YOUTUBE CHANNEL : ONE STOP NEXUS

PREPARED BY : NASIR MUSHTAQ

Syllabus :
 JK HISTORY
 Rivers and Lakes
 Important Personalities and Tourist destination
 Means of Transport
 Floura and Fauna
 Heritage and Culture
 JK Demography
 JK Re-organisation Act
 J&K Panchayat Raj Act

Early History of Jammu and Kashmir:

 Nilmat Purana is the earliest known text of
Kashmir
 Author Unknown
 Nagas were the original inhabitants of kashmir valley
 The Valley originally was a huge lake “Satisar”
 Kashyap rishi was a saint who helped people when a
demon called jalod bowa tortured people
 The valley of people named the valley Kashyap-Mar
and Kashyap-pura
 In word Kashmir , ka means water and shmeera
means to dessicate
  The Ancient Greeks called the region Kasperia
 Kalhana, the first historian of Kashmir, in 12th century
 Rajtarangini has 7826 verses , divided into eighth
books called Tarangas
 Kalhana completed Rajatarangini during 1148-1150
AD , period of Jai Shima, Ruler of Lahora dynasty
 Word Rajatarangini means River of Kings
 Rajatarangini originally written in sanskrit
 Mulla Ahmad translated it into persian
 A stein translated it into english

ANCIENT HISTORY
 Rajatarangini started history before mahabharat
period
 According to him Gonanda-I was the first king of
kashmir

MAURYAN EMPIRE
 Kashmir was ruled by the great mauryan ruler
Ashoka, who was a follower of Buddhism
 Ashoka founded old city of srinagar now called as
Pandrethan
 Ashoka has built a shiva temple at Bhijbehara

KUSHAN DYNASTY
  The three rulers of this dynasty are , Hushka
(established a town of Hushkapura), Jushka
(established a town of Jushkapur) and Kanishka
(established a town of Kanishkapura )
 The 4th Buddhist Council was held by Kanishka at
kundalvan (Harwan) ,which was headed by Vasumitra
( President )
 In this council, Buddhism was divided into 2 sects, i.e.
Mahayana and Hinayana.

KARKOTA DYNASTY
 Also known as Nagas
 Founder Durlabhavardhana
 Design his reign two Chinese travellers , Huen Tsang
and Ou Kong visited
 Huen Tsang called kashmir as Kash-Mi-Lo
 The greatest ruler of Karkota dynasty was Lalitaditya
Muktapida
 He was known as Samudragupta of Kashmir
 He built Parihaspur (City of Pleasure) as his capital
 Also built martand temple( sun temple) at anantnag
 Last ruler---- Jayapida

MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR
UTPALA DYNASTY
 Founder ---- Avantivarman
 Also founded Avantipura
 Built two temples one dedicated to Lord vishnu
and other Lord shiva
 Suya—best engineer during his reign, who founded
suyyapura (now called Sopore )
 Shankarvarman ( son of avantivarman) started
forced labour in kashmir
 He built shankarpura (now called Pattan )

GUPTA DYNASTY
 Founder--- Parva Gupta
 Khemgupta his son married to Queen Dida
 During the reign of Queen Dida, Mohammad
Ghazni tried twice to attack, but failed
 After death of queen dida, her nephew Sangram
raj started the Lohara dynasty

LOHARA DYNASTY
 Founder--- Sangram Raj
 Jai Simha- greatest ruler of this dynasty
 Kalhana complete Rajatarangini during his reign
 Last ruler--- Vanita Deva
DEVA DYNASTY
 Last dynasty of Hindu rule
 One of ruler of this dynasty was Suhadev
 Two Travellers came to kashmir, Rinchan, A Ladakhi
prince and Shah Mir, from Pakistan
 Suhadev fled from the country when Mongols invaded
Kashmir, from Central Asia
RINCHAN: Embraced Islam with the help of BulBul shah
and Shah Mir
 Became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir
 Changed name to Sultan Sadruddin
 Built first mosque of kashmir – Bud Masjid
 Married to kota rani ( she was the daughter of
Ramchandra, the commander in chief of Suhadev )
 After death of Rinchan, kota rani married udyanadeva
 Last ruler—Udyanadeva (brother of suhadev)

SHAH MIR DYNASTY (1339-1555 AD)

 Founder--Shah Mir ( Minister of Rinchan)
 Sultan shams-ud din
 Most important Rulers of this dynasty are Shihab-
ud-din and Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin

SULTAN SHIHAB-UD- DIN:

  Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir
 Founded—a town Shihab- ud- din pora ( now
Shadipora)

QUTUB-UD-DIN:
 Real name HINDAL
 During his reign Mir syed Ali Hamdani (RA)
visits kashmir First time

SULTAN SIKANDER:
 Son of Qutubuddin
 Known by name Aurangzeb of Kashmir
 First ruler to abolish sati system
 Taimur tried to invade kashmir during his reign
 Gifted wooden elephant to sultan sikander
SULTAN ZAIN-UL-ABIDIN: ( 1420- 1470 AD)
 Bud Shah of Kashmir
 Akbar of kashmir
 Opened royal Kitchen for Hindu pilgrims at
Rainawari which is now known as Jogi Lanker
(Srinagar)
 Abolished Jaziya tax
 Build – Nowshaderi ( Nowshehra)
 Founded – Zainapur, Zainakut, Zainagir
 First wooden bridge – Zainakadal (Sgr)
  Found island – Zaina Lank ( Wular lake)
 Paper mache –introduced
 Zain Prakashan --- Biography by Yodh Bhatt
 Zain Charit- Biography by Pandit Nathuram
 JONARAJA--- kashmiri poet wrote Dvitiya
Rajtarangini , 2nd part of Rajtarangini
 Last ruler---- Habib Shah ( dethroned by Ghazi
chak )
 Ghazi check was his commander of military

CHAK DYNASTY:
 Founder – Nasir-ud-din mohammad Ghazi shah
chak
 YUSUF SHAH CHAK ( Son of Ali shah chak) married
to Habba Khatoon / Zoon / peasant poetress of
kashmir/ Nightingale of kashmir
 Yusu Shah chak imprisoned By Akbar in bihar where
he died
 Yakub shah chak ( his son) ruled the kashmir then,
but defeated by army under Qasim khan at
Haripura
 Thus Muhgal Empire Established

MUGHAL RULE: ( 1587- 1752 AD)

  The Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Kashmir in
1587 AD
 Appointed Qasim Khan First Governor
 Akbar visited kashmir first time ( 1589) – Governor
was Yousuf khan Rizvi ( 2nd Governor)
 Raja Toda Mal His Finance and revenue Minister
made Revenue settlement / Land settlement
 Second time Visit (1592) – Fortification of Hari Parbat
Fort
 And also built a town near it Nagar Nagar
 Third time visit – (1597) with Gerome Xavier and
Benoist De Gois... Took Balistan and Ladakh under his
command
 Abolished Jaziya Tax and Pilgrimage Tax
 Mughal Road constructed

JAHANGIR (1605 AD)

 Wife Noor Jahan
 Visited kashmir –13 times
 Shalimar Bagh—1619 AD
 Pathar Masjid without Dome
 Nishat Bagh foundation laid by Asif Khan
( Brother of Noor Jahan)
 Achabal and Verinag--- Renowated
 Died at Rajouri in 1627 AD
SHAH JAHAN ( 1628 AD)
 Wife Mumtaz
 Visited kashmir--- 4 times
 Built Chasme Shahi through his Governor Ali
Mardan Khan --- 1632 AD
 Built also a portion of shalimar Bagh
 His son Dara shikoh built Pari Mahal

AURANGZEB (1658 AD)

 Zinda Pir
 Visited only once in kashmir with French Traveller---
Francis Bernier
 Shawls exported and Art & craft Flourished
 MOH- E MUBARAK ( HAZRATBAL)
 14 governors appointed
 SAFA KADAL--- by Saif Khan
 After death of Aurangzeb, two kashmiri nobleman...
Mir Muquim kant and Khawaja Zahid Didmari went to
Lahore and requested Ahmad shah Abdali to control
Kashmir
 He sent Army under command of Abdullah khan
ishaq and Conquered kashmir
 Thus Afgan Rule started In Kashmir
 MODERN HISTORY OF
JAMMU AND KASHMIR

AFGAN RULE ( 1753- 1819 )

 First Afghan Governor – Abdullah khan ishaq
 Darkiest period of kashmir
 Afghans ruled --- 67 years
 Appointed 28 Governors -- Subedars
 Amir khan also a Governor --- Amira Kadal built & also
Sher Garhi Fort on Jhelum
 Also linked anchar and Dal lake by Amir khan Nallah
 Atta mohd khan---- only Governor who restored peace
 Declared independence from afghans
 And also issued coins in the name of saint Sheikh Nur -
ud – din Rishi ( RA )
 Last Afghan Governor --- Jabbar Khan
 NOTE: - two kashmiri pandit Birbal Dhar and Pandit
Rajakak Dhar went to lahore and requested Maharaja
Ranjit Singh to conquere kashmir
 Thus in 1819 AD , Kashmir became part of sikh rule
 Battle of Shopian—Afghans VS Sikh ( 5 July
1819)...Sikh won
 Treaty of Amritsar.. 25th April 1809 an agreement,
between Ranjit singh and EIC ( charles T Metcalf )
SIKH RULE ( 1819 – 1846 )
 Founder--- Maharaja Ranjit Singh
 Belongs to – Sukerchakrya Misl
 Capture Lahore.. From Zaman Khan ( Afghan ruler )
 The Sikh ruled Kashmir for 27 years
 Appointed—10 Governors
 Diwan Moti Ram.. First Sikh Governor
 1834 AD ..Sikh Commander Zorawar Singh
conquered Ladakh, Zanskar and Baltistan
 Mian Singh.. Popularly known as Colonel Sahib was
best Sikh governor
 First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846 AD), Lahore was
captured by the East India Company.. Sikh Lost
( Maharaja Duleep Singh)
 Treaty of Lahore.. 9th March 1846 to end Anglo Sikh
War. ( peace of treaty ), between Duleep Singh &
British Governor General ( Sir Henry Handinge)
1. As per the treaty, the Sikhs agreed to hand over
Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab ( Bias
and Sutlej ) to the British
2. It was due to this treaty that the Kohinoor
diamond was handed to the British
3. The Sikhs were asked to pay a very huge war
insurance to the British
 4. The Sikhs were asked to limit their army to a
certain and small number
5. In addition to all these a British Resident, Sir
Henry Lawrence was appointed to the Sikh court
 Sheikh Imam-ud-din... Last Sikh Governor

Dogra Rule in Kashmir ( 1846- 1947 )

 Treaty of Amritsar.. 16th March 1846 .. Also called
Sale of Kashmir , between Gulab singh and British
Govt.
 Kashmir sold to Gulab Singh for 75 Nanakshahi
rupees ( Ruling currency of Sikh rule )
 Founder--- Gulab Singh (Sikh Army Chief of Ranjit
Singh
 Gulab Singh turns first Maharaja of J&K
 Divided state into three regions viz. Jammu, Kashmir
and Ladakh
 Kashmir Region divided into two districts, Kamaraz
and Maraz
 Jammu Region into four viz; Jammu, Khupal,
Kishtwar & Jasrota
 Established State of Jammu and Kashmir for the
first time
 Crime suppressed
 Found.. Dharmath Trust, Purmandal Town,
  Started construction of Ragunath Temple.. 1851 AD
 Renovate.. Reasi fort / Bhimgarh fort
 Reform Begar system ( forced labour, and you will
not get paid )
 Raja title Given by Ranjit Singh

MAHARAJA RANBIR SINGH ( 1856- 1885 AD)

 Son of Maharaja Gulab Singh
 Scholar of Sanskrit & Persian Language
 Introduced Darbar Move ( shifting of Govt
Sectors from Jammu to Sgr and vice versa)
 He divided Jammu Province into Seven wazarts
 Kashmir Province into Six wazarts
 Reforms Administration into three distinct
departments – Civil , Revenue and Military
affairs
 Ranbir Penal Code ( RPC ) was set up
 Gave power to Judicial system
 Established Adalat- ul Saddar ( Chief court)
 Also Adalat- ul Aliya ( High court)
 Founded R. S PURA—first planned city of
J&K.. .. ( Nawa shahar)
 Completed construction of Ragunath Temple
( 1857 )
  Built—Ranbireshwara Temple ( Biggest shiva
temple in North india)
 Postal System ( by post) and Telegraph links
were also set up ( Telegraph is a system of
sending messages over long distances, either
by means of electricity or by radio signals )
 Introduced Paper currency k/a..srikhar

MAHARAJA PRATAP SINGH ( 1885- 1925 )

 Son of Maharaja Ranbir singh
 Begar system Abolished
 Construction of Banihal Road was initiated and
got completed in 1915 ( Engineer – Pandit
Laxman Joo Tickoo )
 In 1922- Open for Public
 Made Primary education free
 Built - Jhelum Valley Road
 1st Hydro electric project Mohra on Jhelum River
( 1907 )
 Telephone Communication between Jammu and
Srinagar
 Degree college at Srinagar—Sri pratap college
were established
 Degree college at Jammu – prince of wales
college
  Silk industry ( 1907 ) at Srinagar also at Jammu
( 1909 ), ( Jammu Silk industry got gold medal )
 Sialkot--Jammu railway line inaguarated ( it was
the first railway line of state J&K )
 World Famous House Boat were first constructed
during his reign
 Construction of various irrigation canals, Ranbir
Canal, Pratap canal, Ujh canal and Upper Jhelum
Canal
 Established Forestry department- 1891
 Foresty school – Bandipora
 1st Newspaper publication on 24th June 1924
( Ranbir ) - ( Urdu language)
 Mulk Raj Saraf – started first ever
Newspaper in J&K ( Ranbir )
MAHARAJA HARI SINGH ( 1925 – 1947 )
 He was the Nephew of Maharaja Pratap Singh and
Son of Amar singh
 Commander of chief of state forces
 Introduce State Subject- 1927 AD to Mulkis ( the
residents of state )
 Infant Marriage Regulations – 1928
 1930– participate in First Round Table conference in
London
 Widow Re-marriage and property act – 1932
  Praja Sabha – 1934 AD (setup First legislative
Assembly of princely state J&K ) . . 75 members
 Father of Renaissance- Hari Singh
 Renaissance - rebirt ( development of architecture,
philosophy, music, religion
 Primary education act – made compulsory primary
education ( forced to study )
Points to Remember
 1932- All J&k Muslim conference founded by Chaudary
Ghulam Abbas
 1939 – converted to National conference
 1938- Established of J&k Bank, HQ – Srinagar
 On 26th Oct 1947- instrument of Accession ( Maharaja
Hari Singh and indian govt. PM was Jawaharlal Nehru
and Governor General was Lord Mountbatten)
1. Defence
2. External Affairs
3. Communication
NOTE: Only above three points, india will make
laws, rules and policies, rest everything will be
according to JK Govt.
 On 22nd oct – 1947 – attack on Kashmir, Hari Singh
appointed Brig. Rajinder Singh to save Kashmir and was
martryed hence known as / saviour of Kashmir /
Sparrow of Kashmir
  1952- Delhi agreement signed between J. L Nehru and
Sheikh Abdullah

 Important Books of History of Jammu and Kashmir

BOOKS AUTHORS
Nimant Purana Unknown
Rajtarangini ( Sanskrit) Kalhana
Twarikh-I-Kashmir Malik Haider
Waqt-e- Kashmir Khawaja
Mohammad
Muktasar Tarikhi-I-Kashmir Birbal Kachru
Tarikhi-I-Hassan Pir Hassan Shah
Zaffar Nama Sharif -ud- din Yazdi
Valley of Kashmir Sir Walter Lawrence
Land of Lamas Alexander
Cunningham
Dr Bashar Basheer 1st , 2nd and 8th part of
Rajtarangini
translate in kashmiri
literature
Aatish-i-Chinar Sheikh Abdullah
Rajtarangini ( English ) A stein
Rajtarangini ( Persian ) Mulla Ahmad
Rajdarshani Ganesh Das wadhera
Tawarikh-I-Jammu Hasmatullah Khan
Twarikh-I-Kishtwar Sheoji Dhar
Land of Hills G. C Smith
Gulabnama ( Persian) Diwan Kirpa Ram
Gulabnama ( English) Dr S. S Charak
Akbarnama Abu Fazl
Twarikh-I-Dogra Narsingh Dass
Rise and Fall of Jammu Dr S. S Charak
Kingdom

JAMMU HISTORY
 Earliest name of Jammu – Duggar
 Raja jambu lochan founded jammu city- 12th Century
 As per Rajdarshani- first ruler of Jammu are from
Suryavanshi dynasty
Suryavanshi / Agnigir Dynsaty :
 Bahu lochan and Jambu lochan – prominent ones
 Bahu lochan : Elder Son of Agnigarbah
 Founded two city – Dharanagri & Bahu nagar
 Shifted capital to Dharanagri
 Built- Bahu Fort on Tawi river
 Jambu Lochan: younger brother
 Founded Jammu city/ Jammu Nagar
 Ancient name of Jammu – Jammu nagar
  Puran Karan : His son
 Shifted capital Bahu to Jammu
 Shakti Karan/Raja shastri:
 Introduced Dogri Script
 Mal Dev:
 Belong to Dev dynasty
 Son of Jodh Dev
 Most powerful king of Jammu
 His reign is regarded as Golden period of Jammu
 He shifted Capital from Babbapur to Jammu
 Built Mal Mandi
 Mal dev resisted Timur’s Invasion strongly in Jammu
 Longest ruling dynasty in Jammu – Dev dynasty

Points To Remember :
 Indus Water Treaty:
 19th Sep 1960 - The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) is a
water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan
 Signed between indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru and
Pakistan president Ayub Khan
 Treaty gives control over three eastern rivers, The
Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India
 While control over three western rivers, The Indus,
Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan
  The treaty gives India 20% of the water from the
Indus River System and the rest 80% to Pakistan
Shimla Agreement:
 02 July 1972, Shimla Agreement was signed between
Indira Gandhi and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
 Also known as Shimla accord
 It was signed 8 months after the Indo-Pakistani war
of 1971
 To make good relations between India and Pakistan
Kargil War:
 1999- between Pakistan and India