiling tube,

Place 10 cm3 of hydrochloric acid in a boiling

Place 20 cm3 of copper sulfate solution in a

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1157

1 2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2 exothermic

2 HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2O + CO2 endothermic

3 NH4Cl dissolves endothermic

4 Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 exothermic

5 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O exothermic

6 CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu exothermic

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1157

Bond Br-Br Cl-Cl C-Br C-C C-O C-H H-Cl

Bond S=O H-H O-H O=O C=C C=O H-Br

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 26-February-2023 Chemsheets GCSE 1154

Area Strength To develop Area Strength To develop Area Strength To develop

Shows suitable working Correct sign shown

Number and type of bonds clear Units given

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 26-February-2023 Chemsheets GCSE 1154

Bond Br-Br Cl-Cl C-Br C-C C-O C-H H-Cl

Bond S=O H-H O-H O=O C=C C=O H-Br

a) calculate the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants

Break Make Energy change = break – make Exothermic

Break Make Energy change = break – make Exothermic

© www.CHEMSHEETS.co.uk 20-February-2017 Chemsheets GCSE 1154

Break Make Energy change = break – make Exothermic

Break Make Energy change = break – make Exothermic