Exp SC 6 - Chapter 02
Exp SC 6 - Chapter 02
Exp SC 6 - Chapter 02
Components of Food
Expected Learning Outcomes
Knowledge to be gained: •Various nutrients present in different food items •Balanced diet
•Undernutrition and Malnutrition
Skills to be developed: •Identi cation of food ingredients and their nutritional value • Selection of
food items for a balanced diet
Attitude to be inculcated: • Consumption of a balanced diet • Relating processes and phenomena
with cause, for example, de ciency diseases with diet
All living organisms require energy. Our diet consists of different nutrients that
Energy is needed by the living organisms to can be classi ed as carbohydrates, fats,
do work and for the growth and proteins, vitamins , water and mineral
development of their bodies. Food provides salts. e study of food and diet is known
our bodies the energy to grow, repairs our as nutrition.
damaged body parts and keeps us t and
healthy. e food we eat contains different FOOD AND NUTRITION
components. Types of Food
NUTRIENTS Food can be classi ed into three groups or
e components of food that provide types, namely, body-building food, energy-
nourishment essential for the growth and giving food and protective food. Our daily
maintenance of our body are called diet should consist of food items from all
nutrients. three groups to keep us healthy.
20 Exploring Science-6
Energy-giving Body-building Protective obtained mainly from plant sources. ey
food food food are present in fruits, cereals (like wheat, rice,
Oils, Fats, Vitamins and etc.), starchy vegetables (like potatoes),
Proteins
Carbohydrates Minerals sugar, jaggery and honey.
ere are many types of carbohydrates like—
1. Sugars: Glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.
2. Cellulose
3. Starch
Let us study about them.
1. Sugar: Sugar are the carbohydrates that
have a sweet taste and are soluble in
Fig.1 Daily requirements of food w a t e r. R e n e d s u g a r i s a p u r e
A balanced diet has seven components. carbohydrate and lacks proteins,
ey are: vitamins and minerals. e main sources
of sugar is our food are glucose, milk,
(1) Carbohydrates (2) Fats
apples, grapes, mangoes, sugarcane, etc.
(3) Proteins (4) Vitamins
Glucose is the simplest carbohydrate and
(5) Minerals (6) Water
can be broken down very quickly by the
(7) Roughage (Fibre)
body to release energy. at is why, it is
ese are the ve basic nutrients along with given to patients and sportspersons who
water and roughage. require a quick support of energy.
All the components of food are required by 2. Cellulose: Cellulose does not have any
the body to maintain the various life avour or taste. It is derived from plants.
processes in living organisms. Let us learn Cellulose forms the main structure of
about these components in detail. plants.
CARBOHYDRATES 3. Starch: Starch is soluble in water and does
e bulk of what we eat consists of not have any avour or taste. Major sources
carbohydrates. of starch are rice, wheat, potatoes, etc.
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen Digestion of Carbohydrates
and oxygen. As the process of digestion starts, sugar and
Carbohydrates are the main and the cheapest starch get converted into glucose. Glucose is
source of energy for our bodies. erefore, a soluble substance. Hence, it is absorbed by
carbohydrates are called energy-giving blood and transported to each part of the
food. Carbohydrates in our food are body.
Components of Food 21
E x c e s s i nt a k e o f s u g a r a n d s t a r c h
(carbohydrate) can result in a disease called Knowledge Booster
diabetes. Diabetes is a severe disease. If the On average, an adult needs about 10-15 grams of
diabetic level increases in a person's body, it sugar per day. Glucose directly enters the
bloodstream and produces energy through
can lead to death. respira on.
How to Test the Presence of Starch?
Activity-1
Aim: To test the presence of carbohydrates in food.
Materials required: Raw potato, iodine solution and a
dropper.
Procedure: Take a piece of raw potato and put a few
drops of dilute iodine solution on its cut surface using a
dropper.
Observation: When we add some dilute iodine
solution, the potato turns blue-black.
Conclusion: is shows that the potato contains starch
because starch gives a blue-black colour with iodine. Fig.2 Test for starch in a potato
22 Exploring Science-6
CuSO₄ solution Let the test tube stand for a few minutes.
3. Observe the colour change in the test tube.
4. Note your observations in your activity le.
Dropper
Test tube
Activity-3
Knowledge Booster
An adult needs about 35g of fat per day. Excess use of fat-rich food makes a person obese.
Checkpoint-1
Write True or False
1. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in our body. _________
2. Proteins are body-building food. _________
3. Fats give us less energy than carbohydrates. _________
4. Glucose is called the instant source of energy. _________
Keeps skin healthy, maintains Cod liver oil, egg yolk, milk and dairy products,
Vitamin A
normal night vision. mangoes, carrots, tomatoes and green leafy vegetables.
Aids in the normal growth of Fish, eggs, cod liver oil and milk; sunlight also helps our
Vitamin D
bones in children. body to make vitamin D.
Helps in digestion, and Eggs, meat, milk, sprouts, green vegetables, wheat and
Vitamin B1
maintenance of nervous system. whole grains.
Vitamin B12 Helps in the formation of RBCs. Meat, eggs, sh and milk.
Components of Food 25
calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine,
Knowledge Booster potassium, magnesium, sulphur, iron,
Ÿ The term ‘Vitamin’ was iodine, copper, etc. Each one is essential for
given by a Polish scien st
Casimir Funk. building organs and good health. Minerals
Ÿ Your body can synthesise are needed for building bones, teeth
vitamins D and K on formation, formation of blood, coagulation
exposure to sunlight.
of blood, functioning of muscles, nerves and
glands, etc.
MINERALS
Some important minerals, such as copper,
Salts of certain metals and non-metals are
zinc, magnesium, are needed by our bodies
needed by our body for its normal
in very small amounts.
functioning, which are collectively called
Some important minerals, their sources in our
minerals.
food, and their functions are given below.
Our body requires many minerals, such as
Minerals
Helps in the formation of bones and Fish, meat, ragi, nuts and green
Phosphorus
teeth. vegetables.
26 Exploring Science-6
WATER ROUGHAGE (DIETARY FIBRES)
Water is an important part of our body. e e brous indigestible material present
human body contains about 70% of water by in food is termed as roughage.
weight. It is required for all processes taking Roughage is mainly made of an
place in the body. A normal adult requires 2- indigestible carbohydrate, called cellulose,
3 litres of water per day. Apart from drinking which is present in plant cell walls. Like
water, we consume water in the form of water, roughage also does not provide any
drinks, such as tea, coffee, juice, and milk. nutrients to our bodies. ough roughage
We also get water has no food value, its presence is essential in
from fruits and our food.
vegetables. Roughage adds bulk to the food, keeps the
Water is an food and waste matter (faeces) moving along
important the intestines, and helps to prevent
constituent constipation.
of blood and Functions of Roughage (Dietary bre)
other body uids.
u Roughage helps in maintaining water
Functions balance in the body.
u Water helps in transporting nutrients to u It prevents gas, dehydration and
all parts of our body, through blood. constipation, and ensures proper bowel
u It also collects the wastes from all parts of movement.
our body and excretes them through Major sources of roughage in our food are:
urine.
u Vegetables and fruits
u It helps the body to get rid of waste food
u Salad
in the form of faeces.
u Our body is cooled by the evaporation of u Corn cob
sweat from the skin. u Flour products (like bread and roti )
What happens if water is de cient in the BALANCED DIET
body? Two-thirds of our body is made up of e food that we consume during the whole
water. When water is de cient in our bodies, it
day is called our diet. A diet consists of many
gets dehydrated. is means the amount of
food items. Dal, chapati, rice, curd, vegetables,
water in the body drops below the level
fruits and milk constitute our diet. We need
needed for its normal functioning. is is a
all the nutrients, water and dietary bre to
serious condition and requires immediate
keep our body active and healthy.
medical attention.
Components of Food 27
A diet which contains all the nutrients, in u A growing child, a pregnant woman and a
the right proportion, is called a balanced nursing mother need more protein.
diet. It varies from person to person, u A labourer and a sportsperson needs
depending upon the gender, age group and m o r e e n e r g y. e y n e e d m o r e
living style. carbohydrates and fats.
u A sick person requires more vitamins and
minerals to ght against diseases. Hence,
he needs more fruits and vegetables.
Knowledge Booster
• Milk is a complete food as it contains all the
nutrients needed by our body, except vitamin C.
• Pulses are rich in proteins and carbohydrates.
Cereals also contain both these nutrients. They
Fig.6 Balanced diet
make bulk of our diet. Sprouts are rich in
A balanced diet also contains sufficient proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins.
amount of water and roughage.
Almost all the food items contain two or IMPORTANCE OF COOKING
more nutrients, but no single food item Just eating the right kind of food is not
contains all the nutrients in adequate enough. It should also be cooked properly so
amount. erefore, we should include a that its nutrients are not completely lost as
combination of different food items in our well as, it becomes edible and tasty. Most of
daily meals. the raw food materials are not t for eating as
A balanced diet provides us with: such. e raw food materials are washed,
peeled, cut and cooked to make them edible.
(i) e proper amount of energy required
Various nutrients present in food materials
by our body.
are, however, lost during the washing and
(ii) Materials to repair the damaged cells or
cooking process.
tissues of the body.
e various practices which lead to the loss
(iii) Materials for growth and development
of nutrients are:
of the body.
1. Repeated washing of food grains, like rice
u A balanced diet for a normal and healthy and pulses.
person should roughly contain—60%
2. Taking off thick peels from fruits and
carbohydrates, 15% fats, 25% proteins
vegetables.
and small amounts of vitamins and
3. Unnecessary washing of vegetables and
minerals.
fruits aer they have been peeled and cut.
28 Exploring Science-6
It removes the water-soluble vitamins and A condition in which people become weak
minerals from them. and sick, due to the lack of one or more
Bene ts of Cooking Food nutr i ent s i n t h ei r d i e t , i s ter m e d
Cooking improves the taste of food and also malnutrition.
makes it easier to digest it properly. Several e de ciency of proteins, carbohydrates and
germs and microorganisms are also killed fats is known as Protein Energy Malnutrition
during cooking. (PEM).
UNDERNUTRITION AND e growth of a child is affected very badly by
MALNUTRITION malnutrition and undernutrition.
Undernutrition Malnutrition may result due to a lack of
You have learnt that in order to stay healthy, education, poverty, carelessness and natural
we should always have a balanced diet. If a calamities ( ood, drought, tsunami, etc.).
person takes less than the required amount In any case, undernutrition and malnutrition
of food (even if it is balanced), he/she will hamper body growth and lead to physical,
become weak and fall ill. Such an unhealthy
mental or metabolic disabilities in people of
state of the body, due to the intake of a
all age groups. If you take a balanced diet
l e s s e r qu a n t i t y o f fo o d , i s c a l l e d
regularly, the chances of undernutrition and
undernutrition.
malnutrition are very rare.
Undernutrition may be caused due to the
following reasons: DEFICIENCY DISEASES
u Due to the absence of food: Sometimes, Many people in the world do not get
due to some reasons, sufficient food enough food. As a result, their bodies do
might not be available. For example: not get enough nutrition. Also, sometimes
During natural calamiti e s, such as people do not eat a balanced diet. As a result,
drought, ood, tsunami, etc., food may their bodies do not get nutrients in the
not be available. required quantity. Lack of different
u Due to poverty: Poor people quite oen nutrients in the body leads to many
do not get the required amount of food. dis e as es. Su ch dis e as es are c a l l e d
So, they suffer from undernutrition.
de ciency diseases.
Malnutrition
De ciency disease is de ned as a disease
Many people do not take balanced diets in
caused by the lack of a particular nutrient
their daily lives. When the diet lacks one or
in the diet.
more nutrients, it leads to malnutrition.
Components of Food 29
Undernutrition Malnutrition
Not having enough food to eat leads to Not having the right balance of nutrients in
undernutrition. the diet leads to malnutrition.
De ciency of
Diseases Symptoms Photos
Nutrients
Dizziness, loss of
Carbohydrate De ciency of carbohydrates leads to
appetite,
(Energy) weakness and lack of stamina.
dehydration
Fig.9 Scurvy
30 Exploring Science-6
Keywords
Nutrients : Different substances that are supplied by food.
Nutrition : The study of food and diet.
Vitamins : Nutrients needed for the body to function normally.
Balanced diet : A diet that contains the nutrients in proper amount.
Under nutrition : The state of body when it gets less than the required food.
Malnutrition : When a diet lacks one or more nutrients.
De ciency diseases : Diseases that are caused by the lack of nutrients.
Points to Remember
u e chemical substances present in food that provide nourishment for the growth of the body
are called nutrients.
u Food can be classi ed into three groups or types, namely: Energy-giving food, body-
building food, and protective food.
u Carbohydrates are the main and the cheapest source of energy in our body.
u Proteins are called body-building food.
u We need proteins for the growth and repair of our body.
u Fats give us more energy than carbohydrates.
u Vitamins and minerals are protective nutrients.
u Roughage constitutes plant bres which are also known as dietary bres. ey are necessary
for the proper functioning of the digestive system.
u A diet which contains all the nutrients in the right proportion is called a balanced diet.
u Undernutrition and malnutrition can be caused due to lack of food or the consumption
of an unbalanced diet.
u A de ciency of vitamins and minerals in the diet leads to de ciency diseases.
Exercise
A. Tick (3) the Correct Option
1. e study of food and diet is known as ____________.
(a) energy (b) nutrition
(c) diet (d) ingredient
Components of Food 31
2. Iodine can be used to test the presence of which nutrient?
(a) Carbohydrates (b) Fats
(c) Proteins (d) Vitamins
3. Cod, liver-oil, egg yolk, milk, carrots, and green leafy-vegetables are the sources of
____________.
(a) vitamin A (b) vitamin B
(c) vitamin C (d) vitamin D
4. Scurvy is caused due to the lack of ____________.
(a) vitamin A (b) vitamin B
(c) vitamin C (d) vitamin D
HOTS
Munmun loves to eat fried food and sweets every day. He watches a lot of TV and does not go
out to play with his friends. What do you have to say about his lifestyle? What problems may be
caused due to his eating habits? Can you suggest any idea so that he can improve his habits?
Activity Zone
A. Classify the following food items in the table given below:
rice egg bread sh meat oil ghee potato
butter carrot pulses milk gram fruits soybean jaggery
Components of Food 33
Project Work
B. Gather at least ten packed food items in your Nutrition Facts
8 servings per container
kitchen/store. Check the nutrition label printed Serving size 2/3 cup (55g)
on each of them. Prepare a table and enlist the Amount per Serving
Memory Map
Roughage Water
e-Resources
Please visit the link given below or scan the QR code for more
resources on this Chapter:
https://www.megamindpublication.com/s-1-science/b-1-exploring-science-6/c-2/components-of-food.html
34 Exploring Science-6