NGEC 8 Ethics

Republic of the Philippines
ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City
Tel No.: (062) 991-0643 Telefax: (062) 991-0777 website: http://www.zscmst.edu.ph
A Pedestrian
to the New
Normal
(A module for
NGEC 8-
Ethics)
by:
PENELOPE GARCIA-COLISAO, Ph.D
August 2020
About the Cover
This course work has

Page | 2 been conceptualized
with this title to
represent that as
GOD’s perfect
creation endowed with
wisdom, we must be
directed by ethical
principles for the A Pedestrian to the New Normal
journey into the new (A module for NGEC 8-Ethics)
world, where a
dignified existence
according to rules for
the common good
supports the survival
of the fittest.
Copyright:
This module is a property © Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences

and Technology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written
consent of the Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences and Technology.
Author:
Penelope Garcia-Colisao, Ph.D
August 2020
Where to get help:

List all resources to be used in class classified as ONLINE RESOURCES or PRINT
RESOURCES, VIDEOS, MANUALS a d e
Dept. Contact details

Email: [email protected]
FB Account: Penelope Garcia Colisao
Messenger Account: Penelope Garcia Colisao
Home Phone: 955-9566 CP no. 0905-581-0140
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 2

This section will show you how to use your module
Please read the following carefully before you start with this module. Note
that the icons (with descriptions) are reflected across this eight-modules NGEC 8
module. They serve as posts to your signs. A module may include three to four
lessons.
Page | 3
ICONS and Applications
(In(Introduction) ---- This means that the instructor should introduce

you to what is the topic of each lesson. This can normally
consist of two to three paragraphs.
( (Objectives) ---- This provides the learning outcomes after your four-
year teacher-learning commitments that you as students
should have or possess.
((Pre-lecture) ---- This provides you with the first initial content of
the topic to be explored by the instructor, who may start with
a encouraging question to raise your concerns.
((Lecture Notes) ---- This provides you with the key content of the
subject that may be provided for clarity of intent in pictures,
photos, maps, or figures.
( Activity/Task) ---- This requires that you do the reading job or

watch a specific video in order to test your know-how on the
Task No. 1 lessons mentioned.

(Additional Information) ---- This will provide you with additional
lessons that can be taken from and specifically linked to the
subject for your ease of comprehension.
Page | 4
(Application/Evaluation) ---- This carries the assessment method

and tool to measure how the lessons presented were grasped
and understood.
(Transition to the Lecture) ---- This involves the Questions and Agility
Test, which is simply a swift measure for integrating and
organizing all the instilled knowledge and facts.
(Assignment) ---- This means that you have an advance analysis on the
next subject of the Graded Recitation and Sharing-Intellect
chapter.
(Deadlines) ---- This indicates the date by which a given task (written)
is to be sent to the email provided online within the module per
lesson. Until you have completed the tasks you can not progress
to the next level.
Foreword
In the current pandemic scenario, writing a module over two months is not a
joke. This is protected with every effort and dedication, because the material is not
just an approach to copying. The author thus genuinely considers ways of

performing internal testing and finding an external expert from outside the
institution, as it is the first time. They have to be tested and defended in an academic
council for fifteen minutes. This module is planned for universities to replicate and
use. I reserve the right to retain IPR 's content, style and design.
Page | 5 As an offshoot of CMO 20s 2013, CMO No. 1s. 2015 or 'Integration of GAD
Curriculum in HEIs, CMO No. 1 s. 2019 or "Peace Education Integration and CMO
No. 2 s. 2019 or Indigenous Peoples Integration (IP).
Eight (8) modules with three ( 3) lessons per module make up this instruction.
It has full tasks, assignments and strength assessments with respective original
rubrics including application and assessment.
After every module lesson references have been completed. The contents are
based on the updated NGEC 8-Ethics Syllabus of 2020 that was purposely carried
out to address ETHICs' current pandemic scenario.
The scope of this article revolves around the essence of man, his conduct
based on moral principles and offers examples of the Philippine climate. It is nice to
justified the person by nature, but his acts and behaviour are manifestations of his
"being." Man faces more challenging challenges in the contemporary scenario,
which will render his decisions undesirable and ultimately have consequences for
his men, and the environment he lives without any constraint.
Table of Contents
Module Lessons Time Frame Pages
1- 1. Kant’s Postulates on week 1 10

Ethics : Ethical Morality
Postulates and
Moral
2. The 5 Ethical Theories and their week 2 22
Standards in
the General
Sphere of the
New Normal
Scenario
Influence on Filipino Morality
.
3. Five (5) Ethical Approaches in week 3 33
Dealing with Moral Issues/
Dilemmas
Page | 6
2 1. Normative Ethics week 4 43

Ethics : 2. Descriptive Ethics
.Branches 3. Meta-Ethics week 5 51
and 4.Applied Ethics
Scope
1. Virtue Ethics and Situational week 6 58
3 Ethics
Frameworks
and Principles 2. Kant and the Right theorists
Behind Filipino
Moral 3. Utilitarianism and
Temperaments in Ethical Decision-making Model week 7 93
Today’s
Perplexing Times
5. 4. Justice and fairness: Promoting week 8 102
the common good
4
Justice and 1. Indigenous Peoples’ Rights week 9 111
Fairness 2. Act (IPRA) of 1997
Theory
with Special
Topics on IPs 3. United Nations Declaration on
and UNDRIP the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
(UNDRIP)
Module Lessons Time Frame Pages
1. Cultural Foundations and week 10 120

5 Basis of Filipino Moral
The Behaviours: Implications
Filipino to the New Lifestyles
Moral Agents
in the 2. Culture Shock Due to week 11 128
New Pandemic and Why
Normal
Filipinos Abide
Setting

3.Seven Dimensions of Culture week 12 136
in understanding Ethical
Behaviours
. 6
Page | 7 The ACT on
Moral 1. Feelings and moral decision- week 13 143
Decision- making among Filipino Amidst
making, the Pandemic
Reason
and
Impartiality, 2. Reason and Impartiality as week 14 152
and the Minimum requirements for
Essence of Filipino Morality Today
. Moral
Courage
7 1. Moral Courage: What it week 15 157

Acting Brings
Ethically
through 2. Critical Checkpoints in week 16 165
Moral Using Moral Courage for
Courage Ethical Decision-Making
.
8 1. The Challenges of Pluralism week 17 170
Ethics and Fundamentalism: The
through search for universal values
Thick and
Thin, 2. The Harmony of Prayer by week 18 180
Ethics and all Means .
Religion
Course Description
Ethics discusses the general concepts of ethical conduct in modern society

at the level of the individual, community in connection with the environment and
other common resources (CMO 20s 2013).
The course also teaches students from the Philippines to make moral
decisions by using leading moral constructs and applying the popular seven-step
moral reasoning model to examine and solve moral dilemmas in this difficult time
in the Philippine setting.
The course work, as directed by the CHED CMOs, includes topics on

Feminism vs Meninism (CMO No. 1 s. 2015 or 'Integration of GAD in HEis
Curriculum'); Realism on Peace and Harmony (CMO No. 01 s. 2019 or 'Integration
of Peace Education'); and special topics/issues on the 1997 Indigenous Peoples'
Rights Act (IPRA) and Reverence in IPS Study (CMO No.0 2 s. 2019 or
'Integration of Indigenous Peoples' Act (IPRA))

Program Learning Outcomes ( Bachelor of Education Major in Filipino )
Page | 8 The graduates have the ability to:
a. Articulate the rootedness of education in philosophical, socio –cultural, historical,

psychological, and political contexts.
b. Demonstrate mastery of the subject matter/discipline.
c. Facilitate learning using a wide range of teaching methodologies and delivery
modes appropriate to specific learners and their environments.
d. Develop innovative curricula, instructional plans, teaching approaches, and
resources for diverse learners.
e. Apply skills in the development and utilization of ICT to promote quality relevant,
and sustainable educational practices.
f. Demonstrate a variety of thinking skills in planning, monitoring, assessing and
reporting learning processes and outcomes.
g. Practice professional and ethical teaching standards sensitive to the local, national
and global realities.
h. Pursue lifelong learning personal and professional growth through varied
experiential and field-based opportunities.

Course Learning Outcomes
By the end of this coursework with four modules, the students should have:
1. Understand and define the concepts of integrity and ethics

Page | 9
2. Identify ethical dilemmas and apply different theoretical approaches
3. Understand the ideas of values, ethics and morality in a multicultural
context
4. Understand and discuss the idea of moral relativism and the challenges
it poses to universal values
5. Understand and define diversity, tolerance and pluralism
6. Perceive the value of cultures, identities, histories and points of view
other than one's own
7. Understand mechanisms that lead us to act unethically and identify their
impact on one's own life
8. Gain insights that could facilitate working towards ethical improvement
Module 1
Ethics : Postulates and Moral Standards in

the General Sphere of the
New Normal Scenario
This first module deals with Kant's ethical propositions stressing the
existence of GOD, life and equality, among other postulates as moral principles
shaping Filipino philosophy based on experiential learning.

The table matric presents the coverage with allocated no of hours per week
as based on the approved OBE syllabus which was accomplished 2020 not that of
the 2017 syllabus submitted to CHED.
Page | 10
Topics Weeks Allocated no of
Hours
Lesson 1. Kant’s Postulates on

Ethical Morality
(The ZSCMST VMGO is included in
the introduction relative to the 1 3 hours
discussions of A. on GOD,
immortality and freedom during
the 1st week.)
Lesson 2. The 5 Ethical Theories
and their Influence on Filipino 2 3 hour
Morality
Lesson 3. Five (5) Ethical
Approaches in Dealing with 3 3 hour
Moral Issues/Dilemmas
Total no. of Hours 3 9 hour
/
Lesson 1: Kant’s Postulates on Ethical Morality
Introduction
Ethics has been implanted in humanity by all the great

rabbis-called philosophers since time in memorial, so Ethics and
Philosophy has been interchangeably redefined. The view of morality
by Immanuel Kant is teleological (involving an explanation of
something in terms of the purpose it serves, rather than the cause it
exists). He argues that human understanding is the source of the
general laws of nature in consequential experience based on the

nature of man (ability to think and reason out) which has converted to
moral laws as the basis of belief in God, liberty, and immortality.
Kant 's view of morality is teleological, seeing adherence

to moral law as the achievement of human nature at the same time.
Page | 11 The rule of the moral law that man constructs himself is the true
manifestation of man's sovereignty and dominance over nature's
sensual boundaries.
Kant therefore believed that scientific understanding,

morality, and religious belief are equally secure and trustworthy since
they are all based on the same foundation of human sovereignty,
which is also the ultimate end of existence. Kant thinks the
rationality-morality relationship is that rationality requires us to be
moral
Objectives
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:
1. Explain Kant’s postulates on Ethical Morality relative to ZSCMST’s core

values (CARE);
2. Draw a trilogy of the essence of God, immortality and freedom and discuss
each relation with one another;
3. Apply and instil the importance of Kant’s arguments to Filipino morality and
Pre-lecture
exemplify by some recent issues.
Kant’s Postulates on Ethical Morality
By knowing who Kant was, and his ethical actions, we will

begin our lesson. Immanuel Kant (a German philosopher) who
believed that reason was the source of morality, and that
aesthetics (principles relating to the meaning and appreciation of
beauty, particularly in art) arose from a disinterested faculty of
judgment.
Immanuel Kant 's views on theoretical

philosophy, epistemology, ethics, political theory,
and post-modern aesthetics continue to have a

significant influence. Kant tried to explain the
relationship between reason and human experience
and to move beyond traditional philosophical and
metaphysical failures. He found himself pointing
the way to the understanding of empiricism and
Page | 12 empiricism.
The three postulates, namely freedom, God and Immortality, although it can
not be theoretically proved, are incorporated into Kant's already coherent and
meaningful ethical structure to make his ethical theory more practicable, bearing in
mind that man is not a purely rational being, but a creature haunted by inclinations.
A. God. The introduction of the postulate in the philosophy of Kant can be

considered as an attempt to limit the theoretical and to extend the practical
in order to bring them together. He is not the He of faith as postulated by
Kant. The postulate of God originates from one's own intention and would
obviously mean that submitting to God's will submits to one's own
intention. God's need emerges because this world does not guarantee the
connection between moral law and happiness. So here God comes to the
rescue and thus the harmony of virtue and the understanding of the highest
good is required.
B. Immortality. The postulate of immortality is very strongly interwoven with

God's postulate. Taking into account the sensuous nature of human beings,
Kant states that being righteous without hope is very difficult for a man.
Immortality guarantees that this dream is assured and guarantees that there
is ample space to be satisfied in relation to worthiness.
C. Freedom.. God and Immortality gain objective truth, authority and

subjective value because of equality. Freedom can then be seen as the
keystone of pure reason's foundation.
Source : Red what red why May2016

Immanuel Kant ( German philosopher) developed an claim that was based
on philosophy based on practical reasoning. Kant argued that the purpose of
humanity is to achieve true happiness and goodness (the sum mum bonum), and
believed that this would be possible afterlife, and that God would live in order to
Page | 13 provide it.
Instead of atheism or agnosticism, however, Kant advanced a novel

philosophical theology which bases religion on practical reason's "needs." He in fact
intimates in the B-Preface to the Critique of Pure Reason that his belief in religion is
part of what inspired Transcendental Idealism.
In their narratives, Kant is always given an important position, despite the

fact that Kant himself denies that some of these beliefs are irrelevant (at least from a
practical point of view). Many contemporary neo-Kantian moral philosophers have
accepted or at any rate minimized the relation between Kant 's practical philosophy
and contentious philosophical commitments, even with Kant's transcendental
idealism.
Kant's definition of freedom is the right on the basis of reason to control

one's acts and not desire. All this can be reduced to the Autonomy principle. ... So,
from Kant's point of view, libertarian freedom is not absolute, but in fact it is merely
the enslavement of oneself to their wish.
The traditional sense of freedom is one's right to act, talk, and or This is what
Kant called The Principle of Freedom. Today it is also more generally regarded as
libertarian liberty.
Kant's Yet Kant
definition saw liberty
of freedom is thedifferently,
right on theand maybe
basis in a to
of reason more subtle
control one
way.
's actions, not desire. All this can be reduced to an Autonomy definition. think justly
the way they want. So in Kant’s view, libertarian freedom isn’t real, but in reality, is
just enslavement of oneself to their desire. The average citizen, believes that on the
basis of individual preference, when confronted with alternative options, will be free
to select one over the other, thus, will have the right to choose one over the other. In
freedom, autonomy translates a person into self-legislator to live by the laws that you
enforce on yourself.
1. After a short discussion of Kant’s postulates on Ethical

Morality, you may now apply his contentions relative to
ZSCMST’s Core Values (C.A.R.E C-Commitment
Task No. 1

A-Attitude R-Relationship E- Excellence).You may have
the options to write or speak out by following some clues next
page:
OFFLINE : Please do the above and write on the spaces next page as provided.
Page | 14
Do I need to be
committed to
GOD because he Am I free to
created me? be good or
bad?
How’s my
relationship
with my
teachers ?
If I excel in
class, and be
rich, will I
have many
friends?
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ONLINE :
2. watch the full Video on Kant’s Categorical Imperative.:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOoJ9...

Page | 15
Or if not, watch the short film 2+2=5
Try to give its message in 2-3 sentences.
1.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Lecture Notes)
Kant's postulated the triangle of God's nature, life, and liberty. Man is
created in the image of God who is truly perfect. Therefore, whoever has faith in
God, his creator (regardless of religion) and believes in his compassion, grace and
blessings, certainly assumes absolute happiness in the highest goodness of "being."
Man with body and soul justifies becoming eternal. Kant argues, that believing it is
morally necessary. Kant's Postulations of Pure Practical Reason.is one of his best

works in history. His categorical imperative, no matter what the circumstances, is
something a person must do.
Page | 16 "We know just about 'phenomena';

thus, we
don't know 'noumena'—how things
are in themselves"
KANT
Relative to Kant 's arguments, whether or not God really exists beyond time
and space is not important because you are aware of two opposing realities: for
science: "Seeing is believing" while in religion: "Believe and you will see," No one
is sure of anything about GOD, whether or not there is really a divine providence is
a matter of how things are within. It is a matter of fact culture, not appearance
culture. This argument tends to align with the conviction of Kant that matters such
as God's nature are due to one's faith, not intelligence matters. It is understood that
human knowledge is confined to the world of what we see on the basis of shapes,
colors and uniqueness.
In addition, Kant argued that freedom is a key essence of "being" in the sense
that we have the ability to do otherwise. For example, Lito took something illegally
as a thief; at the time, it must have been within his control and power not to commit
it. It was his choice or decision to steal so he needs to be punished to correct his
morally wrong misdeeds. This scenario is, according to Kant, a pure manifestation
of common sense. Consequently, moral correctness and wrongness only apply to
freeing someone who determines his conduct through his or her influence at the
moment, whether to act correctly or not. So can you define morality by that issue?
You or no? Only clarify your answer l
(Additional Information)
KANT’S CONCEPT OF CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
Kantian ethics is an approach to morality that

places duty as the highest ethical order.

Kant disclosed that,,
the rule of universal
law states that you can
act only for those
reasons which have
the following
Page | 17 characteristic: you
should act for that
purpose while at the
same time being
determined that it is a
universal norm for all
to accept that purpose
for acting.
To strengthen his approach to ethics, Kant used the Categorical Imperative as

an argument. Watch as George and John explain the matter and debate it.
Categorical imperative, according to Kant, is a command of reason that doesn't
depend on our desires.
What does KANT mean in treating someone as an end vs. a means?
What does KANT mean in treating someone as an end vs. a means?
This argument is hard to clarify in an uncontroversial way , particularly in the
pandemic
Thisof today. It's
argument is also, however,
hard to a distinction
clarify in on whichway
an uncontroversial we have a clear natural
, particularly in the
argument. What is the main problem with the golden rule, says Kant, is that
pandemic of today. It's also, however, a distinction on which we have a clear natural it makes
morality based
argument. What on themain
is the wishes of a individual.
problem For him,
with the golden rule, asays
maxim
Kant,isisathat
principle of
it makes
action which one gives to oneself.
morality based on the wishes of a individual. For him, a maxim is a principle of
action which one gives to oneself.
For example, try to think of the complaint that a certain Ben (poor, young
guy ) is simply using you as his sweetheart (sugar mom) who is fifty nine years old
but very rich and famous. When we say this, we are saying that the person is not
taking you into account; that he is treating you as a vehicle for his own ends, He
loves you because he needed you as a material good rather than as deserving respect
and consideration in your own right.
Another example is when Donita ordered food at a restaurant, treating Kim

(Jollibee crew) to whom she placed the order as a means-but this is only a breach of
humanity's formula if Donita did not treat Kim as an end in itself as well.
The morally important thing for Kant is not consequences but how choosers
think as they make choices. You have the choice to choose what 's right and what's
wrong, so take action as a result.
This situation views anyone more like a pure means than an end in itself.
According to Kant, it is important to see that humanity's formula does not prohibit
the use of someone as a means to an end, but does so only without treating them as
an end in themselves.

(Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no.1
Page | 18
Multiple Choice
Instructions: Read the statements carefully and choose from the options the
correct answer by clicking the dot.
1. Which is the main problem with the golden rule, according to Kant?
a. It renders morality dependent on the desires of a person.

b. It makes morality solely based on one's consequences
1. What does Kant mean by a maxim?

a. A little folksy wisdom.
b. A moral law which is objective.
c. A tricky moral command.
d. A principle of action which you give to yourself.
2. What is the fundamental principle of morality, according to Kant?

a. Never lie.
b. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
c. Act only on maxims that are universalizable.

d. Always maximize happiness.
3. Which of the following best characterizes Kant's moral theory?
a t is a version of utilitarianism.
b. It is a version of consequentialism, but it is not utilitarian.
c. It is neutral on the issue of whether consequentialism is true.
d. It is inconsistent with consequentialism.
4. What did Kant believe is the relationship between rationality and morality?

a. Morality and rationality are fundamentally opposed.
b. Rationality requires us to be moral.
c. Morality and rationality are completely independent.
d. Rationality might sometimes require immorality but not often.
Page | 19
5. What is a categorical imperative, according to Kant?

a. A command of reason that depends on our desires.
b. A command of reason that does not depend on our desires.
c. A principle of action that one gives to oneself.
d. A principle of action that one gives to others.
6. Which of the following did Kant believe to be the central moral virtue?
a. Integrity.
b. Benevolence.
c. Compassion.
d. None of the above.
Scoring: Grade
6-7 correct answers = High level 1.50

3-5 correct answers = Average level 2.25
1-2 correct answers = Poor level 3.00
Transition to the lecture

Question & Agility Test : Having discussed the trilogy of
Kant’s postulates on ethical morality about GOD,
immortality and freedom. Do you really believe
that “Men were born free? Justify your answer
using GOD as the source of all wisdom in two
paragraphs. Utilize the spaces below by writing
legibly. You will be graded based on the prepared
rubrics and its equivalent.
ONLINE : Graded recitation of what you wrote .

OFFLINE : Just answer the question and write legibly below :

Write here:
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Rubrics for grading:
Organization of thoughts = 40 pts

Justification with basis = 40 pts
Consistency and grammar = 20 pts
________
100 pts
Assignment
Instructions: Please answer the following questions in a sheet of

yellow papers.
1. Enumerate the 5 Ethical Theories and their Influence on Filipino

Morality and discuss each.
2. Be ready for a surprise….
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Ferrarin, A., 2015, The Powers of Pure Reason: Kant and the
Idea of Cosmic Philosophy, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.

Mudd, S., 2016, “Rethinking the Priority of Practical Reason in
Kant,” European Journal of Philosophy, 24(1): 78–102.
Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, T., & Meyer, M. (2014). Can
Ethics Be Taught? http://www.scu.edu/ethics-center/aboutcenter
Page | 21
Video clip/s:
Kants’ Categorical Imperative. Full transcript of this video is available at:

https://philonotes.com/index.php/2020...
Lesson 2 : The 5 Ethical Theories/ Principles and their

Influence on Filipino Morality
Introduction
A theory is an concept used as popularly described to

describe or explain a outcome or justify a course of action. An ethical
theory emphasizes different views arriving at a decision such as
conjecturing the conclusion of that opinion, justifying that the act of a
person may be reflected in "karapat-dapat" as an ethically correct
decision-"tama." Ethical theories are sometimes offshoots of how
humans decide whether for self-actualization and personal gains or
for the common good of the masses. They reflect the viewpoints
people look for guidance from when they make decisions in their
daily activities.
Therefore, it is important for you students to know that not

everyone makes decisions in the same manner, embracing the same
rule based on facts. Therefore, as Filipinos, in order for you to really
grasp what an ethical theory is all about, you have to appreciate and
accept the importance of a common set of goals before reaching a
decision. Do not blame others for taking the repercussions of your
decision.
Objectives
1. Discuss and assess the essence why Ethical Theories are relevant in
understanding human behaviour.

2. Evaluate the 5 ethical theories whether or not influence Filipino perceptions of
what morality defines.
3. Critique on the different philosophical doctrines” ISMs” relative to the
theories and decide which ones were popularly used in men’ daily activities.
Page | 22
A. The 5 Ethical Theories/Principles
These are ethical issues which involve the

way things "should be" rather than the way
things are. Ethics requires discussing moral
Pre-lecture duties, but does not inherently rely on
theological overtones.
1. Beneficence. (Profit from it.)
The theory stipulates that ethical theories should aim for the
greatest amount of good, since people benefit from the best
2. Least Harm. (. Minus damage.)
It is similar to charity except it deals with circumstances

where no alternative is advantageous. In this case a person should
choose to do as little harm as possible and harm the fewest people
as possible.
3. Respect for Autonomy. (Respect for Empowerment)
This theory states that each man deserves respect because he

alone has had the exact experiences of life and so deeply
understands his feelings, motives and bodies.
4. Justice and Fairness
The ethical theory of justice notes that ethical theories should

recommend equal conduct to those concerned. This means ethical
decisions will be consistent with the ethical philosophy, unless there
are extenuating circumstances in the situation that can be explained.
This also means that cases with extenuating circumstances must
contain a significant and critical distinction from similar cases that
explain incoherent decisions. An ethical decision containing justice
has a clear logical basis which supports the decision.

For instance, if a policeman has to drive to the scene of
a crime as soon as possible to prevent a individual from being
injured, he is allowed to hurry on the highway. While the
policeman will usually have to follow the speed limit, in this
particular case he is allowed to drive because in the
Page | 23
extenuating circumstances it is a justified one.
5 Ethics of Care (benevolence)
This is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action

as a virtue developed by feminist group focuses on interpersonal
relationships and care or benevolence.
In BIOETHICS one of the best examples of treatment ethics used

To examine how 5 different ethical
in today's pandemic is. Medicine professions deal specifically with
theories on decision-making styles and decision
caring for others.
rules enter into team decision making, the
following tasks must be performed
online/offline, following the instructions below
Task N0 .2 respectively. Write all answers in the spaces
provided for each flexible modalities. :
ONLINE : 1. Watch the video on how hedonism plays the role in human
conduct or the next video. Produce a summary of the thoughts
presented.
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/wiphi-value-
theory/wiphi-ethics/v/hedonism-and-the-experience-machine
2. Watch the video in Ethics of Care.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VCq5iV6rSE
Write here:
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____________________________________________________._________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
Page | 24
OFFLINE :
1. If in case you are group by 7, and you play the part of a

hospital administrator who was asked to set up a hospital Ethics
Task Force. The task force will discuss ethical dilemmas which
that challenge hospital personnel and advise on setting ethical
standards for patient care.
2. Provide answers to the following questions in the framework:
a) What types of people would you be looking for to fill that

position?
b What values would you like to hold them in?
c) Which kinds of ethical flexibility would you like to see?
d) What fundamentals of ethics would you urge the task force
to follow?
Write here:
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
Please write legibly for easy checking. You’ll be graded using the
rubrics below
Rubrics for Role Play and Expectations in a Hospital Scene

Scoring Criteria EX GD NSI NMI N/A
(5) (4) (3) (52 (1)
1. Have consistently and respectively
performed the role
2. Give the moral scenario a rendering od true
facts.
3 . Actors expressed a genuine feeling and
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal
expressions. by: 24
4. The characters were in varying intonations
giving the scenario the widest possible
Page | 25
99TYPE OF PERSON VALUES TO INSTILL
TYPE OF ETHICAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES TO

SENSITIVITY YOU NEED BE APPLIED
Additional Information
A. Filipino Values, Characteristics and Citizenship

Morals

1.. In our society the
family is the fundamental social
unit. This is where values and
Page | 26 principles are cultivated and
imbibed. Close family ties tradition-
long established, and considered the
cornerstone of our culture.
2. FILIPINOS are among the world's most disciplined breeds.
3. A fusion of Europe's rich Christian ideals to the progressive and inclusive

principles of America's Asian cultural values.
4. "Bathalana" is a belief in the 6. The value of family and future

Philippines that represents the generations concern "We can get
reliance of the Philippines on the so involved in what we do that we
supernatural being and the urge forget why we do it. We are so
to step towards destiny. committed to living that we forget
FILIPINO usually conceived about the purpose of living. We
get so busy in the search of items
character of procrastination.
that money can buy we forget
about items that money can't buy.
5. Hard work and industry to survive
versatility and adaptability like 7 .. Situation where an individual is
pakikipagkapwa-tao, faith and required to return a received
family focused, religiosity, joy and favour, or service. Nevertheless,
humor are manifested by Pinoys. the return of such benefit or favor
can not be converted into
monetary equivalent and can be
articulated in a metaphysical
study in Francis Dancel, "utang na
loob:"
B. Other Ethical Doctrines

Public relations is an industry which needs ethical conduct but is often
criticized for having unimaginable ethical deficiencies. Notwithstanding this, there
are those who argue that public relations practitioners should have "unmistakable
ethical standards" that build consumer and public trust. It is argued that ethical
Page | 27
behavior is directly linked to the intent and role of public relations within society.
Other Ethical Doctrines Opposite

or Related to each other :
a. Egoism is an ethical philosophy that Altruism respects others, whether

recognizes self-interest as the basis natural or moral; devotion to the
of morality; interests of others;
b. Hedonism is an ethical philosophy Hedonophobia is a fear of pleasure

that happiness is the highest good and which is abnormal, excessive and
proper intention of human life (in the persistent.
sense of the fulfillment of desires).
c. Naturalism is a philosophy that

implies that everything derives from Supernaturalism is the Philosophical
natural properties and causes, and belief. This can also be defined as
removes or denies supernatural or thinking there's a mysterious beliefs.
spiritual theories.
d. Idealism emphasizes the essential Realism is a conviction that there are

role of the ideal or the divine in no overarching values that can direct
experiential perception. all states to their actions.
e. Feminism is both an intellectual Meninism that campaigns for equal

contribution and a political rights and protects the male gender from
movement pursuing justice for its point of destruction. Accordingly, the
women in all ways, and the end of term menists should be a label for the
patriarchy. men who speak for first-sex welfare.
f. Cultural relativism is the concept Ethnocentrism is the idea of being in

that the views, values and behaviors a position to judge another culture.
of a individual should be interpreted
on the basis of his or her own
culture; rather than being judged by
someone else's standards.

Page | 28
(
Application/Evaluation)
Quiz no. 2
Case Analysis
Instructions: Read the short case then answer the following
questions as application of topics discussed. A rubric is provided with
scale equivalent :
The Reality in Adds
"Brand recognition" is an important marketing feature of

horticultural commodities. Brands may include different varieties of
plants (1015Y onions, 'Red Delicious' apples), different growing
regions (Indian River citrus, Vidalia onions), or trademarks of
companies (Chiquita bananas, SunKist oranges).
Recognized marks and varieties often command premium rates.

Advertising programs have convinced the consumer public that the
quality difference between the name brands and the no-name or
generic brands that warrant the premium price is different.
We had some of the first 1015 onions of the 1998 season with our
fajitas about a week ago. I found a relatively strong odor of onion and
a somewhat "spicy" taste when I sampled some of the onions before
sauteing them, both of which are uncharacteristic of the soft, mild
1015 onions which are the pride and joy of the Rio Grande Valley.
I was expecting him to say something relative to the cold , dry spring
and the impact it could have on the heat of 1015 onions when I
mentioned this fact to a colleague who was familiar with onion
growing conditions in the Valley. He simply said: "It's easy to
explain, the 1015 onions sell a box for $18.50 and the other white
onions.
Please answer briefly by justifying your claims.
1. What did my colleague mean by his answer?

2. Who is responsible for monitoring industry sales to investigate this dilemma?
3. If you were a produce buyer and were aware of this activity, what would
you do?
4. What are the marketing consequences for this type of activity? If you were a
Page | 29 grower and were told of this activity, what would you do?
Write here:
1.__________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________
___________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
________________________
3.._______________________________________
_________________________________________
3.________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
4.__________________________________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________.

________
100 pts

Question & Agility Test: Of the Five Ethical Theories
deliberated, choose one and exemplify based on
Page | 30 your experiential learning. Illustrate your
contention in a drawing.
ONLINE : Graded recitation

OFFLINE : Answer on the spaces below:
Write here:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
______________.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________.

________
100 pts

Assignment

yellow papers.
Page | 31 a. Define the following terms :

1. moral dilemma
2. moral
3. amoral
4. immoral
b. List down the 5 ethical approaches in dealing with moral

issues/ dilemmas.
c. Discuss the influence of these ethical approaches on

Filipino morality and discuss each briefly.
REFERENCES
A. Books/Articles
Velasquez, M., C. Andre, T. Shanks, and M. J. Meyer (2010). Thinking

Ethically: A Framework for Moral Decision Making. Center for Applied
Ethics, Santa Clara University.
B, Video clip/s:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysUG113kyb0 (Viewed on June 15,

2020)
C. Image/s:
The Portrait http://www.dole.gov.ph/abudhabi/about.html
The Filipino Character. http://www.bahala-na.co.uk/
Lesson 3 : . Five (5) Ethical Approaches in Dealing

with Moral Issues/Dilemmas
Introduction

Naturally, man is decent but is subject to mistakes due to his
natural instinct or "makamundong pagnanasa." Moral dilemmas are
only common punishments for human behaviour. Apparently, Plato
was correct to say, "He is a political animal that is dissatisfied. "This
means that while we've got all the money, vices, and all, but we're not
Page | 32 happy with what we've got and keep looking for what's not the
In addition , understanding ethical approaches when dealing

with moral issues / dilemmas is very important , particularly for
Filinnials, while the old ones are called Maintennials (because of the
many drugs as maintenance for surviving the pandemic). Ethical or
moral conditions are circumstances under which a decision must be
made between two choices, neither of which addresses the situation
in an ethically appropriate manner. In these situations, social and
personal ethical standards will provide the chooser with no
acceptable result. Taking credit for the work of others in the Filipino
society is a clear example of an ethical dilemma.
Objectives
a) Discourse the importance of (5) Ethical Approaches in Dealing

b) Enumerate the 8 ways to clash decision-making dilemma and
apply the strategy to your unforgettable experience..
Pre-lecture
A. The 5 Ethical Approaches in dealing

In order to examine a issue using the

utilitarian approach, we define first the various
courses of action open to us. Second, we 're
wondering who will be impacted by each
action and what advantages or harms each will
Utilitarianism suggests
bring."ethical actions are
And thirdly, we the ones that
choose theprovide
action that
the greatest balance between good and evil"
will yield the greatest benefits and the least
harm.
The question needs to be approached from many different
viewpoints in order to take the holistic approach, and the solutions to
each need to be explored in order to arrive at the one that serves the
common good.
To address a moral dilemma using

the utilitarian approach, you need to define
the various courses of action first. Second,
32
NGECyou need A
8-Module to Pedestrian
know who to thebeNew
will Normal
affected by by:
each action and what benefits or harms each
will bring. Finally, you have to choose the
J
.
Page | 33
J. S. Mill
2. The Rights Approach
Immanuel Kant disclosed that, the right of

the individual to choose for himself justifies that
human beings are different from each other, having
and preserving one's freedom and dignity on the
basis of their ability to freely choose what they will
do with their lives, and they have a fundamental
moral right to respect those choices. No-one should
be used as a good material. I. Kant
The approach to rights is predicated on the idea that people are entitled
to choose paths that impact their fate because they are human. In addition,
human beings are justified in their belief that they will honour their rights.
Such rights include the right to facts, the right to privacy, the right not to be
hurt and the right to promise fulfilment.
3. The Fairness or Justice Approach

For Aristotle, "equals should be treated fairly
and unequally." In this perspective the basic moral
question is: How fair is an action? Was it treating
everybody the same way, or is it expressing
favoritism and discrimination?
The approach to fairness assumes that people should be treated
equally irrespective of their station in life, that is, they should not be
discriminated
4.The against.
Common-Good Approach
Favoritism
This approachgives some
assumes people consisting
a society benefits without a justifiable
of individuals whose own
reason to sing them out; discrimination imposes burdens
good is indivisibly connected to the community's good. Inevitably,on peoplegroup
who are
leaders no different
accomplish from those
a common goalwho are not burdened.
by cooperation and camaraderie. As people
concentrate on protecting the social structures, social systems, organizations,
and cultures that they rely on are beneficial to all. For example, if the
Philippine government guarantees social goods to everyone like adequate
health care, then successful public safety, stability, and harmony have all
gained as the essence of "welfare" and "workfare" in general.
5. The Virtue Approach

The approach ensures that there are
certain norms that human beings can aspire
for, which allow for the full development
of humanity, particularly in the difficult
pandemic scenario of today. By
Page | 34 considerate reflection on what kind of life
people will become, these expectations are
set out.
Ethical problem solving requires the

collection and analysis of all the facts about a matter
 What are the possible solutions to the problem and what benefits and
harms each and every one will bring to bear and who will affect them;
 What rights every party has to the issues;
 What course of action benefits the common good;
 what solutions to the problem treat all parties equally;
 So, whose actions the moral virtues produce.
Ethical dilemmas presume that in order to make the choice ethically difficult,
the chooser must abide by social standards, such as codes of law or religious
instruction. And these ways will help you make the best decision to get rid of ethical
dilemmas:
A virtue is an aspect of a person's character which is

considered morally good and is therefore valued as a
standard-substance for a decent life as developed habits.
So, an upright person, a good individual.
B. 7 Ways To Crash Decision-Making on Moral Dilemma
1. Take sentiments off and move on
2. Preserve and accept

Feelingbeing rational
upset is an annoyance so avoid circumstances that
trigger unwanted emotions by changing your attention to
somethingThiselsewould
that will
justmake
meanyou happy
you've gotand change
to stop thewhat
doing situation
you've
you are in.
done, and do something constructive. For starters, consider exercising
because it will protect you against the effects of stress, and treat you
with love and respect.
3. Flexibility Mood as a Champion is crucial
If you want to become more flexible in the fast changing time,

concentrate not just on stretching muscles, but on enhancing your
body's joint position and contractile muscle capacity. In other words,
enhancing the overall body posture and work to improve versatility.

4.Learn to accept your mistake
For some ways this expression is valid as there is no better

measure of the honesty of a man than his conduct when he is wrong.
Page | 35 Admitting you are incorrect hence will set you free.
1. Evade Grueling and foster peace
The precise reasons for the brutality are crucial and will also
differ in some case because they have personal problems. In other
words, they themselves are depressed and then their mood spreads
like a disease from here because they are unkind to other people.
Therefore, you must stop being mean to anyone even though there are
times when they have done something wrong with you.
2. Persuade loyalty and Follow Through
You ought to thank others for their word of thanks, to

ensure loyalty and follow-up. The easiest of these is to ask them to
describe the undertaking and ask them to write it down, including
negative implications of the definition.
7. Love and support yourself deeply.
This is the best way and the clearest description of who you are.
It's known to mean you have to embrace yourself and always bear in mind
that we're all different, but the only thing that we have in common is that
none of us is perfect in your own right. So meeting people and
participating in new things will make all the difference for you and others.
To evaluate at least one the 5 identified ethical approaches
in dealing with moral dilemma relative to the 8 ways ways
to crash decision-making dilemma
Task No..3
ONLINE: 1, Listen to the music and lyrics of HELP YOURSELF BY

Tom Jones provided in the links below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zWPROdFK4Q
OFFLINE : Read several times the lyrics as provided.
Just help yourself to my lips

Help Yourself to my arms
Tom Jones Just say the word and they're you
Just help yourself to the
Love is like candy on a shelf love in my heart
You want to taste and help yourself Your smile has opened up the door
The sweetest things are there The greatest wealth that exists
for you in the world
Help yourself take a few Could never buy what I can give
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to
That's what I want you to dothe New Normal by:
Just help yourself to my lips35
to my arms
We're always told repeatedly And then let's really start to live
Page | 36
2.Get at least 3 key words that caught your attention and relate each to your
experiential learning.
Write here:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Rubrics for Keywords Song Linkage
_________________________________________________________________
Scoring Criteria EXM SWM NMA
_________________________________________________________________
(3) (2) (3)
_________________________________________________________________
1.Key words used were exactly important to the
____________________________________________________________.
meaning of the song.
2. Key words has touched your life experiences.
3. The key words speaks the entire side of your
most unforgettable memories.
Total mean score
Legend :
( EXM) Excellently Manifested ---- A 11 - 15
(SWM) Somewhat Manifested ---- B 6 - 10
(NMA) Not Manifested at All ---- C 1- 5
The Unique Filipino Culture Amid the Pandemic
The Filipino culture, virtue ethics is based on two basic principles. The first is
loób, which can easily be misunderstood when literally translated as 'within' into
English but is better translated as 'relational will,' and the second is kapwa, which is

literally translated as 'other person,' but is better understood as 'together with the
individual. These serve as foundations for a special set of virtues (kagandahang-
loób, utang-na-loób, pakikiramdam, hiya, lakas-ng-loób / bahala na) which are not
individualistic virtues in the same manner as most of the Western tradition's cardinal
virtues (i.e. prudence, righteousness, temperance and strength) but are all geared
Page | 37 towards the intention of an individual.
Consequently, the Filipino value

system or Filipino values refers to the
collection of values that have traditionally
held important in their lives by a majority
of the Filipino people. This set of values in
the Philippines contains its own special
assemblage of common philosophies.
In the midst of the COVID 19
pandemic, PAGASA has begun to
introduce measures in order to resolve the
need to feed the daily salaries and health
employees, which is "critical and urgent"
and "unaddressed." moral standards,
ethical principles, marks and cultural and
personal values and intentions, particularly
in distance
Interestingly, the call for social today’s pandemic situation.thePAGASA
only strengthened collective
partners
solidarity of the Philippines in providing concrete answers tovolunteers
with community the current
to provide
socioeconomic problem caused by the COVID-19 survival
pandemic. It ispacks
evident,tothat
daily
even
wage workers and prepare
the poor Pinoys tend to be happy even there are those who can’t even eat but hot
meals to comes
because they believe that there’s hope, everything healthinto
workers. Photolearn
its end. They fromto
PAGASA/FACEBOOK
put aside their differences regardless of their social status, to work together for a
single purpose.
Tthe emergence of several voluntary relief operations is proof that the Philippines
are flourishing in crisis times, that people can assist one another.
Quiz no. 3
Knowledge-Based Essay
Instructions: Read the short essay as a story then answer the following
questions as application of topics discussed. A rubric is provided with scale
equivalents:
Should I Call the Cops on My Stepson?
by: Kwame Anthony Appiah
June 23, 2020

 I’m in my 60s and newly married to an amazing woman. We both have
adult children. All are loving, sharing adults who get along well, except for
my wife’s son, who is very likely the most entitled person I have ever met and,
deep down, unhappy and very insecure.
Page | 38 My wife and I have a wonderful marriage, but I subscribe strongly to
the motto we are only as happy as our unhappiest child. Friends of his
recently told us that he has a drug problem. My wife and I are committed to
providing her son with the help he needs, so long as he acknowledges the drug
abuse, but he denies he has a problem.
Through professional association, I am well versed with personality
disorders, addiction and therapy programs. We have informed him that unless
he is willing to take this step forward, he will be persona non grata at family
events. My wife is now being emotionally abused by his diatribes. He is used to
getting his way, and he believes he is above the law. Knowing he will not seek
help, I have been considering sending an anonymous tip to the police about a
drug party at his address. Thoughts?
Questions to Ponder :
1. What is the message of the story? Justify your claims. (40pts)
2. Of the five ethical theories, which one or two may be applied in Of the
five ethical theories, which one or two may be applied in this
scenario. Explain briefly with legal bearings. (35 pts.)
3. If you are the husband, what decision would you make and
why ? (25pts.)
Write here:
1.__________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
2.__________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
3.._________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by:
___________________________________________ 38
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Page | 39

________
100 pts
Question & Agility Test: Choose one among the
Etiical/philosophical theorists and summarize
your contention on their contributions/concepts.
ONLINE : Oral quiz

OFFLINE : Write on the space provided below :
Write here:
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________.

________
100 pts

Page | 40 (Assignment)

yellow papers for offline and oral recitation for online.
a. List down the 5 ethical approaches in dealing with moral issues/

dilemmas.
b. Discuss the influence of these ethical approaches on Filipino morality

and discuss eachREFERENCES
briefly.
Books/ Articles :
Russell, Bertrand (1946). A History of Western Philosophy. Great Britain: George Allen and
Unwin Ltd. p. 11. Retrieved 31 March2016 – via Internet Archive.
Shook, John R., ed. (2010). "Introduction". Dictionary of Modern American

philosophers (online ed.). New York: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 9780199754663. OCLC 686766412.
Video clip/s:
HELP YOURSELF BY Tom Jones..

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zWPROdFK4Q
Image/s:
The-Tree-of-ELT-Hutchinson-and-Waters-1987-p-17 (Retrieved on June 15,

2020)
(Deadlines) ---- for those students who failed to accomplish any

task assignments /requirements every lesson, (except
quizzes and oral recitation), you may have the ample time
to submit them before proceeding to the next module.

Page | 41
Module 2
ETHICS : Branches and Scope
This second module discusses the four main behavioural branches that are
expected to be in a situation. Ethical divisions and reach are the focus of this
project. Ethics as behavioural science deals with the moral concept or good, to
examine the essence of our behaviour. This explores the essence of the origins of
behaviour, motivations, purposes, voluntary acts, etc. This defines whether or not
individual acts are right or wrong.
The matrix below presents the topics of concerns:
Topics Weeks Allocated no

of Hours
Lesson 1. Normative Ethics

week 4 3 hours
Lesson 2. Descriptive Ethics
Lesson 3. Meta-Ethicsl
Lesson 4. Applied Ethics week 5 3 hours
Total no.of Hours 2weeks 6 hours

Page | 42
Lesson 1 : Normative Ethics
Introduction
.Normative ethics requires the introduction of moral principles

governing right and wrong behaviour. It is a quest for an ideal litmus
test of proper behaviour, in a way. The Golden Rule is a textbook
example of a moral principle: what we should like others to do for us
should be done for others.
Consequently, laws are human commands; there is no

essential relationship between law and morality, that is, between the
law as it is and as it should be; ... Unlike statements of fact, moral
judgments can not be formed or maintained by reasoned reasoning,
proof or facts ("non-cognitivism" in ethics).
What we will be is characterized by how we behave

accordingly, based on others' behaviours. We must also therefore
behave in accordance with what is "true" and "just." Further thought
leads one to ask where the voice of conscience comes from, and what
the reason for what that voice tells us is. We find ourselves with a
sense of obligation and wonder who is enforcing that obligation, or
what. Many believe that God defines the rules of morality and
imposes the sense of obligation. So, God is a benevolent father, and
we receive divine reward for being good and (hopefully) escape
divine punishment.
Objectives
1. Define Normative and know its essence in understanding ethical behaviour.

2. Examine how a person need to act “what ought to be” by sharing
experiential learning.
Pre-lecture
3. Evaluate one’s existence as an application of the meaning of Normative Ethics.
Page | 43 Normative ethics is the study of ethical actions and is the

branch of philosophical ethics that examines, in a normative context,
the questions that arise as to how one should behave.
This includes the nature of moral judgements as well as the

standards for what is right or wrong. ... In other words, normative
ethical theories are attempting to provide a framework for people to
do what is right / moral. They ask for an example of normative
ethics;' what should I do?
Normative ethics is distinguished from meta-ethics in that the

former discusses principles for the fairness and wrongness of
conduct, while the latter explores the sense of the moral vocabulary
and the metaphysics of moral truth. Furthermore, normative ethics is
distinct from applicable ethics in that the former is more concerned
with 'who should be' than with the ethics of a particular problem (e.g.,
where abortion is appropriate, or when).
Normative ethics is often distinguished from descriptive ethics, as the latter

is an empirical examination into the moral values into individuals. For this sense,
normative ethics, as opposed to descriptive ethics, is often called prescriptive.
Nevertheless, moral facts are both descriptive and prescriptive at the same time, in
some variants of the meta-ethical interpretation of moral realism.
Many traditional theories of morality are based on principles which decide

whether an action is right or wrong. Within that vein, classical philosophies include
utilitarianism, Kantianism, and some forms of contractarianism. Such ideas
proposed mainly the use of underlying moral values to overcome difficult moral
decisions.
1.Watch the full Video on The Is / Ought Problem

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eT7yXG2aJdY
Task No. 4
Summarize the message in 5 bulleted form, a rubrics follows:


Rubrics for Grading:
Page | 44 Organization of thoughts = 40 pts

________
100 pts
(Lecture Notes )
Kinds of Normative Ethics
1. Consequentialism is a philosophy of ethics that determines whether

anything is right or not by what the implications are. Most people will agree for
example that lying is false.
Consequentialism, or teleology, argues that the validity of an action depends

on the result or consequence of the action. Consequentialist ideas, which differ in
what they find important (i.e., axiology), include:
2. Utilitarianism holds that an action is right if it gives the largest number of

people satisfaction. Previous to Anscombe's coining of the word "consequentialism"
in 1958 and the use of that concept in the subsequent literature, utilitarianism was
the common term for consequentialism, referring to all philosophies promoting the
maximization of every sort of usefulness, not just those promoting the maximization
of goodness.

• State consequentialism, or Mohist consequentialism, argues that behavior
is right if it contributes to state welfare by means of justice, material
prosperity and population development.
Page | 45 3. Situational ethics stresses the basic meaning of an act when ethically judging it.
In particular, Christian theories of situational ethics hold that the best action is
the one that produces the most caring result, and that love should always be the
objective of the people.
 Egoism, the idea that the rational individual is the self-interested one,
holds that an action is right when it maximizes the self-good.
• Intellectualism determines that the right behaviour is that which

best reflects awareness and reflects it.
• Welfarism, arguing that the right policy is the one that increases
economic well-being or health the most.
• Preference utilitarianism, which holds the right behaviour to be

that which leads to the most overall fulfilment of preferences.
4. Deontology maintains that decisions should be taken taking the

considerations of one's duties and rights into account. Some hypotheses on
deontology include:
• Categorical imperative of Immanuel Kant, which roots morality in the

intellectual potential of humanity and declares certain inviolable moral
laws.
• John Rawls' contractualism, which states that the true acts are those to
which we would all consent if we were impartial, behind the "veil of
ignorance."
• Natural rights, such as those of John Locke or Robert Nozick, who believe
that human beings have total, natural rights.
5. Contractarianism calls a legal theory of political authority validity as

well as a moral theory about the root or permissible nature of moral norms. The
moral theory of contractarianism argues that moral standards derive their normative
power from the principle of contract or reciprocal consent
In summary, Normative ethics means simply this way :

Page | 46
Quiz no. 4
Completion Test :
Instructions: Supply the blank with the correct words from the given options
below to complete the statement per number. Just write the letter only on the spaces
provided before each number. You may use a letter several times. The answers are
here in the various words
A.KNOWLEDGE C. NATURAL RIGHT THEORY
B. NORMATIVE ETHICS D. DEONTOLOGY
D. ETHICS
E. PREFERENCE UTILITARIANISM,
H. EGOISM I. WELFARISM
J.MONOISM G. UTILITARIANISM
____1. ______________holds that an action is right if it leads to the

most it
____3. ______ happiness forduty.
focuses on the greatest number of people.
____2. _______hold
____4. that that
________holds human beingsishave
an action rightabsolute, natural rights.
if it maximizes good for
the self.
____5. Intellectualism dictates that the best action is the one that best
fosters and promotes ____________________.

____6. _______is simply the overall preference satisfaction.
____7. _________is considered an empirical investigation of

people’s moral beliefs.
Page | 47
____8._________ was the generic term for consequentialism.
____9. _________which argues that the best action is the one that
most increases economic well-being or welfare.
____10. Deontology argues that decisions should be made

considering the factors of one's duties and one's rights
Scoring: Grade


Question & Agility Test : After discussing the lessons in
class, you can describe each of the three forms of
normative ethics by your own words on the lines:
ONLINE?OFFLINE :
a. Consequentialism________________________________________________
______________________________________________._________________
___________________________
b. Contractarianism____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
c.Deontologism______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

________
100 pts
Page | 48
Assignment
Instructions: Please research in advance about DESCRIPTIVE
ETHICS for graded recitation..
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Baum W. Understanding Behaviorism: Behavior, Culture, and Evolution, 2nd

ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2005. [Google Scholar]
Video clip/s:
Watch the full Video on The Is / Ought Problem

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eT7yXG2aJdY
Lesson 2 : Descriptive Ethics
Introduction
Descriptive ethics is a method of empirical inquiry into

people's attitudes or groups of people. Many who research on
descriptive ethics seek to reveal the attitudes of people about things
like morals, which actions are right and wrong, and which features of
the moral agents are virtuous.
One may make a distinction between morality and ethics.

Morality can be seen as the collection of norms, laws, criteria, beliefs
or values that govern adherents in their conduct as to what is right
and wrong, good and bad, or acceptable and inappropriate

Virtually every human being has a certain moral or moral code
in that sense. Or the enforcement of certain moral codes by members
who follow certain norms or codes may be known as morality. To the
degree that business practice has such a code or collection of rules,
Page | 49 we may refer to that rule or procedure as "business morality."
"Ethics" should be viewed, then, as simply the analysis of motivating
humans to earn a living in e descent manner with honesty and hard
work.
Since descriptive ethics requires empirical research, it is an

subject that is typically studied by those working in the fields of
evolutionary biology, psychology , sociology or anthropology.
Nevertheless, knowledge which comes from descriptive ethics is
often used in philosophical arguments. Remember that the definition
of meaning can be either normative or descriptive, but is usually
descriptive.
Objectives
1. Differentiate Descriptive Ethics from Normative Ethics by understanding

the consequences.
2. Explain why concise ethics address the questions simply: What do people
believe is right?
3. Apply concise ethics from a family analysis to the current situation.

Pre-lecture
By posing specific questions, descriptive ethics approaches the

study of morality or moral phenomena. This approach usually
attempts to define and illustrate moral behavior, moral decision
taking and moral phenomena
Descriptive ethics is a method of empirical inquiry into the
attitudes of individuals or groups. In other words, this is the division
of philosophical or general ethics which involves observing the
process of making moral decisions with the aim of explaining the
phenomenon. Apparently, many who research on descriptive ethics
seek to reveal the attitudes of people about issues like morals, what
actions are right and wrong, and what attributes of moral agents are
virtuous.
Research into descriptive ethics may also examine the ethical values of
individuals or what behavior cultures are rewarding or punishing in law or policy.

What should be remembered is that society is stagnant and not generational. A new
generation would also come with its own collection of values, and this qualifies to
be their ethics. Hence concise ethics should attempt to track that ethics still holds its
position. The study of people's belief in morality is descriptive ethics, also known
as comparative ethics.
Page | 50 The analysis of ethnical theories that prescribe how people will behave
and of the methodology of meta-ethics, which is to analysis the theories and
concepts that actually apply to them, compared with recommendation or normative
éthics. The following questions can be considered in each area, showing the
similarities between the fields: The following questions:
The concern of Kohlberg has not been the choice taken by the boys, but
the moral rationale behind their decisions. There was a mistake. In that he explains
the actual moral creation of human beings, the work of Kohlberg can be described
as descriptive ethics.
Since descriptive ethics requires empirical research, it is an subject that is

typically studied by those working in the fields of evolutionary biology, psychology
, sociology, or anthropology. Nevertheless, knowledge deriving from descriptive
ethics is often used in philosophical arguments.
Instructions :
ONLINE ; 1.Watch the video on DESRIPTIVE ETHICS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paAuQANFVI8
2. Relate the concept to your experience and

OFFLINE: Read thisshare it in
article onclass.
: Human Rights: Law Task No. 5
extends the right to junk food to students
Human Rights: Law extends the right to junk food to students
This theory emerged from the

schools' campaign to encourage
healthy eating by stopping the
students from leaving school at
lunchtime. The coverage has
been framed that it appears
like the Human Rights Act is
the reason why the healthy
eating program would fail,
clearly saying that pushing
them to consume nutritious
food or refusing them ast food
is against their rights.

Besides having pupils outside the grounds is common practice for many
schools only if they have a parental note granting permission or if they have
special privileges granted them by the school. Schools Food Trust suggests
having the students on the school site as a way to discourage them from
purchasing unhealthy food. This also does not mean that school gates are
Page | 51 closed to discourage lunchtime students from entering, or that pupils are
required to eat different foods.
Schools have the moral responsibility for school hours for their pupils.
That means they can get students to remain in school premises. Human rights
law says this is a valid objective. Yet a school should. If they either locked
pupils in school or forced them to eat physically, they undoubtedly violate this
legitimate target
Question : Do you agree or disagree? Just explain the answer.
Write here:
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Lecture Notes
_______________________________________________.
The definition of descriptive ethics is the clearest to understand-it clearly

involves describing how people work or what particular moral values they focus on
following. Descriptive ethics amalgamates work from the.
We can distinguish different approaches to the study of moral issues and

phenomena in order to place descriptive ethics. One difference is between ethics that
are normative and descriptive, or behavioural. Objective discussion which would
constitute moral ethics will seek to address questions as to what is right or wrong ,
good or evil. These strategies are "normative" or offer guidance and guidelines in
making social , ethical or morally appropriate choices
These viewpoints tend to be metaphysical or theological, and have
prescriptive structures and theories. Such research recommend general or even
detailed guidelines. Typical philosophical approaches such as utilitarianism and
duty-based philosophies such as Kant contain these universal or prescriptive theories

Others have said there are only two issues relating to normative ethics: (1)
What 's good? (2) What's Okay? The virtue-based ethics of Aristotle represents a
moral theory which responds to the first question. Utilitarian and Kantian theories
have contrasting ideas that offer guidelines for decision-making or responses to
question two. Something they both have in common is to approach ethical inquiry
Page | 52 from a normative or prescriptive viewpoint.
Descriptive ethics is the study of human beings, psychology , sociology and

historical events as part of the method of learning whether people are doing or
presuming real about moral standards
At the other hand , descriptive ethics approaches the study of morality or

moral phenomena, by posing different questions. This approach usually seeks to
define and illustrate moral behaviour, moral decision-making and moral phenomena.
For example, how do people process perceived moral disputes and resolve them?
Which are the most important reasons or causes for ethically or unethically behaving
individuals? What is the belief system which guides individuals or groups in making
the moral choices that are observed? Answers to these questions are of a concise or
explicative kind. As such they use social science frameworks which also include
building theory and hypothesis
Descriptive ethics are

assumptions on the "rightness"
of actions in terms of the views
of the people. Some examples
of concise ethics include: "68
percent of respondents said
they disapproved of the
government." "This film on
Rotten Tomatoes has a very
bad ranking."

Page | 53 Quiz no. 5
Compare and contrast :
NORMATIVE ETHICS DESCRITPTIVE ETHICS
Rubrics for Grading
Arrangement of symbols ---- 35 pts

Message of the drawing ---- 45 pts
Justification of claims -------- 20 pts
_____________
100 pts

Question & Agility Test : Being stuck in a party by a best
friend over an expensive gem. How do you apply
Page | 54 Concise Ethics when you ask: What do people
think is correct?
Write here:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Assignment
______________________________________._______.
Instructions:
Please research in advance about META ETHICS

for graded recitation.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Greene, Joshua D. (July 2014). "Beyond Point-and-Shoot Morality: Why

Cognitive (Neuro)Science Matters for Ethics". Ethics. 124 (4):
695–726. doi:10.1086/675875. S2CID 9063016.
^ Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter; Wheatley, Thalia; Sugden, Sherwood J. B.

(2012). "The Disunity of Morality and Why it Matters to
Philosophy". Monist. 95 (3): 355–
377. doi:10.5840/monist201295319.

Page | 55
Lesson 3 : Meta- Ethics
Introduction
How does this really mean by "right?" Metaethics is the study

of moral thought and the language of morality. Rather than answering
concerns about what actions are right and wrong, and what our
responsibilities to others or to future generations are – so-called
'normative' ethics problems – meta-ethics asks what morality really
is.
Let's only begin to describe what morality is. Morality (from

Latin: moralitas, lit. 'manner, character, proper behavior') is the
distinction of thoughts, decisions and acts between those which are
defined as proper and those which are inappropriate. Morality may be
a collection of rules or values derived from a code of conduct derived
from a specific philosophy, religion or culture, or it may derive from
a standard believed by a person.
Apparently, moral ethical philosophy includes meta-ethics that

study theoretical topics such as moral ontology and moral
epistemology, and normative ethics that study more practical moral
decision-making structures such as deontological ethics and
consequentialism. An example of normative ethical theory is the
Golden Rule, which states: "You should treat others as you want
others to treat yourself.”

Objectives

Page | 56
1. Discuss the Meta-Ethics principles and their importance when

applying ethical guidelines.
2. Evaluate the meta-ethics problem asks about what morality really is

all about.
3. Update the framework relating to your experiential learning of the

topics addressed.
Pre-lecture
Pre-lecture
Meta-Ethics Principles and their importance
Meta-ethics is the study of the nature, scope and sense of moral
judgment. It is one of the three branches of ethics commonly studied
by philosophers; the others are normative ethics and applied ethics.
Whereas normative ethics addresses issues such as "What
should I do?," evaluating individual actions and moral expectations,
meta-ethics explores issues such as "What is goodness?" and "How
do we tell what's good from what's bad?" seeking to explain the
assumptions that underlie normative theory.The difference often
made is that normative ethics involves first-order or specific
questions; meta-ethics involves second-order or form problems.
Some philosophers argue that in order to properly examine
actual moral theories and make rational moral choices, a
philosophical account of morality is required; others reason from
opposite premises and suggest that analyzing moral decisions about
proper behavior will lead us to a true account of the nature of
morality.
1.Moral Realism (or Moral Objectivism)
It is the meta-ethical view that such things as moral facts and moral
principles exist, and that they are factual and independent of our interpretation of
them or of our opinions, emotions or other attitudes towards them.
This makes moral realism a non-nihilistic type of ethical cognitivism

(which acknowledges that ethical sentences represent proposals and can therefore be
evaluated as true or false) with an ontological orientation, opposed to all types of
moral anti-realism[2] and moral skepticism, including ethical subjectivism (which
rejects that moral propositions correspond to empirical facts), theory of error The

two principal subdivisions within moral realism are ethical naturalism and ethical
non-naturalism
2.Moral Anti-Realism
Page | 57
Moral Anti-Realism may include either denying that there are moral
properties at all, or agreeing that they do exist, but that their nature is mental-
dependent
There and not objective
are several differentorforms,
independent.
dependingThat holds that
on whether there
ethical are always
statements are
objectivetomoral
believed principles,
be subjective that(Ethical
claims evaluative statementsnot
Subjectivism), aregenuine
empirical assertions
claims at all
that are either validoror mistaken
(Non-Cognitivism) false and objective
that their validity
claims or falsity Nihilism
(Moral is independent
or Moralof
our interpretation of them or of our views, emotions or other attitudes towards
Skepticism)
them.
OFFLINE/ONLINE
Instructions:
Read the concept instilled by

the author based on the picture Task No. 6
:Linda Fisher Thornton
In certain cases the "Keep it Easy" solution is fine, but

keeping it simple will set you up in ethical failure. Taking an
oversimplified approach to addressing a complex ethical problem
clearly means you are leaving out factors you should consider.
5 Reasons a message "do the right thing" Isn't enough
1. No-one knows what that means
2. While it is optimistic, it is still too ambiguous to make good

choices
3. Everyone defines it differently and does what they know
4. There's no shared definition of ethical standards around the

company unless you carefully identify what you mean by "do
the right thing"
5. "Do the Right Thing" is a great point of departure, but we need

to describe it in depth. Otherwise, people would do whatever
THEY feel is the best thing to do and that could take off your
organization.
Ethical leaders are not only telling people to "do the right
thing," they 're sharing stories of people who did the right thing. We
clarify ethical standards of performance which define "the right
thing" and
NGEC 8-Module bring it to
A Pedestrian to the
life New
in discussions
Normal on
by:how to manage 57
Page | 58
2.Answer briefly?
1. What can you say about Linda’s concept by identifying

the keywords, at least 3?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2. Do you agree or not? Justify your answer.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________.
Rubrics for Keywords Identification

Scoring Criteria EXM SWM NMA
(3) (2) (3)
1.Key terms used were specifically
important for the interpretation
of the implemented term.
.
2. . Core terms have touched on your
experiences in life
Total mean score
Legend :
( EXM) Excellently Manifested ---- A 11 - 15
(SWM) Somewhat Manifested ---- B 6 - 10
(NMA) Not Manifested at All ---- C 1- 5
(Lecture Notes)
There are three types of meta-ethical problems, or three general questions,

according to Richard Garner and Bernard Rosen:
1. Which kind of moral decisions are they? (The Ontology of morality)
O Asks questions as to whether moral decisions are absolute or subjective, of one
or more forms, etc.
2. How does moral words or decisions mean? (Moral seamanship)
O Asks the definitions of terms such as 'good,' 'evil,' 'right' and 'wrong' (see the
3 How to enforce or justify moral judgments? Ethical Epistemology)
Page | 59 O Asks questions such as how we would know whether something is
right or wrong, if anything.
Garner and Rosen claim that the responses to the three basic questions "are
not unrelated, and often the answer to one may strongly indicate, or maybe even
imply, a response to another. Furthermore, a meta-ethical theory, unlike a normative
ethical theory, does not seek to determine individual choices as being great, worse,
nice, poor, or evil; although it can have profound consequences as to the value.
Quiz no. 6
Instructions: Try to reflect on a simple case of dishonesty.

Then answer 2 questions in only two sentences each.
The Hidden Cheating

.
Chinie Lim and Mara Gratiroa were former classmates in a well-known
state university, with algebra and foreign language criteria for BS Tourism.
He was fluent in Mandarin Chinie (half Chinese and Filipino), but very slow
in Algebra. Mara, on the other hand, is outstanding in mathematics, and top in
Algebra written and oral exams. We are their closest friends as they have
promised to help each other. Instead, in her Mandarin lesson, Chinie will pose
as Mara as they are on a Google page, and vice versa. They were doing the
policy and taking exams on behalf of each other. The university was then
around 41,000 enrolees, because there was a plot in those classes that neither
the professors nor the students knew.

Consequently, both Chinie and Mara received excellent grades for both
subjects. This is scenario was probably the most exciting case of fraudulently
executed cheating in the entire school, without being noticed by the entire
administration. Chinie and Mara went through the discussion without even
thinking about each subject. The plot was very dangerous because if they were
Page | 60 ever detected but never heard they would be excluded from university at any
time.
2 Questions to ponder:
a) If you're asked to give the case a title, what would that be?
___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.
b) Should they be dismissed from the University administration?
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________.
RUBRICS FOR GRADING EACH NUMBER:

________
100 pts
(Transition to the lecture)
Question & Agility Test : At the end, the choice to be nice is

an interpretation of the meta-ethic principle.
When everyone respected the interests of others
to the degree that they value their own, then they
would all enjoy the greatest overall gain. When
only some loved others and others were greedy,
then the latter party would gain the greatest
personal benefits, while the former would be in
great disadvantage. Ultimately, if not both parties
respect others, then they all lose. Explain the
points here.
Write your discussion here:

_________________________________________________________
Page | 61 _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
(Assignment)
Instructions:
Please research in advance about APPLIED ETHICS for

graded recitation.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Cartoni, Thome. "Introduction to Metaethics." Pp. 1–37 in On the Importance

of Metaethics: New Essays in Metaethics, edited by T. Govanni.
University of Buary Press.
Lesson 4 : Applied Ethics
Introduction

The fundamental characteristics of applied ethics are self-
reflection and self-observance of all actions in society. Throughout
Page | 62 this way, applied ethics transcends conventional ethics theory and
seeks to provide concrete approaches through the development of
feasible alternatives within society.
Therefore, applied ethics refers to the application of moral

principles in action. This is ethics with respect to real-world behavior
and their moral values in the fields of private and public life, the
professions, health , technology, law and management. Business
ethics, wellness ethics and bioethics are included.
It is necessary for us to understand the origins of applied

ethics, as in the sense of globalization phenomena this subject plays a
significant role in contemporary social issues. As Applied Ethics
deals with the study and interpretation of particular, contentious
contemporary moral issues, such as bioethical issues such as animal
rights, euthanasia, abortion, organ transplantation, environmental
ethics, knowledge and business ethics, we seek to extrapolate the
structure to address some of these issues through further investigation
into this subject.
Objectives

1. Define Applied Ethics, and why understanding human behaviour is
important.
2. Assess the role of business ethics and corporate social responsibility in

recognizing human life, including bioethics
3. Determine, specifically in this pandemic scenario, how health ethics

saved lives for the good of mankind.
Pre-lecture
Applied Ethics and Its Parameters
Applied ethics is regarded as modern-day analytical philosophy. It

gives importance to human beings' reflective behavior, both as an

individual and as a collective, so as to minimize the survival challenge.
There is also a rising trend to institutionalize applied ethics which is a
welcome point with regard to philosophy.
It is assumed, by and wide, that philosophy is primarily concerned with the
dynamic structures of thought realms alone. Now applied ethics have developed new
Page | 63 ways of looking at philosophy and these new approaches extend their horizons
across various sub-disciplines such as bioethics, environmental ethics, business
ethics, computer ethics, technology ethics, genetic ethics, etc.
Applied ethics is demonstrating the point that under the context of practical
philosophy there is enough room to address the problems of social progress. In Prof
Brenda Almond's 107 words, a British philosopher and contemporary expert with
respect to applied ethics;
“Applied ethics is the systematic analysis of

specific questions of moral judgment in
private and public life from a legal point of
view." Therefore it is a term used to describe
attempts to use logical approaches in order to
determine the morally correct course of action
in different fields of human life. Bioethics.
1.. Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

Business ethics refers to contemporary
organizational norms , beliefs, collection of values
and expectations that regulate an individual's
conduct and behavior within the organization. There
are two aspects of business ethics, normative
business ethics or concise business ethics. The area
is mainly normative as a business standard and as a
professional specialization. Academics who seek to
understand market behavior employ methods of
classification. The spectrum and amount of ethical
business problems represents the relationship
between profit-maximizing actions and non-
economicBusiness
concerns.ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a type of applied
ethics or professional ethics, which discusses the ethical principles and
moral or ethical problems that may arise in a business setting.
Although ethics is usually about right and wrong, business ethics is based on
doing what's best for shareholders and stakeholders alike. On the other hand social
responsibility focuses on the environmental and community impact of the product.
During the 1980s and 1990s, interest in corporate ethics grew significantly,
both within large companies and within academia. For instance, most major

companies today promote their commitment to non-economic principles under
headings such as code of ethics and charters of social responsibility
Social responsibility in business, also known as Corporate Social
Responsibility ( CSR), refers to individuals and companies that conduct business in
an ethical manner and are responsive to financial , cultural, economic and
Page | 64 environmental matters.
1. Medical (Health) Ethics

Medical ethics includes analyzing a particular question, usually a clinical
event, and using principles, evidence and reasoning to determine what will be the
best course of action. Particularly in a small medical practice, doctors can solve a
great range of perplexing ethical problems.
Many ethical issues, such as deciding right from wrong, are relatively
straightforward. Yet some can also be more perplexing, such as deciding between
two "rights"—two values that clash with each other — or deciding between two
separate value systems, such as those of the patient versus those of the doctor
The pandemic in the Philippines, which
declared a lockdown in mid-March that is
now among the longest in the world, is
not over in sight. The nation has suffered
one of the most severe outbreaks in
Southeast Asia, with more than 16,000
cases and 900 deaths. Officials have
been criticized for not performing enough
tests, but a President Rodrigo Duterte
spokesperson said Monday that
authorities are increasing testing
capacity.
Here are some common problems identified in a 2016 Medscape
survey, where at least some physicians held different views :
• Changes to care
• Denial of covertotreatment;
fulfill the budget of an agency, or insurance policies;
• Recording an injured fellow Member;
• To accept money from manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or devices;
• Breach of patient confidentiality due to a risk to health.
• •Patients
Romantically
pickinginvolving
cherry; a patient or a member of his family;
• •To
Correcting
recommenda mistake;
placebo;
• Practice protective medicine to prevent litigation involving
malpractice;
• Insurers falling out; and try for alternative opinions
3. Bioethics

Bioethics is the study of the traditionally problematic ethics brought
on by biological and medical advances. As it relates to medical policy,
practice and science Professional standards provide a way of offering some
guidelines on ethical concerns, however they cannot answer every question,
and they may not tackle troubling complexities, such as reconciling two
Page | 65 principles that clash. it is also a moral discernment.
Bioethics is the study of ethical problems that arise from biological

and medical advances. There is therefore moral discernment as it applies to
the profession and medical policies. Bioethics deals with ethical problems
that emerge in the relationships between life sciences, including
biotechnology, medicine and politics , law, theology and philosophy.[1] It
involves the study of principles related to primary care and other branches of
medicine (the "ethics of the ordinary"). It also applies to ethics
A 2016 Pew Research

survey showed that 50
percent of adults in the US
reject the concept of reducing
the risk of disease using
germline editing, compared to
48 percent in favor. (When it
comes to making non-
essential changes to a baby's
genome, we seem to be much
more unified; just 15 percent
of respondents in the survey
were in favor of it.)
Bioethics scope will broaden with biotechnology, cloning, gene therapy,

some lifespan, human genetic modification, Astroethics, and space life,[7] and
the manipulation of fundamental biology by altered DNA, XNA, and proteins.
ONLINE/OFFLINE
[8] These advances will influence future evolution and could involve new
concepts that tackle life at its heart, such as biotic ethics that respects life at I
Instructions:1.
itself.
1. Read this article on : Task No. 7

THE CLONING-TO-PRODUCE-CHILDREN
ETHIQUES
Cloning-to-produce-children has been the subject of two major national

reports in recent years – first by the National Bioethics Advisory Commission in
June 1997,1 and more recently by the National Academy of Sciences in January
2002.2 Both reports concluded that attempts to clone a human being "at this time"
would be unethical, owing to questions about the safety of the technique and the
likelihood of physical harm to those involved. But both reports also concluded that
the nation required much deeper reflection about the "ethical and social

implications" of cloning-to-produce-children beyond the scientific and medical
aspects of the procedure. As the National Academy of Sciences report stated:
The present opposition to human reproductive cloning is based on science

and medicine, irrespective of broader considerations. The panel stresses, however,
Page | 66 that a broad ethical debate must be encouraged so that the public can be prepared to
make decisions if human reproductive cloning is someday considered medically safe
for mothers and offspring.3
The prospect of cloning-to-produce-children raises a host of moral

questions, among them the following: Could the first attempts to clone a human
child be made without violating accepted moral norms governing experimentation
on human subjects? What harms might be inflicted on the cloned child as a
consequence of having been made a clone? Is it significant that the cloned child
would inherit a genetic identity lived in advance by another – and, in some cases, the
genetic identity of the cloned child's rearing parent? Is it significant that cloned
children would be the first human beings whose genetic identity was entirely known
and selected in advance? How might cloning-to-produce-children affect
relationships within the cloning families? More generally, how might it affect the
relationship between the generations? How might it affect the way society comes to
view children? What other prospects would we be tacitly approving in advance by
accepting this practice? What important
2. Just answer this question comprehensively: IS CLONING AN

IMMORAL ACT? Yes or no?
3. Then justify your answer on the spaces provided with the rubrics
for assessing your critical thinking skills:
Start here :
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
( Lecture Notes )

Emerging Issues in Business Ethics
:
Page | 67 As the most critical aspect of a business, the key concern of the stakeholders
is to decide whether the company is behaving ethically or unethically. The acts and
decisions of the company should be fundamentally ethical before becoming an
ethical or even legal issue. "What was merely an ethical problem can become a legal
dispute and finally a rule in the case of government, culture, and society. Many
unethical issues has emerged, these are the following :
1. Equity:
The three things driving people to be fair are: equity, optimization, and
reciprocity. Fairness is the quality of being fair, unbiased and honest.
2. Misuse of times and resources at the company:
This particular subject does not seem very popular, but it is very critical
because it costs a organization trillions of dollars annually. This abuse stems from
late arrivals, taking lunch breaks early, long, unnecessary sick days etc. This has
been found in companies today as a significant source of harassment. One of the
best ways to involve workers in the abuse of company time and money is by using
the company's machine
3. Betrayal of consumers:
Consumer theft happens when customers seek to trick businesses for their very own
benefit. There are several different forms of fraud, namely; friendly fraud, fraud of
return, ward robing, price arbitrage, return of stolen goods. In companies fraud is a
big unethical activity
4. Abusive that should be given special attention.
behaviour:
An ethical problem which is common with employees. Abusive behaviour

involves causing abuse on other workers. Those acts include abuse, using profanity,
physically abusing, abusing and annoying others.
5. Production
.This corporate ethics area typically deals with the obligations of a corporation
to ensure that the products and manufacturing processes do not cause harm without
need. The ethical course can be difficult to determine, considering that few goods
and services can be produced and consumed with zero risk. For certain case ,
customers may need goods that harm them, such as products made from tobacco.
Construction may have environmental effects including deforestation, habitat
destruction and urban sprawl.
This is likely that the downstream impacts of nuclear power technology,
genetically modified food and cell phones are not well known. Although the
precautionary principle may forbid the implementation of new technologies whose
effects are not fully known, the newest technology implemented after the industrial
revolution should have been excluded from that principle. Protocols to check goods
were criticized for violating human and animal rights. There are websites that

provide information about businesses that are responsible for the environment or
don't research animals.
6.Marketing
Page | 68 The term employee behaviour, refers to the way workers respond to
particular workplace conditions or situations. Although other factors decide the
actions of an person in the workplace, their culture and the culture of the company
define the employees. Ethical marketing refers to the mechanism by which
businesses sell their goods and services in order to focus not just on the benefit of
their products but also the social responsibility or environmental benefits of their
products.
Ethical marketing is not a tactic, it is a theory, to put it another way. It

includes everything from ensuring that ads are honest and trustworthy through a
number of common values, to building close relationships with consumers. The
ethical marketing approach companies analyse their decisions from a financial
perspective ( i.e. whether the desired profit comes from a specific marketing
initiative), and also from a moral viewpoint (i.e. whether a decision is "right" or
"morally sound").
In nearly all facets of its branding, for example, TOMS shows its social and
environmental philanthropy. Not only does this allow potential customers to know
what kind of business they work with right away, but it also continually reinforces
the brand values of TOMS on every channel.
Assignment
Instructions:
Please research in advance about META ETHICS for

graded recitation.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Wynar, Bohd Goldim, J. R. (2009). Revisiting the beginning of bioethics: The

contributions of Science.
Fritz Jahr (1927). Perspect Biol Med, Sum, 377–80.an S. (2007). American
Reference Books Annual, Volume 38. Libraries Unlimited

Page | 69
Module 3
Frameworks and Principles Behind Filipino Moral

Temperaments in Today’s Perplexing Times
Overview :
This module claps morality and situational ethics through the teachings of
Aristotle, St. Thomas, Kant and other philosophers, the philosophy of utilitarianism
with respect to decision-making, and validates fairness and equality in the pursuit of
the common good.
It delves with the importance of virtue as the basis for moral standards in
understanding human behaviours. It discusses the essence of rights in the various
theories insinuated by the proponents.
It discusses comprehensively about Utilitarianism which is one of the best

approach in decision-making. Finally, the promotion the common good for
everyone’s welfare has been emphasized in the Justice and Fairness approach in
analysing moral dilemmas.
The matrix below gives the topics for discussion, ow many weeks the
module entails, including the number of hours allocated per week.

Hours
Lesson 1. Virtue Ethics and Situational

Ethics
Week 6 3 hours
Lesson 2. Kant and the Right theorists
Lesson 3. Utilitarianism and the

Page | 70 Ethical Decision-making
Model Week 7 3 hours
Lesson 4. Justice and fairness: Promoting

the common good
Total No. of Hours 2 weeks 6 hours
Lesson 1 : Virtue Ethics and Situational Ethics
Introduction
It is a notion, that human acts must be in conformity with life

and conduct in accordance with the principles of morality. Virtues are
the everyday attitudes and habits adopted in obedience to those
principles such as honesty, compassion, generosity temperance,
honesty, etc. and morality of a person. The proponents of these
ethical principle such as Aristotle and St. Tomas has emphasized the
idea that virtue as habit is based on natural law.
Situation Ethics takes into account the specific consequence

of an act when evaluating it ethically, rather than making judgment
according to absolute moral standards. It contends, that right and
wrong doings of a man depend upon the situation. It ensures
flexibility of judgement because it teaches, that ethical decisions
should follow flexible guidelines rather than absolute rules, and be
taken on a case by case basis. For instance, in today’s pandemic
setting, we must reject fake news or prefabricated decisions and
prescriptive rules since the situation is unpredictable.
Objectives

1. Distinguish Virtue Ethics from Situational Ethics by knowing the
significance of each principle,
2. Assess individual perceptions on the importance of Aristotle’s shared idea

on virtue as a habit. and exemplify happiness as a virtue even in this
Page | 71 pandemic era.
3. Describe and illustrate St. Tomas’ natural law and its d o c t r i n e s ,

i n c l u d i n g t h e e s s e n c e o f cardinal virtues.
Pre-lecture
Overview on Virtue Ethics and the Philosophers Behind it
Virtue Ethics includes how virtues are acquired, how they

are applied in various real life contexts, and whether they are
rooted in a universal human nature or in a plurality of cultures.
1. Aristotle
a) Teos
According to Aristotle in his dialogue On Poets, the first person who
wrote Socratic dialogues before the time of Plato Alexamenus of Teos. A person
must have "experience of the actions in life" and have been "brought up in fine
habits" to become good as a creation of the Divine God.
Aristotle, contends, that by honing virtuous habits, people will likely

make the right choice when faced with ethical challenges.
b) Virtue as habit
. Aristotle assumed that virtue as a habit entails an intentional choice when
you begin to act accordingly. This would mean that virtue has not been expressed,
but later, the individual unconsciously becomes used to acting virtuously and after a
while he turns virtuously without exerting force to behave as one. He emphasized
that men manifest moral virtue mainly through habit and practice rather than through
reasoning and instruction because it an offshoot of being good.
c) Happiness as virtue
For Aristotle, happiness is not pleasure, honor, or wealth, but an activity of
the soul in accordance with virtue. Happiness is related to virtue by means
that virtue is something that he/she likes to do like vices; it makes him/her happy.
He stressed why virtue is a habit and happiness is a virtue, saying, that

happiness is not pleasure but is the exercise of virtue, in its deepest essence. Man’s

nature as rational being, his happiness depends on the exercise of his reasoning
ability. Therefore, happiness is determined by a moral character, where one displays
the virtuous actuations.
2. St. Thomas Aquinas : Natural Law

Page | 72 a) The natural law and its tenets
According to St. Tomas, natural law (or divine law) maintains that these rules
of right and wrong are inborn among humans because they were created by the
divinity ofb)GOD.
natural
. Helaw and cardinal
contends, virtues
that "the light of reason is placed by nature [and thus
by God] in every man to guide him in his acts." Therefore, human beings, alone
among God's Thecreatures,
cardinal use
virtues, as to
reason presented
lead theirbylives
Plato relative to St. Thomas Aquinas definition
of natural law, are the following : courage,
justice wisdom (or prudence) and temperance.
They are to be understood as descriptive of
conduct rather than inborn qualities and are
achieved through proper training and
discipline.
c)Happiness as constitutive of moral
For St, Thomas Aquinas , enjoyment

and happiness is different in essence because
enjoyment is focused on earthly human
satisfaction while happiness entails the
attainment of human “being” perfection as we
came from God.
( Lecture Notes ) “A great obstacle to happiness is

to expect too much happiness.”
1. Aristotle meaning of Happiness
According to Aristotle, happiness consists in achieving, through the course

of a whole lifetime, all the goods — health, wealth, knowledge, friends, etc. — that
lead to the perfection of human nature and to the enrichment of human life. This
requires us to make choices, some of which may be very difficult. Aristotle
enshrines happiness as a central purpose of human life and a goal in itself.
The key question Aristotle seeks to answer in his various contentions are:1.
What is the ultimate purpose of human existence? and 2. What is that end or goal
for which we should direct all of our activities?

Everywhere we see people seeking pleasure, wealth, and a good reputation.
But while each of these has some value, none of them can occupy the place of the
chief good for which humanity should aim. To be an ultimate end, an act must be
self-sufficient and final, "
Page | 73
Aristotle’s Definition of Happiness
is the ultimate end eand purpose of human existence.

is not pleasure, nor is it virtue. It is the exercise of virtue.
cannot be achieved until the end of one's life. Hence it is a
goal and not a temporary state.
is the perfection of human nature. Since man is a rational
animal, human happiness depends on the exercise of his
reason.
depends on acquiring a moral character, where one
displays the virtues of courage, generosity, justice,
friendship, and citizenship in one's life. These virtues
involve striking a balance or "mean" between an excess
and a deficiency.
requires intellectual contemplation, for this is the ultimate
realization of our rational capacities.
2. St.Thomas Aquinas’ “The City of GOD”
The City of God was one of the

most influential works of the Middle
Ages. St. Augustine's famous theory that
people need government because they are
sinful served as a model for church-state
relations in medieval times
Consequently, Saint Thomas Aquinas also uniquely advanced appropriate

social behaviour toward God. In so doing, he gave his ideas a contemporary—some
would say timeless—everyday context. Thomas believed that the laws of the state
were, in fact, a natural product of human nature, and were crucial to social welfare.
By abiding by the social laws of the state, people could earn eternal salvation of
their souls in the afterlife, he purported.
The movie "City of God" churns with furious energy as it

plunges into the story of the slum gangs of Rio de Janeiro.
Breathtaking and terrifying, urgently involved with its characters, it
announces a new director of great gifts and passions: Fernando
Meirelles. Remember the name. The film has been compared with
Scorsese's "Good Fellas," and it deserves the comparison.
Scorsese's film began with a narrator who said that for as long as
A Pedestrian to the New Normal 73
NGEChe
8-Module
could remember he wanted to be a gangster.by:
The narrator of
this film seems to have had no other choice.
Page | 74
ONLINE :1. You may choose from the 2 videos. With
Watch the full Video on Aristotle virtue theory:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ
0r Task No. 8
3. Watch St.Thomas “City of God”
https://study.com/academy/lesson/st-augustines-city-of-god.html
OFFLINE 3. Read the summary St.Thomas “City of

God” on the next page :
4. What to do for online (a ) and for offline (b):
a) Summarize the message of Aristotle Virtue theory (Or The City Of God )
in one paragraph.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
b) Compare and contrast the City of GOD from the Earthly City in two
sentences only.
1._________________________________________________________
__________________________.
2._________________________________________________________
__________________________.
The City of GOD : A Summary

by St. Augustine
Let's take a look at St. Augustine, before we plunge into his

works. Born in 354 CE in a province of Roman North Africa, Augustine
was an cultured and a traveller, He visited many countries of the world
like Italy, Germany, etc. As an ordinary man, he faces lots of trails.
Augustine is identified as one of Christianity's most prominent figures,
an influence that really began for long years.
Tradition tells us that it was this year that (Augustine heard
Continue next pagea voice
)
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to theUpon
Newpicking
Normalup his by: 74
saying he would read the Bible. Bible, it fell open
to the book of Romans which reads, "Let us act decently, as in the
daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality
Page | 75
( Additional Information)
St. Tomas, ranked among the most influential thinkers of medieval

Scholasticism. He is an Italian philosopher who united the theological principles of
faith with the philosophical principles of reason.
Saint Thomas Aquinas identified three types of

laws: natural, positive and eternal. According to
his treatise, natural law prompts man to act in
accordance with achieving his goals and
governs man's sense of right and wrong;
positive law is the law of the state, or
government, and should always be a
manifestation of natural law; and eternal law, in
the case of rational beings, depends on reason
and is put into action through free will, which
also works
St.Thomas Aquinas believed toward
that the the accomplishment
existence of God could be of man'sin
proven
five ways, mainly by: spiritual goals.

1) observing movement in the world as proof of God, the "Immovable
Mover";
2) observing cause and effect and identifying God as the cause of

everything;
Page | 76
3) concluding that the impermanent nature of beings proves the existence
of a necessary being, God, who originates only from within himself;
4) noticing varying levels of human perfection and determining that a

supreme, perfect being must therefore exist;
5) knowing that natural beings could not have intelligence without it

being granted to them it by God. Subsequent to defending people's
ability to naturally perceive proof of God, Thomas also tackled the
challenge of protecting God's image as an all-powerful being.
Quiz no. 7
Informal Recall
Instructions: Supply the blank (by letter) with the answer to complete the
statement before each number.
____1. According to ___ happiness is meaningful only when you chose to be

happy.
i. Kant b) Aristotle c) St.Thomas
____2. ______ habits suggest that Pedro will make the right choice
a) virtuous b) good c) correct
____3 .An ____ must be self-sufficient and final to be an ultimate end.
a) habit b) belief c) act
____4. Observing _____ in this world is a proof of God.

a) hour b) movement c) time
____5. ___ assumed that virtue as a habit entails an intentional choice when you
begin to act accordingly.
a) Kant b) Aristotle c) St.Thomas
____6._____is the ultimate end and purpose of human existence.

a) happiness b) GOD c) virtues

____7. Cardinal virtue are courage, justice wisdom (or prudence) and temperance,
except,_________.
a) freedom b) values c) hope
____8. ______ prompts man to act in accordance with achieving his goals
a) natural law b) common good c) law of GOD
Page | 77
____9 . Happiness is not pleasure but is the exercise of _____.
a) habit b) act c) virtue
____10. The idea of _____is in accordance to what St.Thomas claimed..

a) Aristotle b) Plato c) Kant
Scoring: Grade


Question & Agility Test : After a comprehensive discussion
of Aristotle’s idea of virtue and St.Thomas
natural law. Illustrate in a drawing a connection
of their ideas as one . You will be graded based
on the prepared rubrics and its equivalent.
Write here (description of your drawing)
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________.
(write the title of your drawing)

Page | 78
Rubrics for Illustrative Concept Accumulated

(Criteria points
1.Drawing represents similar concept of lessons 25
instilled.
2.Drawing is meaningful and well done. Artistically. 20
3 Drawing was accurately labelled.. 15
4.Drawing is legible, neat and creative. 25
5.The title justifies the drawing, itself. 15
Total no.of points 100
Assignment
Instructions: Please answer the following questions on the spaces

provided below :.
1. Identify the theories insinuated by Kant.
2.) Why do you think the Rights theory is important in guiding human behaviour> of is meant by an ethical
theory?
Write here
1.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________.
2.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
_________________.
Page | 79
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Smith, William (1867). "Alexamenus". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of

Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1. Boston: Little, Brown and
Company. p. 110. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25.
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (2004), ed. Hugh Treddenick. London: Penguin.

The main source for Aristotle's ethics.
Video clip/s:
Aristotle virtue theory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrvtOWEXDIQ
St.Thomas Aquinas
https://study.com/academy/lesson/st-augustines-city-of-god.html

Page | 80
Lesson 2. Kant’s and the Right theories
Introduction
Why is the rights theory the most significant influence of

humans to act accordingly? Immanuel Kant (German Philosopher)
has scrutinized the idea of human rights within the philosophical and
political schemes. He argued, that only a legitimate government that
safeguards and guarantees peoples’ natural right to freedom. Once we
got freedom rightly and justly, then, we derive other rights
simultaneously and is indeed an alienable right to exist.
Moreover, Filipino being appreciative of justice

(katarúngan), particularly on what counts as fair distribution of
resources and opportunities (today’s SAP in the pandemic setting) to
inspire our rooted social harmony (pagkakáisá) as a culture and
communal assistance in all the trials we endure, still we encourage to
heal as one as part of our right to exist.
Apparently, the ethical principles of Kantianism and

Utilitarianism have different ways for determining whether an act we
do is right or wrong. According to Kant, we should look at our
maxims, or intentions, of the particular action. On the other
hand, Utilitarians believe that we should do actions that produce the
greatest amount of happiness.
Objectives

1. Elaborate on Kant’s right theory and exemplify through the
present Philippine scenario.,
2. Analyse the trilogy or morality, duty and good will.

Page | 81
3. Articulate and assess good will as relative to the attainment of happiness.
Pre-lecture
1.Kant’s Idea of Good will.
According to him, goodwill is the only thing which is

absolutely good and one needs to have a good will in order to
execute a moral act. Kant believes that we value good
will without limitation. .and argued, that goodwill shines like a
jewel for its own sake as something which has its full value in
itself.
Moreover, Kant has emphasized that no situation or

concern can have fundamental moral worth. He contends, that
the only thing that is good in and of itself is the “good will.”
which freely chooses to do its moral duty. However, that duty,
in turn, is dictated solely by the reasoning ability of a person to
express his views. Hence, the good will comprises of a
person's free will inspired purely by reason.
The Good Will

The will, is the faculty of acting according to a
conception of law. When an individual act, whether or
not he/she achieves the intended goals, his intend to
act often beyond his control.
Therefore, the morality of our actions does not

depend upon their outcome. What we can control,
however, is the will behind the action.
That is, we can will to act according to one law

rather than another. The morality of an action,
The will, Kant says, is the therefore, must be assessed in terms of the motivation
faculty of acting Smith’s behind it. If two people, Smith and Jones, perform the
control prevent her from same act, from the same conception of the law, but
achieving her goal, Smith is events beyond Smith’s control prevent her from
not less praiseworthy for not achieving her goal,
succeeding.
We must consider them on equal moral ground in terms of the will behind their
actions. Smith’s control prevent her from achieving her goal, Smith is not less
praiseworthy
NGEC 8-Modulefor not
Asucceeding.
PedestrianWe
to must consider
the New them on equal
Normal by: moral ground81in terms
of the will behind their actions.
Page | 82
( Lecture Notes)
Kant
Kant’s Argument on Rights Theory
Kant has emphasized that no product if in case we want to achieve

it, can be unconditionally good. For example, fortune can be misused or
misinterpreted because what we thought with gained benefit might actually
bring us harm at the end. Thus, happiness might be undeserved if we want
to be negative of all the things remarkable. Hoping to achieve some
particular end, no matter how beneficial it may seem, is not purely and
unconditionally good. It is not the effect or even the intended effect that
bestows moral character on an action. To act of a “good will” means to act
out of a sense of moral obligation or “duty.”
In other words, the moral agent does a particular action not

because of what it produces (its consequences) in terms of human
experience, but because the agent recognizes by reasoning that it is the
morally right thing to do and, consequently, there is a moral duty or
obligation to do that action.
Fundamental issues in moral philosophy must also be settled a

priori because of the nature of moral requirements themselves, or so Kant
thought. This is a third reason he gives for an a priori method, and it
appears to have been of great importance to Kant: Moral requirements
present themselves as being unconditionally necessary. But an a
posteriori method seems ill-suited to discovering and establishing what
we must do whether we feel like doing it or not; surely such a method could
only tell us what we actually do.
So an a posteriori method of seeking out and establishing the

principle that generates such requirements will not support the presentation
of moral “oughts” as unconditional necessities. Kant argued that empirical
observations could only deliver conclusions about, for instance, the relative
advantages of moral behaviour in various circumstances or how pleasing it
might be in our own eyes or the eyes of others.
Thus, Kant argued that if moral philosophy is to guard against

undermining the unconditional necessity of obligation in its analysis and
defence of moral thought, it must be carried out entirely a priori.

4. Kant’s Categorical Imperative
There were 2 formulations of the Categorical Imperative:

Formulation I, the Formula of Universal Law [CI1]: “Act only on that
maxim
through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal
Page | 83 law.”
The second formulation of the categorical imperative is called the Formula
of the End in Itself: “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in
your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always
at the same time as an end.” In other words, we should not use people as material
good.
5. Different Kinds of Rights

Rights develop from this principle because it is up to the individual to act
independently if a right or law should be practiced.
a) Legal rights ---- (like laws) affect every citizen, whether or not the
existence such rights is publicly known.
b) Moral rights ----- are the things that people can do or have unalienable
access to as defined to the prevailing societal conventions of the time.
1. Duty: Offshoot of good will
Kant’s analysis of the common moral concepts of “duty” and “good will” led
him to believe that we are free and autonomous as long as morality, itself, is not an
illusion. Yet in the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant also tried to show that every event
has a cause. Kant recognized that there seems to be a deep tension between these
two claims: If causal determinism is true then, it seems, we cannot have the kind of
freedom that morality presupposes, which is “a kind of causality” that “can be
active, independently of alien causes determining it” (G 4:446).
Kant thought that the only way to resolve this apparent conflict is to
distinguish between phenomena, which is what we know through experience,
and noumena, which we can consistently think but not know through experience.
Our knowledge and understanding of the empirical world, Kant argued, can only
arise within the limits of our perceptual and cognitive powers. We should not
assume, however, that we know all that may be true about “things in themselves,”
although we lack the “intellectual intuition” that would be needed to learn about
such things.
These distinctions, according to Kant, allow us to resolve the “antinomy”
about free will by interpreting the “thesis” that free will is possible as about
noumena and the “antithesis” that every event has a cause as about phenomena.
Morality thus presupposes that agents, in an incomprehensible “intelligible world,”
83
NGEC 8-Module TheAgood
Pedestrian to the
will openly New
elects Normal
to fulfil its moralby:
duty. Only because of
necessity is this obligation, in effect. The Good Will is therefore the free will of a
person who is solely purpose motivated. Because there are no exceptions to the laws
are able to make things happen by their own free choices in a “sensible world” in
which causal determinism is true.
2. Good Will, Moral Worth and Duty
Kant’s analysis of
Page | 84 commonsense ideas begins with the
thought that the only thing good
without qualification is a “good will”.
While the phrases “he’s good
hearted”, “she’s good natured” and
“she means well” are common, “the
good will” as Kant thinks of it is not
the same as any of these ordinary
notions. The idea of a good will is
closer to the idea of a “good person”,
or, more archaically, a “person of
good will”. This use of the term “will”
early on in analyzing ordinary moral
thought prefigures later and more
technical discussions concerning the
nature of rational agency.
Nevertheless, this idea of a good will is an important commonsense

touchstone to which Kant returns throughout his works. The basic idea, as Kant
describes it in the Groundwork, is that what makes a good person good is his
possession of a will that is in a certain way “determined” by, or makes its decisions
on the basis of, the moral law. The idea of a good will is supposed to be the idea of
one who is committed only to make decisions that she holds to be morally worthy
and who takes moral considerations in themselves to be conclusive reasons for
guiding her behavior. This sort of disposition or character is something we all
highly value, Kant thought. He believes we value it without limitation or
qualification. By this, we believe, he means primarily two things.
First, unlike anything else, there is no conceivable circumstance in which
we regard our own moral goodness as worth forfeiting simply in order to obtain
some desirable object. By contrast, the value of all other desirable qualities, such as
courage or cleverness, can be diminished, forgone, or sacrificed under certain
circumstances: Courage may be laid aside if it requires injustice, and it is better not
to be witty if it requires cruelty. There is no implicit restriction or qualification to the
effect that a commitment to give moral considerations decisive weight is worth
honoring, but only under such and such circumstances.
Second, possessing and maintaining a steadfast commitment to moral
principles is the very condition under which anything else is worth having or
pursuing. Intelligence and even pleasure are worth having only on the condition that
they do not require giving up one’s fundamental moral convictions. The value of a
good will thus cannot be that it secures certain valuable ends, whether of our own or
Indeed, since a good will is good under any condition, its goodness which
must not
NGEC depend on
8-Module A any particulartoconditions
Pedestrian the New. Normal by: 84
of others, since their value is entirely conditional on our possessing and maintaining
a good will. Thus,
Kant points out that a good will must then also be good in itself and not in
Page | 85 virtue of its relationship to other things such as the agent’s own happiness, overall
welfare or any other effects it may or may not produce. A good will would still
“shine like a jewel” even if it were “completely powerless to carry out its aims” (G
4:394).
Quiz no. 8
Matching Type
Instructions: Match the given answers provided in the cans below to the
statement. Write your desired answers on the spaces provided before each number.
You may use the word several times if needed.
Good will
morality
caus l
e morality
duty l nounmen
man a
trust fortune
l will
happiness
utilitarianism ityl St.Thomas
alityl
____1. ______ by nature is good.
____2. ______ habits suggest that Pedro will make the right choice
____3 . ____ suggests that men should act that would benefit the greatest amount of
happiness.
____4. ______ is an offshoot of good will.
____5 ______ is a personal choice.
____6. ____ when we can consistently think but not know through experience.
____7. ______ cannot be defined because what is good to Juan may not be good to
Peter.
____8. ____ his natural law is a proof that there is a divine GOD.

____9. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant also tried to show that every event has a
________.
____10 The ______ of our actions does not depend upon their outcome.
Page | 86 Scoring: Grade


Question & Agility Test : Whys is morality ,duty and rights
in Kant’s argument related to each other? Justify
your answer and write legibly and neatly by
organizing your thoughts first
Write here (
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________.
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________.
Assignment

provided below :.
1.Explain the principle of Utilitarianism by citing an example.
2.Justify the relation between Utilitarianism and Business Ethics.
Write here

1.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Page | 87 _________________.
2.______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Stern, Robert (2012). Understanding Moral Obligation. New York: Cambridge

University Press.
Wood, Allen (2008). Kantian Ethics. Cambridge University

Press. ISBN 9780521671149
Video clip/s:
Moral right https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPP8VdHHBYU
Lesson 3 : Utilitarianism and the Ethical

Decision-making Model
Introduction

Utilit Of the many ethical/philosophical doctrines, utilitarianism is
the most ever effective idea since it’s a practical way of knowing
good from bad depending on its outcome. Utilitarianism is an
ethical theory that regulates right from wrong The duty of defining
Page | 88 whether utilitarianism is the precise moral principle is actually
difficult for the reason, that there are different accounts of the
theory, and its proponents differ about which version is correct. In
general, whatever is being evaluated, we ought to select the one that
will yield the best overall results.
Having two kinds of utilitarianism make us understand its

real worth. Act utilitarianism highlights the specific perspective and
the many individual structures of the consequences that pose moral
problem. Hence, it presents a unique method for dealing with these
specific cases raised. On the other hand, rule utilitarianism focuses
on the repeated features of human life and the ways in which similar
needs and problems that exist. This scenario suggests, that human
beings must adhere to rules that deal with different actions such as
stealing, raping, killing, including lying or cheating, or if not taking
care of poor children and assisting the needy and the sick. The
ethical decision-making model somehow has been manifested on
teachers, for instance, have distinctive duties to students in their own
classes and have no duty to educate all students. Public officials, in
a similar setting should be restricted to people in the jurisdiction in
which they work.
Objectives
1. Elaborate and evaluate the essence of Utilitarianism and their

implications.
2. Assess the 5 simple steps in the analysis of Utilitarianism
3. Describe the pros and cons of utilitarianism and justify the

contentions and relate them to the ethical decision-making model..
Pre-lecture
Utilitarianism is a consequential moral theory, which
means that the question of any action being morally right or
wrong depends on the good or bad effects it produces. Thus,
utilitarianism works on a single moral principle- increasing the
amount of good things and decreasing the amount of bad
things for the maximum number of human beings. In other

words, utilitarianism stands for maximizing utility and
thus ensuring greatest good for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism – an ethical doctrine which simply suggests that one should

Page | 89 act in such a way to produce the greatest good for the greatest number. It is of 2
types:
a) Act Utilitarianism (by Jeremy Bentham) --- proposes that an act is
morally correct if the result of the act benefit someone.
b) Rule Utilitarianism (Jonh Stuart Mill) --- suggests that an act is

morally correct if it is permitted by a rule approved by many.
Utilitarianism denotes that an act is morally acceptable if it produces the

greatest net benefit to society
Out of many moral theories presented in the past, utilitarianism is one of the
most widely accepted ones of all. Although it’s not deprived of the many gaps and
has critics, many in today’s world backed it up.
1. The 5 simple steps in the analysis of Utilitarianism
a). What is Good?
A pertinent question that must be answered is what actually comprises of

utility and goodness in general when we talk about maximizing utility? One of the
key proponents of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham, believed hedonism to be the best
determinant of goodness. Hedonism implies that pleasure or happiness is the only
good thing in itself; other instrumental good things like, for instance, freedom or
justice derive their goodness by producing pleasure or happiness, thus making
pleasure or happiness the only intrinsic good.
Although hedonism is often rejected on the basis that not all good things like
health, knowledge or honesty produce pleasure directly (this remains an existing
debate in Philosophy), Utilitarians still believe, that things are good and valuable
because they produce pleasure and well-being.
b) Whose gets the Good?
The answer to this question is contextual, depending on the purpose

utilitarianism is serving (morality, rationality etc.) as well as the stakeholders in the
particular case.If the situation involves a single entity is only, the theory dictates
that the utility of the individual should be maximized, addressing their concerns,
interests and available choice.
However, if the situation requires a judgment that affects not only the
individual in question but people beyond the individual too (public policy, socio

political and economic groups), the best for all must be considered equally.
Benefits received and losses faced by each individual must weigh equally into
the decision, with no special priority or significance given to one’s own personal
Page | 90 interests from an impartial perspective– the move ensuring the well-being of the
maximum entities in the issue in question is the way to go- greatest good for greatest
number!
This may seem unrealistic to do, especially given the support the theory
of ethical egoism (morality requires people to promote their own interest) has
received. However, in utilitarianism, a partial or weighed perspective is simply
rejected as a falsely moral or immoral. What must be understood here is that
although a utilitarian method might reflect that it is rational for people to maximize
individualistic benefits, utilitarian morality would reject this as a determinant of
moral correctness.
c) Differing Forms
UTILITARIANISM
There is dissent among the
supporters of this theory as well, for
a lot of its variants have been
presented in the past. Primarily and
most significantly, utilitarianism has
taken two forms:
ACT RULE
d) Utilitarianism Good in Itself?
The theory that the utility must be maximized to ensure the greatest good
possible for the greatest number has its pros and cons
e). Conclusion: Now What?
Although utilitarianism has its own drawbacks and shortcomings when it

comes to implementing the theory in the real world, it still gives one a basic
structure and inspiration on what this real world should principally be based on and
aspire to move towards. Although such a working structure can often be and often is
exploited by the majority and other powerful factions of the society, aiming to
eliminate these loopholes, developing mechanisms to prevent this exploitation and
most significantly understanding and propagating a message of maximization of
interests based on equal consideration while persevering to keep one’s self interests
at bay can help us move towards a more applicable as well as accepted version of
utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism is a theory in ethical philosophy about right

and wrong actions and seemed to be the most employed principle in
assessing human behaviour.
Page | 91
2.The Pros and Cons of Utilitarianism

However, it has advantages and disadvantages. These are:
PROS
1. It ensures the greatest good that can be possibly done in a situation for the
maximum people in the larger picture, implying that the right course of
action is the one that leads to the most happiness and least harm, which is in
keeping with how a just society should work.
2. By not relying on any specific beliefs about God, Utilitarianism eliminates

the need for considering any religious beliefs (that can be individualistic) and
rather focusing on moral beliefs (that can be universally implied) without
any partial perspective.
3. It only accepts an impartial consideration of effects, thereby eliminating

the occurrence of a decision being taken solely on the basis of self- interest
maximization. A balance between differing interests is also provided to make
policy decisions better.
4. It is highly universal as it doesn’t cater specifically to a particular

population, culture or context.
5. It is comprehensive as in includes all interests, individuals, solutions,

problems and possible consequences in weighing the decision in question,
CONS thereby making it not only a very democratic approach to a situation but a
rational one too as by impartially measuring the right and wrong for all.
1. Utilitarianism is based on anticipated consequences, making a decision‘s
utility very unpredictable. Future can be predicted but the predictions made
can never be absolutely accurate or definitive. Thus, the decision should
rather be based on something more concrete.
2. It is difficult to evaluate the value of an act in terms of pleasure for one can’t
measure such a subjective and differing phenomenon. Pleasure is
objectively immeasurable, making the process of evaluation itself subjective,
depending upon the weight one places on a particular option leading to a
particular pleasure.
3. Expecting people to not weigh in their own interests more that others’ can
be an unrealistic expectation. Making sure that the perspective taken by an
authority is firstly impartial and secondly can be maintained further is almost

impossible, given the natural impulse of individuals towards self-
preservation.
4. Its universal characteristic can often be harmful by not accepting any

exceptions. For example, the epitome of a judge preventing riots (fatal to
Page | 92 many) by convicting an innocent individual of a crime with a severe
punishment (in a case where he’s only able to prevent them by convicting the
individual) is justified on the basis of utilitarianism even though it is morally
incorrect.
5. It can facilitate domination of the majority by justifying an act solely on

the basis of it serving interests of most individuals. Thus, a strong opposition
justifies the persistence of caste-based reservations just because the move is
backed a s strong opposition- the majority is served by the virtue of them
being a majority. This is problematic for it can lead to many sidelining the
needs and interests of the minorities, not on the basis of what is right and
what is wrong.
6. The authoritarian figure determining what provide pleasure to whom is

absent in the case of utilitarianism, thereby leading to a void that can be
exploited by the powerful. This defeats the very idea of the theory to have
equal consideration of interests. Given the subjective interest of people in a
situation, utilitarianism does say that all opinion must be given equal weight
but doesn’t state how this can be implemented and by whom.
3. The 7 Steps Guide to Decision-Making
1. Identify the decision.

In making a decision on
ethical dilemma, must first identify
the problem you need to solve or the “Happiness is a
question you need to answer. choice with the
A problem can be considered as a right decision.”
change between the actual situation
and the desired situation.
This means, that in order to identify a problem the you must know where it
is intended to be and have a clear thought of where it is in relation to the
supposed problem.
2. Gather relevant information.

This step will help determine if assistive technology
should be pursued as a possible support or solution for a student.
The “information or data gathering stage” usually takes some time
as it should involve collaboration of all members of the student’s
support team. An initial meeting to determine which team member
will collect which data as well as a timeline for that collection is
needed before the process begins. Once the information or data is

collected, another meeting should occur to share and summarize the
group’s results and to discuss whether or not assistive technology is
a viable option.
3. Identify the alternatives.

Page | 93 Listing down possible combinations of actions can produce
ideas that can be shaped into alternatives. Often this is best done
with a small group of people with different perspectives, knowledge,
and experience. A good example is you have the alternative of riding
or walking. one of the things, propositions, or courses of action that
can be chosen:
4. Weigh the evidence.

This idea simply means to assess the reliability and probative
value of evidence that has already been determined to be
relevant. ... Evidence is weighed against other evidence to determine
which evidence is more reliable. You need to be able to weigh pros
and cons, then select the option that has the highest chances of
success before you proceed.
5. Choose from among alternatives.

The essence of decision-making is to choose among
alternatives. The essential steps in the process are: organize the
alternatives to be considered; assign values to choices and groups of
choices; decide on your objectives and finally, apply a strategy to
alternatives to be considered; assign values to choices and groups of
choices; decide on your objectives and finally, apply a strategy to
6. Take
decideaction.
among alternatives in light of the assigned values and
objectives
As soon as you have made the final choice and have employed
alternatives and have re-checked what from the many alternatives is
to be applied, then move directly to the plan ready for
implementation. This involves identifying what resources are
required and gaining support from employees and stakeholders.
7.Review your decision.

An often-overlooked but important step in the decision
making process is evaluating your decision for effectiveness. Ask
yourself what you did well and what can be improved next time.
Quiz no. 9

Multiple Choice
Instructions: Read the statements carefully and choose from the options the
correct answer by clicking the dot of each number.,A rubric will measure your
skills:
Page | 94
1. Utilitarianism claims 2. In identifying a 3. Utilitarianism simply
that justice problem, first: means:
a. Is morally a. what is it? a. it is morally
important. important.
b. why need to
b. Is not absolute. focus on this? b. it is not absolute
good
c. Is morally c. Will I benefit
irrelevant. from this? c. it is benefiting all.
d. Both a and b. d. Both a and b d. all of the answers
4. Utilitarianism is a precise 5. To weigh evidence 6. Choose from among

principle because: means: alternatives. suggests:
a. it is morally correct. a. it is a fact a. process is
organized.
b. it is absolute right. b. it is precise.
b. decision is final
c. it is morally just. c. it is accurate.
c. goal is aimed
d. Both b and c. d. letter b.
d. all of the above
7. Utilitarianism is similar to: 8. The proponent of 9. Justice is right and just

Utilitarianism are, when:
a. Pragmatism
except
a. it is due to one.
b. Consequentialism.
a. Aristotle
b. it is always right.
c. Absolutism
b. Kant
c. it is right and just
d. Totalitarianism
c. J.S Mill
d. it is legal and
d. only a logical
No.10 is a bonus.
Scoring: Grade


Question & Agility Test : After a comprehensive discussion of the

ethical principle of Utilitarianism and
its implications in understanding
Page | 95 human behaviour, How can utilitarian
theory assist law enforcement in
moral dilemmas in our Philippine
scenario on pandemic ?
The law enforcement officers in the Philippines retain a great deal of

preference that must be exercised by all officers of every rank, regardless of their
experience They are be threatened on a daily basis with ethical issues that are
complex, and may not be covered in the agency’s policy and most certainly would
not have been covered in their formal education or police academy or other training.
Summarize your answer here: (Both ONLINE/OFFLINE)

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NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal ______
_______________________________________ by: 95
Page | 96
( Assignment)
Instructions: Read in advance the ethical principle of justice and

fairness. Be able to discuss the following:
1.) Justice and fairness: Promoting the common good
2.) List down some proponents for this ethical principle. And discuss their works
.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Ben Eggleston and Dale Miller, eds. The Cambridge Companion to

Utilitarianism. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Dale Miller. J. S. Mill. Polity Press, 2010.

Miller, in Chapter 6, argues that Mill was a rule utilitarian.
Video clip/s:
What is Utilitarianism
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/wiphi-value-theory/
wiphi-ethics/v/utilitarianism-part-1

Page | 97
Lesson 4 : Justice and fairness: Promoting the

common good
Introduction
Utilit We may begin by scrutinizing the question: Is affirmative action

always noticeably fair? Is the government’s strategy for funding
schools fair? Do students play fair when it comes to assessing their
learning?
John Rawls ‘ A Theory of Justice has emphasized, that every

major work on ethics has held that justice is measure of the
fundamental essence of morality. Although justice generally has
been used with reference to a standard of rightness, fairness has been
used habitually in accordance to the ability to judge without
considering one's feelings or interests. Makatarungan bang ikaw ang
maparusahan sa krimen ng ibang tao? When do you say that justice
is” right” and “just?”
Consequently, the idea of being fair has been coined to the

capability to make judgments that are not universal but that are
concrete and specific to a particular case, thus, the notion of being
treated as one deserves, is critical to both justice and fairness.

Aristotle shared ethical principle: "equals should be treated equally
and unequals unequally" is to be examined in this discussion.
Page | 98 Objectives
1. Elaborate the concepts on the frameworks and Principles of Kant’s

Virtue and situational ethics.
2. Discuss Kant’s utilitarianism and his rights theories and assess their
implications to Filipinos difficult pandemic setting.
3. Apply the ethical decision-making model and its implications and

relate it to justice and fairness.
Pre-lecture
1. Kinds of Justice
Justice means giving each person what he or she deserves

or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due.
Justice and fairness are closely related terms that are often today
used interchangeably.
Two kinds of justice is known. 1. Distributive justice refers to

the extent to which society's institutions ensure that benefits and
burdens are distributed among society's members in ways that
are fair and just. When the institutions of a society distribute
benefits or burdens in unjust ways, there is a strong presumption
that those institutions should be changed. For example, the
American institution of slavery in the pre-civil war South was
condemned as unjust because it was a glaring case of treating
people differently on the basis of race.
a) . Egalitarian
The Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all
humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. Egalitarianism is the
doctrine that all citizens of a state should be accorded exactly equal rights.
b). Capitalism vs. Socialism

Page | 99
2.Retributive (corrective justice) refers to the extent to which punishments

are fair and just. In general, punishments are held to be just to the extent that they
take into account relevant criteria such as the seriousness of the crime and the intent
of the criminal, and discount irrelevant criteria such as race. For instance, to chop
off a person's hand for stealing something, or to impose the death penalty on a
person who by accident and without negligence injured another is brutally unjust,
Studies revealed that in USA, when blacks murder whites, they are much more
likely to receive death sentences than when whites murder whites or blacks murder
blacks.
Meanwhile, in the
Philippines, ,Labor federation
Solidarity of Unions in the
Philippines for Empowerment
and Reforms (SUPER) released
(March 28 2020) its first list of
employers who have engaged in
“unjust” practices, such as “no
work, no pay” schemes.
More than 10 million workers in the country will lose their jobs this year
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There were layoff/retrenchment, and “endo”
during the Luzon-wide lockdown arising from the coronavirus (COVID-19)

pandemic. In a labour survey conducted between March 19 and 22 with verified
complaining workers, SUPER gathered 318 reports of unjust employer practices
of 160 companies.
Page | 100 3. Compensatory justice. Compensatory justice refers to the extent to which
people are fairly compensated for their injuries by those who have injured them; just
compensation is proportional to the loss inflicted on a person. This is precisely the
kind of justice that is at stake in debates over damage to workers' health in coal
mines. Some argue that mine owners should compensate the workers whose health
has been ruined. Others argue that workers voluntarily took on this risk when they
chose employment in the mines.
Therefore, justice is a central aspect of ethics and should be properly taken into
account of our moral life. We need to ask whether our acts treat every person equally
in making any moral decisions. There was an mistake. Yet justice is not the only
concept to take ethical decisions into consideration.
The foundations of justice can be traced to the notions of social

stability, interdependence, and equal dignity. As the ethicist
John Rawls has pointed out, the stability of a society—or any
group, for that matter—depends upon the extent to which the
members of that society feel that they are being treated justly.
When some of society's members come to feel that they are subject to
unequal treatment, the foundations have been laid for social unrest, disturbances,
and strife. The members of a community, Rawls holds, depend on each other, and
they will retain their social unity only to the extent that their institutions are just.
Moreover, as the philosopher Immanuel Kant and others have pointed out, human
beings are all equal in this respect: they all have the same dignity, and in virtue of
this dignity they deserve to be treated as equals. Whenever individuals are treated
unequally on the basis of characteristics that are arbitrary and irrelevant, their
fundamental human dignity is violated.
But justice
Justice, then,isisnot the only
a central partprinciple
of ethicstoand
consider
shouldinbe
making
given ethical decisions.
due consideration
Sometimes principles of justice may need to be overridden in favor
in our moral lives. In evaluating any moral decision, we must ask whether of other kindsour
of
moral
actions claims
treat allsuch as equally.
persons rights or society's
If not, we must welfare. Nevertheless,
determine whether thejustice is an
difference in
expression of our mutual recognition of each other's basic dignity,
treatment is justified: are the criteria we are using relevant to the situation at hand?and an
acknowledgement that if we are to live together in an interdependent community we
.
must treat Justice is aascomplex
each other equals. ethical concept which covers the equal treatment of
persons, the equal allocation of health dollars and resources. There was a mistake.
The enforcement of equity in the demographic groups or societies requires the
introduction of justice in particular. On the basis of reasonable adjudication between
competing claims, the concept of justice may be defined as the moral duty to act. As
a consequence, justice, equal rights and equality are related. Social justice, for
example, is the idea that everyone, regardless of ethnicity, gender or religion,
deserves equal social, economic and political opportunities. Distributive justice
refers to a equal distribution of social properties. The treatment of all individuals
with environmental burdens and benefits is equal and that’s Environmental justice.
Page | 101
Quiz no. 10
.Instructions :
A distinction between socialism and capitalism is illustrated below. Answer
the following question using your critical analysis and judgment.
4. How is justice and fairness manifested in the drawing? (35pts.)

____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________.
5. Apply the concept of justice and fairness as experienced and write it

in two paragraphs only. (25pts)
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Page | 102 ____________________________________________________________________
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Question & Agility Test : Having shared ideas on justice
and fairness as ethical principles, think or attach 5
words of both ideas and do the following :
ONLINE : 1. Organized your thoughts and create a story. Then share it in

class for 5minutes only.
OFFLINE : 2. Develop a sort story relative to the discussions above. Get

first the 5 words and write the story below:
Write here (
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Assignment

provided below :.
1.) Elaborate the saying “Doing it right “ and “Doing the thing right” as a
Page | 103 decision
2.) Define 3 terms as keywords from your advance readings.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
David Tristan Yumol, CNN Philippines DOLE estimates 10 million

workers will lose jobs this year due to COVID-19 pandemic
Published May 21, 2020 5:38:33 AM
Video clip/s:
Decision-making in Ethical dilemma

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giLhBFBah5k
Integrating Ethics in Ethical Decion-making

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IwK-
CshmH7M&list=TLPQMTEwNzIwMjC4B_AxSeUd5A&index=6

Module 4
Page | 104 Justice and Fairness Theory with Special Topics

on Indigenous Peoples and the UNDRIP
Overview :
The module is anchored on the mandated CMO No. 02 s. 2019 which requires
that the study of IPs be incorporated in the curriculum.
. This provides examples about how justice works and fairness is manifested
and reflected in understanding Indigenous Peoples whose right and culture must be
preserved and recognized. It comprehensively introduces the students on their
human activities and their cries and plight in accordance with the moral of justice
and fairness.
The module also elaborates the role of United Nations Declaration on the
Right Indigenous Peoples’(UNDRIP) in pursuant to the provisions reflected in the
charter of the international organizations. Justice and fairness has been discussed in
the previous modules but how it works in the recognition of IPs is well emphasized.
Similarly, the matrix below will guide the students of the topics for
discussion and sharing of inputs with the allocated hours per week.
Hours
Lesson 1 Justice and Fairness

Theory and the Week 8 3 hours
Indigenous Peoples’
Rights Act (IPRA) of
1997
Lesson 2 United Nations

Declaration on the Right Week 8 3 hours
Indigenous
Peoples’(UNDRIP)

Lesson 1: Justice and Fairness Theory and Indigenous
Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997
Page | 105 Introduction
Pursuant to CMO 02 s.2019-Section 1. Schemes on how to

deliver the (IP) Studies / Education of Aboriginal Peoples. All
curriculum of public and private institutions of higher education
(HEls). May involve a big debate. The ACT is a statute that respects
and protects all of their rights in the Philippines. Moreover, among
these people, the principle of justice and fairness must be
demonstrated.
The legislation provides for the right of indigenous peoples to

basic social services offered by the Government. As a vulnerable
group, particular attention is provided to the "immediate, efficient
and continuous improvement of their economic and social conditions.
Examples of programs that suit this provision include social security
through the Social Security Program of the Republic of the
Philippines, accommodation, vocational training and job support
through the Department of Social Welfare and Deve 's various efforts
There was a slipper issue named after several other IP

groups, including Basilan Yakan in Mindanao and Northern
Mindanao Manobo. Ryan Mang-usan, co-chair of the Cordillera
Regional Development Council's Committee on Indigenous Peoples'
Concerns, assailed the actions of the company. "We don't allow the
use of indigenous words, cultures, property and branding practices to
gain attention and make money," Mang-usan. So this is how to accept
IP rights.
Objectives
1. Appreciate and understand the importance of IPs and their cultural

foundations.
2. Evaluate the rights recognized and respected by the Philippine
government.
Pre-lecture
3. Acknowledge the IPs as Filipino people and respect their right
especially in this difficult time.

IPS in the Philippines : A Historical Antecedents
The Philippines consists of various upland and lowland

ethnolinguistic indigenous groups living in the region, with the vast
majority of Austronesians, while complete or partial Australo-
Page | 106 Melanesians are scattered throughout the archipelago. For
thousands of years, the highland Austronesians and Australo-
Melanesians co-existed in the Philippine archipelago with their
lowland Austronesian kin and neighboring tribes.
The biggest distinction is that they have not been consumed

by decades of the conquest of the Philippines by Spanish and the
United States, and have maintained their customs and practices in
the process. It is largely due to the rugged mountain inaccessibility
and existing headhunting and warrior traditions that prevented
Spanish and American colonizers from coming into contact with
the highlanders.
The word indigenous as used in the Philippines refers, in

the interests of clarification, to ethnolinguistic groups or subgroups
that retain lt of partial separation, or independence, during the
colonial period. When applied to the Philippine population, the
word indigenous can be a misleading misnomer, connoting foreign
migrant groups who have become the dominant ethnolinguistic and
cultural community in the land over time and thereby forcing
indigenous people to the fringes of socio-cultural inclusion, such as
in the Americas, Middle East, Australia or New Zealand.
the Philippines, cultural indigenous peoples of the northern highlands were

grouped into the Igorot (including many different groups) and singular Bugkalot
groups, while the non-Muslim cultural indigenous groups of Mindanao are
collectively referred to as Lumad. Australo-Melanese communities all over the
archipelago are numbered, among others, Aeta, Ita, Ati, Dumagat. Numerous
indigenous cultures also live outside of these two indigenous corridors
IPs Groups in the Philippines
According to the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino, there are 135 recognized local indigenous
Austronesian languages in the Philippines,
Atta, Bagobo, Banwaon, of which
B'laan,oneBukidnon, is vehicular and
(Tagalog) Dibabawon, each of the
Higaonon,
remaining 134
Mamanwa, is vernacular.
Mandaya, There are
Manguwangan, 134 ethnic
Manobo, groupsSubanon,
Mansaka, in the Philippines,
Tagakaolo, the
majority of which are indigenous, though much of the overall Philippine population is
Tasaday, Tboli, Teduray and Ubo are 18 Lumad ethnolinguistic classes.. LUMAD
constituted by only 8-10 lowland ethnic groups.
is a Bisayan term which means "indigenous" or "native" It is adopted at their

Cotabato Congress in June 1986 by a group of 15 from more than 18 Mindanao
ethnic groups to differentiate it from the other Mindanaons, Moro or Catholic.
During the Cory administration when R.A. approved its use. 6734, in Art the term
Lumad was used. XIII sec. 8(2) distinguishing between these ethnic groups and the
Bangsa Moro.
Page | 107
Lumads didn't succumb to modern lifestyles. They also choose to live in
the Mindanao mountainsides, living the traditional life up to this day. Their values
can be seen in any woman's ornaments and their wearing woven dresses. We
believe in Gods and Spirits.
Kidapawan, officially the City of

Kidapawan (Cebuano: Dakbayan sa
Kidapawan; Hiligaynon: Dakbanwa
sang Kidapawan; Maguindanaon:
Ingud nu Kidapawan), is a district of
3rd class and the capital of Cotabato
province , Philippines. It has a
population of 140,195 according to
the 2015 census.[3]
Manobos are concentrated in Agusan,
Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Misamis
Oriental, and Surigao Del Sur.
The Ivatan (also spelled as

Ibatan) are the predominant
ethnolinguistic group in
the Batanes islands of the
Philippines. They have close
cultural links with
the Taiwanese aborigines,
especially the Yami/Tao
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal
people of Orchidby:Island under107
jurisdiction of Taiwan.
Page | 108
There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos,
starting with the "Waves of Migration" hypothesis of H. Otley Beyer in 1948, which
claimed that Filipinos were "Indonesians" and "Malays" who migrated to the
islands. This is completely rejected by modern anthropologists and is not supported
by any evidence, but the hypothesis is still widely taught in Filipino elementary and
public schools resulting in the widespread misconception by Filipinos that they are
"Malays"
Women, Children and Youth
The law also emphasizes that these rights are also to be afforded to
indigenous women and children. The provisions should not result in "the diminution
of rights and privileges already recognized and afforded to these groups under
existing laws of general application."[5] The government through NCIP must provide
support to organizations which are geared towards empowering women and the
In accordance
youth to involve themselvestoin the customary lawsbuilding.
community/nation of each tribe, the government must
provide mechanisms that facilitate deeper understanding of indigenous culture for
women and youth while their human dignity. The law ensures the full realization of
women's and youth rights but requires all mechanisms and programs to be culturally
sensitive and relevant to the ICCs/IPs needs.
An example of the programs geared towards the execution of this particular

provision in the IPRA is the culturally sensitive day-care program for both IP
children and their mothers which NCIP mentions in its first administrative order.
BAGUIOby:CITY–Some
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal 108 leaders
of indigenous peoples (IP) are
taking to task a footwear brand
Page | 109

Question & Agility Test : Knowing the importance of
IPs,try to illustrate a concept of an IPs as you
have imagined. A rubrics is to assess your skills.
rights

Women Justification with basis = 40 pts
Consistency and grammar = 20 pts kid
________
100 pts
Assignment

provided below :.
3.) Research on UNDRIP in advance for class discussion next meeting..

Page | 110
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Bautista, Philipp. "Acts - The LawPhil Project". www.lawphil.net.

Retrieved 2015-07-03.
The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 | OPAPP.GOV.PH
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1314076/we-will-not-be-ascribed-
as-a-sandal-ip-leaders-rage-at-use-of-ethnic-groups-names-as-
footwear-brands#ixzz6TwKdrW9N
Lesson 2: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
Introduction
Building on extensive local, regional, and global work

in human development, advocacy of democratic governance,
and mainstreaming of human rights, UNDP and the UN
System aim to provide opportunities and space for the voices
and aspirations of marginalized indigenous peoples.
Again, in accordance with CMO 02 s.2019 - Section 1.

Schemes on how to offer Indigenous Peoples' (IP)
Studies/Education. All public and private higher education

institutions (HEls) curriculum. may include important
discussion about them. To contribute to this initiative, or to
find out more about the work of UNDP in the Philippines,.
Page | 111 The United Nations acknowledges worldwide the

rights of the indigenous people. The article on the
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is
recognized in the international sphere and was adopted by the
United Nations General Assembly during its 61st session at UN
Headquarters in New York City on 13 September 2007.
Objectives
1. Elaborate on the role of United Nations in the implementation on the

international rights of IPs.
2. Appreciate and understand why Indigenous Peoples be given the

opportunity to be recognized and their cultural bearings.
3. Assess the new phase of assistance to Indigenous Peoples in the

Philippines
Pre-lecture
1. Declaration on the Rights

of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP
The Declaration on the Rights of

Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP or
[1] [Note 1][2]
or DOTROIP ) is a non-legally-binding
resolution passed by the United Nations in 2007.
It delineates and defines the individual and
collective rights of Indigenous peoples,
including their ownership rights to cultural and
ceremonial expression, identity, language,
employment, health, education and other issues.
It "emphasizes the rights of Indigenous peoples to maintain and

strengthen their own institutions, cultures and traditions, and to pursue their
development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations". [3] It "prohibits
discrimination against indigenous peoples", and it "promotes their full and effective

participation in all matters that concern them and their right to remain distinct and
to pursue their own visions of economic and social development"
2.. A New Phase of Assistance to IPs in the Philippines
Traditionally, UNDP’s response in the Philippines has been to include local-

Page | 112 level components that target IP issues in individual projects. However, unlike many
discrete development problems, those faced by IPs are truly cross-cutting and
require programmatic interventions that span traditional development focal areas.
With support from the Regional Indigenous Peoples Programme (RIPP), UNDP is
launching a new programme, “Strengthening Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and
Development in the Philippines: (2010-2011, SIPRD).” SIPRD will integrate and
build on current responses and help facilitate greater mainstreaming of IP concerns
across the development agenda. The focus of SIPRD is securing IP rights to the
sustainable use, management, and protection of ancestral lands, supporting the
implementation of good governance principles, and promoting indigenous peace-
building mechanisms. SIPRD will be implemented by NCIP in collaboration with IP
organizations.
Organizations Related to IPRA

Here are some of the organizations that support IPRA law and their functions:
 Asian Development Bank (ADB)- gives loan to government to create projects
such as Cordillera Agricultural Resource Management (CHARM) that help the
development of IP's. The CHARM project involves helping the IPs in Cordillera
to develop the agricultural resource of IPs land. They also helped in project
Mindanao Basic Education Development project to give poor some education
 International Labour Organization- made some conventions regarding IPs such

as poverty program, regarding on how IPs can assert more control and
development of their own lands, regarding steps on how can IPs protect and
guarantee their right of ownership and possession, regarding the responsibilities
of government to ensure the rights of IPs.
 Philippine Action for Intercultural Development- helped the IPs regarding

community mapping, where they help IPs in legalizing the boundaries of their
respective lands
 National Confederation of Indigenous Peoples - aims to unite the different IP

rights organization to fight for their rights. Their past projects includes Ancestral

Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan (ADSDPP), demarcation of
Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) on the ground in favour of the
Ati in Boracay Island etc.[
 Tribal Communities Association of the Philippine- provides legal assistance to

Page | 113 IPs
Assignment
Instructions: Identify some Filipino values as practiced and

preserved.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
^ "Administrative Order No. 1 of National Commission on Indigenous

Peoples"(PDF). www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
UN Declaration on the Rights Module

of Indigenous
5 Peoples and Programme of the
Second International Decade of the World's Indigenous People. Baguio City:
Tebtebba Foundation. 2006.
The Filipino Moral Agents in the New
Normal Setting
Overview :
This module confirms the societal roots and principles, including the
consequences f Filipino moral behaviours. This also conveys how to behave
normally in this difficult life, while reflecting on pandemic-related culture shock and
why Filipinos are following subjects pertinent to the Bahamian Act .
It tackles the Filipino cultural foundations which mentioned some Filipinos’

most common traits and basis of Filipino moral behaviours
This also leads to the discussion of how Filipinos behave amid the pandemic
and the good points of manifesting the same bayanihan spirits even when negativity
of critiques abound. Finally, it illustrates the of those Filipino values implications to
the new lifestyles resembling the concept of “culture shock ,”being unaware of the untimely
attack of covid 19, worldwide.
The seven dimensions of culture in understanding ethical behaviours

somehow give tips on how Filipinos could evade from this tormenting challenges in
life.
As evident, the matrix shoes there are three topics to be discussed within the
three weeks with allocated number of hours per week.

Hours
Lesson 1. Cultural Foundations and

Page | 114 Basis of Filipino Moral
Behaviours: Implications to Week 10 3 hours
the New Lifestyles
Lesson 2. Culture Shock Due to

Pandemic and Why Week 11 3 hours
Filipinos Abide
Lesson 3. Seven Dimensions of Culture

in understanding Ethical Week 12 3 hours
Behaviours
Lesson 1: Cultural Foundations and Basis of Filipino Moral

Behaviours: Implications to the New Lifestyles
Introduction
It’s a notion that diverse cultures among communities adhere

to different set of rules to abide as to guide people in their day to day
life opportunities. Cultures serve as rules of conduct and can be
important guidelines for how individuals should or ought to behave.
We may pose for some important queries, such as : How does culture
shape moral behaviour? Why should culture not be the ultimate
determinant of values?
The above questions are an introduction to the understanding

about the roots of ethics across the many cultures., including the
Philippines. Fundamental cultural values are transmitted to a
culture's members by the so called “parenting approach,” including
socialization, education, and religion. There are also minor factors
that have found to affect ethical behaviours of people. Some of this
secondary factors may include differences in the structures and
systems of laws across communities of people.
In fact, other factors may have something to do with human

resource management systems, organizational culture, and
professional cultures, including codes of conduct. In ending, we may
include the questions : Why should culture not be the ultimate
determinant of values?

Objectives
Page | 115
1. Appreciate and understand why culture is the foundation of and basis

of Filipino moral /ethical behaviours.
2. Elaborate and evaluate the essence of Culture Shock Due to Pandemic

and Why Filipinos Abide
3. Critique on the six dimensions of culture in understanding ethical

Pre-lecture
behaviours
1. Culture and Its Role in Moral Behavior Today
Culture does play a very significant “would-be” role in

shaping moral behavior and encompasses even further to social
norms. Thus, defining moral behavior based on ethical standards
might influence and change our definitions of what ought to be
deemed morally acceptable by consistent contact to it. Whether
between or within nations and societies, cultures vary
substantially in their promotion and transmission of a multitude
of moral judgments and behaviors.
a) Nature of Culture and Its Ethical Definition Now
Culture refers to as mores, ethical standards which the majority of the

community of peoples agree as good, Other thing in consideration is the way they
behave without enforced rules and regulations. Hence, ethical standards are the
morals of values which people adhere and remain acceptable to most of them.
b) How to act normally in this challenging Life

Nobody knows that a pandemic will come
and ruins’ the lives of humanity. It just happened in
a blink of an eye and nobody knows when it will
end. Thus, no one ever undertook that life would
be unfair and miserable today that it was used to
be. In fact, life is intolerable, that people are
judgmental and demanding. However, your
capability to appreciate and accept that life isn’t
meant to be fair and may go a long way when it
seems to face a very frustrating situations in life.

The Filipinos as a people who have been constantly under the rule of
numerous powerful countries has over time, developed a sense of resourcefulness
or the ability to survive with whatever they have. And in what situations they may
be. They have the extraordinary ability to make something out of almost nothing. If
a Filipino was given just a screwdriver, plastic bags, and some tape, he would still
Page | 116 be able to build a bird tree, especially for the sake of survival, and provided that he
be allowed to hunt for some needed surrounding material.[9]
2. What is Cultural Relativism today?
Even, in the Philippines,

although generally, we speak of “The Filipino embraces
a Filipino culture brought about by
civilization and lives and
a greater degree of uniformity
throughout the country but thrives in every clime, in
yet, there are still sub- contact with every people.
cultural differences that certainly
affect the meaning of the behavior.
Cultural relativism refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of

what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to
understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. It upholds,
that man's opinion within a given culture defines what is right and wrong. Cultural
relativism is the faulty idea that there are no objective standards by which our society
can be judged because each culture is entitled to its own beliefs and accepted
practices, and the respect for religion is strictly manifested.
The Filipino values are considered the most remarkable

unique Asian race. Filipino values or value system discusses the
set of ethical principles/standards that a majority of the Filipinos
have acquired based on historical accounts since the Philippines
were colonized by five heritages and remain important in Filipino
lives. This Philippine values system includes their own unique
collection of consistent concepts or ideologies, norms, moral
codes, ethical practices, and included etiquettes which were
practiced and preserved both cultural and personal values that are
promoted by their society. As with any society though, the values
that an individual holds sacred can differ on the basis of religion,
upbringing and other factors.
Some Strengths of Filipino Values in the Utilitarian Ethical Principle

Filipino values are, for the most part, centered at maintaining social
harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group. Some of
the strengths known to Filipino values as adopted from the utilitarian principles are
the following:
Page | 117 : 1. Pakikipagkapwa tao
Filipino are open to others and feel one with others. Regard others with
dignity and respect. Filipino deal with them as fellow human being. This is Filipino’s
basic sense of justice and fairness, and their ability to relate to with others. It is
established in the Filipino’s ability to empathize with others, in helpfulness and
generosity in times of need (pakikiramay) which were manifested in today’s
pandemic setting.
In fact, there were times that in the spirit of bayanihan or mutual assistance
and in the famous Filipino hospitality,
Pakikipagkapwa-tao evenessence
marks in the the poor
of ones were able
camaraderie andtoa show their
feeling of
concern
closenessin to
thisone
regard.
another. It is the groundwork for unity as well as of the sense of
social justice.
2. Closed-Family Ties Orientation
Filipinos possess a genuine and

deep love for family which is well
stipulated in Article II of the Philippine
Constitution, section 12: The state ensures
the sanctity of the Filipino family. Thus,
the sense of family results in a feeling of
belongingness and rootedness in a basic
sense of security.
“ Filipinos preserve their

families and manifest the
so called
“closed-family ties.”
3. Resiliency (Joy and Humor), Filipinos

have a cheerful and fun loving approach to life
and its ups and down. They have a positive view
in life’s circumstances. This famous trait is the
ability of Filipinos to find humor in everything.
It sheds light on the optimism and positivity of
Filipinos in whatever situation they are in. You
have witnessed that even during calamities,
Filipinos are seen smiling, so as to remain
strong-minded in going through struggles or
challenges in life. It serves as a coping
technique, the same way a child who has fallen
laughs at himself/herself to hide his/her
embarrassment.

4. Flexibillity, Adaptability and Creativity, Filipinos can easily adjust and
adopt to circumstances and the surrounding environment, both physical and social.
Filipinos possess tolerance for ambiguity that enables us to remain unfazed by
Page | 118 uncertainly or lack of information. Filipinos are creative, resourceful, quick learners;
can improvise and make use of whatever is at hand in order to create and
5. Faith and religiosity.
Filipinos innate religiosity enables them to comprehend and genuinely accept

reality in the context of God’s will and plan. In line with the Moral Renewal Program
.
which refers to values formation and ethical behavior for government officers and
employees, as well as the strengthening of people’s values to achieve zero tolerance
for corruption
Quiz no.
.Instructions :
Cultural traits are exemplified below. Choose your desired answers and
click the button:
1.Filipinos are expected to act 2. People with money:

according to:
use it to help others and foster
roles and expectations relationships.
. right and wrong protect it from unfortunate harm.
. techniques and tactics. save it in banks.
3.. Today, Pinoys long for: 4. The sick are treated by:
security and peace. ritual prayers and sacrifices.
status and face a doctor's prescription.
equality and fairness. a traditional natural remedy.
5. The concept of 'family' includes: 6. People read holy writings for:

parents, spouse, and children. heritage and identity.
all extended relations. extended guidance and instruction.
relations and deceased protection and blessings.
ancestors.
7.Many Filipinos believe that truth 8.As a Filipino cultural practice,when

comes from: taking a road trip, they:
tradition and consensus take the shortest route
. facts and science. . visit family along the way

mysticism and pragmatism . avoid 'dark' areas.
9. Weddings usually start: 10. Infertility among Pinoys is

resolved by:
near the scheduled time. when
Page | 119 key people arrive getting a new spouse
. at a propitious time or lucky day. . visiting a holy person or shrine.
seeking medical treat

Question & Agility Test : After comprehension on the idea
why culture is the foundation of Filipino moral
behaviours, illustrate a scenario manifesting the
Filipino values practice until today. Please label
your ideas and connect them accordingly.
Draw here to present your idea in mind:

Assignment
Page | 120 Instructions: Please answer the following questions on the spaces
provided below :.
1. Discuss briefly culture shock due to pandemic and why

Filipinos abide
2. Choose 2 from the present scenario in the Philippine

challenges amidst the pandemic:
a) Bayanihan Act
b) Philippine Health Care System
c) The Real Role of Frontlines
d) Survival of the Fittest and the Elimination of the Unfit
e) The Elitism ,Middleclass and Working Class
f) Realism on Peace and Harmony
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Chmielewski, C., (2004).The Importance of Values and Culture in Ethical

Decision Making.
Talisayon, Serafin. Filipino Values Archived April 17, 2016, at the Wayback
Machine, Chapeter XIII, Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical
Sc54654 iences in the Philippines, crvp.orgp
Video clip/s:
(Retrieved 7-13-2020)-insert today's date- from NACADA Clearinghouse of

site: http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Values-
and-culture-in-ethical-decision-making.aspx
Filipino values and cultural traits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSBKbwWXArs

Lesson 2: Culture Shock Due to Pandemic and
Why Filipinos Abide
Page | 121
Introduction
It’s a notion that diverse cultures among communities

adhere to different set of rules to guide people in their daily routinely
activities. As the pandemic swings across the world, the term you’ve
probably heard a lot is “social distancing.” In the Philippines social
distancing is a culture shock that is believed to a way to flatten the
epidemic curve by asking Filipinos to stay home and limit their
socialization or gathering, even in churches and religious practices.
Travelling is banned and lockdown is implemented strictly. While
social distancing is our best means for slowing the spread of this
virus, it’s also probable to make people act negatively in a
fragmented society. It’s very sad for Filipino families to be isolated
for longer period if infected with the virus and behaviors seemed very
hard to control for those vulnerable like the old ones and sickly
individuals.
To lessen the effects of individualism, we’ll need to go back
to the importance of “social solidarity.” Ethics of Care will be
manifested again to safeguard our own respective personal security.
The “bayanihan spirit” of helping one another, specifically the
intentions of frontlines, call friends and loved ones, volunteer to
deliver food to militiamen and health workers who left their own
families for our security and health protocols brought panic to all
people around us.
Reality speaks, our Filipino culture will make this kind of

collective effort difficult. We live in a intensely individualistic
society, and that way of thinking is a culture shock scarring us all to
abide by the laws, thus, cooperate. Yet despite all that, we still
believe that there are many things we can do individually to make a
significant difference to this new normal abnormal way of
appreciating life.
Objectives
1. Illustrate the actual scenario of the challenging times were Filipinos by all
means unite.
2. Elaborate on the Philippine scenario and its challenges amidst the pandemic
3. Assess on how the Philippine government enforce laws and how Filipinos abide
Pre-lecture
Page | 122 1. What is culture shock?
Culture shock is the feeling of confusion, uncertainty mixed

with anxiety that the community of people experience in an
unpredictable scenario that is different from their own normal
lifestyles. It exists from an individual's unusualness with local
laws, customs, language, and cannot determine whether or not
behavior is acceptable.
Culture shock is manifested in an extreme homesickness by which due to

unavoidable circumstances an individual is away from his love ones. Thus, the
feelings of helplessness/dependency occur unexpectedly. Consequently, a
disorientation and isolation. An unexpected feature of culture shock is
the disorientation one experiences on returning to one's culture of origin—a
phenomenon which has been designated ‘reverse culture shock’ (Hertz 1977).
Consequently, there are many people who feel even more difficulty in
readjusting to their own culture after returning from abroad than they did adjusting
to the foreign culture or cultures they have lived in, therefore a feeling of depression
and sadness is evident for those considered hyper-irritability, may include
inappropriate anger and hostility which may cause insomnia and eating disturbances
(too little or too much).Such person or group of people may also experience
excessive critical reactions to host culture/stereotyping, specifically in today’s
difficult time of pandemic. is strictly manifested.
Common problems among Filipinos include: information

overload, language barrier, generation gap, technology gap, skill interdependence,
formulation dependency, homesickness (cultural), boredom (job dependency),
response ability (cultural skill set).[2] There is no true way to entirely prevent culture
shock, as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural contrasts
differently.

2. The Philippine Scenario and Its Challenges

Amidst the Pandemic
Page | 123
The world was attacked by an unpredictable pandemic beyond
human control. Thus, the Philippines immediate response to this
difficult reality of “culture shock” that astonished us terribly up to
now. We Heal As One Centers refers to temporary health facilities or
emergency patient care centers (PCCs) established by the Philippine
government to accommodate COVID-19 patients as part of efforts to
deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.The popular
concepts attached to this are the following :
a) The Bayanihan Act (Utilitarianism Approach)
“Filipinos should choose the option that “maximizes utility,

that action or government policy that produces the largest amount of good.”
The Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, also known as the Bayanihan Act, and
officially designated as Republic Act No. 11469, is a law in the Philippines that was
enacted in March 2020 granting the President additional authority to combat the
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.
We Heal As One
Centers refers to temporary health
facilities or emergency patient care
centers (PCCs) established by
the Philippine government to be able to
accommodate COVID-19 patients as
part of efforts to deal with
the pandemic in the country.[1] Some
facilities are also serving as quarantine
sites for Filipino repatriates from other
countries. The establishment of such
facilities are led by the Department of
Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
coordinating with the Bases
Conversion and Development
Authority (BCDA) and other private
and government entities by
refurbishing pre-existing structures or
setting up makeshift tents.
“We heal as on
The very first We Heal as One
Center was the facility at the Ninoy
Aquino Stadium, an indoor arena within

the Rizal Memorial Sports
Complex in Manila which was
refurbished as a health facility on April
6 and admitted its first patient on April
14.[2] At least seven other facilities
Page | 124 became operational at a later date. The
government is planning to open more
facilities in Cebu.
b) Philippine Health Care System (Utilitarianism Approach)
“Filipinos should choose the option that “maximizes utility,

that action or government policy that produces the largest amount of good.”
The topic of health has become more and more more significant over the
past few decades in the Philippine history as to respond to both natural and man-
made calamities. The country has employed several remarkable reforms to
strengthen its health system. In fact, Philippines adopted a regionalized health
governance in 1991, introduced a social health insurance programme –
PhilHealth – in 1995, and has actively pursued universal health coverage since
2010.
As a consequence of its emphasis on the health sector and general socio-

economic development, our country has accomplished significant improvements
in life expectancy and immunization coverage, as well as a twofold reduction in
infant and under-5 mortality. However, caught by today’s brutal and dangerous
pandemic, there are still many concerns in the health sector that need to be
tackled. Although, admittedly, we lack health facilities to combat covid19 but
the government through DOH continuously respond to help Filipinos. Thus this
idea embraces the concept of Utilitarianism at some point.
c) The Real Role of Frontlines (Ethics of Care)
“ Filipinos must foster the skills of attention, response, respect, and

completion, and maintain just and caring relationships.”
Doctors, nurses, health-care

personnel, paramedics and As tribute, those behind the
militiamen around the world, opening and closing
including the Philippines, are ceremonies of the SEA
Games this year have
fronting an extraordinary workload initiated a video of hope and
in overstressed /over-reached health healing. They’ve
facilities, and with no end in sight. tapped Maestro Ryan
They are working in stressful and Cayabyab and Direk Floy
frightening work situation, not just Quintos to provide the music
and lyrics to “We Heal As
because the virus is deadly but One,” and Eloisa Matias as
because in most settings they are music producer. The music
under-protected, overworked and video, directed and edited by
themselves susceptible to infection long-time Metro
as frontlines. while many Filipino collaborator Frank Lloyd
Mamaril of FLM
Productions, was released
last month.
The Director Behind “We Heal As One”
Shares A Few Inspiring Words In This
Time of COVID-19
Powerhouse! National Artist Ryan Cayabyab, writer
and director Floy Quintos, with artists Lea Salonga,
Page | 125 Sarah Geronimo, Ogie Alcasid, and more, have come
together to sing this song of inspiration and healing
CULTURE
MUSIC
Doctors, nurses, PNP, militiamen and other frontlines have died

already, others still strengthened their force to serve more and save many
lives.
d) Survival of the Fittest and the Elimination of the Unfit (The Fairness
or Justice Approach)
“In today’s difficult situation, Filipinos should be treated equally regardless

of their station in life, that is, they should not be subject to discrimination.”
The corona virus never stopped, even what kind of quarantine is implemented
there was no flattening of the curve and the Philippines has the highest in number of
covid cases. Even the IATF has issue health protocol guidelines, yet, just to survive,
the poorest of the poor need to go out for a living. The situation today proves that
Charles Darwin’s theory and Karl Marx “survival of the fittest and the elimination
of the unfit remains to be true.

e) The Elitism ,Middleclass and Working Class (The Right Theory approach)
Page | 126
“Regardless of socio-economic status, region, cultural ideology, everyone
has the right to exists with due respect and adherence to human rights.
We can’t erase the fact that the rich become richer while the poorest of the
poor tend to fight for their lives and do illegal acts just to survive the pandemic. The
elite who got wealth and power cannot feel this pandemic but the poorest of the poor
who got nothing to eat and no house to stay safe.
f) Realism on Peace and Harmony ( Common Good Approach)
“Give up being right. Instead radiate peace and harmony, love

and laughter from your heart.”
Within the UN Culture of Peace framework, peace embraces far more than an
absence of conflict. It includes tolerance, disarmament, sustainable economic and
social development, democratic participation, gender equality, freedom of
expression and respect for human rights. The transition from a culture of war to a
culture of peace entails the conversion of individual behaviour as well as
institutional practices.
Learning to live in peace and harmony is a long-term process, and starts with
the development of innermost peace, and fostering attitudes that stimulate the
development and incorporation of peaceful principles. Education and awareness-
raising play a key roles in this process. That’s why CHED has included peace
education in the curriculum.
Quiz no. 12
Instructions :
Interpret the song's message WE HEAL AS ONE. Discuss and justify the
another better titleWe
mustHeal
be develop.
As One
Lyrics by Sanderlei Silveira
Together we are being called
Sa wari mo’y nag-iisa To make a future world
Lahat kanya-kanya The test we face is for us to
Ngunit di man nagsasama prove
Kaya pang magkaisa That we can heal as one
sa sa pag-iingat Is when we heal as one
Isa sa ‘ting dasal We heal as one, with
Laging nagpapatunay kindness
Na tayo’y makatao pa 126
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New
WeNormal
heal as oneby:
Together we are being called We serve, we share, we
To make a future world show compassion
Page | 127
Write here
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_________________________________________________
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________:
Question & Agility Test : Having understood why culture is
the origin of Filipino moral practices, illustrate a
scenario by creating a logo that manually
communicates your ideas about how the
pandemic has negatively and positively shocked
our attitudes and behaviours.
Write /draw inside :

Page | 128
Assignment
Instructions: Again, read the next lesson and be able to share your
thought on What makes man “MAN.” ? You may do the
following:
ONLINE : Record your discussion in 3 minutes and share it in class..
OFFLINE : Do a collage of used materials representing your nature as

man ( 1 bond paper only )
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Barna, LaRay M. "HOW CULTURE SHOCK AFFECTS

COMMUNICATION." Communication 5.1 (n.d.): 1-18. SocINDEX
with Full Text. EBSCO.29 Sept.2009.web

Bautista, Philipp. "Acts - The LawPhil Project". www.lawphil.net.
Retrieved 2015-07-03.
Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. "Chapter 3 - Culture." Sociology. 7th

Page | 129 edition ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada Inc., 2010. 54. Print.
Video clip/s:
How CULTURE drives behaviours

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-Yy6poJ2zs
1. https://www.princeton.edu/oip/practical-matters/Cultural-Adjustment.pdf
2. ^ http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.461.5459&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Rich Dad Poor Dad Summary (Animated)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcNpoc-lF0M
Images :
Culture shock cartoon ARTIST ALLAN CAVANAGH

Infoallancavanagh.com
Lesson 3: Seven Dimensions of Culture in Understanding

of Ethical Behaviours
Introduction
It is valid in many ways that when a person's conduct is

negative, irrespective of his / her motives, as compared to others who
have behaved positively in a given situation, he / she might have an
average likelihood ranking, then that term is called “awa” or a
feeling of "simpatiya."
The original dimensions of culture been refined. The original

theory suggested four dimensions, at first, in which cultural values
could be analysed: individualism-collectivism; avoidance of
uncertainty; distance of power (strength of social hierarchy) and
femininity-masculinity (task-orientation vs person-orientation) in the

Philippines. However, in general, there is a generic structure behind
the most apparent and important facts about cultural dimensions and
relativity. All cultures are very many. Distinct responses to exactly
the same human biology questions and Which are the generalities of
the human condition.
Page | 130
Consequently, living habits in any culture circumstances
such as the presence of two sexes should have accepted and licensed
ways of addressing such universality; childhood helplessness; have to
satisfy basic biological needs such as food, warmth and sex; presence
of people of various races and cultures, including the very “in
demand” technical, and other skills possessed by men that sometimes
trigger their respective behaviours in the wrong way.
Objectives
1. List and address the seven cultural dimensions and be able

to know the consequences of those.
2. Apply and evaluate the guides in working with different

cultures by understanding and appreciating their influence.
Pre-lecture
The 7/ write
3. Compose Dimensions of Culture
an original song using any of the seven
dimensions of culture for self-expression.
The 7 Dimensions of Culture Model (Trompenaars Cultural
Dimensions Model) works by differentiating cultures based on
Filipino setting and preferences. The following 7 dimensions are
1. Universalism vs. particularism.
Q1.What matters more, rules or relationships?
Cultures based on universalism try to treat all cases the same, even if they
involve friends or loved ones. The focus is more on the rules than the relationship.
Universalist cultures include Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia.
Cultures based on particularism will find relationships more important than

rules. You can bend the rules for family members, close friends, or important
people. Each case has to be examined in light of its special merits. Some examples
of Particularist cultures are those practiced in Latin America, Korea, China, and
Russia.

2. Individualism vs. communitarianism.
Q2. Do we work as a team or as individuals? Do people desire recognition for their

Page | 131 individual achievements, or do they want to be part of a group?
Individualistic cultures believe that your outcomes in life are the result of
your choices. In these cultures, decision makers make decisions and they don’t need
to consult to do so. Thus, decision makers can make decisions at speed. It is your
responsibility to look after your happiness and fulfillment. Individualistic cultures
include Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia.
Cultures based on communitarianism believe your quality of life is better

when we help each other. Thus, these cultures organize themselves around groups.
There is a strong sense of loyalty within the group. As a result of this group
tendency, decision making is slower as everyone gives input. Job turnover will be
lower due to high group loyalty.
3. Specific vs. diffuse.
Q3 How separate is our personal and professional life?
In a diffusive culture, people tend to see their personal and work life as
interconnected. These cultures believe that objectives can be better achieved when
relationships are strong. As such, in these cultures work colleagues socialize with
each other outside of work more. These cultures are courteous and respect age,
status, and background more. Examples of diffusive cultures include China, India,
Argentina, and Spain.
4. Neutral vs. affective.
Q4. Do we show our emotions?
In a neutral culture, people tend not to share their emotions. Emotions are of
course felt by the individual, but they are kept in check and controlled. Observing
these people you would consider them cool and rational. Neutral cultures include
Germany, Netherlands, and the U.K.In an affective culture, people tend to share
their emotions, even in the workplace. In an affective culture, it considered normal
that people share their emotions. Examples of affective cultures include Italy, Spain,
and Latin America.

5. Achievement vs. ascription.
Q5.Do we prove ourselves to get status or is it given to us?
In an achievement culture, you earn status through knowledge or skill. Job

Page | 132 titles are earned and reflect this knowledge and skill. Anyone can challenge a
decision if they have a logical argument. Examples of achievement cultures include
the U.S., the U.K., Germany, and Scandinavia.
In an ascription culture, you are given status based on who you are. This
could be because of your social status, your education, or your age. You earn respect
in these cultures because of your commitment to the organization, not your abilities.
A decision will only be challenged by someone with higher authority. Examples of
ascription cultures include Japan, Italy, and
1. 6. Sequential time vs. synchronous time.
Q6.Do things get done one at a time or do many things get done at once?\
In In a synchronous
a sequential time culture,
time culture, time ispeople see the past,
very important. present,
People and future
like projects as
to be
interwoven.
completed Because
in stages. Timeofis this people
money, and sodoit is
several things
important that ateach
once,
stageasis finished
time is
interchangeable. This results in plans and deadlines being flexible. It also
on time. It is rude to be late for meetings in these cultures. Examples of sequential timeexplains
why punctuality
cultures include the is lessthe
U.S., important.
U.K., andExamples
Germany.of synchronous time cultures include
Japan, India, and Mexico.
6. Internal direction vs. external direction.
Q7. Do we control our environment or are we controlled by it?
In an external direction culture, people believe that they must work with their
environment to achieve their goals. In these cultures winning isn’t as important as
maintaining a strong relationship. They focus on environmental factors e.g.
relationships to achieve their goals. Examples of external direction cultures include
China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. People assume that they should track their world in
an inner culture of direction to achieve their goals. The emphasis is on egoism (one's
self, family, and organization). Winning is important in these societies and therefore
violent attitudes are prevalent. Global advice societies include the USA, the United
Kingdom and Australia.
What you need to do for the world around you

not to be controlled:
1.Recognize and eliminate the triggers / cues of wrong behavior, if
possible.

2. Experiment with adding new stimuli to the environment to start positive
behavior
3.Look at what works and be able to love it by concentrating on its pros
and cons..
Page | 133
Over-thinking can take a
number of different forms:
increasingly careful decision-
making, attempting to read minds,
predicting the future, reading the
smallest of information, etc.
Those who continually
overthink opinion, condemn and
ignore what they said and did
yesterday, were afraid they looked Overthinking is because
bad — and were worried about you were terribly hurt by
their expected awful future. no cause
Guides on the Application of the seven social dimensions

of Culture in the Philippines
The Filipino values are considered the most remarkable

unique Asian race. Filipino values or value system discusses the
set of ethical principles/standards that a majority of the guides for
working with the different cultures in consonance with the seven
dimensions are discussed below
Guides on the Application of the Seven Dimensions of Cultures (for working wit
the various cultural bearings
Universalist cultures Particularist cultures
1.Hold on with your promises. 1.Invest in developing partnerships so you can
consider other people's individual needs.
2.Stand clear. 2.Respect those needs in the decision-making as
much as possible.
3.Explain the reasoning behind why you took a 3.To point out important basic laws that must be
specific decision. followed.
Individualistic cultures Communitarian cultures
1. Award and offer praise based on individual 1. Honour the party for performing
success of a person. exceptionally.
2. Encourage people to take their own initiative. 2. Publicly praise the community, but privately
3. Align the need of the client with that of the thank individuals for their feedback.
organization. 3. Publicly praise the community, but privately
thank individuals for their feedback.
Neutral cultures Affective cultures
1 . Keep your feelings in check, both what you are 1. Using emotions to express what you want and
thinking and what your face is thinking. what you want to achieve.

2. Know people have less chance of voicing their 2. Share how you feel about improving
true emotions. So try reading between the lines relationships within the workplace.
of what people are doing.
3. Keep up on subject in meetings after initial chit- 3. Study some ways to mitigate circumstances
chat. where feelings are str
Specific cultures Diffusive cultures
Page | 134 1.Organize the meeting agendas. 1.Build your partnership before setting goals.
2.Expect invites from colleagues to more social
2.Accord as best you can to your agenda. occasions. Commit to assisting.
3.Expect to explore on-the-job business in
3.Focus on reaching people first. Your friendship later comes
socialup.
and personal circums
Achievement cultures Ascription cultures
1 . Give gratitude in front of one 's peers. 1.Use the headings to refer to peers. When you
2.Does not use names want to contest a superior 's judgment, treat
3.Give individual success bonuses this with delicacy.
2.Pay special care in showing your supervisors
respect.
3. Using the Merit Program
Sequential time cultures Synchronous time cultures
1. Adhere to deadlines and responsibilities. 1.Provide some flexibility to citizens within the
timeframe.
2.Try not to remove yourself from the set 2.Allow people time to arrive at meetings late.
schedule. 3. Be clear, point out any deadlines that are not
flexible and need to be met.
3. Wake yourself up on time.
Internal direction External cultures:
1. Offer feedback instead of setting targets so that
people can change their course on the way.
1. Allowing individuals to set their own
professional growth plans (within reason). 2.Allow people time to arrive at meetings late.
3. Allowing flexibility for people to use their

2. Space for a certain amount of constructive relationships to produce results.
criticism
3. Set specific priorities and objectives.

Question & Agility Test : Knowing seven cultural elements
or dimensions, choose at least one and compose
‘an original song (or sing).You will be grade
according to the rubrics below :
Rubrics for Song Writing

Criteria Starter Apprentice Expert
Grades 2.00 2.50 1.0
lyrics Evident verse,

Effective use of lyric Evident preparation,
chorus, and other
repetition; some drawing up and
parts. catchy lyric hooks; editing of lyric
effective use of material.
rhyme; lyrics suit the
theme of a album.
NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New
Rubrics Normal
for Singing Contest by: 134
Criteria Starter Average Professional
melody More formal structure Great presence on Attractive music

Page | 135
Assignment
Instructions: Please read in advance the topic for Module 6.You

may be assess on the spot, written or recitation.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Hofstede, G. & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Culture and personality revisited:

Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38,
52-88.
Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D. & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring

organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across
twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 286-316. Hofstede,
G. with Arrindell, W. A., Best,

Page | 136
Module 6
The ACT on Moral Decision-making, Reason and

Impartiality, and the Essence of Moral Courage
Overview :
This module deals with feelings as an instinctive and educated response to

Filipino moral dilemmas and decision-making. It also supports justification and
impartiality as Filipino morality's minimum requirements today
It has distinguished feelings and emotions by starting with the discussion

of what makes man “MAN?” in the conceptualization of the definitions of feelings
and moral decision-making among Filipinos in this difficult pandemic situations.
Consequently, the module emphasizes on the principle of reason and

impartiality as minimum requirements in the understanding of why and how
Filipinos behave in consonance with moral standards, nowadays.
The matrix summarizes the topics for comprehensive discussions

(with corresponding activities, assignments ) as allocated per hours per
week.

Hours
Lesson 1. Feelings and moral decision-

making among Filipino Amidst Week 13 3 hours
the Pandemic
Lesson 2. Reason and Impartiality as

Minimum requirements for Week 14 3 hours
Filipino Morality Today

Topic 1: Feelings and moral decision-making among
Filipino Amidst the Pandemic
Page | 137
Introduction
Many people use the terms “feeling” and “emotion” as

synonyms, but they are not interchangeable. While they have
similar elements, there is a marked difference between feelings and
emotions. Feelings and emotions are all traits we share as humans.
Feeling and emotions are sometimes interchangeably used.

Yes, how do feelings differ from emotion? Feelings are
experienced consciously, while Emotions are multi-faceted
experiences” of “internal subjective experiences, facial expressions
and physiological reactions.” Teasing out the feelings and emotions
that people have, and learning why they have them, is an important
role for mental health professionals. Today, traumatic experiences
impact our emotions, causing PTSD flashbacks, nightmares and
increased fear, anxiety, anger, sadness and guilt
Those interested in exploring the difference between

feelings and emotions — and understanding the mind, human
behavior and strategic ways of helping mental health patients —
usually complete advanced programs of study such as a master’s in
counseling. This education is necessary to understand the difference
between feelings and emotions from a clinical perspective. Let’s
explore that difference, along with how emotions can impact daily
life for many individuals.
Objectives
1. Review what makes man human by thinking about his existence

as the creation of GOD.
2. Compare and contrast thoughts and emotions by referencing

memories from certain experiences.
Pre-lecture
3. Illustrate your positions in the pandemic conditions of today.

1. Feelings as instinctive and trained response to moral
dilemmas
Page | 138
When someone screamed loudly: you made the wrong decision! what did you feel?
a) Nature of Culture and Its Ethical Definition Now
People tend to describe feelings and emotions as harmful to logical, objective

decision-making. "Be calm and persistent," they say. While there is some validity to
this, there is also evidence to show that feelings are important in making sound
decisions. So how do you strike a balance between being enthusiastic and emotional
about a decision while being able to step back and look at it as a dispassionate
observer, critically comparing benefits and costs? We cannot shut off any portion of
our brain or chemical processes, however we can control those parts conscious
It’s a popular notion, that culture is the attitudes, beliefs, practices, and
patterns of actions that define a social community – the ways in which a specific
group of people lives, including common culture, values, traditions, and physical
artefacts. Therefore, ethical culture looks (anthropologically) at how an institution
expresses and teaches to what degree it considers its beliefs. In particular, an
organization's ethical culture: tells workers that doing the right thing matters; does
what is considered to be right
It is important that when interacting with people we understand that the

fundamental values of each individual are different. We are not always conscious,
because values are so embedded, that our responses in life are essentially unique to
our own culture and experience due to the values we hold. Therefore, we never
focus on the fact that the people we interact with possess their own particular set of
values which might vary from our own. Advisors need to be mindful that they carry
their own set of principles to the counselling session, as do their students.
b) Exaggeration of feelings: When emotions are great
Emotion plays a unique role in decision making When emotion is greatly

enhanced (e.g., induced by a proximal threat), it may interfere with cognitive
function and exert a bottom-up influence on our decision making. In this part, we
describe how humans’ tradeoffs are changed when emotion is exaggerated in
decision settings such as proximity, social distance, and social instinct.
c.) Social Instincts

The emotion will act as a mechanism of social signalling The kind of rage
indicates the inherent propensity (or drive) to respond to social contact, and we
describe such a propensity and drive as social instincts. In this game, the proposer
makes a suggestion on how to divide the money while the respondent has the option
to accept or reject the bid.

Ethical Concerns About Pandemic Preparation and

Response in the Philippines
Page | 139
Nowadays, conferences, seminars and workshops in preparation of the H5N1

influenza pandemic focused on the different strategies that could be used to combat
this pandemic. Others take a different approach and recommend creating ethical
guidelines for nations, including the Philippines, based on health care systems,
financial aid budgeting, and pandemic planning and response clinicians to use.
Discussions on debate were ethical principles which would act as a basis for these
guidelines. They also discuss the importance of public engagement in drawing up
the guidelines and the need for effective distribution of the guidelines once they are
complete
The COVID 19 crisis is affecting social workers globally as they try to fulfill
their professional positions. Often in lock-down situations, many practitioners
expect or are expected to operate in close proximity to clients in the community,
workplaces or other facilities, such as schools and hospitals. In light of a shortage of
staff and a lack of safe services in certain places, social workers have to make
difficult decisions about their clients' in-person experiences. Our ethical principles,
serving as a compass, should guide their debates.
Apparently, Alexander Capron of the University of Southern California, in his

first contribution to this essay, explores a number of ethical approaches to pandemic
planning, noting that ethics can be applied both to the policy substance and to the
mechanisms through which it is developed and enforced. Returning to the basic
ethical principles the former culture recognizes.

Colleague of the Health Organization (WHO), David Heymann Capron
explicitly discusses the human rights consequences of pandemic influenza, access to
health services, responsibilities of and to health personnel, and responsibilities of
countries and intergovernmental organisations. He then discusses how ethical
standards can be used to fix certain problems of policy making. Capron's statement
Page | 140 that all the dilemmas faced by pandemic planners can be reduced to 'the classic
struggle between individuals and groups' echoes Victoria Sutton's idea of a
'pandemic flu ethic,' which she described in her remarks at the workshop as 'limiting
freedom of action or enforcing a duty to act in the pursuit of the continued existence
of life and order.'
If your recruiting agency insists that you can see your clients in person no
matter what, you have the right to express the ethical principles, in particular the
questioning of unequal policies and practices, which state that social workers ought
to bring to the attention of their bosses, lawmakers, policymakers and the public
circumstances in which policies and practices are involved In doing so, social
workers will not be penalized. In these cases, front liners or social workers need to
be aware of conditions that could jeopardize their own health and safety and they
need to make wise decisions.
Quiz no. 13
Confirmation Check Analysis
Instructions: Finish the declaration before each number by giving the correct
answer to the blank. Just write the letter only and do critical analyses ,not guessing.
____1. It is important that when interacting with people we understand that the
fundamental __________of each individual are different.
ii. standard b) values c) norms
____2. ______ habits suggest Pedro chooses the best way

a) virtuous b) right c) good
____3 __________. is necessary to understand the difference between feelings and

emotions from a clinical perspective.
a) degree b) education c) money
____4. _________ manifest themselves either consciously or subconsciously.

a)behaviour b) Emotions c) attitude
____5. ________ plays a unique role in decision making

a) attitude b)feelings c) Emotion
____6._____ or social workers need to be aware of conditions that could jeopardize

their own health and safety and they need to make wise decisions.
Page | 141
a) nurses b) front liners c) doctors
____7. Cardinal virtue are courage, justice wisdom (or prudence) and temperance,
except,________.
a) freedom b) values c) hope
____8. ______ tend to describe feelings and emotions as harmful to logical,

objective decision-making.
b) President b) People c) l GOD
____9 The ________ will act as a mechanism of social signalling habit

a) feeling b) emotion c) virtue
____10. ________ is limiting our freedom of action or enforcing a duty to act in the
pursuit of the continued existence of life and order.
b) Influenza b) Covid 19 c) SARS
Scoring: Grade

REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Association for Psychological Science, “Emotions in Context: What We

Donoso, M.,
KnowCollins, A., We
About How & Koechlin,
Feel” E. (2014). Foundations of human
reasoning in the prefrontal cortex. Science, 344(6191), 1481-1486. doi:
10.1126/science.1252254
[4] Richardson, M., Strange, B., & Dolan, R. (2004). Encoding of emotional
memories depends on amygdala and hippocampus and their
interactions. Nature Neuroscience, 7(3), 278-285. doi: 10.1038/nn1190

Page | 142
Lesson 2: Reason and Impartiality as Minimum

requirements for Filipino Morality Today
Introduction
According to David Hume and the philosophers of common

sense do not regard our interpretation of moral thought as part of
human reason, whether it is right or wrong. He presents himself as a
disbeliever in any directly practical or moral reasoning, particularly
in the Treatise on Human Nature. Nevertheless, in doing so, he uses
an excessively limited interpretation of "reasoning. In contrast, we
use a broader working gloss of "reasoning" for present purposes, one
that is not controlled by an ambition to analyse the relative
contributions of reason and passions (the faculty of reason).

Relatively, for Filipinos, this is a very popular query to
ponder : Kailan ba naging tama and mali? A moral principle is
subject to reversal as it gives rise to practical consequences that do
reflect our very own “self” on the proper reflection. That being so,
Page | 143 and considering the great complexity of the moral dilemma amidst
the pandemic, it seems extremely unlikely that we can ever produce a
moral principle and value of REASON on the basis of which we can
proceed in a deductive manner with serenity and trust to produce
answers to what we should do in all specific cases.
In addition, impartiality as minimum requirements for Filipino

morality nowadays, must be scrutinize seriously so that at a
given time and place, everything will turn our right.
Objectives
1. Interpret and address the essence of moral reasoning in

understanding Filipino morality;
2. Apply and evaluate the concept of reasoning and impartiality in

decision-making.
Pre-lecture
3. Restate issues on some cases relative to moral reasoning and
1. RIGHT
impartiality REASON : When
in understanding humanmoral reasoning is right
behaviour.
Although moral reasoning may be performed on behalf of
another, it is, paradigmatically, the first-personal (individual or
collective) practical reasoning of an agent about what they should be
doing morally. The philosophical examination of moral reasoning
faces both distinctive puzzles – how we recognize moral
considerations and how we deal with conflicts between them and
how they move us to act – and distinctive opportunities to gain
insight into what we should do from our reasoning for what we
should be doing.
Moral reasoning
appeared more thoroughly in a
straightforward approach. Places
it in relation to both the first-
order accounts of what morality

demands of us and the
metaphysical accounts of
morality metaphysics, and
describes the theme 's
importance. Part II then answers
Page | 144 a series of metaphysical
questions, so known and so
placed, on moral reasoning.
Within moral philosophy, the subject of moral reasoning lies between two
most frequently discussed subjects. In the one side, there's the first-order question of
what, if any, moral truths are there. There are, for example, few real universal moral
values, and if so, what are they? Utilitarianism competes with Kantianism at this
point , for example, and both contend with the anti-theorists of various colors, who
accept only specific morality truths (Clarke & Simpson 1989). At the other hand, a
very different kind of problem emerges from the effort to provide a philosophical
justification for moral truths or the argument that there is none. Suppose that there
are other universal truths, then
1. IMPARTIALITY : Relevance to Morality
It is all too tempting to conclude that a positive, unitary concept must be

denoted by Fortheexample,
word impartiality
a hotel lady– probably
supervisora inconcept closely City,
Zamboanga similar to, ifwho
Belen, not
identical to, morality. This is obviously not the case though. Instead, there are different
prefers
kinds an assistant
of actions manager
that can based on hisasbest
be characterized friend'sand
'impartial' endorsements,
some of themmay be totally
clearly have
little or nothing
impartial amongto dothe
with morality.
different applicants about their gender , race, occupation,
affiliations, education, or the school from which each graduated. But if her decision
is purely guided by objective self-interested interests, then it is clear that the
impartiality that she exhibits is in no way a type of moral impartiality.
Another perfect example of a more severe case whereby Bert, who is

mentally retarded serial killer from a far flung barangay, chooses his victims on the
basis of their similarity to that of his ex-sweethearts when he was disappointed in
love affairs, made the wrong move ..He could then be neutral about the professions
of his victims, religious views, and so on, but it would be ridiculous to treat this as a
form of moral impartiality.
The Feeling of Fear in the pandemic: Reason and Application

The pandemic just isn't a joke. It's man-made and therefore
people have to face the repercussions of their actions. The problem is
an offshoot of greed, power and business to prove a state is no.1 to
the planet. The appeals to fear are nothing new.
Page | 145
Consequently, as a concerned leader, in a hidden code name,
contends, that fear-inspiring persuasion is a tactic frequently used to
convince others to act and behave in a certain way. There were
parents observed to control children; academic managers to improve
efficiency and effectiveness in the leading Filipino company. Many
medical professionals in clinical situations, practice 'fear-based
treatment' rather than helping the vulnerable use inexpensive drugs,
there are occasions when other influential people attempt to convince
patients to pursue a course of action by deliberately issuing threats.
Therefore, fear messages entered campaigns for public safety and
confusion emerges in a plea for justice. were asked the question: Are
they right for others to think and express reason.

Question & Agility Test : Perceptive concepts of reasoning
and impartiality on Filipino morality, design an
intervention plan to correct a read case to check if
reasoning is right and just. Follow the format
below :
A Case Analysis on :____________________
What is the issue Who are How’s the Intervention

involved ending strategy

Page | 146
Assignment
Instructions: Please read in advance the topic for Module 7.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Department of Health – Philippines. Infographics | Department of Health website

[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available
from: https://www.doh.gov.ph/2019-nCov/infographics.
Gregorio X, CNN Philippines. Six Metro Manila cities enact COVID-19 curfew
[Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available
from: https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/3/15/Makati-Navotas-Metro-
Manila-curfew-COVID-19.html.
MSN.com. City in the Philippines plays “The Purge” announcement to enforce

coronavirus curfew [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available
from: https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/other/city-in-the-philippines-
plays-the-purge-announcement-to-enforce-coronavirus-curfew/vi-
BB11pYxX.

Page | 147
Module 7
Acting Ethically through Moral Courage
Overview:
This module defines how human beings must behave ethically and cultivate
moral courage, strength and weaknesses through the rediscovery of sound judgment
and extraordinary ethical decision-making.
This module provides the definition and importance of moral courage

which encourages students to possess during this pandemic scenario. Moral courage
is a much admired trait displayed by individuals, who chose to use their ethical
ideals to assist others amid hardship and personal risks.
The module also includes critical checkpoints in using moral courage for
ethical decision-making to check and counter-check our acts in accordance to the
general welfare and workfare of the societies. Defining “COURAGE” in the context
of morality has been emphasized in this module.

In addition, the matrix is a gist of the topics for class discussion or modular
approach which provides the allocated number of hours per week to guide the
students in advance.
Page | 148
Hours
Lesson 1. Moral courage and Critical 3 hours

Checkpoints in using Moral Week 15
Courage for Ethical
Decision-making
3 hours
Lesson 2. Defining “COURAGE” in Week 16
the context of Morality
Lesson 1: Moral courage and Critical Checkpoints in using

Moral Courage for Ethical Decision-making
Introduction
Courage is important when one has doubts or anxieties about

the consequences, more specifically in today’s difficult situations.
Moral bravura also involves deliberation or rational thought. Reflex
behaviour or dogmatic fanaticism does not require moral courage,
since it is not based on moral reasoning
In the Philippines for example, Responsible parenthood or

parenting with the integration of moral courage may have an effect
on the child's self-expression during late adolescence specifically in
today’s pandemic situation. The creation of moral courage within
parenting is influenced not only by the moral values passed down by
the parent, but also by the autonomy of the children on how to
interpret and exercise their moral values.
Therefore, moral courage, in times of tormenting conditions is

the ability and willingness to face suffering, pain, risk, confusion or

bullying in an academic institution, for example. moral courage is the
capacity to act appropriately in the face of public opposition,
embarrassment, scandal, dismay, or personal loss. On the other hand,
physical courage is bravery in the face of physical discomfort,
suffering, and injury or death danger. These consequences happen by
Page | 149 all means, but if that person, presuming a teacher, is strong, she can
survive all the trials and remain strong with the belief that GOD is
with her in those times sadness and frustration.
(Objectives)
1. Define moral courage and explain critical checkpoints in using moral

courage for ethical decision-making.
2. Apply and evaluate the concept of moral courage and see how it takes to
have it.
Pre-lecture
3. . Identify and elaborate the characteristics of courage relative to the

understanding of morality.What it takes to have moral courage
Moral courage is the bravery to take action, given the

possibility of adverse consequences, for moral reasons
Courage is needed when one has doubts or fears as to the

consequences. Therefore, moral bravery requires deliberation or
critical thinking. Reflex behavior or dogmatic fanaticism does not
require moral courage because they are not based on moral
reasoning. Moral courage is the courage to take action for moral
reasons, despite the risk of adverse consequences.
. Courage (bravery) is the ability and willingness to face

suffering, pain, threat, confusion or bullying. Physical courage is
bravery in the face of physical discomfort, suffering, even injury
or death threat, whereas moral courage is the capacity to act
appropriately in the face of public opposition, embarrassment,
scandal, dismay or personal loss.
Step Critical Checkpoints in using Moral Courage for

Ethical Decision-making
1 Evaluate the circumstances to establish whether moral courage is
needed in the situation
2 Determine what moral values and ethical principles are at risk or in
question of being compromised

3 Ascertain what principles need to be expressed and defended in the
situation – focus on one or two of the more critical values
4 Consider the possible adverse consequences/risks associated with
taking action
5 Assess whether or not the adversity can be endured – determine what
Page | 150 support/resources are available
7 Continue to develop moral courage through education, training,
and practice
Characteristics of Courage in Relevance to Morality
, Daniel Putman, a professor at Wisconsin University-Fox Valley, wrote an

essay entitled "The Emotions of Bravery" Using a text from the Nicomachean Ethics
1. Fear & Confidence in Relation to Courage
of Aristotle as the basis for his paper, he explores the relationship between fear and
confidence in the emotion of courage.
Fear and trust in courage can decide the success of a courageous act or goal.
They can be seen as the independent variables in courage, and their relationship can
influence how we react to fear. However, the trust we are addressing here is self-
confidence; trust in knowing one's skills and abilities and being able to determine
when to counter fear or when to fight fear.
" Never tolerate misdoings. Stand up for what
is right even if you stand alone"
The above quote sounds nice, but
it can be a difficult thing to do.
Sometimes acting ethically comes
easily, however it can also require
one to stand up for what they
believe in and do what they feel is
right despite popular interest.
Moral courage is the commitment
to standing up for and acting upon
one’s ethical beliefs (Miller, 2005).
Morally courageous individuals act
upon their ethical values to help
others during difficult ethical
dilemmas, despite the adversity
they may face in doing so. To be
morally courageous means

The concept of courage is not just a firm suppression of anxiety, nor is it an
emotional denial. The goal is to judge a situation, recognize the emotion as part of
human nature and, ideally, use well-developed behaviors to overcome the fear and
allow rationality to direct our actions towards a worthwhile objective.
Page | 151
2. Possible Distortions of Courage
As noted above, an "excess or deficiency of either fear or confidence, can
distort courage".[ According to Putman, there are four possibilities:
2. "Overly low level of fear when legitimate fear is necessary,

excessively high level of confidence." Anyone like this will be
viewed as foolhardy;
3. Extremely
However,highas degree of fear,
a defence but the trustthe
mechanism, is also excessively
individual will high. "The
display
third possibility would arise if someone had a traumatic
excessive levels of confidence as a way to reassure them. And for incident that
induced tremendous
their anxiety anxiety for
these illusions maymost of their
be used as a life.
meansSoofthe fear that they
coping.
would feel will always be unreasonable and unnecessary.
4. Excessively low level of fear and low level of trust. "Essentially, it
can be seen as hopelessness. Putman says this is equivalent to" a
person on a sinking ship." "This example is a person with low
confidence and probably low self-esteem who completely loses all
fear.
5. Low fear distortion and low self-confidence may occur in a situation

where an person understands what will happen to them. In this case,
they lose all fear because they know that death is imminent and
because they do not have the capacity to cope with or resolve the
situation is unavoidable
Finally, Daniel Putman describes apprehension and bravery as being deeply

intertwined and dependent on distinct perceptions:
1. "the danger of the situation"

2. "the worthiness of the cause"
3. "and the perception of one's ability."
Application of Moral Courage in Avoiding Dangerous Situations
Recently, the WA Injury Control Council (ICCWA) undertook a research

project called Our Room, Safe Place, which included young people aged 12-25 with
regard to their perceptions of safety in public spaces. A total of 541 young people
completed a comprehensive survey to assess how secure they felt in various public
spaces, locations and situations, which spaces were relevant to them, how much they
used it Young people have been asking about approaches to make themselves feel
better, too.
The following tips come from those aged 12-15 who took part in the study.
Take heed of their advice and you may avoid being a statistic of youth abuse.:

1. Please be mindful of your environs. Finding the way out if need arises.
Comprehend where you are and who's around you.
2. Stop secluded places. When no one is present, if need be, no one will come to
Page | 152 your aid.
3. Check at the section below. And if you don't know where to go, walk
confidently with your head held high to give the impression you are doing.
5.4.Make sureon
Depend you have
your your cellWhen
intuition. phoneescaping
with you, it's paid
a risky and you
situation get instincts
your enough credit
and
tosenses
top itare
up.the
Know
main line of defence. If something doesn't feel right,emergency
how to ask for support. Make sure you have then get
contact
out of itand valuable
before numbers like your parents and maybe a taxi service
it escalates.
programmed into your phone. This could be your only chance to get out of a
deteriorating situation, or a way to get help.
6. See the business that you keep. Try not to be on your own with people you either
don't like or don't know. Hang in with your mates.
7.. Don't put both of your music device's earplugs in your ears, particularly when
you are walking or exercising alone. Leaving one ear free will let you remain
more aware of your surroundings.
ONLINE:
Task No. 9 1. indly watch the video on : Plato’s Allegory of
the Cave and prepare a graded recitation.
: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RWOpQXTltA
OFFLINE: Read the article next page and answer on the space provided :
HistoryJournal.org
Plato’s “Laches” – is courage choosingfaith over fear?
Posted in Greek by Alex L. on April 3, 2009
Plato’s Laches is a dialogue about the nature of courage (literally translated,
“manliness”). Socrates and his friends proceed in a manner typical of Plato’s dialogues:
Socrates’ companions propose various definitions of courage, and a communal inquiry led by
finds eachA
Socrates8-Module
NGEC onePedestrian to theinadequate.
of the proposals New Normal by: in turn as152
Courage is defined endurance
(189d-192c), wise endurance (192c-194b), knowledge of the fearful and hopeful (194c-199c),
and knowledge of good and evil (199c-199e).
Page | 153
HistoryJournal.org ( continuation…)
Plato’s “Laches” – is courage choosingfaith over fear?
Posted in Greek by Alex L. on April 3, 2009
Both describe a present relationship with future events, though from opposing perspectives.
Socrates’ view differs from how we usually think about courage, cowardice, fear, and faith.
“Courage in the face of death” is the usual way people talk about that virtue (as in, soldiers
fighting enemies or patients battling cancer). “I have no faith in him” suggests that the opposite
of faith is mistrust, not fear (no one would substitute “I fear him” for that expression). Socrates
challenges us to examine these things further.
The last two definitions of courage in the dialogue fail because Socrates and his
companions Laches and Nicias can not define what type of knowledge constitutes courage. But
is not courage more than just knowledge? In a moment of conflict within the individual, isn’t
there a sort of choice involved which determines whether his action turns out to be courageous
or cowardly? Should we not say, then, that courage is choosing and acting in accordance with
faith (that is, the expectation of future goods) over fear (the expectation of future evils)?
Start writing your discussion here and please write legibly:
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NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by:
Page | 154
Question & Agility Test : How does it take to have moral
courage? Please answer the question
comprehensively and give your own opinion by
sharing the most memorable experience where
you have used the concept.
ONLINE : Organize your thought and share it in 5 minutes .

OFFLINE : Write it in the spaces below and write it legibly please:
My Moral Courage in Life
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100 pts

Page | 155
(Assignment)
Instructions: Get a n old news paper or magazines and try to check

if any topic has bearing to the concept of moral
courage .
ONLINE : Show it to class by pasting in a bond paper for actual discussion

OFFLINE : Illustrate it in a colourful presentation employing used materials.
REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Brooks, Ann K.; Edwards, Kathleen (1 February 2009). "Allies in the

Workplace: Including LGBT in HRD". Advances in Developing
Human Resources. 11 (1): 136–
9. doi:10.1177/1523422308328500. ISSN 1523-4223.
^ Douglas N. Walton, "Moral Deliberation and Conduct", Courage, a

philosophical investigation
^ Daniel A. Putman (2004), Psychological Courage, ISBN 9780761828204
Lesson 2: Defining “COURAGE” in the

Context of Morality

Introduction
Defining “COURAGE” in the context of Morality is

Page | 156 indeed an interesting topic to discuss. Addressing the issue is the
ability to face physical obstacles in achieving one 's goals. The
introduction described courage as "moral courage," as it applies
to doing the right thing. Moral bravery is a direct equivalent to
physical bravery. Moral courage refers to the commitment to
choose the most moral alternative and to have the strength of
character to accept that choice 's effect.
If bravery is your greatest strength, you 're a courageous

person who doesn't shy away from danger, obstacle, trouble or
pain. Even if there's resistance, you 're talking up for what's right.
You 're acting on your beliefs, especially in today’s difficult time
of pandemic. In the academe, more dilemmas exist because of
“PADRINO” system which destroys the entire organizational
structure and system. The ethical approach of justice and fairness
must prevail. Employees, public or private, need a context in
which to understand what we mean in the workplace by courage-
what it looks like, why it matters and how it will be rewarded.
These concepts can be defined and discussed, but I suspect that
teaching courage to others would be difficult if not impossible for
us if we don't show them the courage to see. "To do as I say and
not as I do" is not an effective strategy to encourage any form of
workplace ethical behaviour. This is more true nowhere than in
relation to the need to model courage. Not only do we need to
build the confidence of our employees that they have the capacity
to be courageous, we need to set an example.
Objectives
1. Interpret the meaning of moral courage and its implications.
2. Compare and contrast courage from braver
Pre-lecture
3. Justify whether or not you believe that courage id inherent
among humans.
Pieces of Thoughts on Moral Courage

In many organizations it is not always the easiest choice to do
the right thing. Usually, when the community has already set the
highest ethical standards, the business company will have certain
elements of what is supposed to encourage or inspire a individual to
select the less ethical alternative.
Page | 157
Yet, courage is, most generally, about choosing between right
and wrong. It is also called "moral bravery"—the bravery to do
what is right, even if / when the cost of doing so may be high. In
the stories of people standing up for what they believed we know
about Courage is the power of the mind or morals to explore, to
persevere and to endure risk, fear or difficulty. Bravery is the
attribute that encourages one to do risky or scary stuff. The
response to this problem, as is so often the case, is meaning itself.
Hence, if courage is defined as the willingness to do the right thing regardless

of the consequences, then a display of courage may affect the preconditions for
long-term, ethical achievement. Unfortunately, bravery is seldom a requirement for
short-term performance. "If Bravery is your greatest strength, you 're a courageous
person who doesn't shy from danger, obstacle, trouble or pain. Even if there's
resistance, you speak up for what's right. You are acting upon your beliefs.
"Bravery is one of my great strengths.
It takes moral strength, the bravery of one's convictions to spend time and
self in the quest for the most ethical answer, rather than the easiest correct answer.
That is unlike physical courage. The danger of not rising to the workplace task of
being morally brave is never about our physical health. It concerns our ethical well-
being and the ethical well-being of those we are leading. True, certain jobs call for
physical courage. Some kind of work is physically dangerous. My military
experience, even in peacetime, included the need to perform some tasks that could
cause serious injury, or worse, if done incorrectly. Risks of physical harm are often
present in the workplace. Yet we all face ethical threats even in physically secure
circumstances. And we have to understand that it takes courage to face those risks,
head on, with a commitment to doing the right thing.
Do we have to teach courage, or is it "inherent" or "innate" in

those we lead?

Most apparently successful people have based their careers on
moving beyond the shortcuts they've taken to the illusion of success.
Because organizational success usually depends on meeting or
exceeding performance targets based on commonly used metrics,
short-term success can often be achieved if you can simply figure out
Page | 158 how to "beat the system" and moral bravery.
Its becomes easier once we find a mechanism where we can

raise what might be considered delicate ethical issues in ways that are
not inconsistent with respect for the organizational authority and the
autonomy of others to do the work in ways that they consider fit, so
long as they do not violate agreed standards. Not so fascinating
aspects of bravery as a noticeable part of one's approach to leadership
are that bravery always brings out confidence. When we model
courage we are basically empowering others to act with courage. We
're not just showing what kind of courage looks like. They
demonstrate clearly that bravery is both a component of a sustainable
success plan and one that is not only accepted but supported and
rewarded by the organization. Often we can't assert that the company
as a whole promotes and rewards bravery but we can always assert
that we will promote and reward it, at least within the dimension of
the company we manage.
It is an interesting question of teaching courage. Experts argue that

courage is a learned attitude. I agree with those who believe that courage is an
individual feature that can be taught, encouraged, modelled and rewarded. We can
teach both of those we lead that we expect them to be brave and what we mean by
that expectation. In most cases, we do not seek physical bravery. Rather, we are
trying to create a culture that fosters moral bravery – the courage to do the right
thing at the right time for the right reasons, and to demand that others do it as well.
Consequently, the bravery to “do the right thing" was one of the themes
initiative by most government agencies fighting for the pandemic. The employee
was advised by his / her immediate supervisor that they were all supposed to have
the confidence to do the right thing, to ask questions when they were unsure and to
report problems they faced. Each boss was coached on the underlying dilemma
they all faced-until we have the confidence to tell each other the truth there will be
no trust-and u9ntil there is trust we won't ever tell each other the truth.
Question & Agility Test : With the comprehensive
discussion of moral courage inherent in humans,
get four key words in the image. Write them as
sentences producing a one page short story based
on your experience in today’s pandemic
situations.
Write here :

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( Title )
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Page | 159 _____________________________________________________________
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Assignment
Instructions: Please read in advance the last topic for Module 8 on

the importance of religion and its role in respond to the
difficult moment we face today...
REFERENCES

Books/Articles :
P. Aarne Vesilind, "The Courage To Do The Right Thing choose between

Page | 160 right and wrong", The right thing to do: an ethics guide for
engeenering students
Videoclips :
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave -
: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RWOpQXTltA
Module 8
Ethics and the Role of Religion : Through

Thick and Thin
Overview :
The last module to complete this coursework is indeed very interesting since
it delves with the role of religion in understanding ethical standards. The topic on
religion and importance of prayer for peace and harmony is an offshoot of CMO 01
s.2019 that mandates Higher education institutions to incorporate peace education in
the curriculum.
Thus, the module presents the problems of pluralism and fundamentalism

are presented as the quest for common values. It addresses globalization and
pluralism as modern threats to the definition of ethics in Generation Z, and by all

means pronounces the unity of prayer and adds importance to the religious response
to the pandemic.
The first topic discusses the challenges of pluralism and fundamentalism in

search for universal values which may be connected in realism and idealism as ethical
Page | 161 principles.
. Harmony of Prayer for the Least, Last and Lost is very interesting in the
inculcation of peace education.
Finally, the matrix below demonstrates the topics for sharing with
allocated number of hours per week.

Hours
Lesson 1. The Challenges of Pluralism

and Fundamentalism in Week 17 3 hours
Search for Universal
Values
Lesson 2. Harmony of Prayer for

Peace and Unity Week 18 3 hours
Lesson 1 : The Challenges of Pluralism, Fundamentalism

and Globalization in Search for Universal Values
Introduction
Pluralism is the term used in ethical philosophy, which means

"doctrine of multiplicity," often used in opposition to monism
("doctrine of unity") and dualism ("doctrine of duality"). It
constitutes different meanings for metaphysics, ontology,
epistemology and logic. It is a doctrine. In metaphysics, contrary to
the assertions of monism and dualism, there are many different
substances in nature that constitute reality.
On the other hand, fundamentalism is defined as strict

adherence to some belief or ideology, particularly in a religious
context, or a form of Christianity in which the Bible is literally taken
and fully obeyed. This is an example of fundamentalism when a

person follows every possible law of the Bible, both literal and
implied,
Consequently, globalization is used to describe the the

interdependence of the world's economies, societies, and
Page | 162 communities, created by cross-border exchange in products and
services, technology, and investment, people, and information flows.
Whether it is good or bad, it allows many products to become more
affordable and more areas of the world accessible. It helps to increase
productivity, reduce inequality in terms of gender pay, offer women
more opportunities and improve working conditions and management
quality, especially in developing countries.
Objectives
1. Distinguish the three concepts: pluralism, fundamentalism

and globalization.
2. Evaluate Interpret the pluralism and pluralist interpretations

of religion
3. Analyse the fundamentalits’ interpretations of religion
Pre-lecture
1.The Pluralism and Pluralist Interpretations of Religion
The idea of pluralism, by epistemology, is that there is not

one straightforward way of interpreting the facts in the world, but
rather many. Often this has to do with pragmatism, or conceptual,
contextual or cultural relativism. It may refer to the identification of
coexisting scientific paradigms in the philosophy of science which
are nevertheless incommensurable, although they accurately reflect
their relevant domains.
Traditional pluralism is the belief that policy and decision-

making are largely within the system of government, but that many
NGOs use their power to exercise control. Significant changes in
our thought occur over the course of time and throughout history
such as the advent of scientific science, the social sciences and the
focus on the world's empirical, naturalistic theories are readily

overlooked by the fundamentalists.Accordingly, "Islam is for all
time', so why is human intervention in interpretation necessary?
But modern and critical Muslim intellectuals specifically contradict this

notion. Throughout his research, Hassan Hanafi the Egyptian philosopher argues
Page | 163 that religious scripture is not, can be and has never been interpreted in a uniform
way. In fact human perception is a pluralistic undertaking.
Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari
Ibn al-Nafis
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al- He wrote many books on
Razi
His Theologus variety of fields, the most
Autodidactus is said prominent of which are
A to
philosopher
be the firstwhose his 15-volume
theory of the
theological novel soul, Interpretation and
explained
in which he in The Criticism
Metaphysics,
attempted was of Rumi's Masnavi, and
derived
to provefrom
thatIslam in his unfinished, 27-volume
which he explained
the human mind is how Translation and
2. Fundamentalism and Fundamentalists’
the
ablesoul findsConceptions
to deduce itsthe
way to of Faith
Interpretation of the Nahj
salvation
truths of theandworld
freedom. al-Balagha.
through reasoning
Religion is everlasting but no one definition of religion is definitive, the last
religion is here but the last understanding of religion has not come. The knowledge
of religion is in continuous flux.
It is risky to delegate pure infallible human beings merely because of the

antiquated nature of their beliefs. This does not devalue great works of literature, art
or philosophy by any way, but instead strengthens and humanizes our experience
vis- à - vis the piece in question. This offers a three-dimensional portrait, gives us
insight into the creation 's origins and can open up new areas of understanding.
We can have basic moral values and ideals that should remain consistent
but how we apply them in political terms, institutions must continuously evolve in
order to keep up with social changes.
There are many fundamentalisms ranging from how we view scriptures,

how we make our laws and how we define our society, but there are some
commonalities that run through this fundamentalism family.

(Lecture Notes )
Page | 164 3. Globalization Facts and Issues
Globalization is a phenomenon that influences the lives of individuals, and

the economies of nations. It is something that these days is almost on everyone's
lips. Yet did you know that, according to many historians, globalisation started in
1492? Globalization isn't a new concept, no matter how you look at it.
Despite the challenges that globalization has created, it still has a promising
effect on states which should evaluate their economic and political strategies taking
into account what they have observed and experienced. A new stage in the creation
of strategies for international economic and political affairs will be set up that will
form the future growth of globalization.
It is a positive mechanism for many people. Amartya Sen, an economist,

Nobel Prize winner, said globalization brought economic benefits to many people,
and provided cultural and scientific enrichment worldwide. Owing to globalization,
ONLINE
the United Nations expected : 1.Watch
poverty could bethe full Video
eradicated in on
the 21st century.
Task No. 10 The Potential Impact of Global Flu Pandemic
https://www.youtube.com/
wath?v=npxDT4i-3js
OFFLINE :2 The Potential Impact of Global Flu

Pandemic : A Global Issue
Instructions:
a) Summarize the message of the video in the first paragraph and your role
if in case you are one of the main speaker in radio or tv scene.
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_____________________________.________.

The Potential Impact of Global Flu
Global Issue :The Potential Impact of Global Flu Pandemic
Pandemic : A Global Issue
Page | 165
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is drastically
changing the lives of people, including the lives of young people.
Schools and universities have closed, exams and events postponed,
the usual health information services are limited, socializing with
friends and wider family is highly discouraged and in some places
even punishable.
Living in these circumstances can be tough for young people for

their social, physical and mental wellbeing. The novel coronavirus
is a virus and viruses make us sick. Coronaviruses (CoV) are large
family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold
to more severe diseases. COVID-19 is the name of the disease of
the novel coronavirus that has spread around the world. These
viruses are transmitted between animals and people. Coronaviruses
can Tell
b) not aonly
shortinfect humans,
reflection but you
of how also were
bats, affected
pigs, cattle,
by themice,
pandemic.
chickens,
Pleasecivet
write cats, raccoon
legibly on thedogs,
spacesferret badgers, and camels,
below
meaning they have what epidemiologists call “broad host range.
How I am Affected by Globalization amid the
”. Pandemic
_
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Globalization and Its Benefits

It is a notion that globalization has many benefits and some of the
more important ones are here.
1. Globalization comprises the integration of cultures, information

technology, investment and international trade.
Page | 166
2. Corporations acquire a competitive advantage whereby governments
worldwide incorporate free market economic systems
.3. It has increased awareness among global consumers of different

opportunities for investment, economic trends and new products
4. The development of information and communication technologies

helps facilitate awareness of these opportunities. Technology likewise
made the transmission and channeling of financial assets quicker and
simpler.
5. Socially, globalization provides populations around the world better

interconnectedness.
6. It enables developing countries to draw level to industrialized

countries via the increase of economic expansion, diversification and
manufacturing. It brings improvements in the countries’ standards of
living.
7. It gives the outsourcing industries a big boost, bringing technology

and more jobs to other countries.
8. It encourages many companies to specialize, increase their capital,

improve their research and development efforts and help them
innovate.
9. It provides more employment opportunities, especially in the export

and import sectors.
Quiz no. 14
Matching Type
Instructions: Match the given answers provided in the cans below to the
statement. Write your desired answers on the spaces provided before each number.
You may use the word several times if needed.

h. Ibn al-Nafis
caus d. Islam
e f. morality
g. growth h. power
Page | 167 e. Religion
c. pluralism a. Technology
b. Globalization
j. Philosophy
i. freelikewise
____1. ______ marketmade the transmission and channeling of financial
assets quicker and simpler.
____2. A new stage in the creation of strategies for international economic and
political affairs will be set up that will form the future ________of
globalization.
____3 . Pluralism constitutes different____________ for metaphysics, ontology,

epistemology and logic.
____4. ______ is the best religion according to some Fundamentalists .
____5 ______ is a phenomenon that influences the lives of individuals, and the
economies of nations.
____6. ____ His Theologus Autodidactus is said to be the first theological novel in history.
____7. ______ cannot be defined because what is good to Juan may not be good to
Peter.
____8. ____ is everlasting but no one definition of religion is definitive, the last
religion is here but the last understanding of religion has not come.
____9. Corporations acquire a competitive advantage whereby governments

worldwide incorporate ____________economic systems
____10 The idea of ______ by epistemology, is that there is not one

straightforward way of interpreting the facts in the world, but rather many.
Scoring: Grade


Question & Agility Test : The concepts on pluralism,
fundamentalism and globalization has been
elaborated. Just define each and exemplify-it’s
Page | 168 concept mapping..
Write here:
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____________________________
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__________________________________________________________
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Rubrics for Concept Mapping Accumulated

(Criteria) points
1.Th idea represents similar concept of 35
lessons instilled.
2. The conceptualization uses creativity and 30
critical thinking. .
3 The examples were relative to actual life- 20
experiences..
4. Grammar is simple and consistent with 15
the examples.
15
Total No. of points 100

REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Page | 169 Corbin, Henry (2001). The History of Islamic Philosophy. Translated by
Liadain Sherrard with the assistance of Philip Sherrard. London
and New York: Kegan Paul International. pp. 33–36.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e Tabatabai, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn (1979). Shi'ite

Islam. Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. SUNY press. pp. 94–
96. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Islamic philosophy Archived 2015-05-03 at WebCite,

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Leaman, Oliver. "Islamic philosophy". Routledge. Archived from the

originalon May 3, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Video/clip
The Potential Impact of Global Flu Pandemic

https://www.youtube.com/wath?v=npxDT4i-3js
Lesson 2. Harmony of Prayer for Peace and Unity

Introduction
It is difficult t It’s really difficult to understand why tragic events occur in

our world. We know that God does not cause this disaster, but it
Page | 170 happens beyond our influence sometimes. Our gift of free will in
accordance with it. God does not punish those who misuse free does.
But, how do we see God's providence in a horrific incident? One
way is to look at the inspiring and brave stories that emerge in crisis.
We see major malice, yes. Absolutely. But the goodness and beauty
of love can not even be completely destroyed by devastating evil.
Sometimes we face awful circumstances and feel like we

don't turn anywhere. Everywhere that we feel GOD is with us, and
save every soul who seeks justice and fairness, we tend to pray or
will pray. It's easy to pray quickly, too. We often have to focus on the
word of God and to receive it. In prayer and anticipation, it may be
difficult but we will be able to find it until we receive it through our
own individual uniqueness or similarities.
As a result, anyone can also sing praise songs, read the Bible
or the Quran, or anything that takes the creator near. And if the day is
no achievement, the abrupt and unimaginable power and grace to
continue will come. Finally, you will receive a prayer reaction or a
peace to wait longer. Sure, when you look back on this time ... that is
prayer magic, you can see it as one of the most spiritually rich
moments of your life.
Objectives
1. Instil the importance of praying fervently with perseverance.
2. Apply and evaluate the essence of peace in prayer and check their
relationship
3. Assess some testimonies on videos/radio as part of individual’s

blessings inspiring others.
Pre-lecture
PEACE in God’s Providence

Various inspiring messages were sent from this pulpit of the
tabernacle in prayer. Today I give my testimony to God's grace.
Secretly as I talked to him every night to help me in my worries .He
help me to remove hatred little by little. Try meditating at night and
you will see how it works through prayers.
Page | 171
Consequently, love is the best part of every game when all
of us win. We need peace at a specific time. The good thing is we
can help anyone. There are not only monks, mystics and allowances
to achieve a sense of peace. The fact is that we all profit from peace
for our own sake. Unity can also be achieved at home with the
family and with employees. We are aware of the happier lives of
people living in harmony than others.
So God's peace protects your heart and mind from all worries, frustrations and fights
for your battles miraculously without you noticing it. It o, which transcends all
comprehension. And your heart, to which one body was indeed called, will be the peace of
Christ. Now the God of righteousness can give you justice at any time. Peace, inner peace
and peace of mind, in the face of the daily stresses, worries, disturbances, chaos, is a state
of mental, emotional and spiritual peace. It actively keeps our mind calm, regardless of
external circumstances, including what people do, think or say about us. Keep cool and be
happy that you are blessed and pray for the people who hurt you.
When the pain of loss is overtaking our hearts, we must look towards the cross and
be filled with peace knowing that Christ has walked this path and now walks it with us and
all the brothers and sisters we have. When the pains of loss overwhelmed us. When evil
seems to have taken power.
(Lecture Notes )
What are the 9 Ways of Prayer?

( PGColisao 7-19-2020)

Prayer brings us closer together with God and is the means with
which we praise Him. James 1:5 says, "If any of you lacks wisdom, may
he ask of God who generously gives to everyone without reproach, and it
will be given to him." First Peter 5:6-7 says, "Humble yourself therefore,
Page | 172 that he will exalt you in good time, under the mighty hand of God, to
throw upon him all your trouble: for he cares for you."
As an M.A. in Political Science who always been a freedom seeker, I resist

that we tend to pray because we request and ask for a right. God is well above us,
fully pure and understandable, as He shows Himself to us. His invitation to meet
him is prayer. Prayer. God permits us to come to him. Ultimately, he wants it. The
way of contact with God is meditation. Meditation. Much as families and friends
spend time talking to each other to deepen ties, so our connection to God is
deepened through prayer.
In fact, for some people some of the mysteriest features of the Christian
experience are praying. They inquire if God really hears our prayers, how our
prayers affect our lives, what can be acknowledged as a prayer, whether and how we
should be praying. How do we do that, then? There are a variety of explanations and
I believe it depends on our intentions talking to our creator.
The fear may be alleviated by meditation. Matthew 7:7-8 says, "To

any one who asks, he who seeks is opened; and when he knocks is
opened." If we come to God with the desires of our hearts He answers us
(see also Psalm 37:4; John 14:13-14; 1Jn. 5:14-15). This is the name of
God, and the name that is in the middle of the world Thus, for me, there
are 9 ways to pray :
1 God is special. Prayer is prepared and lighted with a candle for veneration.
2. Dwell in the Heart of Jesus. Why don't we see more answers to our
question, we humbly request.
3. Pray with perseverance of strong in Faith pray the divine holy rosary
4. Obey and outlook on God's Word and do act accordingly.
5. Flow in God's Love, mercy and blessings
6. Pray in the Spirit with a soul to receive HIM heartily.
7. Endure in prayer and make it a habit.
8. Use various types of prayer in different situations
ONLINE
9 Pray for forgiveness : 1.Watch
and healing the fullonVideo
as to move on
with hope
Task No. 11 Peace through Prayer by Rex D. Pinegar
https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-
conference/1993/04/peace-through-prayer?
lang=eng
OFFLINE :2. Read the Article about a portion of

Instructions: Peace through Prayer

a) Summarize the message of the video in just one paragraph and share in
class
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Page | 173
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
.
Peace Peace through Prayer by Rex D.
Pinegar
On behalf of the Presidency of the In the summer of my thirteenth year, on a July
Seventy, we welcome with joy Brother night, I eagerly joined some neighborhood
Todd Christofferson and Brother Neil friends to light fireworks. Five of us took
Andersen to the ranks of the Seventy. turns igniting the colorful assortment of
Roman candles and rockets and firecrackers.
We look forward to serving with you.
Each was a new surprise with its burst of
sights and sounds througzzzzzh the evening
There have been many inspiring
sky.
messages given from this Tabernacle
pulpit about prayer. Today I add my Not all of our fireworks worked as they
testimony of the blessing of peace that should have. Most, in fact, were what we
comes through the miraculous power of called duds. They sputtered momentarily, and
prayer. into the cardboard box? We then died. We set the duds aside until we had
could toss in a match and have one tried to light all of the fireworks. We had so
gigantic blast! many defective ones remaining, we wondered
what to do. We couldn’t just throw them
Alexandre Dumas, in his classic away. What if we emptied the powder from
tale The Count of Monte Cristo, wrote, all of them into the cardboard box? We could
toss in a match and have one gigantic blast!
“For the happy man prayer is only a
jumble of words, Fortunately for us, our idea failed—at first.
The match was tossed; we quickly ran away
until the day when sorrow comes to and waited. Nothing happened. Pressing our
explain to him the sublime language by luck, we tried a second time, using a
means of which he speaks to God.” makeshift fuse of rolled-up newspaper. Again
(Trans. Lowell Bair, New York: we anxiously waited at a distance. Again, to
Bantam b)Books, 1981, p. 34.) It was a our good, nothing
Relate the article to your experiential happened.
learning That is
as you whenfelt
have we the
happy, carefree time in my young
power of prayer life until should have quit. Foolishly, we gave it one
on such a day, sorrow and tragedy brought more try; this time my friend Mark and I
me closer to God in humble, sincere prayer. huddled around the box to keep the flame
The Day I Prayed : A Reflection
from being extinguished by the evening
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NGEC 8-Module___________________________________________
A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 173
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Page | 174
Apathia: How it works During Prayer
It is challenging to understand why tragedies happen in our

world. We know that God does not cause these tragedies, but that
they are allowed to happen in accordance with our gift of free will.
God does not take free will away from those who would abuse it.
Still, how can we look on a tragic incident and see God's providence?
One way is to dwell on the stories of heroism and courage that arise
in crisis.
Yet love, happiness, goodwill, patience, kindness , goodness ,

faithfulness and self-control are the fruit of the Spirit. There is no rule
against these things. "(Gal. 5:22–23) Peace knows that the God of the
universe is on your side.
Yes, we see great evil. But even APHATIA or Ataraxia, is

the tranquillity of the soul.
devastating evil cannot completely wipe out the 'freedom from worry', is
goodness and beauty of love. Look for the familiar to us from
heroes--look for God in the wreckage and you later Pyrrhonism; this is
will find Him glimmering through the stories said by the
of many souls that rose up to protect and aide later Pyrrhonists to be the
those around them even at their own risk and result of the suspension
self-sacrifice. of GUILT.

Inner peace means peace of mind and
spirit, with enough wisdom and understanding
to stand up to discord or tension. There's been
an mistake. In many spiritual traditions, this
Page | 175 equilibrium is called a consciousness of self-
comprehension.
The main goal of Pyrrhonist activity is APATHIS OR Ataraxia. Pyrrhonists

find that ataraxia is necessary to bring about eudaimonia[3], which is the supreme
object of life.[4] The pyrrhonist approach to ataraxia is by attaining epokes (i.e.
suspension of judgment) concerning all dogmatic matters (i.e., obvious belief).
The pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus summarized the pyrrhonism

as "a desire to resist phenomena and noumenas in some way, culminating in us
being guided to epoch and ataraxia first because of the equivalence between the
objects and statements so opposed ... The epoch was a state of intellect about which
we did not dispute or say something.
Question & Agility Test : Knowing all about prayer and

its relation to peace, write your own prayer
according to your intentions, Utilize the space
provided and write legibly.
Write here:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____._______.

REFERENCES
Books/Articles :
Page | 176
The New Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 20, Cyril Glassé (2003)
^ Jump up to:a b Wynne, John (1911). "Prayer". In Herbermann, Charles

(ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 12. New York: Robert Appleton
Company.
^ Scheckel, Roger J. (January 2004). "The Angelus". The Marian Catechists.

Archived from the original on 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
^ Jump up to:a b Emerick, Yahiya (2002). The Complete Idiot's Guide to

Islam.Indianapolis, IN: Alpha Books. pp. 127–28. ISBN 978-0-02-
864233-8.
Video clips
Peace through Prayer by Rex D. Pinegar

https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1993/04/
peace-through-prayer?lang=eng

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Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA STATE COLLEGE OF MARINE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

This course work has

This module is a property © Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences

Where to get help:

Dept. Contact details

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 2

ICONS and Applications

(In(Introduction) ---- This means that the instructor should introduce

( Activity/Task) ---- This requires that you do the reading job or

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 3

(Application/Evaluation) ---- This carries the assessment method

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 4

1- 1. Kant’s Postulates on week 1 10

2 1. Normative Ethics week 4 43

Module Lessons Time Frame Pages

1. Cultural Foundations and week 10 120

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 6

7 1. Moral Courage: What it week 15 157

Ethics discusses the general concepts of ethical conduct in modern society

The course work, as directed by the CHED CMOs, includes topics on

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 7

Page | 8 The graduates have the ability to:

a. Articulate the rootedness of education in philosophical, socio –cultural, historical,

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 8

1. Understand and define the concepts of integrity and ethics

3. Understand the ideas of values, ethics and morality in a multicultural

it poses to universal values

5. Understand and define diversity, tolerance and pluralism

6. Perceive the value of cultures, identities, histories and points of view

other than one's own

7. Understand mechanisms that lead us to act unethically and identify their

impact on one's own life

8. Gain insights that could facilitate working towards ethical improvement

Ethics : Postulates and Moral Standards in

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 9

Lesson 1. Kant’s Postulates on

Ethics has been implanted in humanity by all the great

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 10

Kant 's view of morality is teleological, seeing adherence

Kant therefore believed that scientific understanding,

At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

1. Explain Kant’s postulates on Ethical Morality relative to ZSCMST’s core

Kant’s Postulates on Ethical Morality

By knowing who Kant was, and his ethical actions, we will

Immanuel Kant 's views on theoretical

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 11

A. God. The introduction of the postulate in the philosophy of Kant can be

B. Immortality. The postulate of immortality is very strongly interwoven with

C. Freedom.. God and Immortality gain objective truth, authority and

Source : Red what red why May2016

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 12

Instead of atheism or agnosticism, however, Kant advanced a novel

In their narratives, Kant is always given an important position, despite the

Kant's definition of freedom is the right on the basis of reason to control

1. After a short discussion of Kant’s postulates on Ethical

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 13

NGEC 8-Module A Pedestrian to the New Normal by: 14

Or if not, watch the short film 2+2=5

Try to give its message in 2-3 sentences.