ENERGY:

SOURCES, CONVERSION & UTILIZATION

Ahmed Ghoniem

Lecture # 1
Feb 3, 2020

• Subject Themes
• Sources and consumption, now and then
• Environmental Impact, CO2
• Solutions and Scaling
• Technologies

Ghoniem, A.F., Needs, resources and climate change: Clean and efficient conversion technologies,
Progress Energy Combust Science, 37, 2011, pp. 15-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.02.006
Ghoniem, A.F., Energy Conversion Engineering, Chapter 1.

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ADVANCED ENERGY CONVERSION
2.60 (U), 2.62 (G), 10.390J (U)10.392J (G), 22.40J (G)
Instructor: Ahmed Ghoniem
TA: Omar Labban
Spring 2020, MW 12:30-2:30 PM

Fundamentals of Energy conversion Energy conversion engineering: power for electricity

Engineering: processes and systems utilizing production; conventional, renewable and hybrid.
Direct conversion & fuel cells, Synthetic and biofuels.
fossil and renewable energy (solar, wind Solar, wind and biomass. Storage. “Hydrogen &
biomass, geothermal) and nuclear resources, electric economies”. CO2 capture and reuse. Life
with emphasis on efficiency and Cycle Analysis: efficiency and emissions.
environmental impact especially CO2.

Prereq.: 2.006/equivalent or permission of instructor.

Grading: Homework and term project
U and G students are graded separately. 2
Image courtesy of DOE.
 SUBJECT THEMES 1
We cover concepts and tools used to analyze conversion of energy sources into useful forms, primarily
electricity and fuels, using different technologies. For instance, the conversion of the chemical energy
to carbon free (H2) fuels for transportation, or biomass to ethanol.

We discuss converting chemical energy to electricity, covering fuel cells and turbines. We compare
options, e.g., biomass to electricity for electric cars, or biomass to ethanol for a flex fuel engines.
Comparisons are based on overall efficiency and CO2 emissions (WTW or LCA).

An important theme is “CO2” and what to do about it: use carbon capture, reuse and storage, nuclear or
renewables?

We discuss capturing heat from the sun, geothermal wells or nuclear reactors, and how it is used to
produce electricity or fuels.

We discuss hydrogen production using thermolysis of electrolysis.

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 SUBJECT THEMES 2

We discuss fundamentals of battery technology for electricity storage.

We discuss the challenges for hydrogen as a transportation fuel and how it can be enabled.

We talk about carbon capture in power and fuel production, the technical advantages using different
technology pathways.

We cover integrated and hybrid systems and how combining different conversion technologies can
improve efficiency : combined cycles, hybrid solar-NG, etc., also how integrating storage can further
improve the system.

We talk about the difference between concentrated generation and distributed generation,

4
 Hoffert et al., Science, 298 (2002)

© AAAS. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from

our Creative Commons license. For more information, see Fuel cell handbook. Office of fossil energy.
https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
Image courtesy of DOE.

© Informa UK Limited. All rights reserved. This content is

excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more
information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. Mancini TR. An overview of concentrating solar power.

Image courtesy of DOE.

Tad W. Patzek (2004) "Thermodynamics of the Corn-Ethanol Biofuel Cycle", Critical
Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23:6, 519-567, DOI: 10.1080/07352680490886905.
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
# Date Topic HW Project
1 M 02/03 Introduction, Energy Challenges
2 W 02/5 Thermodynamics, Availability
3 M 02/10 Mixtures and Separation HW 1, posted
4 W 02/12 Applications, EES-1 Project posted
5 T 02/18 Chemical Thermodynamics HW 1, DUE
6 W 02/19 Conversion and Equilibrium HW 2, posted
7 M 02/24 Gasification, Reforming, EES-2 projects selected
8 W 02/26 Electrochemistry HW 2, DUE
9 M 03/02 Fuel Cells HW 3, posted
10 W 03/04 Electrolysis, H2 & Storage
11 M 03/09 Batteries HW 3, DUE
12 W 03/11 Photovoltaics HW 4, posted
13 M 03/16 Power plants I
14 W 03/18 Power Plants II HW 4, DUE
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# Date Topic HW Project
15 M 03/30 Geothermal/Solar Thermal Mid Terms Report
16 W 04/01 System Modeling & Aspen HW 5, posted
17 M 04/06 Energy & Materials
18 W 04/08 Gas separation HW 5, Due
19 M 04/13 CCS I HW 6, posted
20 W 04/15 CCS II
21 W 04/22 Wind HW 6, DUE
22 M 04/27 Biomass I
23 W 04/29 Biomass II
24 M 05/04 Storage
25 W 05/06 Nuclear Energy Final Report due, 05/08
26 M 05/11 PROJECT PRESENTATIONS

Please note that, from experience, some small changes in the ordering of the lectures or the topics may be used during
the semester according to the pace and coverage, but the HW and project schedule will remain fixed. 7
• Lectures are 2x50 min (with a break in between)
• PPTs will be posted lecture by lecture
• HW every other week, last two weeks of the semester dedicated to finishing the
project

Grading policy:
U & G are graded separately.
66% Homework (6x11) + 34% Project (total).
Term project: 9% midterm report + 20% final report + 5% presentation

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 ENERGY CONVERSION ENGINEERING
FOR LOW CO2 POWER & FUELS:
FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMS FOR CCS AND RENEWABLES;
WITH FOCUS ON EFFICENCY AND INTEGRATION

1. Low carbon Energy?

2. Thermodynamics: Availability
3. Chemical Thermodynamics:
4. Electrochemical Thermodynamics,
5. Gas Turbine Cycles
6. Rankine Cycles
7. Fuel Cells, SOFCs
8. Combined and Hybrid Cycles
9. Solar Thermal & Geothermal
10. Gas Separation
11. Low CO2, NG
12. Coal
13. Low CO2, Coal
14. Biomass

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10
11
 The Terawatt Challenge:
A Perpetual Concern ….. R. Smalley, Noble Prize,
Chemistry 1997
Matter and Energy (1912)
• ENERGY
Frederick Soddy,Noble Prize, Chemistry, 1921.
• WATER
• FOOD
The laws expressing the relations between energy • ENVIRONMENT
and matter are not solely of importance in pure
• POVERTY
science. …………. they control the rise or fall of
political systems, the freedom or bondage of • TERRORISM, WAR
nations, the movements of commerce and industry, • DISEASE
the origin of wealth and poverty and the physical • EDUCATION
welfare of the race. • DEMOCRACY
• POPULATION

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Needs: Energy Consumption
~ 600 EJ (~ 440 EJ in early 2000’s) produced by close to 18 TW Power (6.1 TW for electricity generation)
Breakdown in 2018

Biomass & waste, 10% Other renewables, 2%

The breakdown of the World primary energy
consumption in 2014. The total is 13,558 Mtoe (million Hydro, 3%
tonne oil equivalent) (was 11,059 Mtoe in 2006).
Coal, 26%
Except for hydropower, primary energy measures the Nuclear, 5%
thermal energy equivalent in the fuel that was used to
produce a useful form of energy, e.g., thermal energy
(heat), mechanical energy, electrical energy, etc. When
energy is obtained directly in the form of electricity, Gas, 23%

efficiency is used to convert it to equivalent thermal

energy. Oil, 31%

1 toe ~ 42 GJ.
© IEA. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from
IEA World Energy Outlook 2015, p57. our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
US resources, consumption and patterns ~100 EJ annually in 2018,

Image courtesy of U.S. Energy Information Administration.

https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/flow/total_energy.pdf

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
Per capita energy consumption and GDP. (Produced from
Who uses how much?
data from the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR) 2006.

© BP. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from

our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Reference: GDP per capita data for 2004 from Table 1, pages
283-286. Energy consumption per capita found by dividing GDP BP 2016 Statistical Review of World Energy
per capita data for 2004 (Table 1, pages 283-286) by GDP per
unit of energy use for 2003 (Table 21, pages 353-356). GDP per
unit of energy use for 2003 is expressed in dollars for the year 700

Consumption (Quadrillion BTU)

2000. 600
500
400
400
300 © IEA. All rights reserved. This content
350
200 is excluded from our Creative Commons
300 US license. For more information, see
100
Australia https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
GJ/capita

250
0
200
EU 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 2010 2015 2020 2025
150 Year (projections from 2010-2025)
Korea
Japan
100 China
Mature Market Economies Transitional Economies Emerging Economies
Mexico
50 India Brazil

0
Thailand Energy demand by economic status for the past three
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

GDP/capita (‘000 1997$)

decades, and projects for the next three on the basis of
the current trends (IEA Energy Outlook, 2005)
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 World primary energy demand by fuel

Predicted based on the continuation of existing policies and measures as well as cautious implementation of
policies that have been announced by governments but are yet to be given effect (mid-2013).
Source: IEA world energy outlook 2013, P63

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 Shares of global primary energy, Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by
2017 and 2040 Economic Sector (2015)
Source: https://www.iea.org/weo2018/fuels/
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/
files/2016-05/global_emissions_sector_2015.png

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For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

New Policies Scenario (NPS): Global oil demand growth

slows but does not peak before 2040.
Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS): Determined
policy interventions to address climate change lead to a Image courtesy of EPA.

peak in global oil demand around 2020 at 97 mb/d. 17

 Fuel Reserves and Resources
there is plenty of Hydrocarbons, but ..

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Reserves/(2013 Consumption/yr) Resource/(2013 Consumption/yr)

Oil 44 – 58 93 – 203
Gas 70 145 – 250
Coal 133 – 158 3282 - 3652
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Care should be exercised when projecting?
US production
Predicted _______
Actual . . . . . .
In 2015, US production was 3.4 BBy

Hubbert s Peak

Campbell, the Coming Oil Crisis, 1998

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Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse. our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

The US is now the largest oil producer (thanks to fracking)

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 CO2 emissions and Climate Change!
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change record of
temperature over Antarctica, atmospheric concentration of
Image courtesy of NOAA.
CO2 and methane during the past 420,000 years

Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.02.006
© IPCC. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons
Greenhouse gases are: CO2, CH4 and N2O and CFCs (H2O and license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
aerosols are also GH gases) Reference: IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001), Working Group I, Ch. 2, Figure 2.22, page 137. Variations
of temperature, methane, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations derived from air trapped within ice
Arrhenius predicted CO2 impact on global T back in 1896 cores from Antarctica.
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 Greenhouse gases absorb part of the outgoing
The global energy balance
radiation, with water molecules absorbing in the 4- The Green House Effect
7 and at 15 microns wavelength, and carbon
dioxide absorbing in 13-19 micron.

A fraction of this energy is radiated. The change

of the energy balance due to this greenhouse gas
radiation is known as the radiation forcing, and its
contribution to the Earth energy balance depends
on their concentration.

The net effect of absorption, radiation and re-

absorption keep the Earth surface warm, at
average temperature ~15 C. Without it the surface
temperature could fall to ~ -19 C.
Solar energy flux, how much of it reaches the Earth’s surface; the radiation emitted
Because of its concentration, carbon dioxide has by the ground, and the balance that is re-radiated back to the surface. All numbers
the strongest radiation forcing, except for that of are in units of Wm-2. Adapted from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Working Group 1: The Physical Basis of Climate Change, Chapter 1, Historical
water. However water concentration is least Overview of Climate Change Science, page 96, FAQ 1.1, Figure 1 (2007).
© IPCC. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons
controlled by human activities. license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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 The carbon balance
Fossil fuel:
• 3700 GtC was available at onset of the
industrial revolution.
• 244 GtC has been used so far.
• 6.6 GtC is being burnt and emitted each
year.

GPP (Gross Primary Production) accounts for

photosynthesis (CO2+H2O+ Sun photons)

Other activities show a sink of ~ 3.4 GtC/y

Fluxes of CO2 are shown in terms the equivalent C
Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.02.006

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
Fossil fuel combustion produces ~ 6 GtC/y (1 GtC is = 44/12=3.667 GtCO2).

• Carbon dioxide is injected into the atmosphere through respiration and the decomposition of biomatter,
and is removed by absorption during photosynthesis and by the phytoplankton living in the oceans.
• Respiration produces ~ 60 GtC/y, while photosynthesis removes ~ 61.7 GtC/y, with a balance of a sink of
1.7 GtC/y.
• The surfaces of the Oceans act as a sink, net uptake of 2.2 GtC/y, a source/sink balance between
production of 90 and consumption of 92.2 GtC/y.
• Changing land use (deforestation) and ecosystem exchange adds/removes 1.4/1.7 GtC/y, for a net balance
of a sink of 0.3 GtC/y.

The overall net gain of CO2 in the atmosphere is estimated to be around 3.5 GtC/y.
It is relative these balances that the contribution of fossil fuel combustion (and cement production) appears
significant.

These numbers are uncertain and that there is 1-2 GtC/y unaccounted for in the overall balance (in ways that
are not well understood).

For each 2.1 GtC introduced in the atmosphere, CO2 concentration rises by 1 ppm (the average lifetime of
CO2 in the atmosphere is 100-200 years).

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 Emissions by Source
How warm will it get
Climate sensitivity: change in global temperature
as CO2 doubles, estimates: 1.5-4.5 oC

International Energy Agency, CO2 Emissions from Fuel

Combustion, 2016 Highlights

Prediction of the temperature rise during the 21st century, according to different models
that account for scenarios for the introduction of CO2 into the atmosphere and its
response. Source: IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers, GHG emission by fuel and cement production, reached 9.8
Figure SPM-5, page 14, Multi-model Averages and Assessed Ranges for Surface
Warming.
GTC by 2014, 1/3 is transportation (oil based)
IPCC 2014 Technical Summary, IEA, 2015 CO2 emissions form fossil fuels
© IPCC, IEA. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Global Warming Impacts

© Springer Nature Limited. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our
Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.

A measure of the total power dissipated annually by tropical cyclones in the north
Atlantic (the power dissipation index PDI) compared to September sea surface Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.02.006
temperature (SST), measured over the past 70 years. The PDI has been multiplied by
2.1x10-12 and the SST, is averaged over 6-18 N latitude and 20-60 W longitude.
North Atlantic hurricane power dissipation has more than doubled in the past 30
Rising see levels …..
>> Rise in ocean acidity
years. Emanuel, K., Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30
years, Nature Letters, Vol 436/4, August 2005.

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Extrapolation Into the Near Future

© IEA. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

New policies scenario: takes into account the policies and implementing measures affecting energy markets that had been
adopted as of mid-2015 (as well as the energy-related components of climate pledges in the run-up to COP21, submitted
by 1 October)
450 scenario: depicts a pathway to the 2 C climate goal that can be achieved by fostering technologies that are close to
becoming available at commercial scale.
Source: IEA world energy outlook 2015, P55
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
WHILE TIME SCALES ARE UNCERTAIN:

1. Fossil fuel Reserves are limited, 50-300 years.

2. CO2 and climate change are correlated.

BUT, WE MUST ACT WITHIN CONSTRAINTS:

1. Inertia, big numbers and many stakeholders.

2. Economic, and country dependent scenarios.
3. Social; old habits diehard or do not die at all.
4. Environmental constraints and CO2 …
5. Political: let us not even get there!

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 SCALE MATTERS 45000
40000

CO2 (Millions Metric Tons)

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
Pacala & Socolow, Stabilizing Wedges: Solving the Climate 10000

Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies…

5000
0

Science, Aug 2004,

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year (Projections for 2002 onwards)
Oil Natural Gas Coal Total

• Goal: Stabilizing CO2 @ ~ 550 ppm by mid

century.
• How: hold emission @ 7 GtC/y (1990 level)
• (BAU will double to 14 GtC/y in 50 years growing
at the rate of @ 1.5% /y).
• A stabilization wedge prevents 1 GtC/y by mid
century. Need 7 wedges!

1 GTC/y is produced by:

750 GWe coal at efficiency (32-36%) © AAAS. All rights reserved. This content
is excluded from our Creative Commons
1500 GWe NG plants @ efficiency (38-55%) license. For more information, see
https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Many assumptions and some number are confusing but

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 SCALE MATTERS, NEED A PORTFOLIO
of solutions that offer such wedges, how are they equivalent?
Economy-wide carbon- Raise global reduction goal by >>> policy snd
intensity reduction 0.15%/y (in US raise reduction challenges
(CO2/$GDP) from 1.96% to 2.11%/y)

1. Efficient vehicles Raise fuel economy for 2B cars 30 Engine options, size
to 60 mpg and power, hybrid,
electric
2. Less use of vehicles 2B cars @ 30 mpg travel 5000 Transit options
instead of 10,000 mile/y

3. Efficient buildings 1/4th less emissions: efficient Construction cost!

lighting, appliances, etc.

4. Efficient coal plants Raise thermal efficiency form 32% technical

to 60%

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 SCALE MATTERS EVEN MORE
Fuel shift:

5. NG instead of coal for Replace 1.4 TWe coal with gas (4X Price of NG
electricity of 2004 NG plant capacity
Capture CO2 (CCS):

6. In power plants CCS in 0.8 TW coal or 1.6 TW gas Improved

technology
7. In H2 production for CCS in coal plants producing 250 Technology and H2
transportation MtH2/y or NG plants producing 500 issues
MtH2/y
8. In coal to Synfuel plants CCS in plants producing 30 Technology and
Mbarrel/day (200X current Sasol price
capacity) from coal

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 YES SCALES ARE BIG AND MUST BE CONSIDERED

9. Nuclear instead of coal 700 GW fission plants Security and waste

for electricity (2X of 2004 capacity)
Renewable Sources:

10. Wind instead of coal Add 2 M 1-MW peak turbines (30x106 Land use, material,
for electricity ha, sparse and off shore) off shore tech.

11. PV instead of coal for Add 2 TW peak PV (2x106 ha) Cost and material
electricity

12. Wind for H2 (for high Add 4 M 1-MW peak turbines H2 infrastructure
efficiency vehicles)

13. Biomass for fuel Add 100X of 2004 Brazil (sugar cane) Land use
or US (corn) ethanol.
(250x106 ha. 1/6 of total world
cropland)
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 HIGH EFFICIENCY POWER PLANTS
Layout of an integrated-gasification combined cycle power plant, in which the conventional gas
turbine-steam turbine combined cycle is equipped with topping high temperature fuel cells
Raw Fuel Gas

Transport
Air
Bed
Desulfur-
ization Compressor Turbine
SOFC

Anode
Zinc Oxide
Polisher Syngas
Water for products SOFC Cathode

Fuel-Gas
(option) ~
~ Anode
Turbine
Cooler HP Clean
Expander Cathode
Coal / Water Fuel Gas
Slurry
Power

~~~
Turbine

~
Oxygen Gasifier Generator
Steam IP Clean Fuel Gas

ASU
HRSG
Exhaust
Slag Recuperator
Reheat Steam
Turbine Bottoming
Cycle
Fuel cell handbook. Office of fossil energy.
=Off the Shelf =Technology Change
=Integration Development =Technology Development Image courtesy of DOE.

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Fuel Cells
DOE
Fuel Cell Handbook,2004
Download new version, very useful

Also known as membrane-

electrode-assembly (MEA), and
made of one physical plate with
anode and electrode material
sprayed on both side.

The membrane is a polymer

(nafion) for low T cells and a
ceramic plate for high T cells.

℘ IV I V ς VOC
ηFU = = =
( n )
f sup
ΔĥR, f ( ) ( )
n f sup ΔĥR, f ne ℑa n f sup
VOC ΔĥR, f
= η far ηrel ηOC
Image courtesy of DOE.
ΔGR
ηOC =
ΔH R

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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Mome Power Cycle for CO2 Capture
Penalty in efficiency, minimized with novel technology and system integration….

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(1) Post combustion: chemical scrubbing of CO2 from exhaust.

(2) Oxy-ocmbustion: burning with O2 first.
(3) Precombustion: IGCC, burn in O2, separate and then burn H2.
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
CO2 Capture (Reuse!) and Storage

Bad
idea

© AAAS. All rights reserved. This content is excluded

from our Creative Commons license. For more
information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Source: M.I. Hoffert et al., Science 298, 981 (2002)

35
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
Separation Technology and its impact on efficiency
McCabe et al, unit
operation of Che. Eng.

© McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

This content is excluded from our Creative
Commons license. For more information, see
https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Probstien, Synthetic Fuels.

© Source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

36
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Renewable Sources and Their Utilization

Solar
Biomass Geothermal Wind/Wave

Chemical Thermal photo Kinetic

Combustion Windmills
heat T+ Photovoltaics Wave machine
Gasification
fuel
Biological
Rankine/thermomechanical cycle electric
T+ © Ahmed F. Ghoniem 37
T+
 Geothermal Energy
16000
Cumulative installed geothermal power capacity
• Nearly emissions free and dispatchable.
14000

12000
• Uses conventional technology (thermal 10000

efficiency is low), and prices are closer to fossil

MW
8000

electricity. 6000

• Well life is relatively short, resources are

4000

2000

localized and distributed. 0

• Needs alternative drilling technology.

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Year

• 2016 capacity worldwide ~ 30 GWe.

© Geothermal Education Office. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our
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38
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Wind Utilization is rising fast ..

⎛ V ⎞U 1 ⎛ V ⎞
FV = ⎜ L − D ⎟ = ρU ⎜ C L − C D ⎟ Vr Abl
⎝ U ⎠ Vr 2 ⎝ U ⎠
2
1 ⎛ V ⎞V ⎛V⎞
℘bl = FV V = ρU 3 Abl ⎜ C L − C D ⎟ 1+ ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ U ⎠U ⎝U⎠ Source: https://gwec.net/wp-
⎛V⎞ content/uploads/vip/GWEC_PRstats2017_EN-003_FINAL.pdf
C L and C D change with ⎜ ⎟
⎝U⎠ Two bar charts © GWEC and the other images © source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is
excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.
39
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Solar PVs
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Global PV installed capacity in GW

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Energy payback period for different PV

Source: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-
technologies, low numbers are for sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-
insolation of 2,400 kWh/m2/y, high are review/bp-stats-review-2019-renewable-energy.pdf
for 1,700 kWh/m2/y
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© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Solar Energy Generating System (SEGS) Plant
Can Be Used To Satisfy Percentage From Renewable Sources

• Thermal Efficiency may reach 54-58% • Total reflective area > 2.3 M. m2
• Annual average solar-to-electric 10-14%. • More than 117,000 HCEs
• hybridizable for dispatchability (25%) • 30 MW increment based on
regulated power block size
• Storage Ready.
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T. R. Mancini, Concentrating Solar Power ,SNL, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

41
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Storage; for all forms of energy

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Ragone plot of power density versus energy density

42
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Batteries

Xu, K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. Chem. Rev. 114, 11503–11618 (2014).

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• During operation, reversible Li+ intercalation

(insertion) into the layered electrode materials
!"# $% + !"'(# $)*+ ↔ $% + !"$)*+
• Forward reaction: discharge (∆. < 0), Li+
move towards cathode, as shown in figure
• Reverse reaction: charge (∆. > 0)
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Goodenough and Park, JACS 135 (2013): 1167
43
 Biomass & Biofuels

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Tad W. Patzek (2004) "Thermodynamics of the Corn-Ethanol Biofuel Cycle", Critical

Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23:6, 519-567, DOI: 10.1080/07352680490886905.

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44
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 HYDROGEN
• Like electricity: expensive to produce, not easy
to store.
• Produced by:
@ Oxygen or steam Reforming of hydrocarbon, or,
@ Splitting water electrolytically or thermochemically .
• Has low volumetric by high gravimetric energy
density.

• Storage: metal fiber tanks, cryogenic container, in metal hydrides (solids) through
physical or chemical sorption.
• It is a “lower grade” of energy than electricity.
• Must be regarded as an energy storage medium.
• Ideal fuel for Low T Fuel Cell: PEMFC
45
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Nuclear Energy;
Potential @ CO2 price

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46
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
Transition is not new in this business

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Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lohner_Porsche.jpg

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47
© by Ahmed F. Ghoniem
 Prof. Ferdinand Porsche Created
the First Functional Hybrid Car

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MIT OpenCourseWare
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2.60J Fundamentals of Advanced Energy Conversion

Spring 2020

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