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    Chapter 3.1, Derivatives

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    The document discusses key concepts in calculus including: 1. How to calculate the derivative of a function using limits and rules for derivatives of polynomials, products, quotients, and composite functions. 2. Methods for finding derivatives including implicit differentiation and higher order derivatives. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding first, second, and third derivatives of various functions.

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    Chapter 3.1, Derivatives

    Uploaded by

    aungminsfu
    27 views11 pages
    The document discusses key concepts in calculus including: 1. How to calculate the derivative of a function using limits and rules for derivatives of polynomials, products, quotients, and composite functions. 2. Methods for finding derivatives including implicit differentiation and higher order derivatives. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding first, second, and third derivatives of various functions.

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    The document discusses key concepts in calculus including: 1. How to calculate the derivative of a function using limits and rules for derivatives of polynomials, products, quotients, and composite functions. 2. Methods for finding derivatives including implicit differentiation and higher order derivatives. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding first, second, and third derivatives of various functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views11 pages

    Chapter 3.1, Derivatives

    Uploaded by

    aungminsfu
    The document discusses key concepts in calculus including: 1. How to calculate the derivative of a function using limits and rules for derivatives of polynomials, products, quotients, and composite functions. 2. Methods for finding derivatives including implicit differentiation and higher order derivatives. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate finding first, second, and third derivatives of various functions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11

    Chapter 3.

    1
    The Derivative

    3.1.1 The Tangent Question and the Derivatives

    Average Rate of Change at a Point

    The average rate of change of the function from ( ) ( ( )) to

    ( ) ( ( )) is the ratio

    ( ) ( )

    where .

    Slope of a Tangent to a Graph

    The slope of a tangent to the graph of ( ) at the point ( ( )) is

    ( ) ( )

    provided that this limit exists.

    1
    Derivative of a Function at a Number

    If ( ) defines a function and if the point is in the domain of , then the derivative of
    at , written as ( ), is defines as

    ( ) ( )
    ( )

    provided that this limit exists.

    Derivative of a Function

    The derivative of a function is the function defined as

    ( ) ( )
    ( )

    if the limit exists.

    Note: The notation ( ) is not a unique notation for the derivative. Other notations include ,
    , ( ), , ( ), , and ( ) . There are times when a meaning is clearer if one of
    these notations is used instead of ( ). The symbols and are not fractions but are symbols
    for a derivative. The symbol indicates that we are going to find a derivative.

    Four-Step Method

    We can calculate the derivative of a function at the point by using the following four steps.

    Four Steps for Calculating ( )

    Step 1: Find ( ).

    Step 2: Subtract ( ) from ( ).

    Step 3: Divide the result in Step 2 by to get the difference quotient.

    Step 4: Find the limit, if it exists, of the difference quotient in Step 3, as approaches .

    Example 1:

    Find the slope of ( ) at the point ( ).

    2
    3.1.2 Derivatives of Polynomials

    Constant Function

    For the function ( ) , where is a constant, the derivative is ( ) .

    Linear Function

    For the linear function ( ) , the derivative is ( ) .

    Polynomials of the Form ( )

    The derivative of any function ( ) , if is a rational number, then ( ) .

    Example 2

    Find the derivative of ( ) at .

    3
    Example 3:

    Find the derivative of ( ) .

    Example 4:
    ⁄ ⁄
    Find the derivative of (a) ( ) , (b) ( ) , (c) ( ) , (d) ( ) .

    Example 5:

    Find the derivatives of (a) √ and (b) ( ) ⁄ .

    Three General Formulae

    If ( ) ( ), is a constant and ( ) exists, then

    ( ) ( )

    If ( ) ( ) ( ) and ( ) and ( ) exist, then

    ( ) ( ) ( )

    If ( ) ( ) ( ) and ( ) and ( ) exist, then

    ( ) ( ) ( )

    Example 6:
    ⁄
    Find the derivative of (a) ( ) , (b) ( ) , and (c) ( ) .

    Example 7:

    Find the derivative of ( ) .

    4
    5
    3.1.3 Derivatives of Product and Quotients

    Product Rule for Derivatives

    If ( ) ( ) ( ) and ( ) and ( ) exist, then

    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

    Example 8:

    Find the derivative of ( ) ( )( ).

    Example 9:

    Find ( ), if ( ) ( )( ).

    6
    Quotient Rule for Derivatives
    ( )
    If ( ) , ( ) and both ( ) and ( ) exist, then
    ( )

    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
    ( )
    ( )

    Example 10:

    If ( ) , find ( ).

    7
    3.1.4 Derivatives of Composite Functions

    General Power Rule for Derivatives

    If is a function and its derivative exists, then

    ( ) ( ) ( )

    Example 11:

    Find the derivatives of (a) ( ) , (b) ( ) , and (c) ( ) .

    8
    Chain Rule

    If ( ) and ( ), and both ( ) and ( ) exist, then

    ( ) ( ) or ( ) ( )

    Example 12:

    Find , if (a) ( ) and (b) √

    9
    3.1.5 Implicit Differentiation

    Four Steps for Implicit Differentiation

    In the list below, we assume that is the independent variable and that we are trying to
    determine .

    1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to the independent variable, .
    2. Collect the terms with on one side of the equation and collect the remaining terms on
    the other side of the equals sign.
    3. Factor out .
    4. Solve for .

    Example 13:

    Find of .

    10
    Example 14:

    Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of .

    3.1.6 Higher Order Derivatives

    The derivative of a function ( ), is also the function ( ), called the derivative function .
    When we need to take the derivative of the derivative is called the second derivative and is
    denoted by . The derivative of the second derivative is the third derivative, .

    In general, if is a positive integer, then ( ) represents the th derivative of . The integer is


    called the order of the derivative ( ) and, as a group, these are known as higher order
    derivatives.

    Example 15:

    Find the first four derivatives of ( ) .

    Example 16:

    Find the first three derivatives of ( ) .

    11

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