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Course Code: EEE1102
Course Titile: Electrical Circuits I Lab
Experiment No: 03
SUBMITTED TO: A O M Shamsuddoha
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11 February
2024
EXPERIMENT NAME: Verification of KVL & Voltage
Divider Rule
OBJECTIVE:
This experiment is intended to verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law
(KVL) and voltage divider rule with
the help of series circuits and derive equivalent resistance of
the series circuit both experimentally
and analytically.
THEORY :
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) is a fundamental principle in

electric circuits that states the total voltage around any closed
loop is always zero. This is because the sum of the voltages
across all elements in the loop equals the energy supplied by
the voltage source. It's a key concept for understanding
energy conservation in electrical systems. On the other hand,
the Voltage Divider Rule is a useful technique in series
circuits. It helps determine the voltage across a specific
resistor by considering the proportion of its resistance to the
total resistance in the circuit. This rule simplifies circuit
analysis, making it easier to calculate individual voltages in a
series circuit with multiple resistors.
APPARATUS:
 Three Rheostat /Resistance box (100Ω or less than 100Ω)

 Multimeter as Voltmeter
 DC power supply
 Wires
PROCEDURE:
1. I connected three rheostats/ resistance box R1, R2 and R3

in series through SPST switch to a DC power supply.
2. Applied 2,4,6,8,10 V DC from DC power supply.
3. Took readings of V1, V2, V3, VS using a

voltmeter, and R1, R2, R3 using a multimeter. Took 5 sets of
reading and entered it in the table.
4.Verified KVL (i.e. VS=V1+V2+V3) for each set of data.

Found total resistance of the series circuit using the formula
RS =R1+R2+R3. Compared this with experimentally
obtained value RS=VS/I. Then Verifed voltage divider for
each set of data.
REPORT:
Figure
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The experimental verification of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
(KVL) and the Voltage Divider Rule yielded results consistent
with theoretical expectations. The measurements of voltages
around closed loops in the circuit aligned with the principles
of KVL, confirming that the algebraic sum of voltages in a
closed loop is indeed zero. This observation supports the
conservation of energy in electrical circuits.
Similarly, the application of the Voltage Divider Rule

demonstrated accurate predictions of voltage drops across
individual resistors in the series circuit. The calculated
voltage drops matched closely with the measured values,
showcasing the effectiveness of the Voltage Divider Rule in
practical scenarios.
However, it is crucial to acknowledge potential sources of

discrepancies in the results. Instrumental errors, such as
inaccuracies in voltmeter readings or variations in resistor
values from their nominal specifications, may contribute to
slight deviations. Additionally, the quality of connections and
contact points in the circuit could introduce small errors.
To enhance the accuracy of future experiments, meticulous

attention should be given to ensuring tight connections, using
calibrated instruments, and verifying the nominal values of
components. Any discrepancies observed should be critically
evaluated, and efforts to identify and rectify potential sources
of error should be undertaken.
In conclusion, while the experimental results generally
support the principles of KVL and the Voltage Divider Rule,
the acknowledgment of possible discrepancies emphasizes the
importance of precision in experimental setups for reliable
circuit analysis.
ANSWERS OF QUESTIONS:
1.Connecting Voltmeter and Ammeters:

When incorporating a voltmeter into a circuit, it must be
connected in parallel to accurately measure voltage across a
specific component. High resistance is crucial to prevent
circuit disturbance. Conversely, an ammeter, used for current
measurement, is connected in series to ensure accurate
readings. It should maintain low resistance to minimize its
impact on the circuit.
2.Parallel Ammeter Danger:

Connecting an ammeter in parallel poses significant risks,
creating a short circuit across the component being measured.
The ammeter's low resistance can lead to a surge in current,
potentially causing damage or fire hazards. This configuration
disrupts the intended current path, resulting in unintended
consequences.
3.KVL and Conservation of Energy:

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) essentially restates the law of
the conservation of energy. KVL asserts that the algebraic
sum of potential differences in a closed loop is always zero,
aligning with energy conservation. This implies that the
energy supplied by the source is entirely consumed by the
circuit elements, with no energy lost during the process.
4.Rheostats Current Ratings:

Rheostats, designed to regulate resistance, receive current
ratings in addition to resistance specifications for safety.
These ratings prevent overheating by ensuring that the current
remains within specified limits, promoting the safe and
effective operation of rheostats in various electrical circuits.
5.KVL Applicability in Open Circuit:

Contrary to intuition, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) applies
even in open circuits. In the absence of current flow, the sum
of potential differences around any closed loop remains zero,
emphasizing KVL's broad applicability in electrical circuit
analysis.
REFERENCES:
- "Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering" by Charles

Alexander and Matthew Sadiku.
- "Introduction to Electric Machines and Drives" by Paul C.
Krause.
- "Circuit Analysis: Theory and Practice" by Allan H. Robbins
and Wilhelm C. Miller.

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Course Code: EEE1102

Course Titile: Electrical Circuits I Lab

SUBMITTED TO: A O M Shamsuddoha

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11 February

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) is a fundamental principle in

 Three Rheostat /Resistance box (100Ω or less than 100Ω)

1. I connected three rheostats/ resistance box R1, R2 and R3

2. Applied 2,4,6,8,10 V DC from DC power supply.

3. Took readings of V1, V2, V3, VS using a

4.Verified KVL (i.e. VS=V1+V2+V3) for each set of data.

Similarly, the application of the Voltage Divider Rule

However, it is crucial to acknowledge potential sources of

To enhance the accuracy of future experiments, meticulous

1.Connecting Voltmeter and Ammeters:

2.Parallel Ammeter Danger:

3.KVL and Conservation of Energy:

4.Rheostats Current Ratings:

5.KVL Applicability in Open Circuit:

- "Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering" by Charles

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