Al Imfeld

African Agricultural History

A Abir, M. 1977. Salt Currency in Ethiopia in the Zmn Msafent. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 299-304. Abungu, George H. O. and Henry W. Mutoro. 1993/2001. Coast-interior Settlements and Social Relations in the Kenya Coastal Hinterland. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology chp. 42: 694704. A.C.C.T Collection s.d. Mdecine Traditionnelle et Pharmacope. Karthala, Paris. Acland, J.D. 1975. East African Crops. Longmann, London und FAO 1971. Adam, J. G. 1962. Le Baobab. (Adansonia digitata) In : Notes Africaines IFAN) no. 94, 33-44. Adam, W. 1977. Nubia Corridor to Africa. Allen Lane, London. Adametz, L. (Zoologe). 1920. Herkunft und Wanderungen der Hamiten. Erschlossen aus ihren Haustierrasse. In: Osten + Orient, Wien. Adamu, M. and A. H. M. Kirk-Green. 1988. Pastoralists of the West African Savanna. Manchester, 392 pp. Adand, A. 1953. Le Mas et ses Usages dans le Bas-Dahomey. Bull. de lI.F.A.N., vol. 15, no. 1. Addicott, F. T. 1978. Abscission Strategies in the Behaviour of Tropical Trees. In: P. B. Tomlinson and M. H. Zimmermann eds. Tropical Trees as Living Systems. 381-398. Adefuye, Ade and Palwo Jogi. 1979. Impact on Political History. In: J. B. Webster Chronology 215-230. Aduayi, E. A. and E. E. Ekong. 1982. General Agriculture and Soils. Book 1. Allen and Unwin. Adu, I. F. and L. O. Ngere. 1979. The Indigenous Sheep of Nigeria. In: World Review of Animal Production, 15, 51-62. Agricultural History. A Quarterly. U. of Cal. Press, Berkeley. Ahn, P.M. 1970. West African Soils. Oxford Univ. Press, London, 332 pp. Ajayi, J. F. A. and M.Crowder. 1976. eds. History of West Africa. Columbia UP, New York. Ajayi, S. S. and O. O. Tewe. 1980. Food Preference and Carcass Composition of the Grass Cutter. (Thryonomys swinderianus) in captivity. In: Afr. J. of Ecology, 18, 133-40. Alberro, M. and S. Haile-Mariam. 1982. The Indigenous Cattle of Ethiopia. In: World Animal Review, 41, 2-10. Alexander, John A. 1969. The Indirect Evidence for Domestication. In: Ucko/Dimbleby, Domestication 123-29. 1970. The Domestication of Yams. A multi-disciplinary approach. In: Science in Archaeology by Bothwell/Higgs, 229-34. 1975. The Salt Industries of Africa. Their significance for European prehistory. In: de Brisay/Evans, Salt. 1980. The Spread and Development of Iron Using in Europe and Africa. In: Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, by R. E. Leakey and B. A. Ogot, eds. 327-30. Nairobi, Internat. Louis Leake Institute for Afr. Prehistory.

1988. The Saharan Divide in the Nile Valley: the evidence from Qasr Ibrim. In: African Achaeological Review 6, 73-90 1993/2001. The Salt Industries of West Africa. A preliminary study. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology chp. 39: 652-657. Alexander, J. and D. G. Cousey. 1969. The Origins of Yam Cultivation. In: Ucko/Dimbleby, Domestication 405-425. . Alexandre, P. 1965. Protohistoire du Groupe Beti-Bulu-Fang: essai de synthse provisoire. Cahiers dEtudes Africaines 5, 4 : 503-560. Alexandre, D. V. 1977. Rle Dissminateur des Elphants en Fort de Tai (Cte dIvoire). Off. Rech. Scient. Tech. Outre-mer, Adiopodonm (cydostyled). 1978. Observations sur lEcologie de Trema Guineensis en Basse Cte dIvoire. Cah. off. Rech. Scient. tech. Outre-mer 13 : 261-66. Alimen, H. 1957. The Prehistory of Africa. Translated from French to Engl. By A. H. Brodrick Hutchinson, Scientific and Technical, London, 438 pp. Allen, K. W. 1955. The Monotonous Diet of Africans. E. Afr. Med. J., Mar. Allen William. 1965. The African Husbandman. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Reprint: 1977 Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 505 pp. Allison, P. A. 1962. Historical Inferences to be Drawn From the Effect of Human Settlement on the Vegetation of Africa. Journal of African History 3 (2), 241-49. Allsworth-Jones, P. 1977. The Middle Stone Age Industry from Zenabi, Northern Nigeria. In: Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies 1979 by R. E. Leakey and B. A. Ogot, eds. Nairobi, 244-247. 1986. Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic: The Evidence from Nigeria and Cameroun. In: Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles Mc Burney. CUP.153-68. 1987. The Earliest Human Settlement in West Africa and the Sahara. In: West African Journal of Archaeology 17, 87-128. Alpers, Edward 1973. Rethinking African Economic History. Ufahamu, iii, 3. 1977. The East African Slave Trade. In: ZA and JM Konczacki, Ec-History... 206-215. Amblard, Sylvie and Jean Perns. 1989. The Identification of Cultivated Pearl Millet. (Pennisetum) Amongst Plant Impressions on Pottery from Oued Chebbi (Dhar Oualala, Mauretania). In: The African Archaeological Rev. 7, 117-126. Ambrose, S. H. 1982. Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstructions of History in East-Africa. In. Chr. Ehret and Posnansky, 104-57. 1982. Elementeitan and Other Late Pastoral Neolithic Adaptations in the Central Highlands of East Africa. In: Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress by R. E. Leakey and B. A. Ogot, 104-57. 1984. The Introduction of Pastoral Neolithic Adaptations in the Highlands of East Africa. In: Clark/Brandt, eds. From hunters to farmers, Berkeley, 212-39. 1984. Holocene Environments and Human Adaptation in the Central Rift Valley, Kenya. Unpubl. dissertation, University of Cal., Berkeley. Amin, S. 1975. LAgriculture Africaine et le Capitalisme. Ed. Anthropos-IDEP. Paris-Dakar Amschler, J.W. 1933. ber den Neuesten Stand der Abstammungsfrage der Hausziege. In: Fortschritte der Landwirtschaft vol. VIII, no.1, Wien. Anacleti, A. Odhiambo. 1975. Pastoralism and Development Economic Changes in Pastoral Industry in Serengeti, 1750-1960. M.A. Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam. 2

Anati, Emmanuel (Prof. U. Lecce), 1997. Hhlenmalerei. Die Bilderwelt der prhistorischen Felskunst. Benziger, Einsiedeln + Dsseldorf. 422 S. (Grossformat) Andah, Bassey W. 1979. The Later Stone Age and Neolithic of Upper Volta Reviewed. In: West African Archaeological Review 9, 87-110. 1980. Excavations at Sindon and Kawara (Upper Volta).In: West African J. Arch. 10, 1-59. 1980. Coastal Evolution of West Africa During the Quaternary. In: Swartz and Dumett, eds., West African Culture, 17-36. 1983. The Bantu Phenomenon. Some Unanswered Questions of Ethno Linguistics and Ethno Archaeology. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, 1-21. 1993/2001. Identifying Early Farming Traditions of West Africa. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology chp. 12: 240-254. Anderson, David M./ Rathbone, Richard, eds. 1999. Africas Urban Past. London. 320 S. Anderson, Edgar. 1952. Plants, Man and Life. Little Brown: Boston. 1960. The Evolution of Domestication. In: Sol Tax, ed. Evolution After Darwin. Chicago UP, vol. 2: 67-84. 1967. The Bearing of Botanical Evidence on African Culture History. In: Gabel-Bennett, Reconstructing, 169-180. Anderson-Gerfaud, ed. P. C. 1991. Prhistoire de lAgriculture. Nouvelles Approches Exprimentales et Ethnographiques. Centre de Recherches Archologiques, Valbonne. Andrews, D. J. Regular Contributions in Experimental Agriculture: 1970. Breeding and Testing Dwarf Sorghums in Nigeria. 6, 41-50. 1972. Intercropping With Sorghum in Nigeria. 8, 139-50. 1974. Responses of Sorghum Varieties to Inter-Cropping. 10, 57-63. 1975. Sorghum Grain Hybrids in Nigeria. II, 119-27. Andrews, F. W. 1948. The Vegetation of the Sudan. In: J.D. Tothill, Agriculture in the Sudan. Anfray, F. 1968. Aspects de lArchologie Ethiopienne. In : Journal of African History: 9, 345-66. 1972. LArchologie dAxoum en 1972. In: Paideuma: 18, 60-78. 1974. Deux Villes Axoumites: Adoulis et Matara. In: Atti del IV Congresso Internazionale di Studi Ethiopici (Roma 1972), 748-53. Anquandah, James. 1976. Boyasi Hill A Kintampo Neolithic Village Site in the Forest of Ghana. In: Sankofa, 2-92. 1982. Rediscovering Ghanas Past. Ghana: Sedco, Harlow: Longman. 1993/2001. The Kintampo Complex. A case study of early sedentism and food production in Sub-Sahelian West Africa. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 13: 255-260. 1993/2001. Urbanization and State Formation in Ghana During the Iron Age. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology chp. 38: 642-651. Anthony, Barbara W. 1971. Old and New Methods in Old World Prehistory. In: Hadith 3: 6-15. Anthony, Kenneth R. M., Bruce F. Johnston, Victor C. Uchendu and William O. Jones. 1979. Agricultural Change in Tropical Africa. Cornell UP, Ithaka, 327 pp. Antonius, O. 1922. Grundzge einer Stammesgeschichte der Haustiere. Jena. 1931. ber das Vorkommen Wilder Esel in der Westsahara. In: Zft. f. Sugetierkunde, Berlin, vol. 6, 133-36. Anyane, La Seth. 1963. Ghana Agriculture, its Economic Development From Early Times to the Middle of the Twentieth Century. OUP. Ardrey, Robert. 1969. Adam Kam aus Afrika. Auf der Suche nach unseren Vorfahren. Dtv, Mnchen African Genesis: 1961. 3

Arkell, A. J. 1948. The Historical Background of Sudan Agriculture. In: Agriculture in the Sudan, London. 1951. The History of Darfur, A. D. 1200-1700. In: Sudan Notes and Records, 32, 37-70, 207-38 and 1952. 129-55, 244-75. 1955. A History of Sudan. University of London. 1975. The Prehistory of the Nile Valley. E. J. Brill, Leiden/Kln, 55 pp. 1977. The Iron Age in the Sudan. In: ZA and JM Konczacki, Ec. History... 79-82. Arkell, A. J. and P. J. Ucko. 1965. Review of Predynastic Development in the Nile Valley. Current Anthropology, 6: 145-156. Comments: L. Balout: 6 (2) 1965: 156. KW Butzer: 6 (2) 1965: 157-58. Armstrong, Robert G. 1964. The Use of Linguistic and Ethnographic Data in the Study of Idoma and Yoruba History. In: Vansina et al., Historian, 127-144. Arnold et al. 1985. Khoisan food plants : taxa with potential for future economic exploitation. In GE Wickens et al., Plants for Arid Lands, London. Assi, L. Ake, J. Abeye, S. Guinko, R. Giguet et Y. Bangavon. 1981. Contribution lIdentification et au Recensement des Plantes Utilises dans la Mdecine Traditionnelle et la Pharmacope en Rpublique Centrafricaine. Daprs un rapport prsent lA.C.C.T. par Agence de Coopration Culturelle et Technique, 19, ave. De Messine, Paris. Atanda, J. A. 1980. An Introduction to Yoruba History.Origin and Cult. Paper Ibadan UP. 77 pp. Atherton, J. H. 1972. Excavations at Kamabai and Yagala Rock Shelters, Sierra Leone. In: West African Journal of Archaeology 2: 39-74. 1979. Early Economics of Sierra Leone and Liberia. Archaeological Material and Historical Reflections. In: Dorjahn/Isaac, eds., Essays, 27-43. 1980. Speculation on the Functions of some Prehistoric Archaeological Materials from Sierra Leone. In: Swartz and Dumett, West African Culture Dynamic, 259-75. Atieno-Othiambo, E. S. 1972. The Rise and Decline of the Kenya Peasant 1888-1922. East African Journal, 9, 5, 11-5. Aubrville, A. M. A. 1938. La Fort Coloniale, les Fort de lAfrique Occidentale Franaise. In: Annales de lAcadmie des Sciences Coloniales, Paris, 9, 1-245. 1949. Climats, Forts et Dsertification de lAfrique Tropicale. Socit dEditions maritimes et coloniales, Paris, 351 pp. 1950. La Flore Forestire Soudano-Guinenne ; AOF-Cameroun-AEF. Socit dEditions gographiques, maritimes et coloniales, Paris, pl., cart. 523 pp. 1959. La Flore Forestire de Cte dIvoire. CTFT, Nogent-sur-Marne, 3 vol. Audru, J. 1977. Les Ligneux et Subligneux des Parcours Naturels Soudano-Guinens en Cte dIvoire. Leur importance et les principes damnagement et de restauration des pturages. I.E.M.V.T., Maisons-Alfort, multigr., fig., lexique, bibligr. 267 pp. Aug, Marc. 1982. The Anthropological Circle. Symbol, Function, History. Translated by Martin Thom, Cambridge studies in social Anthropology, Paris, 37-139. August, G. 1911. Beitrag zur Abstammung der Hausziege. In: Der Ziegenzchter. AW, Djibrill. 1978. Rice Dev-t Strategies in Africa. In: Buddenhagen and Persley, ed., Rice in Africa, 69-74. Ay, Peter. 1980. Agrarpolitik in Nigeria. Institut fr Afrika-Kunde, Hamburg. Ayalew, Workneh, Christie Peacock, Nigatu Alemayehu, Alemayehu Reda, and Bernhard Rey. (FARM Africa, Ethiopia). 2000. The Characterization of Indigenous Goat Types of Ethiopia and Eritrea. In: Blench/McDonald, eds., Origins and dev-t, 280-289. 4

B Ba, Moctar. 2007. Etudes comparative entre les cosmogonies Greque et Africaines. LHarmattan, Paris. 274 p. Bader, Chistian. 2000. Les Yibro, mages somali. Les juifs oubils de la Corne de lAfrique. Paris. 230 p. Bailloud, G. 1959. La Prhistoire de lEthiopie. In : Cahiers de lAfrique et de lAsie, 5, 15-43. Bailey, Geoff. 1983. Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory. A European Perspective. University of Cambridge, 256 pp. Baker, H. G. 1962. The Ecological Study of Vegetation in Ghana. In: Agriculture and land use in Ghana, ed. by J. B. Wills, London OUP, 151-159. 1962. Comments on the Thesis that There was a Major Centre of Plant Domestication Near the Headwaters of the River Niger. Journal of African History 3 (2): 229-233. 1965. The Evolution of the Cultivated Kapok Tree. A Probable West African Product. In: Brokensha, Ecology, 185-216. Baker, R. E. D. and N. W. Simmonds. 1951. Bananas in East Africa. Part I: The botanical and agricultural status of the crop. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol. 19, 283-90. Balout, Lionel. 1955. Prhistoire de lAfrique du Nord. Arts et Mtiers Graphiques, Flammarion, Paris. Banks, K. M. 1984. Climates, Cultures and Cattle. The Holocene Archaeology of the Eastern Sahara. Southern Methodist UP. Banti, G. 1993. Ancora SullOrigine del Cammello nel Corno dAfrica. Osservazioni di un Linguista. In: Ethno, Lingua e Cultura, di A. Belardi (ed.) Calamo, Roma, 183-223. Barfield, T. 1993. The Nomadic Alternative. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Barich, B. E. 1980. Pour une Dfinition du Nolithique en Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. In: Proceedings of the 8th Panafrican Congress, s.u. Leakey/Ogot, Nairobi, 271-2. 1987. Archaeology and Environment in the Libyan Sahara. The excavations in the Tadrat Acacus, 1978 -1983. BAR International Series 368, Oxford. Barker, Graeme. 1985. Prehistoric Farming in Europe. Senior Lecturer, Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Sheffield/Director, British School at Rome. New studies in archaeology, Cambridge UP, 345 pp. Barnard, A. 1992. Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa. Comparative ethnography of the Khoisan peoples. Cambridge UP. Barnes, H. B. 1926. Iron Smelting Among the Ba-Ushi. In: J. of the Royal Arch. Inst.: 56, 189-94. Barnett, J. R. 1980. Aspects of Xylem Cell Development. Plant Science Laboratories, University of Reading. Castle House Publications Turnbridge Wells, Kent. Baron, S. 1975. Die Achte Plage. Die Wstenheuschrecke der Welt Grsster Schdling. Aus dem Engl. bersetzt von Prof. Dr. W. Schwenke, Mnchen. Barry, B. s.d. Le Poyaume du Waalo. Le Sngal avant la Conqute. Prface de Samir Amin, Karthala, Paris. Barth, H. 1857. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.s Government in the years 1849-1855. 5 vol. Longman, Brown, Green, Longman and Roberts, London.

Barthelem, J. W. 1984. Early Evidence for Animal Domestication in Eastern Africa. In: Clark and Brandt, 200-205. 1985. Fisher-hunters and Neolithic Pastoralists in Eastern Turkana, Kenya. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. Barton, G. A. 1934. Semitic and Hamitic Origins. Philadelphia. Bascom, William R. 1951. Yoruba Cooking. Africa, XXI, 125-37. 1951. Yoruba Food. Africa, XXI, 41-53. Bascom, W.R. and Melville J. Herskovits, eds. Continuity and Change in African Cultures. Phoenix Books: edition 1962. The University of Chicago Press, 1959, 309 pp. Batchelor, Peter G. and Harry R. Boer. 1967. Theology and Rural Development in Africa. Erdmans: Grand Rapids, 24 pp. Bates, R. H. 1983. Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa. Afr. stud. ser., 38 pp. Bathie, Perrier de la. 1931. Les Plantes Introduites Madagascar. Rev. Bot. App. Et Agr. Trop. Bataille, G. 1983. Die Hhlenkinder von Lascaux. Oder die Geburt der Kunst. Stuttgart. Bauer, D. F. 1977. Household and Society in Ethiopia. An economic and social analysis of Tigray social principles and household organization. Comm. On Ethiop. Stud., occ. Pap. Ser., mon.6. 183 pp. Baumann, P. and H. Uhlig. 1980. Von Pygmen und anderen Zwergen. In: Rettet die Naturvlker, fischer tb, 48-64. Baur, G. N. 1968. The Ecological Basis of the Rainforest Management. Forestry commission of New South Wales, Australia, 1961-62. FAO, Rome, Report, 499 pp. Bayliss-Smith, T. P. 1982. The Ecology of Agricultural Systems. Cambridge Topics in Geography Second Series, CUP, 96 pp. Beach, D. N. 1980. The Shona and Zimbabwe 900-1850. An Outline of Shona History. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., and Mambo Press, Gweru, 422 pp. Beadle, L. C. 1981. The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa. An introduction to tropical limnology. 2nd ed. 416 pp. Beaton, W. G. 1937. Goat Husbandry in Northern Nigeria. Including a descriptive survey of the causes of mortality. Report of the Veterinary Dep-t of Nigeria, publ. 1939. Beauvilain, A. 1983. Un Elevage rsiduel. Les Taurins du Nord Cameroun. In: Revue Gographique Camerounaise : 4, 39-44. Becker B, 1983. The contribution of wild plants to human nutrition in the Ferlo (Northern Senegal). In: Agroforestry systems, no. 1 Bedaux, R. M. A. et al. 1978. Recherches Archologiques Dans le Delta du Niger. In : Palaeohistoria : 20, 91-220. Beer, Tom and M. D. Swaine. 1977. On the Theory of Explosively Dispersed Seeds. New Phytol. 78: 681-694. Behrens, P. 1981 C-group-Sprache-Nubisch-Tu- Bedawiye. Ein sprachliches Sequenzenmodell und seine geschichtlichen Implikationen. In: Sprache u Geschichte in Afrika. 3, 17-49 1984/85. Wanderungsbewegungen und Sprache der frheren Saharanischen Viehzchter. In: Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika,: 6, 135-216.

Bekure, S., P. N. de Leeuw, B. E. Grandin and P. J. H. Neate, eds. 1991. Maasai Herding. An Analysis of the Livestock Production System of Maasai Pastoralism in Eastern Africa. ILCA Systems Study 4, Addis Ababa, Internat. Livestock Centre for Africa. Bellwood, P. S. 1980. The Peopling of the Pacific. Sc. Am. Vol. 243, no. 5, 138-147. Beltan, L. 1969. La Faune Ichthyologique de lEotrias du NW de Madagascar. Le neuro-crne. Cahiers de Palontologie, 192 pp. Bender, Barbara 1975. Farming in Prehistory, From Hunter-Gatherer to Food-Producer. Baker, London. 1978. Gatherer-Hunter to Farmer. A Social Perspective. In: World Archaeology (10), 204-222. 1981. Gatherer-Hunter Intensification. In: Economic Archaeology, ed. by A. Sheridan and G. Bailey. In: Oxford: BAR International no. 96, Bender, M. L. 1971. The Languages of Ethiopia. In: Anthropological Linguistics: 13, 165-288. 1975. Nilo-Saharan Overview. In: The Nilo-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia by Bender and Fleming, eds. Michigan State U. Pr., East Lansing. 1982. Livestock and Linguistics in North and East African Ethno History. In: Current Anthropology,: 23, 316-17. Bender, M. L. and H. C. Fleming, eds. 1975. The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. Michican State UP, East Lansing. Bendor-Samuel, J. and R. Hartell, eds. 1989. The Niger Congo Languages. UP of America, Lauham. s. Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko 128 pp. Benneh, George. 1973. Small-Scale Farming Systems in Ghana. Africa, 43, 134-46. Berge, Grunnvor, Drissa Diallo et Britt Hveem. 2003. Les Plantes sauvages du Sahel mailen. Les stratgies dadaptation la scheresse des Sahliens. Ed. Karthala, Paris. 330 pp. Bergeret, Anne. 1977. Ecologically Viable Systems of Production. Illustration in the field of agriculture. In: Ecodevelopment News, Paris no.3. Bernard, F. E. 1972. East of Mount Kenya. Meru Agriculture in Transition. Munich. Barnard, Yves, 2008. Mil merveille du Sahel. LHarmattan, Paris 2008. Berntsen, John L. 1979. Economic Variations Among Maa-Speaking Peoples. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 108-127. Bernus, Edmond 1974. Les Illabakan. (Niger) Maison des Sciences de lhommes, Paris, ESZ MS 35. 1979. LArbre et le Nomade. Journal dAgric. Trad. Et de Bot. Appl., Paris, vol. XXVI, 2, 103-128. 1980. LArbre Dans le Nomads Land. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4 : 171-76. 1981. Touaregs Nigriens. Unit Culturelle et Diversit Rgionale dun Peuple Pasteur. Thse pour le doctorat : Universit de Paris X (Nanterre), Mm. O.R.S.T.O.M. no.94. Besler, H. 1976. Wasserberformte Dnen als Glied in der Landschaftsgenese der Namib. In: Geomethodica, Basel, vol. 1 Bettini, T. M. 1938. Types of Goats in Italian Territory in Africa. In: Jour. South Afr. Vet. Med. Ass., 9: 74. Beyene, Taddese, ed. 1984. Proceedings of the 8th Internat. Conference on Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa. Biebuyck, Daniel, ed. 1965 (1963). African Agrarian Systems. Oxford UP. Bille, J. C. 1964. Pturage du Secteur Occidental dElevage de la Rpublique Centrafricaine. I.E.M.V.T., Maisons-Alfort, 286 pp. 7

1967. Exprimentation Agrostologique en R.C.A. I.E.M.V.T., Maisons-Alfort, multigr. 246 pp. Bille, J. C., G. Boudet, J. P. Lebrun et R. Rivire, eds. 1970. Manuel Sur les Pturages Tropicaux et les Cultures Fourragres. I.E.M.V.T., Maisons-Alfort. Binford, L. R. and S. R. Binford, eds. 1968. New Perspectives in Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. Birmingham, David. 1981. Central African to 1870 / Zambezia, Zare and the South Atlantic. Chapters from the Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 177 pp. Bishop, W. W., and J. D. Clark, eds. 1967. Background to Evolution in Africa. U. of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 1967 (2nd edition) cf. R Mauny. Bisschop, J. H. R. 1937. Parent Stock and Derived Types of African Cattle, with particular reference to the importance of conformational characteristics in the study of origin. In: South Afr. J. of Sc., vol. XXXIII. March. Biya, N. 1987. Etre, Pouvoir et Gnration. Le systme mbok chez les Basa du Sud-Cameroun. Paris, 134 pp. Blakney, C. P. 1963. On Banana and Iron : Linguistic Footprints in African History. Hartford Studies in Linguistics 13. Hartford. Blanc-Pamard, Chantal. 1979. Un Jeu Ecologique Diffrentiel. Les Communauts Rurales du Contact FortSavane au fond du V Baoul (Cte dIvoire). O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris, Travaux et documents, no. 107, 313 pp. Blanc-Pamard, Ch. 1980. Gographe au C.N.R.S. De lUtilisation de Trois Espces de Palmiers Dans le Sud du V Baoul (Cte dIvoire). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4: 247-255. Bleek, D. F. 1923. The Mantis and his Friends. Cape Town. 1928. The Naron. A Bushman Tribe of the Central Kalahari. Cambridge. 1931. A Survey of our Present Knowledge of Rock Paintings in SA. SAJS, 29, 72-83. Bleek, W. H. I. 1875. A Brief Account of Bushman Folklore. Cape Town, 468 pp. Bleek, W. H. I. and L. C. Lloyd. 1911. Bushmen Folklore. C. Struik (Hy.) Ltd., Cape Town. Blench, Roger, Overseas Dev-t Institute 1993/2001. Recent Developments in African Language Classification and Their Implications for Prehistory. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 7: 126-138. 1993/2001. Ethnographic and Linguistic Evidence for the Prehistory of African Ruminant Livestock, Horses and Ponies. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology, chp. 5: 71-103. 1995. A History of Domestic Animals in North-eastern Nigeria. In: Cahiers de Science Humaine, O.R.S.T.O.M., 31 (1), 118-238. 1996. The Ethnographic Evidence for Long-Distance Contacts Between Oceania and East Africa. In: J. Reade (Ed), The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. Kegan Paul International, London and New York, 417-438. 1996. A Survey of Ethnographic and Linguistic Evidence for the History of Livestock in Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., 18-27. 2000 African Minor Livestock Species. 314-338. 200 A History of Donkeys, Wild Asses and Mules in Africa. 338-354. 2000 A History of Pigs in Africa. 355-367. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins and dev-t. Blench, R. M. and K. C. MacDonald, eds. 2000. Origins and Development of African Livestock. Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography. Univ. College London Press, London. Blust, R. 1995. The Prehistory of the Austronesian Speaking People. A View from Language. In: Journal of World Prehistory 9, 453-510. Bockemhl, Jochen, Wolfgang Schad und Andreas Suchantke. 1978. Mensch und Landschaft Afrikas. Zur kogeographie, Biologie und Vlkerkunde. Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart, 236 S. Bocquene, Henri. s.d. Moi, un Mbororo, Ndoudi Oumarou, Peul Nomade du Cameroun. Prface de Christiane Seydou. Karthala, Paris 388 pp. 8

Bodenheimer, F. S. 1951. Insects as Human Food. The Hague: W. Junk. Boessneck, J. 1988. Die Tierwelt des Alten gypten. C. H. Beck, Mnchen. Viele Artikel in Sc. J. s. in Blench/MacDonald, 57 pp. Boessneck, J. und A. von den Driesch. 1992. Tell el-Daba VII. Tiere und Histor. Umwelt im Nordost-Delta im 2. Jh.tausend v. Chr. Anhand der Knochenfunde der Ausgrabungen 1975-1986. str. Ak. D. Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, II. Wien: str. Ak. der Wissenschaften. Boettiger, C. 1958. Die Haustiere Afrikas. Jena. Bogdan, A. V. 1977. Tropical Pasture and Fodder Crops. Longman, London, 475 pp. Bohannan, Paul 1954. Tiv Farm and Settlement. Colonial Research Studies No. 15, London, H. M. Stationery Office. 1061 and 1965 Land Tenure Land Tenure. In: Biebuyck, Afr. Agrarian Systems cf. in Levi-Havinden, Economics of Afr. Agr., 81 pp. 1966. The Tiv of Nigeria. In: Gibbs, People, 513-546. Bohannan, P. and Laura Bohannan. 1968. Tiv Economy. North western UP, Evanston. Bohannan, P. and George Dalton (eds.). 1962. Markets in Africa. 1968. North western UP, Evanston. Bond, G. 1963. Pleistocene Environments in Southern Africa. In: Howell and Bourlire, eds., New York, 308-34. Bonnefille, R. 1971. Atlas des Pollens dEthiopie. Principales espces des forts de montage. Pollen et Spores 13 (1): 15-72. Bonnefille, R. and G. Riollet. 1988. The Kashiru Pollen Sequence (Burundi). Palaeoclimatic Implications for the Last 40000 yr BP in Tropical Africa. In: Quaternary Research, 30, 19-35. Boserup, Ester 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. George Allen and Unwin, London. 1970. Womans Role in Economic Development. St. Martins Press, New York, 283 pp. Botte, Roger, Jean Boutrais et Jean Schmitz (Eds.). 1999. Figures peules. Karthala, Paris. 544 p. Bouchel, D., J. J. Lauvergue, E. Guibert et F. Minvielle. 1993. Etude Morpho-Biomtrique de la Chvre du Rove In: Revue dElevage et de Mdicine Vtrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 37-46. Bouchel, D. et J. J. Lauvergue. 1996. Le Peuplement de lAfrique Par la Chvre Domestique. In : Revue dElvage et de Mdicine Vtrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 49, 80-90. Bouet, Claude. 1980. La Saga de lOkoum au Gabon. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 269-272. Boulet, R. 1974. Topo Squences de Sols Tropicaux en Haute-Volta. Equilibres Dynamiques et Bioclimats. Thse : Strasbourg, multigr. 298 pp. Bouquiaux, L. ed. 1980. LExpansion Bantou. Socit dEtudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, Paris. Bourlire, F. 1963. Observations on the Ecology of Some Large African Mammals. African Ecology and Human Evolution, vol. 26, 43-54. Bourlir, F. and M. Hadley. 1983. Present-Day Savannas: An Overview. In: Tropical Savannas, ed. by F. Bourlir and M. Hadley, Ecosystem of the World Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1-17. Bourlir, F. and M. Hadley. 1983. Tropical Savannas. Ecosystem of the World 13. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 9

Bourzat, D. 1985. La Chvre Naine dAfrique Occidentale. Monographie. Groupe de Recherche sur les Petits Ruminants et les Camlids. Document du Groupe no. SRC 4 : Addis Ababa : ILCA. Boutrais, Jean 1974. Les Conditions Naturelles de lElevage Sur le Plateau de lAdamaoua (Cameroun). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XI, no. 2 : 145-198. 1980. LArbre et le Buf en Zone Soudano-Guinenne. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4 : 235-246. Bower, J. R. F. 1976. New Light on the East African Neolithic. In: Proceedings of the Panafr. Congress, 7th Session, Addis Ababa, Dec. 1971. 1984. Subsistence-Settlement Systems of the Pastoral Neolithic in East Africa. In: Krzyzaniak and Kobusiewicz, eds., Poznan: Pol. Academy, 473-80. 1984. Settlement behaviour of Pastoral Cultures in East Africa. In: Clark and Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers, University of Cal. P, Berkeley. 1988. Evolution of Stone Age Food-Producing Cultures in East Africa. In: Bower/Lubell, eds., Prehistoric cultures, Oxford: 91-114. 1991. The Pastoral Neolithic of East Africa. In: J. of world Prehistory, 5, 49-82. 1996. Early Food Production in Africa. In: Evolutionary Anthropology, 5, 136-139. Bower, J. and D. Lubell, eds. 1988. Prehistoric Cultures and Environments in the late Quaternary of Africa. BAR International Series 405, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. Bowles, Brian D 1976. Export Crops and Underdevelopment in Tanganyika 1929-61. Utafiti, vol., no.1, 71-85. 1979 Underdevelopment in Agriculture in Colonial Kenya. Some Ecological and Dietary Aspects. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 195-215. Bradley, Dan, and Roman Loftus. 2000. Two Eves for Taurus? Bovine mitochondrial DNA and African Cattle Domestication. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins and dev-t, 244-250. Braidwood, R. J. 1960. The Agricultural Revolution. Scientific America. Brain, C. K. 1981. The Hunters or the Hunted? An introduction to African cave taphonomy. Repr. of the 1981 ed. 1983. Chicago UP, 366 pp. Brand & Pfund, 1998, Slash and Burn. Brandt, Steven A 1980. Investigation of Late Stone Age Occurrences at Lake Besaka, Ethiopia. In: Leakey/Ogot, eds., Proceedings of the 8th Pan. Afr. Congress, Nairobi, 239-43. 1984. New Perspectives on the Origin of Food Production in Ethiopia. In: Clark and Brandt, eds. From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. Berkeley: University of Cal. 173-90. 1986. The Upper Pleistocene and Early Holocene Prehistory of the Horn of Africa. In: African Achaeological Review 4, 41-82. 1988. Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter Gatherer Adaptation in Southern Somalia. In: World Archaeology, 20: 40-56. Brandt, S. A. and G. A. Brook. 1984. Archaeological and Paleoenvironmental Research in Northern Somalia. In: Current Anthropology, 25: 119-21. Brandt, S. A. and N. Carder. 1987. Pastoral Rock Art in the Horn of Africa. Making Sense of Udder Chaos. In: World Archaeology, 19: 194-213. Brandt, S. A. and Rodolfo Fattovich. 1990. Later Quaternary Archaeological Research in the Horn of Africa. In: Robert Shaw, A History of African Archaeology, 95-108. Braukmper, U. 1983. Die Kambata. Geschichte und Gesellschaft eines Sdthiopischen Bauernvolkes. 330 pp. Breman, H. 1983 : with CT Dewit, Rangeland Productivity and exploitation in the Sahel. In: Science 221 (4618): 1341-1347. 10

1977 : with AM Cisse. Dynamics of Sahelian Pastures in relation to drought and grazing. In: OECOLOGIA 28 (4): 301-315. 1991 : with JJ Kessler, The Potential of Agroforestry to increase primary prodzction in the Sahelian and Sudanian Zones of West Africa. In: Agroforestry Systems 13 (1): 41-62. 1990: with WT Elberse, Germination and establishdmenof Sahelian Rangeland species.2. Effects of water availability. In : OECOLOGIA 85 (1) : 32-40. 2nd . 1989 : same authors and title plus 1. Seed properties. In: OEKOLOGIA 80 (4): 477-484 1980 : with AM Cisse, MA Djiteye, et al. Pasture Dynamics and Forage Availability in the Sahel. In: Israel J. of Botany 28 (3-4): 227-251. 1997: with JJ Kessler, The potential benefits of agroforestry in the Sahel and other semi-arid regions. In: European J. of Agronomy 7 (1-3): 23-33 Sep. 1997. Brenac, P. 1988. Evolution de la Vgtation et du Climat Dans lOuest-Cameroun Entre 25.000 et 11.000 ans BP. In: Institut Franais de Pondicherry, Travaux du Section Scientifique et Technique. 25, 91-103. Bresseur, Grard. 1980. Notes de Lecture. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 167-69. Breuer, G. 1982. Sociobiology and the Human Dimension. About animals and humans, CUP, 280 pp. Breuil, Abb H. 1930. LAfrique Prhistorique. Doyen of Afr. Prehistorians. Cahiers dArt 5, nos. 8-9. 1966. Southern Rhodesia: the District of Fort Victoria and Other Sites. In: The Rock Paintings of Southern Africa vol. 5, Paris: Singer-Polignac Foundation. Breunig, P. 1995. Gajigama und Koduga. Zur frheren Besiedlung des Tschadbeckens in Nigeria. In: Beitrge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archologie. 15, 3-48. Breunig, P., K. Neumann and W. Van Neer. 1996. New Research on the Holocene Settlement and Environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria. In: The African Review 13, 111-45. Brewer, D. J., D. B. Redford and S. Redford. 1994. Domestic Plants and Animals. The Egyptian Origins. Aris and Philips, Warminster. Brokensha, D. ed. 1965. Ecology and Economic Development in Tropical Africa. Institute for International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Research Series 9. Baker, Kapok tree, 185-216. Bronckers, F. 1967. Palynologie. P. Africaine VII. Bull. de lI.F.A.N. 29 (A) : 471-520. Brooks, A. S. 1984. San Landuse Patterns : Past and Present. Implications for Southern African Prehistory. In: Frontiers: southern Africa archaeology today, Hall M. G., Avery, Wilson and Humphrey, eds., Oxford: British Archaeological Report. Brothwell, D. and E. Higgs, eds.1970. Science in Archaeology. A Survey of Progress and Research. Praeger, New York. Brouwery, J., S.C. Geiger et R.J. Vandenbeldt. 1993. Varibilit dans les cropssance de Faidherbia a.bida. rapport avec les termites. In : Vandenbeldt & Rennard, 131-35 Brown, D. H. 1931. The Cultivation of Yams. (Trop.) Agric. Trin. 8, 8, 201-6; 8, 9, 231-6. Brown, L. H. 1957 Development and Farm Planning in the African Areas of Kenya. East Afric Agric Journal 23, 67-73. 1968. Agricultural Change in Kenya: 1945 1960. Food Research Institute Studies, 8, 35-90. Brcher, H. 1982. Die Sieben Sulen der Welternhrung. Sneckenberg Buch 59, Verlag Kramer, Frankfurt am Main, 208 S. Buchanan, Carole.1997. Courts, Clans and Chronology in the Kitara Complex. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 87-124. Buddenhagen, I. W. and G. J. Persley, eds. 1977. Rice in Africa. Academic Press, San Diego, CA Proceedings of a conference held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture: IITA at Ibadan. 11

Buel, J. W. 1971. Heroes of the Dark Continent, & How Stanley Found Emir Pascha. A complete history of all the great explorations & discoveries in Africa, from the earliest ages to the present time Repr. of the 1889 ed. 1971. 4to. 576 pp. Bugnicourt, Jacques. 1977. The African Environment : Constraint or Asset for the Young? In: Deutsch, eco. Soc. Systems, 59-74. Buisson, E. M. 1933. Matriaux Pour Servir la Prhistoire du Cameroun. Bull. Soc. Prhist. Franaise 30 : 335-348. Buisson, F. 1965. Plantes Alimentaires de lOuest Africain. Imprimerie Leconfe, Marseille, 568 pp. Buleli, NSanda. 1993/2001. Iron Making Techniques in the Kiru Region of Zare. Some of the Differences between the South Maniema Region and North Kivu. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology, chp. 28: 468-477. Bulliet, R. W. 1975. The Camel and the Wheel. Harvard UP, Cambridge, Mass. Columbia UP, New York 2nd ed. 1990. Burenhult, Gran. Hsg. 2000. People of the Stone Age. Weldon Owen Pry. Ltd/Bra Bcker AB. Dt. Ausgabe: Die Menschen der Steinzeit. Jahr Verlag, Hamburg, Lizenz f. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 239 S. Burke, K., A. B. Durotoye and A. J. Whitemen. 1971. A Dry Phase South of the Sahara 20.000 Years Ago. In: West African Journal of Archaeology 1, 1-8. Burkill, I. H. 1938. The Contact of the Portuguese With African Food Plants, Which Gave Such Words as Yam to European Languages. Proceedings of the Linnean Society 3. Feb. 1938. 150: 84-95. 1939. Notes on the Genus Dioscorea in the Belgian Congo. Bull. du Jardin Botanique de Bruxelles 15: 345-392. 1951. The Rise and Decline of the Greater Yam in the Service of Man. Advance Science (London) 7, 28, 443-8. 1962. Habits of Man and the Origins of Cultivated Plants of the Old World. In: Wagner Mikesell, Readings, 248-281. Burkitt, M. C. 1928. South Africas Past in Stone and Paint. Cambridge CUP. Burley, R. H. 1957. The Agriculture of Ethiopia. USA Operations Mission to Ethiopia. Point 4, vol. 2, Addis Ababa. Burney, D. A. 1987. Late Holocene Vegetation Change in Central Madagascar. In: Quaternary Research, 28, 130-43. 2003. Madagascars Prehistoric Ecosystems. In: Goodman, Natural History of Madagascar, 47-51 Burnham, Philip. 1980. Changing Agricultural and Pastoral Economies in the West African Savanna Region. In: Human Ecology in Savanna Environments, ed. by D. R. Harris, Academic Press, New York, 147-170. Burrows, F. M. 1975. Wind-borne Seed and Fruit Movement. New Phytol. 75: 405-418. Burtt, B. D. 1942. Some East African Vegetation Communities. J. Ecol. 30, 65-146. Busson, F., P. Jaeger, P. Lunven et M. Pinta. 1965. Plantes Alimentaires de lOuest Africain. Leconte, Marseilles. Butzer, Karl. W. 1959. Studien zum Vor- und Frhgeschichtlichen Landschaftswandel der Sahara. III. Die Natur-Landschaft gyptens whrend der Vorgeschichte und der Dynastischen Zeit. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Liter. Mainz Math.-naturw. Kl., 43-122 1971. Recent History of an Ethiopian Delta. Dept. of Geography, U. of Chicago, Research Paper 16. 1971. The Significance of Agricultural Dispersal into Europe and Northern Africa. In: Struever, ed., Prehistoric Agriculture, 313-334. 1980. The Holocene Lake Plain of North Rudolf, East Africa. In: Physical Geography, 1, 42-58. 1980. Pleistocene History of the Nile Valley in Egypt and Lower Nubia. In: Martin & Faure & Faure, eds. The Sahara, 253-80. 12

1981. Rise and Fall of Axum, Ethiopia. A Geoarchaeological Interpretation. In: American Antiquity, 46, 471-95. 1982. Archaeology as Human Ecology. Methods and Theory for a Contextual Approach. Henry Schultz Prof. of Environmental Archaeology University of Chicago, Cambridge UP, 384 pp. Butzer, K. W. and C. L. Hansen. 1968. Desert and River in Nubia. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Butzer, K. W., G. L. Isaac, J. L. Richardson and C. Washbourn-Kamau. 1972. Radiocarbon Dating of East African Lake Levels. Science 175: 1069-1072. Bwiti. 1982. An Ethnography of the Religious Imagination in Africa. XXIV, 731 pp.

C
Calame-Griaule, Genevive. d. Le Thme de lArbre Dans les Contes Africains. vol. I : 1969, vol. II : 1970, vol. III : 1974, Paris, SELAF (Bibliothque de la SELAF, 16, 20, 42-43. Calame-Griaule, G. 1980. LArbre et lImaginaire. Ethnologue au C.N.R.S., 8 rue Gay-Lussac, 75005 Paris, Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4. Camps, Gabriel. 1968. Tableau Chronologique de la Prhistoire Rcente du Nord de lAfrique. Premire synthse des datations absolues. Bull. de la Socit Prhistorique Franaise, 65, 2 : 609-622. 1974. Les Civilisation Prhistorique de lAfrique du Nord et du Sahara. Doin, Paris. s.d. Beginnings of Pastoralism and Cultivation in North Africa and the Sahara. In: Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 1. Camps, G., G. Delibrias et J. Thommenet. 1968. Chronologie Absolute et Succession des Civilisations Prhistoriques Dans le Nord de lAfrique. In: Libyca : 16 : 19-28. Caneva, I. and A. E. Marks. 1990. More on the Shaqadud Pottery. Evidence for Sahara Nilotic Connection During the 6th 4th millennium BC. In: Archologie du Nil Moyen, 4, 11-35. Caneva, I +. 1996. The Influence of Sahara Prehistoric Cultures on the Nile Valley. Paper presented at the XIII. International Congress of Prehistoric Sciences, Forli, Italy, 8/14 Sept. Carlson, W. 1977. The Cytogenetics of Corn. Chap. In Corn and Corn Improvement, Sprague, ed. Carpenter, A. J. 1978. The History of Rice in Africa. In: Buddenhagen/Persley, eds. Rice in Africa, 3-10. Carter, George F. 1977. A Hypothesis Suggesting a Single Origin of Agriculture. In: Reed, Origins, 89-134. Carter, P. L. and C. Flight. 1972. A Report on the Fauna From the Sites of Ntereso and Kintampo Rock Shelter Six in Ghana With Evidence for the Practice of Animal Husbandry During the Second Millennium BC. In: Man 7: 277-282. Cashdan, E. A. 1983. Territoriality Among Human Foragers. Ecological Models and an Application to four Bushman Groups. In: Current Anthropology, 24 (1): 47-66. 1984. The Effects of Food Production on Mobility in the Central Kalahari. In: Clark/Brandt, eds. From Hunters to Farmers. Cal. UP, Berkeley. Casey, J. 2005. Holocene Occupations of the Forest and Savanna. In: A. B. Stahl, ed. African Archaeology, Princton, 225-248. Casearie, W. and W. v. Zeist. 1984. Plants and Ancient Man. Studies in palaeoethnobotany. Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany , 374 pp. Catinot, R. 1978. LUtilisation Intgrale des Forts Tropicales est-elle Possible? Bois et Forts des Tropiques, no. 189, 3-14. 13

Canton-Thomson, G. 1934. The Camel in Dynastic Egypt. In: Man, 34: 21ff.. Celis, G. et E. Nzikobanyanka. 1976. La Metallurgie Traditionnelle au Burundi. Techniques et Croyances. Muse Royal de lAfrique centrale, Terruren. Chaix, L. and A. Grant. 1987. A Study of a Prehistoric Population of Sheep. (Ovis aries L.) from Kerma (Sudan): archaeological and archaeozoological implications. In: Archaeozoologica, 1, 77-92. Chaker, S. 1995. Linguistique et Prhistoire. Autour de quelques Noms dAnimaux Domestiques en Berbre. In: LHomme mditerranen. Mlanges, G. Camps, R. Cheuorkian, ed. Aix-en-Province : LAPMO, 259-64. Chami, F. A. 2001. Chicken Bones From a Neolithic Limestone Cave Site, Zanzibar. Contact between East Africa and Asia. In: F. Chami, G. Pwiti, C. Radimilahy, eds. People, Contacts, DSM UP, 84-97. Chami, F., G. Pwiti and C. Radimilahy, eds. 2001. People, Contacts and the Environment in the African Past. Dares Salaam UP, DRS, Coast (Eastern Suaheli). Chami, F. A. and A. Kwekason. 2003. Neolithic Pottery Traditions From the Islands, the Coast and the Interior of East Africa. In: African Archaeological Review 20, 65-80. Champs-Faber, H. 1966. Matire et Art Mobilier Dans la Prhistoire Nord-Africaine et Saharienne. Paris. Chang, T. K. and W. Landauer. 1950. Observations on the Skeleton of African Dwarf Goats. In: J. of Morphology, 86, 367-76. Chang, T. T. 1964. Present Knowledge of Rice Genetics and Cytogenetics. In: In IRRI Tech. Bull., 1, 961970. Rice. In: Frankel, O. H. + E. Bennett (eds.), Genetic Resources in Plants. Oxford and Edinburgh, 267-72. 1976. The Rice Cultures. In: The early history of agriculture. Royal Society of London. 1976. Rice. In: Simmonds, Evolution, 98-104. Chapelle, Jean. 1957. Nomades Noires du Sahara. Librairie Plon, Paris. Chaplin, J. H. 1961. Notes on Traditional Smelting in Northern Rhodesia. In: South African Arch. Bull., 16, 53-60. Charreau, C. et P. Vidal. 1965. Influence de lAcacia Albida Sur le Sol. Nutrition minrale et rendements des mils pennisetum au Sngal. Agronomie Trop. no. 20, fase. 6-7, 600-626. Chatterjee, D. 1947. Botany of Wild and Cultivated Rices. In: Nature 160, 234-7. Chavane, B. A. s.d. Villages de lAncien Tekrour. Karthala, Paris, 188 pp. Chavanduka, D. M. 1975. Insects as a Source of Protein to the African. In: Rhodesia Science News, 9 (7), 217-20. Chenorkian, Robert. 1983. Ivory Coast Prehistory: Recent Developments. In: The African Archaeological Review 1, 127-142. Chevalier, A. 1907. Mission Chari-Lac Tchad 1902-1904. LAfrique centrale franaise : rcit du voyage de la mission. Paris : A. Chellamel. 1910. La Culture du Mas en Afrique Occidentale et Espcialement en Dahomey. J. Agr. Trop. 1932. Les Productions Vgtales du Sahara et ses Confins Nord et Sud, Pass, Prsent, Avenir. Rev. Bot. App. et Agr. Trop. 1935. Les Iles du Cap Vert. Rev. Bot. App. et Agr. Trop. 1938. Le Sahara, Centre dOrigine des Plantes Cultives. Socit de Biogographie, Mmoires VI : La vie dans la rgion dsertique Nord-tropicale de lancien monde Paris, 6, 307-22. Chevalier, A. (ed.) 1946. Cinquante Anne dEfforts Scientifiques et Sociaux pur le Dveloppement de lAgriculture Malgache. Rev. Bot. App. et Agr. Trop., Supplement. 14

Chigwedere, Aeneas. 1985. The Karanga Empire. Books for Africa, Morgan House, Harare, 174 pp. Chikwendu, V. E. and C. E. A. Okezie. 1989. Factors Responsible for the Ennoblement of West African Yams. Inferences from Experiments in Yam Domestication. In: Harris Hyman, Foraging and Farming. Unwin Hyman, London , 344 -57. Child, R. 1974. Coconuts. Longmans, London. Childe, V. Gordon. 1928. The Most Ancient East. 1936. Man Makes Himself. 1942. What Happened in History. Reprint Penguin 1964. 2 Key word: Fertile Crescent Middle East Agricultural Revolution over 2000 years. 1944. Progress and Archaeology. London. 1958. The Dawn of European Civilisation. New York. 1958. The Prehistory of European Society. Harmondsworth, Penguin Books. Chittick, H. N. 1974. Kiwa. An Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast. 2 vols. British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. Chittick, N. 1984. Manda. Excavations at an Island Port on the Kenya Coast. Brit. Inst. In Eastern Africa, Memoir no. 9. 258 pp. Chiwale, J. Ch. 1962. Central Bantu Historical Texts III. Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Communication. Lusaka, ii + 70 pp. Chowdhury, K. A. and G. M. Buth. 1970. 4500 Year Old Seeds Suggest that True Cotton is Indigenous to Nubia. Nature 227: 85-86. Chrtien, Jean-Pierre. 1989. Les Ethnies ont une Histoire. Karthala, Paris, 340 pp. Chrtien, J. P.1993. Burundi : LHistoire Retrouve. 25 Ans de Mtier dHistorien en Afrique. Ed. Karthala, Paris. Christian Council of Nigeria, ed. 1978. The Rural People. Victims of Social Change in Nigeria. Ibadan, pp. 16. Church, R. J. Harrison. 1957. West Africa. A Study of the Environment and Mans Use of it. Longmans, London. Churcher, C. S. 1972. Late Pleistocene Vertebrates From Archaeological Sites in the Plain of Kom Ombo, Upper Egypt. (Life Sciences Contributions, 82), vi, 172 pp. Cisse, Youssouf Tata et Wa Kamissoko. s.d. La Grande Geste du Mali des Origines la Fondation de lEmpire. En codition avec ARSAN, Karthala, Paris, 450 pp. Clark, J. Desmond 1962. The Spread of Food Production in Sub Saharan Africa. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Economic History, 313. Reprint from: Journal of African History, vol. III, no. 2, 211-228. 1962. From Food Collecting to Incipient Urbanisation in Africa South of the Sahara. In: R. J. Braidwood, Courses Towards Urban Life. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology, no. 32. 1963. Prehistoric Cultures of North-East Angola and Their Significance in Tropical Africa. Diamantes, Lisbon. 1964. The Prehistoric Origins of African Culture. In: Journal of African History 5, 161-183. 1966. The Distribution of Prehistoric Cultures in Angola. Lisbon. 1967. The Problem of Neolithic Culture in Sub-Sahara Africa. In: Bishop/Clark, Background to Evolution in Africa, UP Chicago, 601-627. 1967. A Record of Early Agriculture and Metallurgy in Africa from Archaeological Sources. In: Reconstructing African Culture History, ed. by C. Gabel and N. R. Bennett, Boston UP, 3-24. 1969. The Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, I. Cambridge UP. 1971. A Re-examination of the Evidence for Agricultural Origins in the Nile Valley. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37 (2), 34-70. 1973. Archaeological Investigation of a Painted Rock Shelter at Mwana wa Chencherere, North of Dedza, Central Malawi. In: Society of Malawi Journal, 26, 28-46. 15

1974. The Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, II. Cambridge UP.Clark, J. D. 1970. The Prehistory of Africa. Thames and Hudson, London. 1976. Prehistoric Populations and Pressures Favouring Domestication in Africa. In: Harlan et al., Origins, 67-105. 1977. The Origins of Domestication in Ethiopia. In: Proceedings of the 8th Congress of the Pan-African Ass. for Prehistory and Related Studies. RE Leakey and BA Ogot, eds., Nairobi, 268-70. 1980. Human Populations and Cultural Adaptations in the Sahara and the Nile During Prehistoric Times. In: Williams and Faure, eds., The Sahara and the Nile. A. A. Bakema, Rotterdam, 527-82. 1982. The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume I: From the Earliest Times to c. 500 B.C.,CUP, 1175 pp. 1988. A Review of the Archaeological Evidence for the Food-Production in Ethiopia. In: T. Boyene, Proceedings of 8th Int. Conference, Addis Ababa, vol. 1, 55-69. Clark, J. and S. Brandt, eds. 1984. From Hunters to Herders. The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. California UP, Berkeley. Clark, J. D. and A. Stemler. 1975. Early Domesticated Sorghum From Central Sudan. In: Nature, 254. 588-91. Clark, Howell F. and J. D. Clark. 1966. Acheulean Hunter-Gatherers of Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Howell and Bourliere, African Ecology and Human Evolution. Aldine, Chicago, 458-533. Clark, Colin and Margaret Haswell. 1964. The Economics of Subsistence Agriculture. MacMillan, London. 3rd Edition: New York: St. Martins Press 1967. Clark, C. and M. Horton 1985. The Zanzibar Archaeological Survey: 1984-85. Ministry of Information, Culture and Sports, Zanzibar. Clark, J. Grahame D. 1965. Radiocarbon Dating and the Spread of Farming Economy. Antiquity, 39(153), 45-8. Clarke, D. L. 1968. Analytical Archaeology. Methnen, London. 1977. Spatial Archaeology. Academic Press, London. Clayton, W. D. 1976. The Chronology of African Mountain Grasses. In: Kew Bull., 31, 273-88. Cliffe, L., P. Lawrence, W. Luttrell, Migot-Adhalla and JS Saul. 1975. Rural Cooperation in Tanzania. Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam, 554 pp. Cliffe, Lionel and Richard Moorsom. 1979. Rural Class Formation and Ecological Collapse in Botswana. Review of African Pol. Ec. no. 15/16, 35-52. Cliffe, Lionel, William, L. Luttrell and John E. Moore. s.d. Socialist Transformation in Rural Tanzania. A Strategy for the Western Usambaras. ERB Paper 69.24, Uiversity of Dar es Salaam, 49 pp. Clist, B. 1986. Le Nolithique en Afrique Centrale. Etat de la Question et Perspective dAvenir. LAnthropologie, 90, 217-32. 1987. Early Bantu Settlements in West-Central Africa. A Review of recent research. Anthropology, 28, 380-2. 1989. Archaeology in Gabon, 1886 1988. In: African Archaeological Review 7, 59-95. Close, A. E. Current Research and Recent Radiocarbon Dates From Northern Africa. In: J. of African History 1980 : 21, 145-67. 1984 : 25, 1.24. 1988 : 29, 115-76. Close, A. E. ed. 1987. Prehistory of North Africa. 2 vol. Southern Methodist U. Press, Dallas. Close, A. E. ed. 1987. Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Essays in Honour of Fred Wendorf. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. Close, A. E. and F. Wendorf. 1992. The Beginnings of Food Production in Eastern Sahara. In: A.B. Gebauer and T. D. Price, eds., Transitions in Agriculture in Prehistory, Prehistory Press, Madison, 63-72. 16

Cobley, L. S. 1956/1957. An Introduction of the Botany of Tropical Crops. Longmans, London. Coe, M. J. 1967. The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya. Den Haag. Coetzee, J. A. 1967. Pollen Analytical Studies in East and Southern Africa. In: Palaeoecology of Africa, 3, 1-146 Cohen, Dennis L. and John Daniel, eds. 1981. Political Economy of Africa. Selected Readings. Longman, London, 290 pp. Cohen, M. 1977. The Food Crisis in Prehistory. Yale UP, New Haven. Cole, Monica. 1986. The Savannas. Academic Press, New York. Cole, S. 1954. The Prehistory of East Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 1966. The Stone Age of East Africa. In: Oliver and Mathew, History of East Africa. Oxford, vol. 1, 23-57. Collectif. 1991. Les Relations Interethniques au Rwanda la Lumire de lAgression dOctobre 1990. Ed. Universitaires du Rwanda, Ruhengeri. Collett, D. P. 1993. Metaphors and Representations Associated with Precolonial Iron Smelting in Eastern and Southern Africa. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology, chp. 31: 499-512. Collett, D. P. and P. T. Robertshaw. 1983. Problems in the Interpretation of Radiocarbon Dates. The Pastoral Neolithic of East Africa. In: African Archaeological Review, 1, 57-74. Collins, G. N. 1912. The Origin of Maize. J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 9: 3-11. Collins, Mark. 1982. The Importance of Being a Bugga-Bug. The function of termites. New Scientist 24 June. Collins, Robert O. 1991. The Waters of the Nile. An Annotated Bibliography. 343 pp. Collinson, M. P. 1972 ed. 1983. Farm Management in Peasant Agriculture. (a study concentrating on Africa.), 470 pp. Colson, Elizabeth 1949. Life Among the Cattle-Owing Plateau-Tonga. The material culture of a Northern Rhodesia native tribe. Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. Occasional Paper. Lusaka, 40 pp. 1971. The Social Consequences of Resettlement. The impact of the Kariba resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga. Kariba Studies IV. Published on behalf of the Institute f Afr Studies, University of Zambia, by Manchester UP. Colson, E. and T. Scudder. 1988. For Prayer and Profit. The Ritual Economic and Social Importance of Beer in Gwembe District. Zambia 1950-1982. Stanford, 160 pp. Conklin, Harold C. 1954. The ethnoecological approach to shifting agriculture. In: Transactions of the New York Academy of Science, 171, 133-142 1961. The Study of Shifting Cultivation. Current Anthropology, 2, 27-61. Conlibaly, S. 1978. Le Paysan Snoufo. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, Abidjan. 245 pp. Connah, Graham 1966. Summary of Research in Benin City and in Bornu. West African Archaeological Newsletter 5: 22-25. 1967. Progress Report on Archaeological Work in Bornu 1964-1966. Northern History Research Scheme, 2nd Interim Report, Zaria, 20-31. 1969. The Coming of Iron: Nok and Daima. In: Th. Shaw, Lectures, 30-36. 1970. Precursors of Daima? West African Archaeological Newsletter 12: 91-2. 1981. Man and a Lake. In: Le Sol, la Parole et lEcrit. Mlanges en Hommage Mauny. Socit Franaise dHistoire Franaise, 161-78. 1982. Three Thousand Years in Africa. Man and his environment in the Lake Chad region of Nigeria. New stud. in Archaeology, Cambridge UP, 295 pp. 1985. Agricultural Intensification and Sedentism in the Firki of N. E. Nigeria. In: Farmington, ed., Prehistoric Intensive Agriculture, Oxford, 765-85. 17

s.d. African Civilizations. Precolonial Cities and States in Tropical Africa: an Archaeological Perspective. Dept. of Prehistory and Archaeology University of New England, Armidale, Australia, Cambridge U, pp. 288. s.d. The Archaeology of Benin. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Cook, James H. 1982. Cassava: A Basic Energy Source in the Tropics. In: Science, vol. 218. Cooke, C. K. 1963. Report in Excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves, Matopohills, South Rhod. In: South African Archaeological Bull., 18, 73-151. Cooper, Frederick. 1981. From Slaves to Squatters. Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Costal Kenya, 1890-1925. Yale UP, 345 pp. Coppens, Yves 1965. LEpoque Haddadienne. Une Page de la Protohistoire du Tchad. In: Revista de la Facultade de Letras, 9, 3-8. 1983. Le Single, lAfrique et lHomme. Ed. Fayard, Paris, 148 pp. Cornevin, Marianne. 1994. Archologie Africaine. Ed. Maisonneuve et La rosse, Paris, 270 pp. Coupland, R. T. ed. 1979. Grassland Ecosystems of the World. Analysis of Grasslands and their Uses. Cambridge UP., xxviii + Band 18 von International Biological Programme, 402 pp. Courade, Georges. 1980. La Gestion du Patrimoine Forestier Dans un Secteur Fragile. Les grassfields du Bamenda (Cameroun anglophone). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 265-66. Coursey, D. G. 1965. The Role of the Yams in West African Food Economics. World Crops, 17, 2, 74-82. 1966. The Cultivation and Use of Yams in West Africa. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History, 31-40. Reprint from: Ghana Notes and Queries (Kumasi), vol. 9. 1967. Yams. Longmans Green, London. In: Simmonds, Evolution, 70-74. 1979. The Origins and Demystification of Yams in Africa. In: Swartz, culture Dynamics. Coursey, D. G. and J. Alexander. 1968. Agricultural Patterns and the Sickle Cell. Science (London) 160, 1474-5, 3835 pp. Coursey, D. G. and Cecilia K. Coursey. 1971. The New Yam Festivals of West Africa. Anthropos 444-84, 66 pp. Cowan, C. Wesley and Patty-Jo Watson. 1992. The Origins of Agriculture. An International Perspective. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 1992. Some Concluding Remarks. In: The Origins of Agriculture. Washington. Coward, E. Walter, Jr., ed. 1980. Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia. Perspectives from the Social Sciences. Cornell 368 pp. Crabbe, David and Simon Lawson. 1981. The World Food Book. An A-Z Atlas and Statistical Source Book. Rogan Page, London, 240 pp. Crabtree, Don E. 1972. An Introduction to Flintworking. Pocatello: Occ. Papers of the Idaho State U. Museum 28. Crabtree, P. J. and K. Ryan, eds. 1991. Animal Use and Culture Change. MASCA Research Papers, Supp. To 8. Philadelphia: MASCA, U. of Pennsylvania. Crader, D. C. 1984. Hunters in Iron Age Malawi. The Zooarchaeology of Chenchere Rock shelter. Malawi Dept. of Antiquities, Lilongwe. Crane, E. 1983. The Archaeology of Bee-Keeping. Duckworth, London. Cunningham, Patrick. 2000. Genetics and the Origin of African Cattle. (Genetics Dep., Trinity coll., Ireland) In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins and dev-t, 240-243.

18

Cunnison, Ian. 1951. History of the Luapula. An Essay on the Historical Notions of a Central African Tribe. viii + Rhodes-Livingstone Institute Paper, London, 42 pp. 1960. The Social Role of Cattle. The Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, vol. 1, no. 1, 13-ff. Curson, H. H. 1934. The West African Shorthorn. (Bos brachyceros) In: Studies in Native Animal Husbandry (10) The Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Ass., vol. V., no. 3, Pretoria. 1935. A Note on the Three Parent Stocks of African Cattle. In: Studies in Native Animal Husbandry (13) Onderstepoort Jour. of Vet. Sc. and Animal Industry., vol. 5, no. 2, Oct. 1935. The Native Cattle Types of Africa. In: South Afr. Biological Pamphlet, no. 8. 1936. A Comparison of Two of the So-called Zebus. In: Anatomical Studies, no. 61, Onderstepoort Journal of Vet. Sc. and Animal Industry, vol. 7., no.1. Curson, H. H. and J. H. R. Bisschop. 1935. Some Comments on the Hump of African Cattle. In: Anatomical Study, no. 60, Onderstepoort Journal of Vet. Sc. and Animal Industry, vol. 5. Curson, H. H. and H. Epstein. 1936. A Comparison of Hamitic Longhorn. West African Shorthorn and African der Cattle Particularly with Regard to the Skull. In: Anatomical Studies. 1934. no. 50: Onderstepoort Journal of Vet. Sc. And Animal Industry., vol. 7, no. 2. Curson, H. H. and R. W. Thornton. 1936. A Contribution to the Study of African Native Cattle. In: Onderstepoort Jour. of Vet. Sc. and Animal Industry., vol. 7, no. 2. Curwein, E. C. and G. Hatt. 1953. Plough and Pasture. The Early History of Farming. New York. Cust, R. N. 1884. A Setch of the Modern Languages of Africa 1883. First classification nach Friedrich Mller (Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft 1884) Divided into Negroes and Kaffir (i.e.Bantu) 1. Semitic, 2. Hamitic, 3. Nuba-Fulah, 4. Negro, 5. Bantu, 6. Hottentot-Bushman. Cutton-Brock, Juliet 1989. The Walking Larder. Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism and Predation. Unwin Hyman, London. 1999/2001. The Spread of Domestic Animals in Africa. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 4: 61-70. 2000. Cattle, Sheep and Goats South of the Sahara. An Archaeological Perspective. (Dept. of Zoology, the National History Museum, UK) In: Blench and MacDonald, 30-37. D Dahl, Gudrun and A. Hjort. 1976. Having Herds. Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy. Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, no. 2. University of Stockholm, Stockholm. Dahl, G. 1979. Suffering Grass. Subsistence and Society of Waso Borana. In Isiolo District, north + east of Mt. Kenya. Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology Stockholm, pp. 288. Dahlberg, Frances, ed. 1981. Woman the Gatherer. Yale UP, New Haven, London, 288 pp. Dalby, D. and R. J. Harrison Church, eds. 1973. Drought in Africa. Report of the 1973 Symposium London: Centre for African Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Dale, D. 2000. Recent Archaeological Investigation of Kansyore Sites in Western Kenya. In: Azania 35, 204-207. Dalziel, J,A, Hausa Botanical Vocabulary. Fisher Unwin, 1916 Dalziel, J. M. 1955. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Whitefrairs Press, London. Reprints: second reprint 1955 Damiba / Schrumpf. 1981. Quel Avenir Pour le Sahel? Cetim Ed. Favre. 19

Danette, C. et J. F. Poulain. 1968. Influence de lAcacia Albida Sur les Pdoclimatiques et les Rendements des Culture. In : Sols Africaine, 13: 197-239. Daniels, S. G. H. 1969. The Middle and Late Age. In: Th. Shaw, Lectures, 23-29. Dart, Raymond A. 1933. Studies in Native Husbandry. The Domesticated Animals of Pre-European South Africa. Journal of South African Vet. Med. Ass. 4 (no. 2), 1-10. 1955. Foreign Influences of the Zimbabwe and Pre-Zimbabwe Eras. NADA, no. 32, 19-30. 1957. The Earlier Stages of Indian Transoceanic Traffic. NADA, no. 34, 95-115. Darwin, Charles. 1868. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. London. Daubenmire, R. 1968. Ecology of Fire in Grasslands. Recent Advances in Ecology, vol. 5, 209-66. David, Nicolas 1976. History of Crops and Peoples in North Cameroon to A. D. 1900. In: Harlan et al., Origins, 223-267. 1980. Early Bantu Expansion in the Context of Central African Prehistory: 4000-IBC. In: Bouquiaux, ed. Expansion bantou 1982, 609-44 and Colloque du C.N.R.S. 1980. 205-78. 1982. Prehistory and Historical Linguistics in Central Africa. Points of Contact. In: Chr. Ehret et al. The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of Afr. History, 91-.. 1984. The African Archaeological Review. University of Calgary, CUP, Volume 2 Davies, Oliver 1960. The Neolithic Revolution in Tropical Africa. In: Transactions of the Histor. Society of Ghana 4, 2, 14-20. 1961. Archaeology in Ghana. Thomas Nelson & Sons, London. 1962. Neolithic Cultures of Ghana. In: Mortlemans Nenquin, Actes, 291-301. In: Proceedings of the IV. Annual Panafrican Congress. G. Mortlemans and J. Nenquin, eds., 291-302. 1964. The Quaternary in the Coastlands of Guinea. Jackson, Glasgow. 1966. The Invasion of Ghana From the Sahara in the Early Iron Age. In: Acta del V Congreso Panafricano de Prehistoria (Tenerife), 27-42. Museo Arquetogico, Santa Cruz de Tenerife. 1967. West Africa Before the Europeans. Methuen, London. 1967. Timber Construction and Wood Carving in West Africa in the Second Millennium B.C. Man (n.s.) 2, 1: 115-118. 1968. The Origins of Agriculture in West Africa. In: Current Anthropology a (5) 479-482. 1969. On Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Anthropology 10: 230 pp. 1980. The Ntereso Culture in Ghana. In: West Afr. Culture Dynamics, ed. by BK. Swartz and RA. Dumett. Mouton, The Hague, 205-225. 1973. n.d. Excavations at Ntereso, Gouja, Northern Ghana. Final Report. Pietermaritburg, Natal Museum. Davies, O., H. J. Hugot and D. Seddon. 1968. The Origins of African Agriculture. Current Anthropology, 9, 5, 479-509. Davis, S. 1987. The Archaeology of Animals. 224 pp. Davis, Whitney.1990. The Study of Rock Art in Africa. In: Robertshaw, History of African Archaeology, 271-95. De, D. N. Pigeon Pea. In: Hutchinson, Evolutionary studies, 79-87. Deacon, H. J. 1976. Where Hunters Gathered. A Study of Holocene Stone Age People in the Eastern Cape. Claremont: South African Archaeological Society Monograph 1. Deacon, J. 1974. Patterning in the Radiocarbon Dates for the Wilton/Smithfield Complex in Southern Africa. In: South African Archaeological Bull., 29: 3-18. 1984. The Southern African Later Stone Age and the Development of Human Behaviour. In: R. G. Klein, ed., Southern African Palaeoenvironments and Prehistory Balkema, Rotterdam, 221-328. 1992. Arrows as Agents of Belief Among the Xam Bushmen. Margaret Shaw Lecture 3, Cape Town: South African Museum.

20

De Brisay, K. W. and K. A. Evans, eds. 1975. Salt. The Study of an Ancient Industry. Colchester Archaeological Group, Colchester. De Candolle, A. 1959 Origin of Cultivated Plants. London: Kegan Paul, 1884, 2nd ed.: London: Hafners, 1959. Dechambre, E. 1951. Origines des Animaux Domestiques de Madagascar. In: Terre et la Vie, 98 : 187-196. Degerbol, M. 1967. Dogs From the Iron Age (c. AD 950-1000) in Zambia With Remarks on Dogs From Primitive Cultures. In: Fagan, ed. Iron Age Cultures in Zambia, 198-207. De Greef, G. 1916. LAgriculture Indigne Dans la Rgion du Haut-Ituri. In: Bull. Agr. du Congo Belge, 7 : 1-113. 1917. Monographie Agricole de la Zone Orientale du Haute-Ul. In: Bull. Agr. du Congo Belge, 8 : 120-147. De Hertefelt, M. 1966. The Rwanda of Rwanda. In: Gibbs, Peoples, 403-440. De Hertefelt, Marcel et A. Trouwborst et al. 1962. Les Anciens Royaumes de la Zone Interlacustre Mridionale. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. East Central Africa. viii, London, 252 pp. De Heusch, L. 1966. Le Rwanda et la Civilisation Interlacustre. Bruxelles. De Jong, D. 1996. Africanized Honey Bees in Brazil, Forty Years of Adaptation and Success. In: Bee World, 77 (2), 67-70. De Jonge, Klaas. 1979. Peasant Fishermen and Capitalists. Development in Senegal. R. African Pol. Ec., no. 15/16, 105-123. Delafosse, M. 1912. Haut Sngal Niger. 3 vol. Paris. Delancey, Mark W. ca. 1979. Cameroon National Food Policies and Organizations. The Green Revolution and Structural Proliferation. Journal of African Stud., 14 pp. De Langhe, E., E.R. Swennen, and D. Vuylstcke. 1994-5. Plantain in the Early Bantu World. In: Azania 29-30, 147-160. De Langhe, E. and P. de Maret. 1999. Tracking the Banana. Its Significance in Early Agriculture. In: C. Gosdon, J. Hather, eds., The Prehistory of Food, Rontledge, New York and London, 337-396. De Maret, P. 1980. Preliminary Report on 1980 Fieldwork in the Grass Fields and Yaounde, Cameroon. In: Nyame Akuma, 17, 10-12. 1985. Recent Archaeological Research and Dates From Central Africa. In: Journal of African History, 26, 12948. 1991. La Recherche Archologique au Cameroun. In: Salmon/Symoens, eds., La Recherche, 37-51. De Maret, P. and F. Nsuka. 1977. History of Bantu Metallurgy. Some Linguistic Aspects. In: History in Africa, 4, 43-65. De Maret, P., F. Van Noten and D. Cohen. 1977. Radiocarbon Dates for West Central Africa. In: Journal of African History, 18, 481-505. De Morgan, J. 1897. Recherches sur les Origines de lEgypte. Paris. De Namur, C. 1978. Quelques Caractristiques du Dveloppement dun Peuplement Ligneux au Cours dune Succession Secondaire. In: Observation sur les premiers stade de reconstitution da la fort (Sud-Ouest de la Cte dIvoire). Cah. O .R.S.T.O.M., sr. Biol., vol. XIII, (3), 211-233. Dello, Jean. Prface de JB Tati Loutard. 2005 finished : VILL vol. Poverbs et Contes Rpublique du Congo.

21

Denbow, J. R. 1984. Prehistoire Herders and Foragers of the Kalahari. The Evidence for 1500 Years of Interaction. In: Schrire, ed., Past and present in hunter-gatherer studies, Orlando, 175-93. 1986. A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari. In: Journal of African History, 27, 3-28. 1990. Southern Dispersion of Livestock. In: African Archaeological Review 8, 139. Dennell, R. W. 1979. Prehistoric Diet and Nutrition. Some Food for Thought. In: World Archaeology, II (2), 121-35. De Oliviera, O. R. 1971. The Rock Art of Moambique. In: Schoonrand, ed. De Ploey, J. 1965. Position Gomorphologique, Gense et Chronologie de Certains Dpts Superficiels au Congo Occidentale. In: Quaternaria, 7, 131-54. 1969. Report on the Quaternary of the Western Congo. In: Palaeoecology of Africa, 4, 65-8. De Rham, P. 1970. LAzote Dans Quelques Forts, Savanes et Terrains de Cultures dAfrique Tropicale Humide (Cte dIvoire). Verft. Geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftung Rbel, Zrich, 45 : 1-124. Deschamps, M. 1959. Les Migrations Intrieures Passes et Prsentes Madagascar. Paris. 1960. Histoire de Madagascar. Col. Mondes dOutre-Mer. Paris : Berger-Levrault. De Schlippe, Pierre. 1956. Shifting Cultivation in Afrika. The Zande System of Agriculture. London, Routlege and Kegan Paul. . La Dsertification au Sud du Sahara. Colloque de Nouakchott, 1973, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, DakarAbidjan. 1976, 212 pp. De Surgy, Albert. 1969. La Pche Maritime Traditionnelle lAncienne Cte de Guine . Origines et Dveloppement. Kara (Togo) : Centre dEtudes et de Recherches, X, d, 159 pp. Deutsch, Karl W. ed. 1977. Eco Social Systems and Eco Politics. A Reader. UNESCO, Paris, 368 pp. De Vore, I. and R. L. Hall. 1965. Baboon Ecology. In: Primate Behaviour: Field Studies of Monkeys and Apes. In: De Vore, ed., New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. De Vos, Antoon. 1975. Africa, the Devastated Continent? Mans impact on the Ecology of Africa. W. Junk, The Hague, Monographiae Biologicae, vol.26, 236 pp. Dewar, R. Malagasy Roots. In: Natural History, 1987: 87, 51. 1988: 97, 51. De Wet, J. M. J. and J. P. Huckabay. 1967. The Origin of Sorghum Bicolour. II Distribution and Domestication. In: Evolution: 21, 787-802. De Wet, J. M. J. and J. R. Harlan. 1971. The Origin and Domestication of Sorghum Bicolour. In: Economic Botany, 25, 128-135. De Wet, J. M. J. 1978. Systematics and Evolution of Sorghum Sect. Sorghum (Gramineae). In: American Journal of Botany, 25, 128-35. De Wispelaere, G. 1980. Les Photographies Ariennes Tmoins de la Dgradation du Couvert Ligneux Dans un Gosystme Sahlien Sngalais. Influence de la proximit dun forage. Cah. O. R. S. T. O. M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 155-166. Diagne, Path. (2005 ?). Cheikh Anta Diop au Carrefour des historiographes. Paris, LHarmattan. 170 p. Diallo, Youssouf et Gnther Schlee, eds. 2000. Lethnicit peule dans des des contextes nouveau..Kathrtala, Paris. 264 p. 22

Diamond, Jared and Peter Bellwood. 2003. Worlds Farmers Sowed Languages as Well as Seeds. In: Science, Apr. 25, Summarized in New York Times. Dickson, K. B. 1966. Trade Patterns in Ghana at the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History, 132-146. Reprint: Geogr. Review, vol. 56. Dickinson, R. W. 1975. The Archaeology of the Sofala Coast. In: South African Archaeological Bull., 30, 84-105. Diggs, E. I. 1983. Black Chronology. From 4000 B.C. to the abolition of the slave trade. 316 pp. Digombe, L. et al. 1987. Gabon: The Earliest Iron Age of West Central Africa. In: Nyame Akuma, 28, 9-11. 1988. The Development of an Early Iron Age Prehistory in Gabon. In: Current Anthropology, 29, 179-84. Digombe, L., P.R. Schmidt, V. Mouleingui-Boukosso, J. B. Mombo et M. Locko. 1987. LAge du Fer Ancien au Gabon. LAnthropologie, 91, 711-17. Doggett, H. 1965. The Development of the Cultivated Sorghums. In: Hutchinson, Essays in crop, 50-69. 1970. Sorghum. Longmans, London, in the Tropical Agriculture Series. and: In: Simmonds, Evolution, 112-7. 1970. The Application of Modern Plant Breeding Methods to Mainly Self-Pollinated Crops. African Soils, 15, 629-42. 1970 Sorghum Improvement in East Africa. In: Leaky, Crop Improvement. Doquet, Anne. 1999. Les masques dogon. Ethnologie savante et thonologie autochtone.Karthala, Paris. 320 p. Diop, L.-M. 1968. Traditional Iron Working and Iron Age in Africa. In: I.F.A.N., B: 10-38. Doku, E. V. 1969. Cassava in Ghana. Accra, 57 pp. Dombrowski, Joanne. C. 1971. Excavations in Ethiopia: Lalibela and Natchabiet Caves, Begemeder Province. Unpubl. PhD thesis, Boston U. 1976. Mumute and BonoaseTwo Sites of the Kintampo Industry. In: Sankofa, 2: 64-71. 1977. Preliminary Note on Excavations at a Small Midden Near Tema, Ghana. In: Nyame Akuma, 10: 31-34. 1980. Earliest Settlement in Ghana: the Kintampo Industry. In: Proceedings of the VIIth Panafr. Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, Leaky and Ogot, eds., Nairobi, 261-262. 1980. Early Settlers in Ghana. Inter-Faculty Lecture, University of Ghana, Legon. Dornan, S. S. 1925. Pygmies and Bushmen of the Kalahari. Seeley, Service, London. Dorjahn, V. and B. L. Isaac, eds. 1979. Essays on the Economic Anthropology of Sierra Leone and Liberia. Institute of Liberian Studies, Philadelphia. Doughty, L. R. 1953. The Value of Fertilisers in African Agriculture. Field Experiments in East Africa, 1947-51. East African Agric. for J., 19, 30-1. Douglas Price, T. and James A. Brown. 1985. Prehistory Hunter Gatherers. Academic Press, New York. Doumbiam Boubacar (Groupe Kasoban), 2006. LEvolution des teintes naturelles. Basilan. Bogolan. Gala, Mali Doutressoulle, G. 1947. LElevage en Afrique Occidentale Franaise. Paris. 1948. LElevage des Taurins au Soudan Franais. In: Rv. Elev. Md. Vt. Pays Trop. N.S. 2. 1952. LElevage au Soudan Franais. Alger, 2nd d. Doutressoulle, G. et S. Traore. 1949. LElevage Dans la Boucle du Niger. In: Rv. Elev. Md. Vt. Pays Trop. N.S. 3. Downs, J. F. 1960. Domestication. An Examination of the Changing Social Relationships between Man and Animals. Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, no. 22. 23

Dowson, Thomas. 1992. Engravings of Southern Africa. Witwatersraud UP, 120 pp. Doyle, C. J. 1974. Productivity, Technical Change and the Peasant Producer: A Profile of the African Cultivator. Food Research Institute Studies, 13, 61-76. Dramani-Issifou, Z. LAfrique Dans les Relations Internationales au XVIe Sicle. Analyse de Crise Centre le Maroc et le Sonrha. Karthala, Paris, 264 pp. Drouhin, M. G. 1944. Le Niger Central. Ses Possibilits Agricoles et Economiques. Bull. de la Socit de Gographie et dArchologie dOran 65 : 7-34. Duarte, R. T. 1971. Northern Mozambique in the Swahili World. An archaeological approach. Unpubl. F: l. lic. Thesis. University of Uppsala. 1976. Three Iron Age Sites in Massingir Area, Gaza Province, Mozambique and Their Importance in the Southern Mozambique Bantu Settlement. In: Duarte, et al., Mozambique, 1-29. Duarte, M. L. T., T. Cruz, Silva J. C. Senna Matinez, J. M. M. Morais and R. T. Duarte, eds. 1976. Iron Age Research in Mozambique. Collected Preliminary Reports. Maputo: Instituto de Investigaao Cientifica de Moambique. Duerst, J. U. 1931. Grundlagen der Rinderzucht. Berlin. Rinderforscher Ursprung aller Haustiere ab 1899. s. in Bibl. von Epstein. Duerst, J. U. und C. Gaillard. 1902. Studien ber die Geschichte des gyptischen Hausschafes. In: Rev. De Trav. Rel., la Philol., et lArch o l. Egypt. 24. Paris. Duffield, Maiurno M. s.d. The Transformation of a Peasant Society in Sudan. N.D. (Sudan stud. ser., 5. Dugast, R. 1944. LAgriculture Chez les Ndiki de Population Banen. Bull. Soc. Etudes Camerounaises 8, 9-104. Dumont, Ren 1962. False Start in Africa. Paris. Engl. Translation : Sphere Books and Andre Deutsch, 1966. 1969. Tanzanian Agriculture After the Arusha Declaration. A Report Dar es Salaam, Gov-t Printer Ministry of Ec. Affairs and Dev-t Planning. 62 pp. 1971. Agriculture as Mans Transformation of the Rural Environment. In : Shanin, Peasants, 141-9. Excerpts from Types of Rural Economy Methuen, 1957, 1-9. Dupriez, Hugues et Philippe de Leener. s.d. Les Chemins de lEau. Ruissellement, Irrigation, Drainage. (manuel tropical) 380 pp. Durand, J. R. et C. Leveque. 1980-1981. Flore et Faune Atlantique de lAfrique Sahlo-Soudanienne. 2 tommes. XX, Initiations, Documentations Techniques, 44-45, 873 pp. Drst, Hartmut und Manfred Fenner. 1981. Die Sahel-Zone, Strategien gegen die Drre. Analysen der Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Nr. 95, Bonn, 48 S. E Echard, N. ed. 1983. Mtallurgies Africaines: Nouvelles Contribution. Socit des Africanistes, Paris. Eden, T. 1976. Tea. Longmans, London. Edwards, D. C. 1942. Grass Burning. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, vol.10, 219-31. Edwards, D. C. and A. V. Gogdan. 1951. Important Grassland Plants of Kenya. Pitman, London. Edwards, D. C. 1956. The Ecological Regions of Kenya. Emp. Journal of Experimental Agric, 24, 89-108.

24

Effah-Gyamfi, E. 1976. The Archaeologist and the Ghanaian Hunter A Plea for Consideration. In: Sankofa, 2, 72-78. Effah-Gyamfi, K. 1981. Excavation of an Early Iron Age Occupation Site at Samaru West Zaria. Zaria Archaeological Papers: 3, 6-54. Egger, K. 1979. kologie als Produktivkraft. Erfahrungen bei Ecofarming in Ostafrika. In: Elsenhans, H. (Hrsg.), Agrarreforum Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York. Egger, K. und Bernhard Glaeser. 1975. Politische kologie den Usambara Bergen in Tanzania. Kbel-Stiftung, Bensheim, 250 S. Eggert, Manfred K. H. 1983. Remarks on Exploring Archaeologically Unknown Rainforest Territory. The Case of Central Africa. In: Beitrge zur allg. und vergleichenden Archologie, 5, 287-322. 1984. Imbonga und Lingonda. Zur Frhesten Besiedlung des Zentralafrikanischen Regenwaldes. In: Beitrge zur allg. und vergleichenden Archologie, 6, 247-88. 1985. Katuruka und Kemondo. Zur Komplexitt der Frhen Eisentechnik in Afrika. In: Beitrge zur allg. und vergleichenden Archologie, 7, 243-63. 1987. Imbonga and Batalimo. Ceramic Evidence for Early Settlement of the Equatorial Rainforest. In: African Archaeological Review, 5, 129-45. 1987. Archologische Forschungen im Zentralafrikanischen Regenwald. In: H. G. Niemeyer & R. Prtner, Hg. Die grossen Abenteuer der Archologie. vol. 9, Andreas, Salzburg, 3217-40. 1988. Archologie und Keramik. Ethnographie im quatorialen Regenwald Zares. In: Tpfereiforschungen zwischen Archologie und Entwicklungspolitik Hg. R. Vossen Tpferei- + Keramikforschung 1. Bonn: Habelt. 1993/2001. Central Africa and the Archaeology of the Equatorial Rainforest. Reflections on some Major Topics. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 16: 289-329. Egharevba, J. U. 1968. A Short History of Benin. Ibadan UP, 100 pp. Ehret, Christopher 1967. Cattle Keeping and Milking in Eastern and Southern African History. The Linguistic Evidence. Journal of African History, 8 (1), 1-18. 1968. Sheep and Central Sudanic Peoples in Southern Africa. Journal of African History, 9 (2), 213-221. 1973. Patterns of Bantu and Central Sudanic Settlement in Central and Southern Africa. In: Transafrica of History, vol. III, et cont. 1974. Ethiopians and East Africans. The Problems of Contact. East African Pub. House, Nairobi. 1979. On the Antiquity of Agriculture in Ethiopia. In: Journal of African History, 20, 161-77. 1982. Linguistic Inference About Early Bantu History. In: The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. In: Ehret & Posnansky, eds. CUP, Berkley: 57-65. 1982. The First Spread of Food Production to Southern Africa. In: The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. In: Ehret & Posnansky, eds., Berkley, University of Cal. Press. 1984. Historical / Linguistic Evidence for Early African Food Production. In: Clark + Brandt, From Hunters to Farmers. U. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, 26-39. 1993/2001. Nilo Saharans and the Saharo Sudanese Neolithic. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology, chp. 6: 104-125. 1996. The African Roots of Egyptian Culture. Linguistics and Comparative Ethnographic Indicators. Comm. 9me Semaine dEtudes Africaines. Centre dEstudis Africains, Barcelona. s.d. Nilo Saharans and the Sahara Sudanese Neolithic. In: The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, by Th. Shaw et al. Ehret, C., T. Coffman, L. Fliegelman and A. Gold et al. 1974. Some Thoughts on the Early History of the Nile Congo Watershed. In: Ufahamu, 5, 85-112. Ehret, C. and M. Posnansky. 1982. The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. University of California Press, Berkeley. Eiwanger, J. Ausgrabungen in Merimde Benisalame. 1978. 1. Vorbericht ber die Wiederaufnahme der Grabungen in der neolithischen Siedlung M-B 1979. 2. Vorbericht ber die 1980. 3. Vorbericht ber die 25

1982. 4. Bericht. In: Mitteilungen des Dt. Arch. Institut, Abt. Kairo. 34, 33-42; 35, 23-57; 36, 61-70; 38, 67-82. 1984. Merimade Benisalame I: Die Funde der Urschicht. 1988. Merimade Benisalame II: Die Funde der Mittleren Merimade Kultur. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz. El-Baz, Farouf. 1984. The Geology of Egypt. An Annotated Bibliography. E. J. Brill, Leiden, vi, 778 pp. Ellis, Stephen. 1985. The Rising of the Red Shawls. A Revolt in Madagascar 1895-1899. African Studies Series 43, 222 pp. Emberger, L., G. Mangenot et J. Mige. 1950. Existence dAssociations Vgtales Typiques Dans la Fort Dense Equatoriale. C. r. hebd. Sanc. Acad. Sci., Paris 231: 640-42. Emery, W. B. s.d. Archaic Egypt. Culture and Civilization in Egypt Five Thousand Years Ago. Penguin. Engels, J. M. M. 1991. Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia. Int. Board for Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 280 pp. Engler, A. 1975. ber die Hochgebirgsflora des Tropischen Afrika. 1892 Nachdruck 1975. Brosch. 461 S. Epale, Simon Joseph 1985. Plantations and Development in Western Cameroon 1885-1975. A Study in Agrarian Capitalism. Vintage Press, New York. Epstein, H. 1934. The West African Shorthorn. In: Studies in Native Animal Husbandry, 9, J. of South Afr. Vet. Med. Ass. vol. V. no. 3, Pretoria. 1937. Animal Husbandry of the Hottentots. In: Onderstepprt J. of Vet. Sc.+Animal Ind.: vol. 9, no. 2, Pretoria. 1953. The Dwarft Goats of Africa. In: The East African Agriculture Journal, vol. XVIII, no. 3, 123-32. 1954. The Fat-tailed Sheep of East Africa. In: The East African Agriculture Journal, vol. XX, no. 2, 109-117. 1955. The Zebu Cattle of East Africa. In: The East African Agriculture Journal, vol. XXI, no. 2. 1957. The Sanga Cattle of East Africa. In: The East African Agriculture Journal, vol. XXII, no. 3, 149-64. 1957. The Fat-rumped Sheep of East Africa. In: The East African Agriculture Journal, vol. XXIII, no.1, 42-48. 1971. The Origin of the Domestic Animals of Africa. African Publishing Corporation, New York London Munich, 1st vol. 573 pp.; 2nd vol. 719 pp. 1972. Studies on Relationship Between Cattle Breeds in Africa, Asia and Europe. Wld. Rev. Anim. Prod., 8, 2532. cf. Webster Wilson, 386-8. Equipe Ecologie + Anthropologie des Socits Pastorale, ed. 1979. Pastoral Production and Society. CUP, Cambridge. Erdtman, G. 1969. Handbook of Palynology, Morphology, Taxonomy, Ecology. An introduction to the study of pollen grains and spores. Brill, Leiden, 486 pp. Ermini, Flavio. Hg. 1996. Die Geschichte der Menschheit . Die Anfnge der Zivilisation. VS Verlagshaus, Stuttgart, Original: ital., 120 S. Ernst, W.H.O. , D.J. Toisma et J. Decelle. 1989. Predatioms of seeds of Acacia tortilis by insects. In: Oikos 54, 294-300 Eshun, Sylvia R. 1977. Popular Ghanaian Dishes. Tema, 107 pp. Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1961. Anthropology and History. A Lecture. Manchester UP, Manchester. 22 pp. Ewart, J. C. 1906. The Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies. In: Trans. of the Highland and Agriculture Soc. of Scotland Edinburgh. 1913-1914. Domesticated Sheep and Their Ancestors. In: Trans. of the Highland and Agriculture Soc. of Scotland. Fifth Series, vol. XXV and XXVI, Edinburgh. Ewusie, J. Yanney. 1969. Some Observations of the Annual Pattern of Flowering of Some Tropical Woody Plants. Ghana Journal of Science, vol. 9, 74-8. 26

Ewusie, J. Y. 1980. Elements of Tropical Ecology. With Reference to the African, Anah, Pacific and New World Tropics. Heinemann, London, 205 pp. Eyo, Ekpo. 1972. Rop Rock Shelter Excavations 1964. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, 2: 13-16.

F Fagan, Biran M. 1964. The Greefswald Sequence. Bambandyanalo and Mapungubwe. Journal of African History 5 (3): 337-361. 1965. Southern Africa in the Iron Age. Thames & Hudson, London. 1966. The Iron Age of Zambia. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 103-114. Reprint: Current Anthropology 7, 4, 469-78. 1967/1969. Iron Age Cultures in Zambia. vol. I: 1967; vol. II 1969, (mit D. W. Phillipson + S. G. H. Daniels). London: Chatto and Windus 1969. Early Trade and Raw Materials in South Central Africa. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 179-192. Reprint: Journal of African History, X, no. 1, 1-13. Fage, J. D. 1964. Reflections on the Early History of the Mossi-Dagomba Group of States. In: Vansina/Manny/Thomas, eds. The History in Tropical Africa. OUP, London, 177-191 1969. Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 166-178. Reprint: Journal of African History, X, no. 3. Fage, J. D. and R. A. Oliver, eds. 1970. Papers in African Prehistory. Cambridge UP, Cambridge. Fagg, Bernhard. E. B. 1956. The Nok Culture. West African Review 27, 1083-87. 1972. Rop Rock Shelter Excavations, 1944. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, 2, 1-12. Fall, Yoro. s.d. LAfrique la Naissance de la Cartographie Moderne. (XIV-XVe sicle : les cartes majoriquines), Karthala, Paris, 292 pp. Fallers, L. A. 1961. Are African Cultivators to Be Called Peasants ? Current Anthropology, 2, 108-10. Faris, D. G. 1963. Evidence for the West African Origin of Vigna Sinensis (L.) Savi. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California. Farrington, I. S. ed. 1985. Prehistoric Intensive Agriculture in the Tropics. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. Fattovich, R. 1975. The Contribution of the Nile Valleys Cultures to the Rising of the Ethiopian Civilization. Elements for a Hypothesis of Work. In: Meroitic Newsletter: 16, 2-8. Fedders, Andrew and Cynthia Salvadori. 1977. Turkana Pastoral Craftsmen. A Transafrica Publication, Nairobi. Feldman, Rayah. s.d. Custom and Capitalism. A Study of Land Tenure in Ismani, Tanzania. E. R. B. Paper 71.14, U. of Dar es Salaam, 45 pp. Felker, P. 1978. State of the art: Acacia albida as a complementary permanent intercrop with annual crops. Thse de Doctorat, U of Califonia Press. 133 p. Fellner, Christian (Hg.), 2000. Ethiopia. An introduction into Culture, Economics, Politics and Cooperation. Frankfurt a.M. 216 S. Ferguson, W. 1966. Grazing Behaviour of Dwarf Cattle in Nigeria With Some Husbandry Implications. In: Synopsis in Proc. 1st Symp. Soc. Vet. Ethol. Edinburgh: 1-2. Fernandes, Valentin 1938. Dscription de la Cte dAfrique de Centre au Sngal. Larose, Paris, 214 pp. 27

1951. Dscription de la Cte Occidentale de lAfrique (Sngal au Cap de Monte). Traduction et notes par Th. Monod. Centre de Estudos du Guin Portuguese, Bissau, 233 pp. Ferwerda, F. P. 1976. Coffees. In : Simmonds, Evolution, 257-60. Ferwerda, F. P. and F. Wit, eds. 1969. Outlines of Perennial Crop Breeding in the Tropics. Misc. Paper, 4, Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. Fierer, Noah and Robert Jackson. 2000. Desert Research. A View at Bacterias. In: PNAS 103, 626-631. Fischer, Rudolf. s.d. Gold, Salz und Sklaven: Gana, Mali, Songhai. Edition Erdmann, Tbingen, 284 S. Fisher, H. J. 1972. The Horse in the Central Sudan. I. Its introduction. Journal of African History, 13, 369-88. II. Its use. Journal of African History, 14, 355-79. Flannery, Kent V. 1972. The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations. In: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 3: 399-426. 1975. Frh LW in Mesopotamien.In: S. Harlan, et al., Origins of African Dom. Bibl. S. 180 ... Flenley, John R. 1979. The Equatorial Rain Forest. A Geological History. Butterworth & Co. London Boston, 162 pp. Fletcher, Roland. 1993/2001. Settlement Area and Communication in Africa Towns and Cities. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology, chp. 44: 732-749. Flight, Colin 1968. Kintampo 1967. West African Archaeological Newsletter 8: 15-20. 1970. Excavations at Kintampo. West African Archaeological Newsletter 12: 71-3. 1973. The Prehistoric Sequence in the Kintampo Area of Ghana. In: Sixime Congrs Panafricain de Prhistoire, Dakar, Hugot, ed., Chambry. 1976 The Kintampo Culture and its Place in the Economic Prehistory of West Africa. In: Harlan et al., Origins, 211-221. 1979. The Kintampo Culture. In: Swartz, West Africa: Culture Dynamics. Flon, Christine, ed 1985. French edition. Le Grand Atlas de lArchologie. 1991. Dt. Ausg. Der Grosse Bildatlas der Archologie. Vorwort: Michael Wood, Orbis Verlag, Mnchen, 423 S. Fock, G. J. 1965. Felsbilder in Sdafrika. Kln, Wien. Folorunso, C. A. and S. O. Ogundele. 1993/2001. Agriculture and Settlement Among the Tiv of Nigeria. Some Ethno Archaeological Observations. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 15: 274-288. Ford, J. 1960. The Influence of Tsetse Flies on the Distribution of African Cattle. Proceedings of the First Federal Science Congress, Salisbury, S. Rhod. May 18-22: 357-365. Forde, Daryll 1934 and 1950 Habitat, Economy and Society. A Geographical Introduction to Ethnology. London - New York 1953. The Cultural Map of West Africa. Successive Adaptations to Tropical Forests and Grasslands. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, 15, 5: 206-219. Forde, Daryll, Hsg. 1999. African Worlds. Studies in cosmological ideas and social values of African peoples. Classics in African Anthropology (3). Mnster. 288 S. Forsyth, J. 1962. Major Food Storage Problems. In: Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. Ed. by J. B. Wills, OUP, London, 394-401. Fortes, M. and S. L. Fortes. 1936. Food in the Domestic Economy of the Tallensi. In: Africa 9 (2): 237-276., 137-176. Fosbrooke, H. A. et al. 1950. Tanganyika Rock Paintings. In: TNR: 29, 1-61. 28

Fouche, L. 1937. Mapungwbwe: Ancient Bantu Civilization on the Limpopo. Cambridge UP, Cambridge. Frank, Barbara 1965. Die Rolle des Hundes in Afrikanischen Kulturen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 1981. Die Kulere. Die Bauern in Mittelnigeria. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 280 pp. 1981. Zur Bedeutung des Pferdes bei den Ron oder Galla (Plateau-Staat), Nigeria. In: Tribus: 30, 135-43. Frantz, Charles. 1982. Fulbe Continuity and Change Under Five Flags Atop West Africa. Territoriality, Ethnicity, Stratification and National Integration. In:Galaty and Salzman, Change + Dev-t. Fratkin, E., K. Galvin and E. Roth, eds. 1994. African Pastoralist Systems. Lynne Rienner, Boulder. Frdoux, A. 1977. Etude Palynologique de Quelques Sdiments du Quaternaire Ivoirien. Suppl. Bull. INQUA 50 : 181-86. Freedman, Jim. 1979. Three Muraris, Three Gahayas and the Four Phases of Nyabingi. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 175-187. Frobenius Obermeier. 1931. Hadschra Maktuba. Urzeitliche Felsbilder Kleinafrikas. Ftaita, Toufik (Ed). 2007. Karit et le Nr. Deux arbres des jachres. Propriete maculine & travail fminine au Burkina Faso. LHarmattan, Paris. 160 p. Fuchs, P. 1983. Das Brot der Wste. Sozio-konomie der Sahara-Kanuri von Fachi. xiv, Stud. Z. Kulturkunde, Bd. 67, 240 pp. G Gabel, Creighton. 1965. Stone Age Hunters of the Kafue. Boston. Gabel C. and Norman R. Bennett, eds. 1967. Reconstructing African History. Boston U.P., Boston. Gabel, C. 1976. Microlithic Occurrences in the Republic of Liberia. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, 6, 21-35. Gabriel, B. 1973. Steinpltze: Feuerstellen Neolithischer Nomaden in der Sahara. In: Libyca, 21,151-8. 1987. Palaeoecological Evidence from Neolithic Fireplaces in the Sahara. In: Afr. Arch. Review, 5, 93-104. Gahama, Joseph. s.d. Le Burundi Sous Administration Beige. Karthala, Paris. 482 pp. Gaillard, C. et G. Daressy 1905. La Faune Momifie de lAntique Egypte. Cairo. Gaillard, C. 1934. Contribution lEtude de la Faune Prhistorique de lEgypte. In : Archives du Muse dHistoire Naturelle de Lyon, XIV, Mm. 3 : 1-125. Galaty, John G. 1982. Being Maasai; Being People-of-Cattle. Ethnic Shifters in East Africa. In: American Ethnologist, 9, 1-20. 1982 Land and Livestock Among Kenyan Maasai. Symbolic Perspectives on Pastoral Exchange, Change and Inequality. In: Galaty and Salzman. 1989. Cattle and Cognition: Aspects of Maasai. Practical Reasoning. In: Clutton-Brock, ed., The walking larder, London, 215-30. 1994. Rangeland Tenure and Pastoralism in Africa. In: Fratkin et al., 185-204. Galaty, J. G. and P. Bonte. 1991. Herders, Warriors and Traders. Pastoralism in Africa. Westview Press, Boulder. Galaty, J. G. and D. Johnson, eds. 1990. The World of Pastoralism. Herding Systems in Comparative Perspective. Guilford Press, New York. 29

Galaty, J. G. and P. C. Salzman, ed. 1982. Change and Development in Nomadic and Pastoral Societies. Int. Stud. in Social. & Soc. Anthrop., 33, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 173 pp. Galinat, W. C. 1971. The Origin of Maize. Ann. Rev. Genet., 5, 447-78. 1977. The Origin of Corn. In: Sprague, ed., Corn and Corn Improvement: one chapter. Gallant, J., ed. 1996. Exploring the Prehistory of the Rhod. Ridgeback. Gallants contribution:Dogs in Africa. = Gallay, Alain, Eric Huysecom et Anne Mayor. 1995. Archologie, Histoire et Traditions Orales. Trois Cls pour Dcouvrir le Pass Dogon. In : L. Homberger (ed.), Kunst der Dogon. 19-43. Gallissot, Rne. 1981. Structures et Cultures Prcapitalistes. Ed. Anthropos, Paris Gardi, Ren. 1967. Sahara. Kmmerli & Frei, Bern 1969. Unter Afrikanischen Handwerkern.Bchler, Wabern b. Bern. 1970. Sahara. Bern, Neuauflage. 1973. Auch im Lehmhaus Lsst sichs Leben. ber Traditionelles Bauen und Wohnen in Westafrika. Bern. 1978. Tenere die Wste in der man Fische Fing. Benteli Vlg. Bern Gargadennec, I. 1947. Classification des Bovins dAfrique Occidentale Franaise. (quoted by Mason 1951). Garlake, Peter. 1987. The Painted Caves. An Introduction to the Prehistoric Art of Zimbabwe. Modus Publications, Harare, 100 pp. Garlick, J. P. and R. W. J. Keay, eds. 1970. Human Ecology in the Tropics. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Garrel, Bruno. 1975. Les Dernires Expriences dElevage des Animaux Sauvages en Afrique. In : LHomme et lAnimal. Premier colloque dethnozoologie Institut international dethnoscience, 28-30 nov. 1973. Paris : Musum national dhistoire naturelle. 431-436. Garth, Sampson C., 1974, The Stone Age Archaeology of Southern Africa. Academic Press, New York Gasse, F., P. Rognon et F. E. Strict. 1980. Quaternary History of the Afar and Ethiopian Rift Lakes. In: Williams & Faure, eds., 361-400. Gast, Morceau. 1968. Alimentation des Populations de lAhaggar. Etude Ethnographique. CRAPE Mm. 8. Art et Mtiers Graphiques. Paris, Flammarion. Gast, M. et Jean Adrian. 1965. Mils et Sorgho en Ahaggar. Etude Ethnologique et Nutritionnelle. Mmoire du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Prhistoriques et Ethnographiques 4, Algiers. Gastellu, Jean-Marc. 1980. LArbre ne Cache pas la Fort, On : Usus, Fructus et Abusus. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4. Gates, G. M. 1952. Breeds of Cattle Found in Nigeria. In: Farm and Forrest. vol. II, 19-43. Gaulme, Franois. s.d. Le Pays de Cama. Un Ancien Etat Ctier au Gabon et ses Origines. 272 pp. Gautier, Achilles 1984. Archaeozoology of the Kiseiba Region, Eastern Sahara. In: A.E. Close ed., Cattle Keepers, 49-72. 1984. The Fauna of the Neolithic Site of Kadero, Central Sudan. In: Krzyzaniak & Ropbusiewicz, ed., 317-19. Gautier, E. F. : Specialist for Analysis of Animal Remains 1935. Sahara : The Great Desert. New Impression by Frank Cass, London, xvii, 264 pp. 1937. Le Pass de lAfrique du Nord. Payot, Paris. 1968. Mammalian Remains 1976. Animal Remains 1976. Freshwater Mollusks 30

1987. Prehistoric Men and Cattle in North Africa. A Dearth of Data and a Surfeit of Models. In: A.E. Close ed., Prehistory of Arid North Africa. Dallas: Southern Methodist UP, 163-87. Gavua, K. 1985. Daboya and the Kintampo Culture of Ghana. M. A. Thesis, Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary. Gebauer, A. B. and T. D. Price, eds. 1992. Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory. Monographs in World Archaeology no. 4, Prehistory Press, Madison. Gentry, H. S. 1969. Origin of the Common Bean Phaseolus Vulgaris. In: Econ. Bot., 23, 55-69. Geomethodia. Verffentlichungen der Basler Geomethodischen Colloques. Hrsg. Prof. Dr. Harmut Leser. - vol. 1. 1976. Methodisch-geomorphologische Probleme der ariden und semi-ariden Zone Sdwestafrika. Basel. 156 S. - vol. 2. 1977. Methodisch-geomorphologische Probleme der West- und Mittelsaharaund ihrer Randlandschaften. Basel. 150 S. - vol. 5. 1980. Oekologische Aspekte der Desertifikation und das Problem der Wstenabgrenzung. Basel. 171 S. - vol. 10. 1985. Klimaaussage von Palobden arider bis wechselfeuchter Klimata Afrikas. Ein methodisches Grundproblem der Palokologie. Basel. 206 S. - vol. 14. 1989. Biotische Fakroren und Bioindikatoren als methodische Probleme landschaftskologischer Forschungen. Basel. 176 S. Gerst, Marianne Bechhaus. 2000. Linguistic Evidence for the Prehistory of Livestock in Sudan. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 449-461. Ghai, D. and S. Radwan. s.d. Agrarian Politics and Rural Poverty in Africa. International Labour Office, Geneva and Vincent House, London. Gibbs, jr., James L. ed. 1965/66. Peoples of Africa. Analyses of 15 cultures of Africa south of the Sahara. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York, 594 pp. Giffard, P. L. 1974. LArbre Dans le Paysage Sngalais. Sylviculture en zone tropicale sche. Dakar, Centre technique forestier tropical, 431 pp. Girard, Jean. 1990. LOr du Bambouk. Une dynamique de civilisation Ouest Africaine. Du royaume de Gabou la Casamance. Georg Editeur, Chne-Bourg GE, Suisse, 366 pp. Glaeser, Bernhard. 1981. koentwicklung in Tanzania. Vlg. Breitenbach, Saarbrcken, Nr.57: Sozial wft. Studien zu Intern. Problemen. 2009 S. 1984. Ecodevelopment in Tanzania. An Empirical Contribution on Needs, Self-sufficiency, and Environmentally-sound Agriculture on Peasant Farms. Gluckman, M. 1941. Economy of the Central Barotse Plain. xii+130+12p., Rhodes-Livingstone Institute. Papers Livingstone. Gluckman, M. 1969. Land Tenure. Group and Individual Rights. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 55-61. Aus: Gluckman, Ideas and Procedures in Afr. Customary Law, chp. XII. Gnonsea, Doue. 2003. Cheikh Anta Diop, Thophile Obenga. Combat pour la Re-naissance Africaine. Coll. Etudes Africaines LHarmattan, Paris, 344 pp. Goldstein, G. and G. Sarmiento. 1987. Water Relations Between Trees and Grasses and Their Consequences for the Structure of Savanna Vegetation. In: B. Walker, ed., Determinants of Tropical Savannas. IRL Press, Oxford. Golley, F. B. 1983. Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, Structure and Function. Ecosystems of the World 14 A, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam Oxford New York, 381 pp. Gomez-Pompa, A., C Yanes-Vasquez and S. Guevara. 1972. The Tropical Rain Forest. A Non-renewable Resource. Science, 177: 762-65. 31

Goodall, E. 1946. Domestic Animals in Rock Art. Transactions of the Rhodesia Scientific Ass. , vol. XLI. Goodin, J. R. and D. K. Northington. ed. 1985. Plant Resources of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. 338 pp. Goodman, Major M. 1970. Some Questions on the Classification of African Languages. In: International Journal of African Linguistics, 36, 117-22. 1976 Maize. Zea mays. (Gramineae May deae) In: Simmonds, Evolution, 128-136. Goodman, Steven M. & Jonathan P. Benstead, 2003. The Natural History of Nadagascar. U of Chicago Pressn Chicago. 1710 p. Goody, Jack 1969. Land Tenure and Feudalism in Africa. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 62-69. Reprint: Ec. History Review XXII, no. 3. 1982. Cooking, Cuisine and Class. A Study in Comparative Sociology. Themes in the Social Sciences, Cambridge UP, 272 pp. Goring-Morris, N. 1993. From Foraging to Herding in the Negev and Sinai. The Early to Late Neolithic Transition. In: Palorient, 19, 65-89. Grg-Karady, V. ed. 1982. Genres, Forms, Meanings. Essays in African Oral Literature. JASO, occ. Pap., 1, vi, 122 pp. Gosden, C. and J. Hather, eds. 1999. The Prehistory of Food. Appetites for Change. Routledge, New York, London. Gttler, Gerhard, Die Tuareg. Kulturelle Einheit und regionale Viwlfalt eines Hirtenvolkes. DuMont Buchverlag, Kln 1989. 339 pp. Gould R. A. 1985. Now Lets Invent Agriculture. A Critical Review if Concepts of Complexity Among HunterGatherers. In: T. D. Price + J. A. Brown, ed., Complex Hunter-Gatherers. Academic Press, New York, 427-434. Gouletquer, P. L. 1975. Niger: Country of Salt. In: de Brisay/Evans, eds., Salt, 47-51. Gourou, Pierre. 1980. The Tropical World. Its Social and Economic Conditions and its Future Status. Fifth Edition (rewritten) Longman, London, 190 pp. First pupl. in Eng. 1953. In French: Les Pays Tropicaux. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1945. Gramly, R. M. 1975. Pastoralists and Hunters. Recent Prehistory in Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania. PhD thesis, Harvard U. 1978. Expansion of Bantu Speakers Versus dev-t of Bantu Languages in Situ. An Archaeological Perspective. In: South African Arch. Bull.: 33, 107-12. Grandin, B. E. 1980. Small Cows, Big Money. Wealth and Dwarf Cattle Production in South Western Nigeria. PhD thesis, Stanford U. 1991. The Maasai. Socio-Historical Context and Group Ranches. In: S. Bekure, et al., eds., Maasai herding, Addis Ababa, 21-39. Gravrand, H. 1956. Les Sres. A.O.F. Magazine, no. 15. Gray, R. F. 1983. The Sonjo of Tanganyika. An anthropological study of an irrigation-based society. Repr. of the 1963 ed., 181 pp. Graziosi, P. 1964. New Discoveries of Rock Paintings in Ethiopia. Part I / Part II. 1) In: Antiquity, 38, 91-8. 2) In: Antiquity, 38, 187-94. Grbnart, D. 1979 - La Prhistoire de la Rpublique du Niger. Etat Actuel de la Question. - Recherches sur la Prhistoire au Niger. 32

In : Recherches sahariennes, Paris, 1) 1, 37-70. 2) 1, 207-24. 1983. Les Mtallurgies du Cuivre et du Fer Autour dAgadez (Niger) des Origines au Dbut de la Priode Mdivale. Vues Gnrales. In: N. Echard, ed., Mtallurgies Africaines., 109-25. Green, D. A. G. 1974. Ethiopia. An economic analysis of technological change in four agricultural production systems. (ill., bibl.), comm. on Eth. Stud., occ. Pap., mon. 2, xvi, 120 pp. Green GM and Sussman RW, 1990. Deforestation history of the eastern rain forests of Madagascar from satellite images. In: Science 248: 212-15 Greenberg, Joseph H. 1957. Essays in Linguistics. Stanford UP. 1963 and 1966. Languages if Africa .Mouton, The Hague and Stanford University. 1965. Linguistics. In: R. A. Lystad ed., Survey of Social Research Praeger, NY Wash London, 416-441. Greenway, P. J. Origins of some East African Food Plants. East African Agricultural Journal. 1944. vol. 10, 43-9, 115-9, 177-80, 251-6 and 1945. vol. 11, 56-63. Gregersen, E. A. 1967. Linguistic Seriation as a Dating Device for Loanwords With Special Reference to West Africa. In: African Languages Review, 6, 102-8. 1972. Congo - Saharan. In: Journal of African Languages, 11, 69-89. Grgoire, Emmanuel. 1999. Touareg du Niger. Le destin dun mythe. Karthala, Paris. 344 p. Griaule, N. et J. P. Lebeuf. Fouilles Dans la Rgion du Tchad. Journal de la Socit des Africanistes. 1948. I. 18 (1), 1-116. 1950. II. 20, 1-151. 1951. 21, 1-95. Grigson, Caroline. 1980. The Craniology and Relationship of Four Species of Bos. In: J. of Arch. Sc. 7, 3-32. 1985. Bos Indicus and Bos Namadicus and the Problem of Autochthonous Domestication in India. In: Recent.Advances of Indo-Pacific Prehistory Misra & Bellwood, eds., 77-109. Grigson, C. 1991. An African Origin for African Cattle? Some Archaeological Evidence. In: The Afr. Archaeological Review, 9, 119-144. Grigson, C. 2000. Bos Africanus (Brehm)? Notes on the archaeozoology of the native cattle of Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 38-60. Grist, D. H. 1975. Rice. Longman, New York. Grivetti, L.E. 1979. Kaahari agro-pastoral-hunter-gatherers: the Tswana exa,pla. In: Ecology of Food and Nutrition, no. 7, 235-256 Groenewald, J. W. and H. H. Curson. 1933. A Note on Ovanmbo Cattle. Studies in Native Animal Husbandry (6) Onderstepport Journal of Vet. Sc. + Animal Industry, vol. 1, no. 2. Grove, A. T. 1993/2001. Africans Climate in the Holocene. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology, chp.1, 32-42. Grove, A. T. and A. S. Goudie. 1971. Late Quaternary Lake Levels in the Rift Valley of Southern Ethiopia and Elsewhere in Tropical Africa. In: Nature, vol. 234, 403-5. Grove, A. T. and R. A. Pullan. 1963. Some Aspects of the Pleistocene Palaeography of the Chad Basin. In: Howell/Bourlire, eds., African Ecology and Human Evolution. Aldine, Chicago, 230-45. Grove, A. T. and A. Warren. 1968. Quaternary Land Forms and Climate on the South Side of the Sahara. Geography Journal 134 (2), 194-208. 33

Grundeman, Tulli. 1968. Wenner Gren Conference on Bantu Origins. Bull. of the African Studies Association of the U.K. 13: 1-9. Grunnert, J. 1977. Untersuchungsmethoden und Assagewerte der Flussterrassen arider Gebirge, dargestellt am Beispiel des Tibesti-Gebirges (Tschad). In: Geomethodica, 2 Guenther, M. G. 1986. The Nharo Bushmen of Botswana. Buske Verlag, Hamburg. Guillaumet, J.- L. 1967. Recherches sur la Vgtation et la Flore de la Rgion du Bas-Cavally (Cte dIvoire). Mm. O.R.S. T. O. M. no. 20, 247 pp. Guillaumet, J.- L. et E. Adjanohoun. 1971. La Vgtation de la Cte dIvoire. In : Le milieu naturel de la Cte dIvoire. Mm. O.R.S. T. O. M. no. 50, Paris, 157-263. Guillot, Bernard 1970. Structures Agraires Koukouya. Etudes rurales, 37-38-39 : 312-325. 1972. Les Terroirs Orients du Congo Brazzaville. Essai dInterprtation. Cahiers dEtud afric, 47, 442-457. 1973. La Terre Enkon (Congo). Recherches sur les structures agraires du plateau Konkonya. O.R.S. T. O. M., multigr. Bazzaville, 188 pp. Mouton et Cie, Paris La Haye, 125 pp. Guillot, B. 1980. Le Cration et la Destruction des Bosquets Koukouya, Symboles dune Civilisation et de son Dclin. Cah. O.R.S. T. O. M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 177-180. Gulliver, P. H. 1966. The Family Herds. A study of two pastoral tribes in East Africa. The Jie and Tarkana. Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London 1955, London. 1966. The Jie of Uganda. In: Gibbs, Peoples, 157- .. Guthrie, Malcom. 1948 +1953 Bantu Etymology. 2 vol. 1.and 2. Comparative Bantu. 4 vol. Gregg, Farnborough. 1967-71. 1962. Some Developments in the Prehistory of the Bantu Languages. Journal of Afr. History 3: 273-82. Gutmann, B. 1922. Die Imkerei bei den Dschagga. In: Archiv Anthropologie Braunschweig 19 (1), 8-35. Guy, Jeff. 1980. Ecological Factors in the Rise of Shaka and the Zulu Kingdom. In: Marks + Atmore, Economy, 102-119. Gwatkin, Davidson R. u.a. 1980. Can Health and Nutrition Interventions Make a Difference? ODC, Washington, 76 pp. H Haaland, R. 1992. Fish, Pots and Grain. Early and Mid-Holocene Adaptations in the Central Sudan. In: The African Review, 10, 43-64. Haaland, R. 1995. Sedentism, Cultivation, and Plant Domestication in the Holocene Middle Nile Region. In: Journal of Field Archaeology, 22, 157-74. Hackett, R. I. J. 1988. Religion in Calabar. The religious life and history of a Nigerian town. In: Religion and Society, 27, Berlin. Hadidi El, M. N. and I. Springnel. 1978. Plant Life in Nubia (Egypt). In: Tackholmia, 9, 103-9. Hall, John B. 1977. Forest Types in Nigeria: An Analysis of Pre-exploitation Forest Enumeration Data. Journal Ecol. 65, 187-199. 1981. Settlement Patterns in the Iron Age of Zululand. An Ecological Interpretation. Cambridge Monograph Series in African Archaeology 5. BAR International Series 119.

34

Hall, J. B. and M. D. Swaine. 1981. Geobotany I. Distribution and Ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest. Forest vegetation in Ghana. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague - Boston London, 383 pp. Hall, J. B., M. R. Talbot and M. D. Swaine. 1978. An Early Holocene Leaf Flora From Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. 24: 247-261. Hall, M., G. Avery, D. M. Avery, M. L. Wilson and A. J. B. Humphreys, eds. 1984. Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 10. Cambridge: BAR International Series 207. Hall, M. and J. Vogel. 1980. Some Recent Radiocarbon Dates From Southern Africa. In: Journal of African History, 21, 431-55. Hall, M. and A. B. Smith, eds. 1986. Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa. South African Archaeology Soc., Vlaeberg. Hall, R. N. 1912. The Bushmen: The First Human Occupiers of Rhodesia. In: Proc. Rhod. Sc. Ass., 11, 140-50. Hall, M. 1987. The Changing Past. Farmers, Kings and Traders in Southern Africa 200-1860. Southern Africa: David Philip. United States & Canada: Heinemann Inc., 168 pp. Hall, Sian. 2000. Indigenous Domesticated Dogs of Southern Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t., 302-311. Hall, Stephen J. G. 1991. Body Dimension of Nigerian Cattle, Sheep and Goats. In: Animal Production, 53, 61-9. 1996. Conservation and Utilization of Livestock Breed Biodiversity. In: Outlook on Agriculture, 25, 115-18. Hall, S. J. G. 2000. Characterizations of African Cattle, Sheep and Goats and Their Contributions to Archaeological Understanding. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t., 269-279. Hall, S. J. G. and D. G. Bradley. 1995. Conserving Livestock Breed Biodiversity. In: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 267-70. Halle, F., R. A. A. Oldeman and P. B. Tomlinson. 1978. Tropical Trees and Forests. An Architectural Analysis. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 441 pp. Hallam, A. s.d. Reaching the Parts that Others Missed. Great Geological Controversies. Oxford UP. 182 pp. Hamilton, A. C. 1972. The Interpretation of Pollen Diagrams from Highland Uganda. Paleoecology of Africa, 7, 45-9 1974. The History of the Vegetation. In: E. M. Lind & M: E . S. Morrison, eds., East African Vegetation. Longman, London, 188-209. 1976. The Significance of Patterns of Distribution Shown by Forest, Plants and Animals in Tropical Africa for the Reconstruction of Upper Pleistocene Palaeoenvironments. A Review. Palaeoecol. Afr. 9, 63-97. 1982. Environmental History of East Africa. A Study of The Quaternary. Academic Press, London. Hanotte, Oliver, Deniel G. Bradley, Joel W. Ochieng, Yasmin Verjee, Emmeline W. Hill and J. Edward O. Rege. 2002. African Pastoralism. Genetic Imprints of Origins and Migrations. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi and Addis Ababa. In: Science, vol. 296, 336-39. Hardin, G. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. In: Science, no, 162, 1243-48. Harding, Leonhard und Brigitte Reinwald. 1990. Afrika Mutter und Modell der Europischen Zivilisation. Die Rehabilitierung des Schwarzen Kontinents durch Cheikh Anta Diop. ( 1923-1986). Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin. Harlan, Jack R. 1969. Ethiopia: A Centre of Diversity. Economic Botany 23, 4: 309-314. 1969. Evolutionary Dynamics of Plant Domestication. In: Jap. Journal Genet. 44, Suppl. 1, 337-43. 35

1971. Agricultural Origins: Centres and Non-Centres. Science, CLXXIV, 468-74. 1972. Origin of Maize: The Tripartite Hypothesis. Euphytica 21. 1976. Oil Palm. In: Simmonds, Evolution, 225-9. 1977 The Origins of Cereal Agriculture in the Old World. In: Reed, Origins, 357-384. 1989. The Tropical African Cereals. In: Harris + Hillman, London, 335-343. 1989. Wild Grass Seed Harvesting in the Sahara and Sub-Sahara of Africa. In: Harris + Hillman, eds., Foraging + Farming Unwin Hyman, London, 79-98. 1993/2001. The Tropical African Cereals. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 3: 53-60. Harlan, J. R.1976. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Grasses. In: Simmonds. Evolution, 142-.. Harlan, J. et Jean Pasquereau. 1969. Dcrue Agriculture in Mali. Economic Botany, 23 (1): 70-74. Harlan, J. R. and Jan M. J. De Wet. 1971. Toward a Rational Classification of Cultivated Plants. In: Taxon, 20, 509-17. Harlan, J. R. and J. M. J. De Wet. 1972. A Simplified Classification of Cultivated Sorghum. Crop Science 12: 172-176. Harlan, J. R., J. M. J. De Wet and E. G. Price. 1973. Comparative Evolution of the Cereals. Evolution, 27, 311-25. Harlan, J. R., J. M. J. De Wet and Ann B. L. Stemler, eds. 1976. Origins of African Plant Domestication. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, xiii + 498 pp. Harlan, Jack R. and D. Zohary. 1966. Distribution of Wild Wheat and Barley. In: Science (153), 1074-1080. Harms, R. W. 1981. River of Wealth, River of Sorrow. The central Zaire basin in the era of the slave and ivory trade, 15001891. xvi, 277 pp. 1987. Games Against Nature. An eco-cultural history of the Nunu of equatorial Africa. Studies in Environment and History, Cambridge, XI, 276 pp. Harris, David R. 1940. Traditional Systems of Plant Food Production and the Origins of Agriculture in West Africa. In: Harlan, De Wet, Stemler, eds., Mouton, The Hague, 311-56. 1962. The Distribution and Ancestry of the Domestic Goat. In: Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 173, Session, 1960-61, Pt. 2: 79-91. 1967. New Light on Plant Domestication and the Origins of Agriculture. A Review. Geographical Review, 57 (1): 90-107. 1969. Agricultural Systems, Ecosystems and the Origin of Agriculture. In: Ucko/Dimbleby, Domesticatio, 3-15. 1972. The Origins of Agriculture in the Tropics. American Scientist, 60, 180-93. 1973. The Prehistory of Tropical Agriculture: An Ethnoecological Model. In: C. Renfrew, ed., The explanation of culture change: models in prehistory. London, Duckworth, 391-417. 1976. Traditional Systems of Plant Food Production and the Origins of Agriculture in West Africa. In: Harlan, De Wet, Stemler, 311-56. Harris, D. R. ed. 1980. Human Ecology in Savanna Environments. Academic Press, New York. Harris, D. R. and G. C. Hillman, eds. 1989. Foraging and Farming. The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. Unwin Hyman, London. Hart, Keith. 1982. The Political Economy of West African Agriculture. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology 43, Cambridge UP, 229 pp. Hart, M. G. R., A. J. Carpenter and J. W. O. Jeffery. 1963. Problems of Reclaiming Saline Mangrove Soils in Sierra Leone. In: LAgron. Tropical 8, 800-.. Hart, T. B. and J. A. Hart. 1986, The Ecological Basis of Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence in African Rainforests. The Mbuti of Eastern Zaire. In: Human Ecology , 14, 29-55. Hartley, C. W. S. 1970/1977. The Oil Palm. Longmans, London. 36

Hassan, Fekri A. 1979. Demography and Archaeology. In: Animal Rev. of Anthropology, 8, 137-60. 1980. Prehistoric Settlements Along the Main Nile. In: Williams & Faure, 421- 50. 1981. Demographic Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. 1984. Environment and Subsistence in Predynastic Egypt. In: From Hunters to Farmers: J. D. + S. A. Brandt, eds., 57-64. 1986. Desert Environment and Origins of Agriculture in Egypt. In: Norwegian Arch. Rev. 19, 63-76. 1986. Holocene Lakes and Prehistoric Settlements of the Western Faiyum, Egypt. In: Journal of Archaeological Sc., 13, 483-501. 1993/2001. Town and Village in Ancient Egypt. Ecology, Society and Urbanization. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 33: 551-569. 2000. Climate and Cattle in North Africa. A First Approximation. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 61-86. Hassan, F. A. and G. T. Gross 1987. Resources and Subsistence During the Early Holocene at Siwa Oasis, Northern Egypt. In: A. E. Close, ed., Prehistory of Arid NA, 85-103. Hassan, F. A. and B. Stucki. 1987. Nile Floods and Climatic Change. In: Rampino, et al., Climate, History.., New York, 37-46. Haswell, M. R. 1953. Economics of Agriculture in a Savannah Village. Colonial Research Studies, no. 8, HMSO. Hata, N. 1973. The Swidden Crops and the Planting Pattern of Dourou Agriculture in North Cameroun. Kyoto University African Studies, 8: 93-115. Havinden, Michael A. 1975. The History of Crop Cultivation in West Africa. A bibliographical guide. World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts, 17 (8). Hawkes, J. G. 1969. The Ecological Background of Plant Domestication. In: Ucko/Dimbleby, Domestication, 17-29. Hayden, Brian. 1989. From Chopper to Celt. The Evolution of Resharpening. In: R. Torrence, ed., Time, Energy and Stone Tools, Cambridge UP, Cambridge. Hayford, J. E. Casely. 1913. The Truth about the West African Land Question. Frank Cass, London, xiv, xvi, 208 pp. Haynes, C. V. 1987. Holocene Migration Rates of the Sudano Sahelian Wetting Front, Arba in Desert, Eastern Sahara. In: Prehistory of Arid NA: Close, ed., 69-84. Haynes, C. V., C. H. Eyles, L. A. Pavlish and J. C. Ritchie 1989. Holocene Palaeoecology of the Eastern Sahara: Selima Oasis. In: Quaternary Sc. Rev. 8, 109-36. Hays, T. R. 1974. Wavy Line Pottery: An Element of Nilotic Diffusion. In: South African Archaeolog. Bull. 29, 27-32. 1976. Predynastic Egypt: Recent Field Research. In: Current Anthropology 17, 552-4. 1976. An Examination of the Sudanese Neolithic. In: Proceedings of Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, Addis Ababa 1971, Published 1976. Hays, T. R. and F. A. Hassan. 1974. Mineralogical Analysis of, Sudanese Neolithic Ceraming. In: Archaeometry 16, 71-79. Headland, T. N. 1987. The Wild Yam Question: How Well Could Independent Hunter-Gatherers Live in Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem? In: Human Ecology, 15 (4): 463-491. Hedlund, Hans. 1979. Contradictions in the Peripheralization of a Pastoral Society: The Maasai. Review of Afr. Pol. Ec., no. 15/16, 15-34. Heine, B. 1973. Zur Genetischen Gliederung der Bantu Sprachen. In: Afrika und bersee, 56, 164-85. 37

Heine, B., H. Hoff und R. Vossen. 1977. Neuere Ergebnisse zur Territorialgeschichte der Bantu. In: W. J. G. Mhlig, F. Rottland & B. Heine, eds. Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika, neue Beitrge afrikanistischer Forschungen. Reimer, Berlin, 57-72. Heinritz, Gnter, ed. 1982. Problems of Agricultural Development in the Sudan. Selected Papers of a Seminar. Edition Herodot, Gttingen, 123 pp. Heinz, H. J. 1973. Territoriality Among the Bushman in General and the !Ko in Particular. In: Anthropos, 67, 405-16. Heinz, H. J. and B. Maguire. 1973. The Ethno Biology of the !Ko Bushmen. Their Ethno Botanical Knowledge and Plant Lore. Occasional Paper of the Botswana Society 1, 1-53. Helbaek, H. 1955. Ancient Egyptian Wheat. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 21: 93-5. Hemardinquer, Jean-Jacques, Michael Kent et W. C. L. Randles. 1967. Sorgho. Documentation gographique et historique. Paris : Centre de Recherches Historiques de lEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. Henry, Donald O. 1985. Preagricultural Sedentism. The Natufian Example. In: Price + Brown, eds., Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers. Academic Press, New York. Henshilwood, C. 1996. A Revised Chronology for Pastorialism in Southernmost Africa. New Evidence of Sheep at c. 2000 b. p. from Blombos Cave, SA. In: Antiquity, 70, 945-9. Heeper, F. N. 1963. The Bambara Groundnut (voandzeia subterranean) and Kerstings Groundnut (kerstingiella geocarpa) Wild in West Africa. Kew Bulletin 16 (3), 395-407. Hermann, E. 1902. Viehzucht und Bodenkultur in Sdwestafrika. Berlin. Hermann, Hans H. 1980. Europa kam aus Afrika. Reise zu den vergessenen Ursprngen unserer Kultur. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg, 437 S. Herre, W. 1955. Fragen und Ergebnisse der Domestikationsforschung am Hirn. In: Verhandlungen der Dt. Zoolog. Ges. in Erlangen, Akad. Verlag, Leipzig, 144-214. 1958. Abstammung und Domestikation der Haustiere. In: Hammond/Johansson/Haring: Handbuch der Tierzchtung 1: 1-58. Herring, Ralph S. 1979. The Influence of Climate on the Migrations of the Central and Southern Luo. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 77107. 1979. Hydrology and Chronology. The Rodah Nilometer as an Aid in Dating Interlacustrine History. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 39-86. 1979 The View From Mount Otuke: Migrations of the Lango Omiro. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 283-316. Herskovits, Melville J. 1926. The Cattle Complex in East Africa. In: American Anthropologist. New Series 28, Menasha, Wisc. 23072, 361-80, 494-528, 633-64. 1952. Some Problems of Land Tenure in Contemporary Africa. Land Economics, 28, 37-45. 1952. Economic Anthropology. New York, Knopf. 1958. The Human Factor in Changing Africa. Vintage Books. Random House, New York and Alfred A. Knopf, New York etc. 500 pp. Herskovits, M. J. and M. Harwitz, eds. 1964. Economic Transition in Africa. RKP, London. Hervouet, J. P. 1977. Peuplement et Mouvements de Populations Dans Valles des Volta Blanche et Rouge. O.R.S.TO.M., Centre de Ouagadougou. 1978. La Miseen Valeur des Valles des Volta Blanche et Rouge. Un accident historique ; In : Cahiers O.R.S.TO.M., Sries Sciences Humaines, Nr. 15, 81-97. 1980. Du Faidherbia la Brousse - Modification Culturale et Dgradation Sanitaire. O.R.S.TO.M., Centre de Ouagadougou. 38

1993. Faidherbia albida: un tmoin des mutations agraires. In: Vandenbeldt & Renard, 165-69. Herzog, R. 1968. Punt. Augustin, Glckstadt. Hester, James J. 1968. Comments: Origins of African Agriculture. Current Anthropology, 9, 5: 497-498. Hester, J. J. and Philip Hobler. 1969. Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Libyan Desert. Univ. of Utah Anthropological Papers 92, Nubian Series 4, Salt Lake City. Hewitt, R. L. 1986. Structure, Meaning and Ritual in the Narratives of the Southern San. Buske Verlag, Hamburg. Heyer, Judith, J. K. Maitha and W. M. Senga. 1976. Agricultural Development in Kenya. An Economic Assessment. OUP (East African Branch), 388 pp. Heyer, J., P. Roberts, and G. Williams ed. 1981. Rural Development in Tropical Africa. Preface by K. Griffin. x, 375 pp. Hiel, Andra. 1975. Mieux Nourir les Petite Enfants Avec des Aliments Locaux. Porto Novo, Dahomey : Centre de formation horticole et nutritionnelle de Quando. IV. Hiernaux, Jean. 1968. Bantu Expansion. The Evidence from Physical Anthropology Confronted with Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence. Journal of African History 9 (4), 505-515. Higgs, Eric S. 1967. Early Domesticated Animals in Libya. In: W. W. Bishop + J. D. Clark, eds., Background to Evolution in Africa. Chicago, 165-173. 1967. The Neolithic: Domestic Animals. In: McBurney, The Haua Fteah, 313-19. 1976. Archaeology and Domestication. In: Harlan, De Wet, Stemler, Origins, 29-39. Higgs, E. S. ed. 1972. Papers in Economic Prehistory. Cambridge: CUP. Higgs, E. S. and M. R. Jarman. 1969. The Origins of Agriculture. A Reconsideration. Antiquity 43, 169: 31-41. Higgs, E. S. and M. R. Jarman. 1972. The Origins of Animal and Plant Husbandry. In: E. S. Higgs, ed. Papers in Economic Prehistory, Cambridge, 3-13. Hill, Polly. 1963. Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana. Cambridge UP. 1972. Rural Hansa. A Village and a Setting. Cambridge UP. 1977. Population, Prosperity and Poverty. Cambridge, 240 pp. 1978. Food Farming and Migration From Fante Villages Africa. 48, 220-30. 1982. Dry Grain Farming Families. Hausaland (Nigeria) and Karnataka (India) Compared. CUP, 352 pp. Hillman, G. C. and M. F. Davies. 1991. Domesticate Rate in Wild Wheat and Barley Under Primitive Cultivation. Preliminary Results Using Field Measurements of Selection Coefficient and the Archaeological Implications. In: P. C. Anderson Gerfaud, ed., Prhistoire de lagriculture, 157-222. Hilzheimer, M. 1909. Die Haustiere in Abstammung und Entwicklung. Stuttgart. 1913. berblick ber die Geschichte der Haustierforschung Insbesondere der Letzten 30 Jahre. In: Zoolog. Annalen, Wrzburg, vol. V; 233-54. 1928. Nordafrikanische Schafe und ihre Bedeutung fr die Besiedlungsfrage Nordafrikas. In: Zeitschrift fr Sugetierkunde, vol. III. 1930. Austausch an Haustieren Zwischen Asien + Afrika vor dem 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. In: Zeitschrift fr Vlkerpsych. + Soziologie, Leipzig, vol. 6, no. 4. 1932. Einige Rtsel aus der Geschichte der Haustiere. In: Zft f. Ethologie, vol. 64. 1933. Untersuchungen ber die Ziegen (Gattung Capras. Str.) und deren Kreuzungen. In: Archiv fr Tierernhrung + Tierzucht, vol. 8: 323-371. 1936. Zoologische Bemerkungen zu den Tierdarstellungen. In: E. Heinrich, Kleinfunde in den Archaischen Tempelschichten in Uruk. Leipzig. 1936. Sheep. In: Antiquity, vol. X, no. 38, June. 39

Hitchock, R. 1982. Patterns of Sedentism Among the Basarwa of Eastern Botswana. In: Leacock/Lee (eds.), Politics + History Cambridge UP. Hitchock, R. and Ebert. 1984. Foraging and Food Production Among Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers. In: J. D. Clark / S. A. Brandt, eds. From Hunters to Farmers. Berkeley: University of Cal. Press, 328-48. Hjort, Anders.1982. Ethnic Transformation, Dependency and Change. The Higira Samburu of Northern Kenya. In: Galaty + Salzman, Change + dev-t. Hobler, P. M. and J. J. Hester. 1969. Prehistory and Environment in the Libyan Desert. South African Arch. Jour. 23 (92), 120-130. Hodder, B. W. 1977. Some Comments on the Origins of Traditional Markets in Africa South of the Sahara. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History, 253-265. Hodder, Ian 1982. Symbols in Action. Ethnoarchaeological Studies of Material Culture. CUP, Cambridge, 244 pp. 1986. Reading the Past. Cambridge UP, Cambridge. 1989. The Meaning of Things. Material Culture and Symbolic Expression. Unwin Hyman, London. Hodder, Ian and C. Orton. 1976. Spatial Analytics in Archaeology. Cambridge UP, Cambridge. Hoernl, A. W. 1923. South-West Africa as a Primitive Culture Area. In: South African Geographical Journal, vol. VI. Hofmeister, W. 1867. On the Germination Development and Fructification of Higher Cryptogamia and on the Fructification of the Conifrae. London, XVII. 506 pp. Hohnholz, Jrgen H. 1980. Die Armut der Lndlichen Bevlkerung in der Dritten Welt. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, 255 S. Holl, Augustin. 1983. Essais Sur lEconomie Nolithique du Dhar Tichitt (Mauritanie). Thse de Doctorat : Universit de Paris 1985. Subsistence Patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritaniea. In: The African Arch. Review 3, 151-162. 1986. Neolithic Communities of the Dhar Tichitt, Mauritania: Socioeconomic Organization and Settlement Dynamics. In: The Longest Record: Human Career in Africa, 47. Conference Abstracts, Uni of Cal., Berkeley. 1989. Social issues in Saharan Prehistory. In: Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 8: 313-354. 1993/2001. Transition from Late Stone Age to Iron Age in the Sudano-Sahelin Zone. A case study from the Perichadian plain. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 17: 330-343. Homberger, Lorenz. 1995. Die Kunst der Dogon. Museum Rietberg Zrich, 137 S. Hooker, J. J. editor of Tertiary Research. 4x a year. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Hoorweg, Jan and Ian Dowell. 1979. Evaluation of Nutrition Education in Africa. Community Research in Uganda, 1971-1972. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, 160 pp. Hopkins, Brian. 1965. Forest and Savanna. An Introduction to Tropical Terrestrial Ecology with Special Reference to West Africa. Heinemann, Ibadan + London. Second Edition 1974, Reprint 1977 +1979, 154 pp. Hopkins, B. 1965. Observations on Savanna Burning in the Olokemiji Forest Reserve, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 2, 367-81. Hornby, H. E. and H. J. van Rensburg. 1948. The Place of Goats in Tanganyika Farming Systems. E. Afr. Agric. for J., 14, 94-8. Horowitz, M. M. 1972. Ethnic Boundary Maintenance Among Pastoralists and Farmers in the Western Sudan (Niger). In: W. Irons + N. Dyson-Hudson, Perspectives, 105-114. Horton, Mark. 1987. The Swahili Corridor. In: Scientific American, 257, 76-84. 40

Horton, M. and Nina Mudida. 1993/2001. Exploitation of Marine Resources. Evidence for the Origin of the Swahili Communities of East Africa. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology, chp. 41: 673-693. Hourou, H. N. 1979 ( ?) Le Rle des Arbres et Arbustes dans les Pturages Sahliens. Addis Abba : CIPEA Mimeo. Hourou, H. N. Le, ed. 1980. Browse in Africa. The current state of knowledge. International Livestock Centre for Africa. P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Howell, F. C. and F. Bourlire, eds. 1963. African Ecology and Human Evolution. Wenner Gren Foundation, and Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 36, New York; or Aldine, Chicago. Howman, R. 1942. The Native Labourer and His Food. A study of the Institution of eating under one phase of culture contact. NADA, no. 19, 3-24. Huang, C. H., W. L. Chang and T. T. Chang, s.d. PouPai Varieties and Taichung Native I. In: Rice breeding, IRRI, Los Baos, Philippines, 31-46. Huffman, Thomas N. 1970. The Early Iron Age and the Spread of the Bantu. In: South African Archaeological Bull., 25, 3-21. 1972. The Rise and Fall of Zimbabwe. In: Journal of African History: 13, 353-66. 1984. Expressive Space in the Zimbabwe Culture. In: Man: 19, 593-612. 1988. Southern Africa to the South of the Zambezi. In: M. Frazi & L. Hrbak, Gen Hist of Africa. Unesco, 664-80. 1989. Ceramics, Settlements and Late Iron Age Migrations. In: African Archaeological Review, 7, 155-82. 1989. Iron Age Migrations. The Ceramic Sequence in Southern Zambia. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand UP. Hser, K. 1976. Kalkkrusten im Namib-Randbereich des mittleren Sdwestafrika. In: Geomethodica 1. (1976) Huffman, T. N. and R. K. Herbert. s.d. New Perspectives on Eastern Bantu. Hugot, G. s.d. Un Secteur du Quaternaire Lacustre Mauritanien: Tichitt. Chambry : Mmoires de lIMRS 1. Hugot, Henri J. 1962. Premier Aperu Sur la Prhistoire du Tefassasset. In : Missions Berlier : Tnr-Tchad, in H. J. Hugot, ed., Berliet, Paris. 1963. Recherches Prhistoriques Dans lAhaggar Nord-Occidental 1950-1957. Mmoires du CRAPE I. Arts et Mtiers Graphiques, Paris : Flammarion. 1964. Etat des Recherches Prhistoriques Dans lAfrique de lOuest 1964-1965. In: West African Archaeological Newsletter, I : 4-6. 1968. The Origins of African Agriculture : Sahara. Current Anthropology, 9,5: 483-488. 1974. Le Sahara Avant le Dsert. Editions des Hesprides, Argenteuil - Paris. 1979. Le Nolithique Saharien. Thse de Doctorat dEtat, Universit de Paris X Nanterre. 1981. The Prehistory of the Sahara. In: K: - Zerbo, Gen. History I, 585-610. Humbert, H. 1927. La destruction dune flore insulaire par le feu: Principaux aspects de la vegetations Madagascar. Mmoires de lAcadmie Malgache. Fascicule V, Antananarivo. 79 pp. Huntley B. J. and B. H. Walker. 1982. Ecology of Tropical Savannas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Hurni, H. und P. Sthli. 1982. Hochgebirge von Semien-Aethiopien Vol II. Klima und Dynamik der Hhenstufung von der letzten Kaltzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Hutchinson, Dalziel, Keay and Hepper. 1954 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. 5 vols. Crown Agents for oversea Gov-ts + Adm-ons, London. Hutchinson, Sir Joseph. 1962. The History and Relationships of the Worlds Cottons. Endeavor, XXI, 3-15. 1972. Farming and Food Supply. The Interdependence of countryside and town. Cambridge: CUP, 146 pp. Hutchinson, Sir Joseph ed. 1965. Essays in Crop Plant Evolution. Cambridge: CUP.

41

Hutchinson, J. B. ed. 1974. Evolution Studies in World Crops. Diversity and change in the Indian subcontinent. Cambridge: CUP. Hutchinson, Sir Joseph et al. 1977. The Early History of Agriculture. OUP, Oxford, 218 pp., (British Academy) 213 pp. Hutchinson, J. and J. M. Datziel. 1927/1955. Flora of West Tropical Africa. London. I Igbozurike, M. Ugo. 1977. Agriculture at the Cross-Roads. A Comment on Agriculture on Agricultural Ecology. Ife-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 116 pp. Review in African Journal IX, 4, 351-2. Ilevbare, J. A. 1982. Carthage, Rome and the Berbers. A Study of Social Evolution in Ancient North Africa. Ibadan UP. Iliffe, John. 1971. Agricultural Change in Modern Tanganyika. An outline history. Historical Association of Tanzania Paper, no. 10, East African Publishing House, Nairobi, 48 pp. Irons, W. and N. Dyson Hudson, ed. 1972. Perspectives on Nomadism. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Irvine, F. R. 1952. Food Plants of West Africa. Lejeunia, XVI (Liege), 27-51. 1952. Supplementary and Emergency Food Plants of West Africa. Econ-ic Botany, VI, no. 1 (Lancaster), 23-40. 1956. The Edible Cultivated and Semi-Cultivated Leaves of West Africa. Materiae Vegetabiles 2: 35-42. 1957. Indigenous African Methods of Bee-Keeping. In: Bee World, 38 (5), 113-28. 1961. The Woody Plants of Ghana. OUP, London. 1961. Wood Plants of Ghana. OUP, London, 868 pp. 1961. Woody Plants in Ghana. Oxford UP, London. 1963. Textbook of West African Agriculture. OUP 1969. West African Crops. OUP, London. Isaac, E. 1970. The Geography of Domestication. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, 132 pp. Isaac, Glynn L. 1968. Traces ofPleistocene Hunters. An East Afriacan Example. In: Lee & Vore, Man the Hunter, 253-261. Itandala, Buluda. 1979. Ilembo, Nkanda and the Girls. Establishing a Chronology of the Babinza. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 145-174. Iubiana, M. J. 1979. Stratgies Traditionnelles et Modernes pour une Utilisation Rationnelles des Ressources en Eau et en Pturages au Nord Dar-Fur. Revue Fran. DEt. Polit. Afric., Paris, no. 159, 58-84. Ivanov, Jurij Michajlovi_. 1979. Preobrazovnija i Naemnyj Trud v Stranach Afriki. Moscow : Progress Publ. 251 pp. Izard, M. 1980. Les Archives Orales dun Royaume Africain. Recherche sur la formation du Yatnga. Thse : Univ. Descartes, Paris. J Jack W. H. 1959. The Structure of the Celtis Triplochiton Forest Association in Ghana and its Effect on Management. Ph. D. thesis: University Edinburg. Jackson, A. P. 1954. Ample Food Without Ploughing. NADA, no. 31, 62-6. Jackson, M. 1983. Allegories of the Wilderness. Ethics and ambiguity in Kuranko narratives. African Systems of thought ser.

42

Jacobs, Alan H. 1968. A Chronology of the Pastoral Maasai. In: Hadith 1 (Hsg. BA Ogot) EAPH, Nairobi, 10-31. Jacobs, Alan. 1968. The Irrigation Agricultural Maasai of Pagasi. Social Science Conference Paper, University of East Africa, Nairobi. Jacques-Felix, H. 1940. LAgriculture des Noirs au Cameroun. Enqutes sur les plantes cultives, sur les outils agricoles et sur les greniers. Rev. Bot. Appliq. Et Agric. Trop. 20, 815-838, Jacques-Felix, H. 1948. Ignames Sauvages et Cultives du Cameroun. Bull. Soc. tudes Camerounaises, 21-22, 13-18. Jacquot, Andr. 1980. A Propos de la Couverture Arbore. Note sur la relation entre langue, culture et socit. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 311-313. Jamal, Vali. 1989. The African Crisis, Food Security and Structural Adjustment. Special issue of the International Labour Review, Vincent House, London, no. 6, vol.127. Janzen, Daniel H. 1975. Ecology of Plants in the Tropics. Studies in Biology no. 58, Edward Arnold, London, 66 pp. Jaquemet, Andr. 1976/1977. Tropischer Futterbau in Tanzania. Ergebnisse einer Reise. Semesterarbeit WS, ETH Zrich, 76 S. Jardin, Claude. 1967. List of Food Used in Africa. FAO, Rome. Jarman, M. R. 1969. The Prehistory of Upper Pleistocene and Recent Cattle. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 35. Jarman, M. R., G. N. Bailey and H. N. Jarman. 1982. Early European Agriculture. Its Foundations and Development, Lecturer in Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 280 pp. Jarman, M. R. and P. F. Wilkinson. 1972. Criteria of Animal Domestication. In: Higgs, Papers Jeffreys, M. D. W. 1953. Pre-Columbian Maize in Africa. In: Nature (London), no. 4386. 1954. The History of Maize in Africa. South African Journal of Science. 1957. The Origin of the Portuguese Word Zaburro as Their Name for Maize. Bull. de lI.F.A.N., Series B, vol. XIX. Jenik, J. and J. B. Hall. 1966. The Ecological Effects of the Harmattan Wind in Djebobo Massif, Togo Mountains, Ghana. Journal of Ecology, vol. 54, 757-79. Jenik, J. and J. B. Hall. 1976. Plant Communities of the Accra Plains, Ghana. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. II, 163-212. Jerome, Abraham. 1973. National Agrarianism. Vol. 1: Africa in Search of an Ideology. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi, 209 pp. Johnny, M. M. P. 1979. Traditional Farmers Perception of Farming and Farming Problems in the Moyamba Area. MA Thesis: s. Richards, 144 pp. Johnny, M. M. P. and P. Richards. 1982. Playing with Facts. The articulation of alternative viewpoints in African rural dev-t. In: R. Kidd + N. Cdletta, eds. Tradition for dev-t; indigenous structures + folk media in nonformal education. Bonn: Foundation for Internat. Dev-t. Johnson, D. J. 1977. Pastoral Nomadism in the Sahel Zone. In: Deutsch, eco-soc. Systems, 169-185. Johnston, Bruce F. 1958. The Staple Food Economies of Western Tropical Africa. Stanford UP, Stanford. Johnston, H. 1919-1920. Bantu and Semi-Bantu Languages. 43

Johnston, H. H. 1908. Man and Nature in South West Africa. In: Nature LXXVII. Joire, J. 1955. Dcouvertes Archologiques Dans la Rgion de Rao (Bas Sngal). In : Bull. de lInstitut franais dAfrique noire. Srie B, 249-333. Joly, H. 1993. Aspects gntiques dAcacia albida (syn. Faidherbia albida). In: Vandenbeldt & Renard, 53-61. Jolly, P. 1994. Strangers to Brothers. Interaction between south-eastern San and southern Nguni/Sotho communities. Unpubl. MA thesis, U. of Cape Town. Jones, A. M. 1971. Africa and Indonesia. The evidence of the Xylophone and other musical and cultural factors. viii, 286 pp. Jones, A.M. and Hazel Carter, 1967. The style of a Tonga narrative In: Afr. Language Studies, vol VIII, 93-126. Jones, C. H. 1969. Africa, the History of Exploration and Adventure as Given in the Leading Authorities From Herodotus to Livingstone. x, 494 pp. Jones, D. K. 1984. Shepherds of the Desert. The nomads of northern Kenya. Brill, 192 pp. Jones, E. Baker. 1942. The Food of the Rhodesian Native From the Dietetic Point of View. NADA, no. 19, 3440. Jones, Gwyn E. 1963. The Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 15, 387-405. 1967. The Adoption and Diffusion of Agricultural Practices. World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts, 9, 1-34. Jones, William O. 1957. Manioc. An Example of Innovation in African Economics. Economic Development and Cultural Change 5, 99-117. 1959. Manioc in Africa. Stanford UP, Stanford. 1960. Economic Man in Africa. Food Research Institute Studies (Stanford U.), 1, 107-34. 1965. Environment, Technical Knowledge and Economic Development in Tropical Africa. Food Research Institute Studies (Stanford), 5, 101-16. Jones, W. O. and Christian Merat 1962. Consumption of Exotic Consumer Goods as an Indicator of Economic Achievement in Ten Countries of Tropical Africa. Food Research Institute Studies (Stanford), 3, 35-60. Jordan, H. D. 1963. Development of Mangrove Swamp Areas in Sierra Leone. In: LAgron. Tropical, 18, 789-9. Joshi, A. B., V. R. Gadwal and M. W. Hardas. 1974. Okra. In: Hutchinson, Evolutionary Studies, 99-105. Joshi, A. B. and M. W. Hardas. 1993. Okra. In: Simmonds, Evolution, 194-5. Joubert, D. M. 1969. Indigenous South African Sheep and Goats. Their Origin and Development. In: Tropical Science, XI: 185-195. Junod, H. A. 1913. The Life of a South African Tribe. Neuchtel: Attinger Frres. Justice, O. L. and L. N. Bass. 1979. Principles and Practices of Seed Storage. Department of Agriculture. Castle House Publications Turnbridge Wells, Kent, 286 pp. Juwayey, Yusuf M. 1993. Iron Age Settlement and Subsistence Patterns in Southern Malawi. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 22: 391-398. K Kaache, B. 1996. LOrigine des Animaux Domestiques au Maroc. Etat des Connaissances. In: Prhistoire et Anthropologie Mditerranennes, 5, 85-92. 44

Kaal, J, H. H. W. Velthuis, F. Jongeleen and J. Beetsma, eds. 1992. Traditional Bee Management as a Basis for Bee-Keeping in the Tropics. NECTAR, Bennekom. Kagame, Alexis Abb. 1972. Un Abrg de lEthnohistoire du Rwanda. Collection Muntu (3) 1 : Uni. Nationale du Rwanda, Butare 1981. La Documentation du Rwanda sur lAfrique Interlacustre des Temps Anciens. In : Collectif, la civilisation ancienne des Peuples des Grands Lacs, 300-330. Kahn, Francis. 1977. Analyse Structurale des Systmes Racinaires des Plantes Ligneuses de la Fort Tropicale Dense Humide. Candollea, 32, (2), 321-358. Kahn, F. 1982. La Reconstitution de la Fort Tropical Humide Sud-ouest de la Cte dIvoire. ED. O.R.S.T.O.M., coll. Mmoires mo. 97, Paris, 150 pp. Kalinganire, M. Antoine. 1981. Rcolte, Schage, Conservation et Diffusion de Semences Forestires au Rwanda. Institute des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda : I.S.A.R., Note Technique, no.2, multigr., 57 pp. Kanda_ire, J. A. K. 1977. Thangata in Pre-Colonial and Colonial Systems of Land Tenure in Southern Malawi. Africa 47, 2, 185-191. Kanimba, Misago. 1986. Aspects Ecologiques et Economiques des Migrations des Populations de Langues Bantu. Peter Lang, Frankfurt - Bern New York. Kanyamachumbi, Mgr. P. 1995. Socit, Culture et Pouvoir Politique en Afrique Interlacustre. Hutu et Tutsi de lAncien Rwanda. A.T.R.I.O. Ed. SELECT, Kinshasa, 349 PP. Kassam, A. H. 1976. Crops of the West African Semi-Arid Tropics. International Crops Research, Hyderabad, India: Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, 154 pp. Katz, R. 1982. Boiling Energy. Community healing among the Kalahari Kung. 368 pp. Kay, G. and D. M. Wright. 1962. Aspects of the Ushi Iron Industry. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History, 115124. Reprint: North Rhod. Journal 5, no.1. Keay, R. W. J. 1957. Wind-Dispersed Species in a Nigerian Forest. J. Ecol. 45, 471-78. Keay, R. W. J. 1960. Seeds in Forest Soils. Niger. Fol. Inf. Bull., n.s., 4: 1-12. Keer, W. E. 1967. The History of the Introduction of African Bees in Brazil. In: South African Bee Journal, 39 (2), 3-5. Kemenes, Egon. 1970. Agriculture as a Possible Source of Accumulation in Africas Developing Countries. Problems of implementation. Budapest: Centre f. Afro-Asian Res., Studies, 41, 33 pp. Kendall, R. L. 1969. An Ecological History of the Lake Victoria Basin. Ecology Monographs 39: 121-176. Kennedy, J. and J. OByrne. 1957. Notes on African Grasses XXIX A New Species of Eleusine from Tropical and South Africa. In: Kew Bulletin, 11: 65-72. Kenntner, Georg and Edeltraud Ludwig. 1980. Sesshafte Fischer und Nomadisierende Viehzchter. Turkana und Elmolo. Zwei traditionelle Kulturformen Nord-Kenias. In: Walter Raunig, Schwarz-Afrikander. Pinguin- Verlag, Innsbruck, 129-150. Kense, Franois J. In: Nyame Akuma. 1979. Daboya: Report on the 1979 Season. 15, 20-2. 1980. The Kintampo and Daboya Preliminary Note. 17, 38-9. 1983. Daboya Project Update. More dates and evidence for a Kintampoid culture. 22, 10-11. 1983. 1983 Field Report on Daboya, Ghana. 23, 8-10. 45

1992. Settlement and Live Hood in Mampurugu, Northern Ghana. Some Archaeological Reflections. In: Sterner/David, eds., Papers in Honour of Peter Lewis Shinnie. Uinersity of Calgary Press, Calgary, 143-155. Kense, F. J. and John Ako Okoro. 1993/2001. Changing Perspectives on Traditional Iron Production in West Africa. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 26: 449-458. Kent, Susan. 1989. Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Farmers as Hunters and the Value of Meat. In Farmers as Hunters, 1-17. Kent, S. 1989. Farmers as Hunters: The Implications of Sedentism. Cambridge UP. Kesteloot, Lilyan, 2007. Dieu deaux du Sahel. Voyage travers les mythes de Seth Tyamaba. Coll. Oralits. LHarmattan, Paris. 328 p. Kidd, Andrew D. and Berthold Schrimpf. 2000. Bees and Bee-Keeping in Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 503-526. Kienon-Kabore, Timpoko. 2005. La Mtallurgie ancienne du fer au Burkina Faso Province Bulkiemd. Approche ethonologique, historique, qrchaeologique et mtallographique. Un rapport lhistoire des techniques en Afrique. LHatmattan, Paris. 328 p. Kiethega, Jean-Baptiste. s.d. Archologies Africaines : LOr de la Volta Noire. Prface de Jean Devisse, Karthala, Paris, 248 pp. Killick, D. J. 1987. On the Dating of African Metallurgical Sites. In: Nyame Akuma, 30, 39-41. Kinahan, John A. 1991. Pastoral Nomads of the Central Namib Desert: The People History Forgot. New Namibia Books, Windhoek. 1996. A New Archaeological Perspective on Nomadic Pastoralist Expansion in South-western Africa. In: Sutton, 211-26. 1993/2001. The Rise and Fall of Nomadic Pastoralism in Central Namib Desert. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 20, 372-385. King, K. J. 1971. The Politics of Agricultural Education for Africans in Kenya. In: Hadidth 3: Hsg. BA Ogot, 142-156. Kingdon, Jonathan. s.d. East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. 7 vol., vol. IIc, IId, Academic Press, London Kings College. 1982. Current Problems in Sociobiology. Kings College Sociobiology Group, University of Cambridge CUP, 394 pp. Kiriama, Herman Ogoti. 1993/2001. The Iron Using Communities in Kenya. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 30: 484-498. Kislev, Mordechai, Aurat Hartmann and Ofer Bar-Yosef. 2006. Beginning of Plant Cultivation. Examples from Israel. In: Science 312, 1372-74. Kirk, J. T. O. 1987. Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. Paper, 401 pp. Kitchen, K. A. 1993/2001. The Land of Punt. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 35: 587-608. Kiyaga-Mulindwa, D. 1993/2001. The Iron Age Peoples of East-Central Botswana. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 21, 386-390. Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, 1978 LHistoire de lAfrique Noire. Librairie Hatier, Paris 1978 GermN Edition : Die Geschichte Schwarz-Afrika. Hammer, Wuppertal. 775 S. 1981.editor of General History of Africa I. Methodology and African Prehistory. Heinemann, London, UNESCO, Paris, 820 pp. 46

Kjekshus, Helge. 1977. Ecology Control and Economic Development in East African History. The Case of Tanganyika 1850-1950. London ; Berkeley: U. of California Press, 223 pp. Review: African Journal IX, 4, 331-2. Klatt, B. 1921. Studien zum Domestikationsproblem. Untersuchungen am Hirn. In: Bibliotheca Genetica, Vol. II, Leipzig. Klees, F. and R. Kuper, eds. 1992. Africa Praehistorica 5. Heinrich-Barth Institut, Kln. Klein, Martin A. ed. 1980. Peasants in Africa. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills London, 319 pp. Klein, R. G. 1974. Environments Subsistence of Prehistory Man in the Southern Cape Province, South Africa. In: World Archaeology, 5 (3), 249-84. 1984. The Prehistory of Stone Age Herders in South Africa. In: Clark + Brandt (eds.), From Hunters to Farmers, 281-90. 1984. Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments. Rotterdam: Balkema 416 pp. Knapp, Rdiger. 1973. Die Vegetation Afrikas. Stuttgart, G. Fischer Verlag, 626 S. Knappert, J. 1967. Traditional Swahili Poetry. viii, 264 pp. 1971. Swahili Islamic Poetry. Vol. 1, xii, 144 pp. 1971. The Two Burdas. Vol. 2, vii, 145-226. 1971. Mi(r_j and Maulid. Vol. 3, viii, 227-377. 1977. Bantu Myths and Other Tales. (Nisaba, 7), 181 pp. 1983. Epic Poetry in Swahili and OtherAfrican Languages. (Nisaba, 12), ix, 171 pp. Knuth, R. 1924. Dioscoreaceae. Pflanzenreich, 87, (iv, 43), 1-278. Kokwaro, J. O. 1976. Medicinal Plants of East Africa. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi. 384 pp. Kolbe, F. 1914. Die Rinderrassen und Viehhaltung im Kiwu-Distrikt. (Belgische Kongokolonie). In: Jb. F. Wft + Praktische Tierzucht: IX, Hannover. Kollmannsperger, Franz. 1966. Die progressive Austrocknung Afrikas- ein Weltproblem. 17 S. Konczacki, Z. A. 1977. The Economics of Pastoralism. A case study of Sub-Saharan Africa. Frank Cass, London, 185 pp. Konczacki, Z. A. and J. M. Konczacki, ed., 1977. An Economic History of Tropical Africa. Vol. 1: The Pre-Colonial Period. Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London, 310 pp. Vol. 2: The Colonial Period. Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London, 276 pp. Vol. 3: 1978. An Economic and Social History of Southern Africa. CUP. Kon, K. 1948. Le Buf du Lac Tchad de la Rgion de NGuigmi. In : Bull. des Services de lElevage et des Industries Animales de lAfrique Occidentale Franaise. Tome 1, nos. 2-3, Dakar. Kooyman, C. et R.F.M. Onck, 1987. The interactions between termites. In : Vandenbeldt & Renard, Korem, Albin. 1985. Bush Fire and Agricultural Development in Ghana. Ghana Publishing Corp., Tema, 220 pp. Kottak, Conrad Phillip. 1980. The Past in the Present. History, Ecology, & Cultural Variation in Highland Madagascar. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Brill, Leiden, xiv, 399 pp. Kouassignan, G. A. 1966. LHomme et la Terre. O.R.S.T.O.M., Berger-Levrault, Paris, 267 pp. Kowal, J. M., and A. H. Kassam. 1978. Agricultural Ecology of Savanna. A Study of West Africa. OUP, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 420 pp. 47

Krebs, J. R. und N. B. Davies. 1981. ko-Ethologie. Oxford, trans. by G. Klump, Bochum. Parey, Hbg. 377 S. Kress, WJ. (1993. Coevolution of plants and animals: Pollination of flowers by primates in Madagascar. In: Current Science 65(3): 253-57. Krige, E. 1937. Notes on the Phalaborwa and Their Marula Complex. In: Bantu Studies, II, 357-67. Kroll, H. Die Haustiere der Bantu. In: Zft f. Ethn., Leipzig, 60: 177-290. Kronenberg, W. und A. 1981. Die Bongo. Bauern und Jger im Sdsudan. Mit einem Anhang von G. Schweinfurth. Studien zur Kultur, xiv, 357 pp. Krzyzaniak, L. 1978. New Light on Early Food Production in the Central Sudan. In: Journal of African History, 19, 159-72. 1991. Early Farming in the Middle Nile Basin. Recent Discoveries at Kadero (Central Sudan). In: Antiquity, 65, 515-32. Krzyzaniak, L., and M. Kobusiewicz, eds. 1984. Origin and Early Development of Food Producing Cultures in North-Eastern Africa. Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan. Krzyzaniak, L. and M. Kobusiewicz, eds. 1989. Late Prehistory of the Nile Basin and the Sahara. Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan. Krzyzaniak, L., M. Kobusiewicz and J. Alexander, eds.. 1993. Environmental Change and Human Culture in the Nile Basin and Northern Africa Until the Second Millennium BC. In: Poznan Archaeological Museum, Poznan. Kull, Christian A. 2004. Isle 0f Fire. The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar. U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. 324 p. Kunz, J. 1977. Neue Felsbildfunde in der Westlichen Tassili-n-Ajjer (Algerien). In: Paiduma, 23, 1-17. Kutzbach, J. E. 1980. Estimates of Past Climate at Palaeo Lake Chad North Africa. Based on a Hydrological and Energy-Balance Model. In: Quaternary Research, 14, 210-23. L Laburthe-Tolra, Philippe. s.d. Les Seigneurs de la Fort. Karthala, P, 440 pp. Lagemann, Johannes. 1978. Traditional African Farming System in Eastern Nigeria. Mnchen, Weltforum Verlag, xvii, 269 pp. Lahuec, Jean-Paul 1979. Le Peuplement et lAbandon de la Valle de la Volta Blanche en Pays Bissa. In : Lahuec/Marchal, O.R.S.T.O.M. Travaux et Documents, no. 103, Paris, 7-90. Lahuec, J. P. 1980. Le Parc dun Village Mossi (Zaongho) du Traditionnel au Moderne. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 151-54. Lal, R. 1987. Termites. In: Tropival Ecology and physical edaphology, 337-421. Lambrecht, F. L. 1964. Aspects of the Evolution and Ecology of Tsetse Flies and Trypanosomiasis in the Prehistoric African Environment. In: Journal of African History, 5 (1): 1-24. Lamphear, J. E. 1979. When the Ngitome Spread Their Oxen. Problems in Reconstructing the Chronology on the Jie. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 263-282. Lamprey, R. H. s.d. Maasai Impact on Kenya Savanna Vegetation. A Remote Sensing Approach. Unpubl. PhD thesis: University of Aston in Birmingham.

48

Lamprey, R. H. and R. Walter. 1990. The Loita-Mara Region in Historic Times. Patterns of Subsistence, Settlement and Ecological Change. In: Robertshaw, ed., Early Pastoralists, Nby, 16-35. Langdon, S. W. 1981. Multinational Corporations in the Political Economy of Kenya. Larrat, R., A. Camara, et P. Chalumean. 1948. Les Bovins NDama du Sngal. In : Bull. Serv. Elev. Industr. Anim. Afr. Occid. Franaise, N. S. 1 (4). Laughlin, W. S. 1968. Hunting. An Integrating Bio behaviour System and its Evolutionary Importance. In: Lee-de Vore, Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine, 304-320. Lauvergne, J. J., D. Bourzat and F. Minvielle. 2000. Indigenous Domesticated Dogs of Southern Africa. An Introduction. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 290-301. Law, Robin. 1980. The Horse in West African History. The role of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa. OUP and Int. African Institute, Oxford London, 224 pp. Laws, R. M. 1970. Elephants as Agents of Habit and Landscape Change in East Africa. Oikos 21, 1-15. Lawson, G. W. ed. 1986. Plant Ecology in West Africa. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Leacock, Eleanor B. and Richard B. Lee. 1982. Politics and History in Band Societies. Co-publication with the Maison des Sciences de lHomme, Paris, CUP, 500 pp. Leakey, C. L. A. ed. 1970. Crop Improvement in East Africa. Farnham Royal, England. Leakey, C. L. A. and J. B. Willis, eds. 1977. Food Crops of the Lowland Tropics. Oxford: OUP, 360 pp. Leakey, L. S. B. 1936. Stone Age Africa. OUP, London. Leakey, M. D. 1943. Notes on the Ground and Polished Stone Axes of East Africa. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural Hist. Soc. 17 (3 and 4), 182-195. 1966. Excavation of Burial Mounds in Ngorongoro Crater. Tanzania Notes and Records 66: 123-35. Leaky, R. E. and B. A. Ogot, eds. 1977. Proceedings of the 8th Congress of the Pan-African Ass. for Prehistory and Related Studies, Nairobi. 1980. Proceedings of the 8th Pan-African Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies. Internat. Louis Leaky Institute for African Prehistory. Leber, Gisela. 1979. Agrarstrukturen und Landflucht im Senegal. Historische Entwicklung und soziokonomische Konsequenzen. Saarbrcken, Sozialwft. Studien zu intern. Problemen, 44,vii, 142 S. Lebeuf, J-P. 1961. LHabitation des Fali, Montagnards du Cameroun Septentrionale. Technologie, sociologie, mythologie, symbolisme. Paris, Hachette. 1962. Archologie Tchadienne. Les Sao du Cameroun et du Tchad. Paris, Hermann. Lebeuf, J-P. et A. Masson-Detourbet. 1950. La Civilisation du Tchad. Paris, Payot. Lebrun, J. et G. Gilbert. 1954. Une Classification Ecologique des Forts du Congo. Publ. INEAC, no. 63, 89 pp. Lee, K.F. et T.G. Wood. 1971. Termites and Soils. London, Academy Press. 251 pp. Lee, Richard B. 1965. The Subsistence Ecology of the !Kung Bushmen. Ph.D. thesis University of California, Berkeley. 1968. What Hunters do for Living. In: Man the Hunter, 30-43. 1969. !Kung Bushman Subsistence. An Input Output Analysis. In: Vayda, Environment, 47-79. 1972. !Kung Spatial Organisation. An Ecological and Historical Perspective. Human Ecology 1 (2): 125-147. 1972. Work Effort Group Structure and Land Use in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers. In: Ucko, Tringham, Dimbleby, Man, 177-186. 49

Lee, R. B. and Irven De Vore, eds. 1975. Man the Hunter. Aldine, Chicago, 5th print, XVI, 415 pp. Lee, R. B. and Irven De Vore, eds. 1976. Kalahari, Hunter-Gatherers. Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbours. Harvard UP, Cambridge, Mass., 408 pp. Lee, K. E. and T. G. Wood. 1971. Termites and Soils. Academic Press, London. Leeds Vayda, eds. 1965. Man, Culture and Animals. California: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Lefbure, C. 1979. Introduction. The Specificity of Nomadic Pastoral Societies. In: LEquipe Ecologie, ed., CUP, Cambridge, 1-14. Leser, Hartmut (Hg.), Lejju, B. Julius, Peter Robertshaw and David Taylor. 2006. Africans Earliest Bananas? In: Journal Archaeological Science 33, 102-113. Leopold, A. Starker, et al. 1975. Die Wste. rororo Sachbuch, 191 S. Leser, Hartmut 1976. Hg. von Methodisch-geomorphologische Probleme der ariden und semi-ariden Zone Sdwestafrikas. Basel. Geomethodica I. 156 S. 1977. Hg von Methodisch-geomorphologische Probleme der West- und Mittelsahara und ihrer Randlandschaften. Basel. Geomethodica II. 150 S. 1978. Oekologisch-Methodische Probleme in Tropisch-Westafrika. (Ecologic-Geomorphological Problems of Tropical West-Africa). Basel: BAB, 182 S. Letouzey, R. 1959. Phytogographie Camerounnaise. In : Atlas du Cameroun. Imprimerie Nationale. 1968. Etude Phytogographique du Cameroun. Lechevalier, Paris, 508 pp. 1976. Contribution de la Botanique au Problme dune Eventuelle Langue des Pygmes. Bibliothque de la S.E.L.A.F., 57-8, 145 pp. Leuthold, Walter. 1977. African Ungulates. A Comparative Review of Their Ethnology and Behavioural Ecology. Springer Verlag, Berlin + New York. Levi, John, Michael Havinden, G. Karr and O. Johanson. 1976. African Agriculture. Economic Action and Reaction in Sierra Leone. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal. Levi, John and Michael Havinden. 1982. Economics of African Agriculture. Longman, Harlow, 172 pp. Levtzion, N. and J. F. P. Hopkins. 1981. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. CUP, Cambridge. Lewicki, Tadeusz 1965. Animal Husbandry Among Mediaeval Agricultural Peoples of the Western and Central Sudan. (according to Arabic sources). Acta ethnographica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest, XIV, parts 1-2, 165-78. 1968. External Arabic Sources for the History of Africa to the South of the Sahara. In: Ranger, Emerging Themes of African History, 14-22. 1974. West African Food in the Middle Ages. Cambridge UP, 262 pp. 1983. Etudes Maghrbines et Soudanaises. II. Polska Akad. Nauk, 99 pp. Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1981. Believing and Seeing. Symbolic Meanings in Southern San Rock Art. Academic Press, London. 1982. The Social and Economic Context of Southern San Rock Art. In: Current Anthropology, 23, 429-49. 1983. The Rock Art of Southern Africa. (The imprint of man ser.) ca. 150 pp. ; South African Archaeology Series. David Philip, Cape Town and Johannesburg, 102 pp. 1990. Discovering Southern African Rock Art. David Philip Publ., Claremont SA, 102 pp. Lewis, I. M. 1966. The Northern Pastoral Somali of the Horn. In: Gibbs, Peoples, 319-360. 50

Lewis, I. M. ed. 1975. Abaar: The Somali Drought. International African Institute, London. Lezine, Anne-Marie 1968. Tripoli. Notes Archologiques. In: Libya Antiqua, 5, 55-67. 1987. Paloenvironments Vgtaux dAfrique Nord-Tropicale Depuis 12000 BP. Analyse pollinique de sries sedementaires continentales (Sngal Mauritanie). Thse dEtat : Universit dAix, Marseille II. 1988. Review Article on the Vegetational History of the Sahel. Manuscript. 1989. Late Quaternary Vegetation and Climate of the Sahel. In: Quaternary Research, 40, 317-34. 1991. West African Paleoclimates During the Last Climate Cycle Inferred from an Atlantic Deep-Sea Pollen Record. In: Quaternary Research, 35, 456-463. Lezine, A. M. and Joel Cassanova. 1988. Pollen and Hydrological Evidence for the Interpretation of Past Climates in Tropical West Africa During the Holocene. Manuscript: Universit dAix. Lhote, Henri 1953. Le Cheval et le Chameau dans les Peintures et Gravures Rupestres du Sahara. In : Bull. de lInstitute Franais dAfrique Noire, Dakar Ifan, vol. XV, 3 : 1138-1228. 1970. Les Gravures Rupestres du Sud-Oranais. CRAPE, Mm. 16, CRAPE, Paris. 1979. An Sahara, il y a 5000 Ans, une Civilisation de Pasteurs de Bufs. In : Archologia, 129, 51-7. 1984. Les Touaregs du Hoggar. Armand Colin Editeur, Paris, 254 pp. 1984. Le Hoggar Espace et Temps. Armand Colin Editeur, Paris, 244 pp. 1984. Les Gravures Rupestres de lAtlas Saharien. Monts des Ouled-Nal et rgion de Djelfa Alger, Office Parc, Nationale Tassili. 1988. A la Dcouverte des Fresques du Tassili. Editions Arthaut, Paris, 224 pp. Lieberman, D., J. B. Hall, M. D. Swaine and M. Lieberman. 1979. Seed Dispersal by Baboons in the Shai Hills, Ghana. Ecology 60, 65-75. Linares de Sapir, O. 1971. Shell Middens of Lower Casamance and Problems of Diola Protohistory. In: West African Journal of Archaeology 1, 23-54. 1981. Diola Wet Rice Cultivation. In : Africa, 51, 557-95. Lind, E. and M. Morrison. 1974. East African Vegetation. Longmans, London. Lindquist, P. I. 1984. Archaeology in Mozambique. Swedish Central Boar of National Antiquities, Stockholm. Littlefield, D. C. 1981. Rice and Slaves. Ethnicity and the slave trade in colonial south Carolina. Louisiana State UP, Baton Rouge. Littmann, E. D. 1913. Deutsche Aksum Expedition. Reimer, Berlin. Livingstone, D. A. 1962. Age of Deglaciation in the Ruwenzori Range, Uganda. In: Nature, no. 4831, 859-60. 1967. Postglacial Vegetation of the Ruwenzori Mountains in Equatorial Africa. In: Ecological Monographs, 37, 25-52. 1971. A 22000 Year Pollen Record from the Plateau of Zambia. Limnology and Oceanography 16 (2), 349356. 1975. Late Quaternary Climatic Change in Africa. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 6, 249-80. 1984. Interaction of Food Production and Changing Vegetation in Africa. In: Clark/Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers, 22-5. Livingston, Frank B. 1958. The Distribution of the Sickle Cell Gene in Liberia. In: Am. Journal of Human Genetics, 10: 33-41. 1958. Anthropological Implications of Sickle Cell Gene Distribution in West Africa. Am. Anthropologist 60, 533-562. Livingstone, I. 1977. Economic Irrationality Among Pastoral Peoples: Myth or Reality? Development and Change, 8, 209-320. Livingstone, I. and H. W. Ord. 1981. Agricultural Economics for Tropical Africa. Heinemann, London, 294 pp. 51

Lock, G. W. 1969. Sisal. Longmans, London. Loftus, Roman T. and Patrick Cunningham. 2000. Molecular Genetic Analysis of African Zeboid Populations. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 251-258. Loftus, R. T., D. E. Mac Hugh, D. G. Bradley, P. M. Sharp and P. Cunningham. 1994. Evidence for two Independent Domestication of Cattle. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 91, 2757-61. Lortet, L. C. et C. Gaillard. 1905. La Faune Momifie de lAncienne Egypte. Lyon. Louppe, D. 1989. Acacia albida In: Vandenbelt & Renard. Louw, J. T. 1960. Prehistory of the Matjes River Rock Shelter. Bloemfontain. Lovejoy, Paul E. 1983. Caravans of Kola. The Hausa Kola Trade, 1700-1900. 192 pp. 1985. Salt of the Desert Sun. Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan. Cambridge UP, 352 pp. Lowe, Joyce. 1990. The Flora of Nigeria, Grasses. African Research and Documentation, Botany, 326 pp. Lwanga Lunyiigo. 1976. The Bantu Problem Reconsidered. In: Current Anthropology, 17, 282-6. Lydekker, R. 1910. The Camel. In: Encycl. Britannica (11th ed.) 1912. The Horse and its Relatives. London. Lystad, Robert A. ed. 1965. The African World. A Survey of Social Research. Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, New York. M Mabberley, D. J. 1983. Tropical Rain Forest Ecology. Series: Tertiary Level Biology, Blackie: Glasgow and London, 156 pp. Mabobunje, A. L.1981. Historical Geography: Economic Aspects. In: J. Ki-Zerbo, General History I, 333-347. MacDonald, Kevin C. 1992. The Domestic Chicken (Gallus Gallus) in Sub-Saharan Africa. A background to its introduction and its osteological differentiation from indigenous fowls (Numidinae + Francolinus sp.). In: J. of Arch. Science, 19, 303-18. 1994. Socio-Economic Diversity and the Origins of Cultural Complexity along the Middle Niger (2000 BC to AD 300). Unpubl. PhD Dissertation , University of Cambridge. 1995. Why Chicken? The centrality of the domestic fowl in West Africa ritual and magic. In: Ryan & Crabtree, eds., Animal symbolism and archaeology, Philadelphia MASCA, University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. Tichitt-Walata and the Middle Niger. Evidence for cultural contact in the 2nd millennium BC. In: Pwiti & Soper , 429-40. 1996. The Wind Koroji Complex. Evidence for the peopling of the eastern inland Niger Delta. (2100-500 BC). In: Prhistoire Anthropologies Mditerranennes, 5, 147-65. 2000. The Origins of African Livestock. Indigenous or imported? In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t: 2-17. MacDonald, K. C. and D. Edwards 1993. Chickens in Africa. The importance of Qasr Ibrim. In: Antiquity, 67, 584-90. MacDonald, K. C. and R. H. MacDonald. 2000. The Origins + Dev-t of Domesticated Animals in Arid West Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + Dev-t: 127-162. MacDonald, K. C. and R. H. 2000. The Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) in Sub-Saharan Africa. A background to its introduction and osteometric differentiation from African jackals and the hunting dog (Lycaon pictus). 52

Macgoye, Marjorie Oludhe. 1979. Song of Nyarloka and Other Poems. OUP Eastern Africa, 64 pp. Machatschek, Michael. 1999 + 2003 (2. Auflage) Nahrhafte Landschaft, Bhlau, Wien, 284 S. 2002. Laubgeschichten. Gebrauchswissen einer alten Baumwirtschaft, Speise- und Futterkultur. Boehlau Verlag, Wien, 544 S. MacHugh, D. E. 1996. Molecular Biography and Genetic Structure of Domesticated Cattle. PhD thesis, University of Dublin. Mack, J. and P. Robertshaw ed. 1983. Culture History in the Southern Sudan. Archaeology, linguistics and ethnohistory. Brit. Inst. In Eastern Africa, memoir no. 8, 184 pp. Mackintosh, W. L. S. 1938. Some Notes on the Abahima and the Cattle Industry of Ankole. Govt. Printer, Entebbe. Mafeje, Archie. 1991. The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations. The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms. 170 pp. Maggs, T. M. 1967. A Quantitative Analysis of the Rock Art from a Sample Area in the Western Cape. In: SAJS: 63, 100-04. 1971. Pastoral Settlement on the Rief River. In: SAAB: 26, 37-63. 1977. Some Recent Radiocarbon Dates from Eastern and Southern Africa. In: JAH: 18, 161-91. 1984. The Iron Age South of the Zambezi. In: SA Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments, ed. by Klein, 320-60. 1989. The Iron Age Farming Communities. In: A. Duming & B. Guest, eds., Natal + Zululand: from earliest times to 1910 a new history. University of Pietermaritzburg. University of Natal Press. Maggs, T. M. and G. Whitelaw. 1991. A Review of Recent Research on Food Producing Communities in Sothern Africa. In: Journal of African History, 32, 3-24. Maher, C. 1945. The Goat: Friend or Foe? East African Agriculture for J., II, 115-21. Maiga Daoudam, 2006. Foncionnement et Evolution des systemes dlvage nomade au relation avec la gestion des resources maturelles dans la region de KIDAL. 60 p. Makosso Kibaya, Jean-Flix. 2006. LInformation stratgique agricole en Afrique. Lchec de la vulgurisation. LHarmattan, Paris. 246 p. Maley, J. 1977. Paleoclimates of Central Sahara During the Early Holocene. In: Nature, 269: 573-77. 1980. Les Changement Climatique de la Fin du Tertiaire en Afrique. Leur consquence sur lapparition du Sahara a et de sa vgtation. In : Williams & Faure, The Sahara and the Nile. 63-84. 1981. Etudes Palynologiques dans le Basin du Tchad et Paloclimatologie de lAfrique Nord Tropicale de 30'000 Ans lEpoque Actuelle. O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris. 1982. Dust, Clouds, Rain Types and Climatic Variations in Tropical North Africa. In: Quaternary Research, 18, 1-6. 1983. Histoire de la Vgtation et du Climat de lAfrique Nord Tropicale au Quaternaire Rcent. In : Bothalia, 14, 377-89. 1993/2001. The Climatic and Vegetation History of the Equatorial Regions of Africa During the Upper Quaternary. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 2: 43-52. Maletnlema, T. N., R. Mhombolage and G. E. Ngowi. 1974. Family Food Consumption Surveys of Rural Tanzania. Tanzania Notes and Records, no. 73, 43-54. Malmberg, Torsten. 1979. Human Territoriality. Mouton Publ., Den Haque + Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 320 pp. Manessy, G. 1972. Les Noms dAnimaux Domestiques dans les Langues Voltaques. In : Vol. I, Langues et techniques, nature et socit approche linguistique, Paris : Klincksieck, 301-20. Mangelsdorf, P. C. 53

1947. The Origin and Evolution of Maize. In: Advances in genetics, ed. by M. Demerce, Academic Press, New York, 161-207. 1958. Ancestor of Corn. In: Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 102: 454-63. Mangenot, G. 1950. Essai sur les Fort Denses de la Cte dIvoire. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 97, 159-162. 1955. Etude sur les Fort des Plaines et Plateaux de la Cte dIvoire. Etude burnennes, I.F.A.N., t. 4, 5-61. Manhire, A. H. and J. E. Parkington. 1986. Cattle, Sheep and Horses. A Review of Domestic Animals in the Rock Art of Southern Africa. In: Hall + Smith, eds., Prehistoric Pastoralism, Vlaeberg, 22-30. Mantel-Nie_ko, J. 1980. The Role of Land Tenure in the System of Ethiopian Imperial Government in Modern Times. Diss. Univ. Varsov, 289 pp. Manwell, C. and C. M. A. Baker. 1983. Origin of the Dog, from Wolf or Wild Canis Familiaris? In: Speculations in Science and Technology, 6 (3), 213-24. Maquet, Jacques and Saverio Naigiziki. 1957. Land Tenure Rights in Ancient Ruanda. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History, 70-76. Reprint: Zaire: Revue Congolaise III, no. 4. Marchal, Jean-Yves. 1980. Arbres et Brousses du Paysage Soudano-Sahelien. Dynamique des formations vgtales au nord de la Haute Volta. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., SR. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 137-149. Marean, C. 1992. Hunter to Herder. Large remains from the hunter-gatherer occupations at Enkapune ya Muto rock shelter, central Rift, Kenya. In: African Archaeological Review, 10, 65-127. Marks, A. E. and A. Mohammed-Ali, eds. 1991. The Late Prehistory of the Eastern Sahel. Southern Methodist UP, Dallas. Marks, Shula and Anthony Atmore, eds. 1980. Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa. Longman, London, 385 pp. Marliac, Alain. 2006. De larchologie lhistoire. La fabrication dhistoires en Afrique subsaharienne et audel LHarmattan, Paris. 266 p. Marnham, Patrick. 1977. Nomads of the Sahel. London, 19 pp. Marshall, Fiona 1989. Rethinking the Role of Bos Indicus in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Current Anthropology, 30, 235-39. 1990. Cattle Herds and Capine Flocks. Early pastoral strategies in south western Kenya. In: Robertshaw, ed., Early pastoralists, 205-60. 1990. Origin of Specialized Pastoral Production in East Africa. In: American Anthropologist, 92, 873-94. 1994. Archaeological Perspectives on East African Pastoralism. In: Fratkin + Galvin + Roth, eds., African pastoralist systems. Lynne Rienner, Boulder. 2000. The Origins and Spread of Domestic Animals in East Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + devt, 191-221. Marshall, Fiona, K. Stewart and J. Bartheleme. 1984. Early Domestic Stock at Bongodien in Northern Kenya. In: Azania, 19, 120-127. Marshall, F. and K. Stewart. 1995. Hunting, Fishing and Herding Pastoralists of Western Kenya. The Fauna from Gogo Falls. In: Zooarchaeologia, 7, 7-27. Marshall, Lorna. 1961. Sharing, Talking and Giving: Relief of Social Tensions Among !Kung Bushmen. Africa, 31, 231-49. 1966. The !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert. In: Gibbs, Peoples, 241-278. Martin, A. J., W. Faure and H. Faure. 1980. The Sahara and the Nile. Quaternary environments + prehistoric occupation in northern Africa. A, A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Masao, F. T. 1979. The Later Stone Age and the Rock Paintings of Central Tanzania. Wiesbaden. 54

Masefield, G. B. 1950. Maize Names. Uganda Journal. 1972. A History of the Colonial Agricultural Service. Oxford, OUP, 190 pp. Mason, I. L. 1951. The Classification of West African Livestock. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding + Genetics, Technical Communication No. 7. 1951. A World Dictionary of Breeds Types and Varieties of Livestock. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding + Genetics, Edinburgh: Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding + Genetics, Technical Communication No. 8. 1976. Report of the Mission to the Kuri Cattle of Lake Chad. In: Ark. 3, 196-200. 1984. Goat. In: Mason, ed., Evolution of Domesticated Animals, London, 85-99. Mason, I. L. and J. P. Maule. 1960. The Indigenous Livestock of Eastern and Southern Africa. Technical Communication No. 14. of the Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding + Genetics, Farnham Royal, Edinburgh, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Mason, I. L. ed. 1984. Evolution of Domesticated Animals. Longman, London Mason, Revil. 1969. Prehistory of the Transavaal. Witwatersrand UP, Joburg Masson, J. R. 1961. Rock Paintings in Swaziland. In: SAAB: 16, 128-33. 1971. The Rock Art of Swaziland. In: Schoonraad. Mathew, Gervase. 1977. Some Reflections on African Trade Routes. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 231-236. Matzke, Otto. 1981. Hunger in Afrika. DAS Schriftenreihe, Heft 10, Dt. Afrika-Stiftung, Bonn, 40 S. Maule, J. P. 1954. The Indigenous Breeds of Sheep in Africa and Their Improvement. Tropical Agriculture 31, 2: 83-94. Mauny, Raymond 1949. Afrique Occidentale Franaise Prhistoire. Encyclopdie. Col. + Maritime, Paris. 1950. Villages Nolithiques de la Falaise (dhar) Tichitt-Oualata. Notes Africaines 50 : 35-43. 1952. Essay on the History of Metals in West Africa. In: ZA + JM Konczcki, Ec. History..., 89-99. Reprint: Bull. de lInstitute Franais dAfrique Noire, 14, no. 2. 1953. Notes Historiques Autour des Principales Plantes Cultives dAfrique Occidentale. Bull. de lI.F.A.N., XV, 684-730. 1954. La Cynophagie en Afrique Occidentale. In : Notes Africaines, 64, 114 only. 1955. Baobabs Cimetires Griots. Notes Africaines, 67, 72-6. 1967. LAfrique et les Origines de la Domestication. In: Bishop-Clark, Background to Evolution in Africa, Chicago, 583-599. 1978. Trans-Saharan Contacts and the Iron Age in West Africa. In: Fage, ed., Cambridge History of Africa. CUP, vol. 2, 272-341. Mazel, A. 1989. People Making History. The last ten thousand years of hunter-gatherer communities in the Thukela Basin. In: Natal Museum Journal of Humanities, 1, 1-168. 1992. Gender and the Hunter-Gatherer Archaeological Record. A View from the Thukela Basin. In: South African Archaeology Bull. 47, 122-6. Mazenot, Georges. 2006. Sur le pass de lAfrique Noire. LHarmattan, Paris. 536 p. Maziller. 1906. Etude sur les populations de la region de Tombouctou (Mali). Archives nationales, Bamako, ID 59/11 McBurney, C. B. M. ed. 1960. The Stone Age Northern Africa. Penguin, Harmondsworth. 1967. The Hauna Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South-East Mediterranean. Cambridge: UP. 55

McIntosh, R. J. 1993. The Pulse Model. Genesis + accommodation of specialization in the middle Niger. In: Journal of African History, 34, 181-220. McIntosh, Roderick J. and Susan Keech McIntosh 1984. Early Iron Age Economy in the Inland Niger Delta (Mali). In: Clark/Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers. University of Cal. Press, Berkeley. 1986. Recent Archaeological Research and Dates from West Africa. In: Journal of African History, 27, 413-42. 1986. Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Region of Timbuktu, Mali. In: National Geographic R., 302-10. 1988. From Stone to Metal. New perspectives on the later prehistory of west Africa. In: Journal of World Prehistory , 2, 89-133. 1993/2001. Cities Without Citadels. Understanding urban origins along the middle Niger. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al.: Archaeology , chp. 37: 622-641. McKell, Cyrus. 1975. Shrubs. A neglected resource of Arid Lands. In: Science (Washington), vol. 187, 803-09. McKelvey, John J., Jr. 1965. Agricultural Research. In: R. A. Lystad, ed., The African World. A Survey of Social Research, Praeger, New York, 317-351. 1973. Man Against Tsetse: Struggle for Africa. Cornell, 324 pp. McKey, D. 1975. The Ecology of Coevolved Seed Dispersal System. In: L. E. Gilbert & P. H. Raven, eds., Coevolution of Animals and Plants. University Texas Press, Austin, 159-190. McKey, D., P. G. Waterman, C. N. Mbi, J. S. Gartlan and T. T. Struhsaker. 1978. Phenolic Content of Vegetation in Two African Rainforest. Ecological implications. Science 202, 61-4. McLoughlin, P. F. M. 1970. African Food Production Systems. John Hopkins Press, W. Meadows, M. 1984. Later Quaternary Vegetation History on the Nyika Plateau, Malawi. In: J. of Biogeography, 11, 223-33. Meek, C. K. 1957. Land Tenure and Land Administration in Nigeria and the Cameroons. Colonial Research Studies no. 22, London, HMSO. Megahed, Horeya T. 1973. The Development of the Nile Basin. Budapest: Center f. Afro-Asian Res., 97 pp. Megaw, J. V. S., ed. 1977. Hunters, Gatherers and First Farmers Outside Europe. Leicester. Meggers, Betty J., Edward S. Ayensu and Donald W. Duckworth, eds. 1973. Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America. A Comparative Review. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, 350 pp. Meghen, Ciaran, David MacHugh, B. Sauveroche, G. Kana and Dan Bradley. 2000. Characterization of the Kuri Cattle of Lake Chad Using Molecular Genetic Techniques. In: Blench/MacDonald, Origins + Dev-t, 259-268. Mehra, K. L. 1962. Natural Hybridization Between Eleusine Coracana and East Africana in Uganda. Journal of the Indian Bot. Soc. 41 (4), 531-39. 1963. Consideration on the African Origin of Eleusine Coracana (L) Gaertn. Current Science, 7, 300-301. 1963. Differentiation of the Cultivated and Wild Eleusine Species. Phyton 20 (2), 189-198. Meighan, C. W., D. M. Prendergast, B. K. Swartz, Jr. and M. D. Wissler. 1958. Ecological Interpretation in Archaeology. Part Two. Am. Antiquity 24, 131-150. Meiklejohn, Jane. 1955. The Effect of Brush Burning on the Micro Flora of a Kenya Upland Soil. Journal of Soil Science, vol. 6, 111-118. Meillassoux, C. 1974. Development or Exploitation: is the Sahel Famine Good Business? Review of African Political Economy, vol. 1.

56

Meinhof, Carl 1899. Grundriss der Lautlehre der Bantusprachen. 1912. Die Sprachen der Hamiten. 1926. Die Religionen der Afrikaner in ihrem Zusammenhang mit dem Wirtschaftsleben. Oslo: Institutet for Sammenligneude Kulturforskning, 96 S. Menghin, D. 1925. Die Tumbakultur am unteren Kongo. Der Westafrikanische Kulturkreis. In: Anthropos, vol. XX. Mellars, Paul. 1990. The Emergence of Modern Humans. An Archaeological Perspective. Edinburgh UP, 500 pp. Mettam, R. W. M. 1937. A Short History of Rinderpest with Special Reference to Africa. Uganda Journal, 5. Mesozoic Research. 1987. An International Journal. Eds., AS Gale + DJ Ward. E. J. Brill, Leiden NL. Meyer, J., P. Roberts and G. Williams, ed. 1981. Rural Development in Tropical Africa. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 375 pp. Mgomezulu, G. G. Y. 1978. Food Production. The beginnings in the Linthipe/Changoni area of Dedza district, Malawi. Unpubl. PhD thesis, University of Cal., Berkeley. Mialoundama, Fidle (Ed.). Prface de Bernard Millet. 2007. Le koko ou m,fumbu (Gntaces). Une plante alimentaire dAfrique centrale. LHarmattan, Paris 2007. 166 p. Michels, J. W. 1976. Settlement-Pattern Survey in the Region of Atum. In: Annales dEthiopie, 10, 325 pp. 1990. Review Article on Excavation of Aksum by S. Munro-Hay. In: African Archaeological Review, 8, 177-88. s.d. Axumitearchaeology: An Introductory Essay. In: Kobishchanov, ed., Axum. U. Park. Mige, J. 1965. LAppui de la Palynologie dans la Distinction ses Espces Africaines de Dioscorea. Webbia 19, 491 pp. Mihalyi, Louis J. 1970. Characteristics and Problems of Labour in the Usambara Highlands of East Africa During the German Period, 1885-1914. East Africa Journal, vol. VII, no. 5, 20-5. Miller, J. C., ed. 1980. The African Past Speaks. Essays on oral tradition and history. Brill, Leiden, 248 pp. Milburn M. 1978. Towards an Absolute Chronology of Certain Saharan Rock Art. In: Antiquity: 52, 135-6. 1978 Ancient Libya, Arabia and the Sahara. Some Problems. In: Almogaren: VIII, 21-40. Mills, H. D. 1953. Bos Brachyceros in Africa. In: Vet. Record, 65: 587-88. Milne, A. H. 1955. The Humps of East African Cattle. In: The Empire Journal of Experimental Agric. vol. XXIII, nos. 91/92. Minelle, J. 1959. LAgriculture Madagascar. Paris. Miracle, Marvin P. 1961. Seasonal Hunger. A vague concept and an unexplored problem. Bull. de lIFAN, Ser. B, vol. 22, nos. 1-2. 1965. The Introduction and Spread of Maize in Africa. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Eco. History..., vol. 1, 41-51. Reprint from Journal of African History, vol. VI, no. 1, 39-56. 1966. Maize in Tropical Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1967. Agriculture in the Congo Basin. U. of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Mithen, Steven J. 1990. Thoughtful Foragers. A study of prehistoric decision making. New studies in Archaeology, Cambridge UP, 289 pp. Mitwally, M. 1952. History of the Relations Between the Egyptian Oases of the Libyan Desert and the Nile Valley. In: Bull. de lInst. Fouad I du Desert, II, 1: 114-131. Mloszewski, J. M. 1983. The Behaviour and Ecology of the African Buffalo. CUP, 270 pp. 57

Mohen, J.-P. 1989. ed. Le temps de la prhistoire. Ed.. Archeologia, Paris. vol. 2 Mhlig, W. J. G. 1981. The Stratification in the History of the Bantu Languages. In: Sprache + Geschichte in Afrika, 3, 251-316. Mhlig, W. J. G. 1989. Sprachgeschichte, Kulturgeschichte und Archologie. Die Kongruenz der Forschungsergebnisse als methodologisches Problem. In: Paideuma, 35, 189-96. Mohonk Trust, The. 1979. Environmentally Sound Small-Scale Agricultural Projects. Guidelines for Planning. VITA: Mt. Rainier, 103 pp. Molhuysen, H. 1911. Untersuchungen ber die sdafrikanischen Rinder mit besonderer Bercksichtigung des Transvaalrindes. In: Diss. Phil. Zrich. Monnier, F. et J. Piot. 1964. Problmes de Pturage dans lAdamaoua (Cameroun). Bois et fort des tropiques, no. 97 : 3-16, et no. 98 : 13-26. Monod, Thodore, ed. 1972. Pastoralism in Tropical Africa. OUP : London, Ibadan, Nairobi, studies presented and discusses at the thirteenth International African Seminar at Niamey, 518 pp. Monteil, V. 1959. The Evolution and Settling of the Nomads of the Sahara. International Social Science Journal, vol. II. Montgomery, Edward, John W. Bennett and Thayer Scuddes. 1973. The Impact of Human Activities on the Physical and Social Environment. New directions in anthropological ecology. In: Deutsch, eco. Soc. Systems, 77-114. Auch in: Ann. Rev. of Anthrop. (Palo Alto), vol. 2. Montsma, G. 1959. Some Notes on the Conformation of West African Dwarf Cattle. In: Trop. Agric., Trinidad, 36: 299-303. 1963. A Preliminary Report on the Production Characters of Three Types of Cattle in Ghana. In: Netherlands J. of Agric. Sc., II, 5: 364-377. Moore, D. M. 1982. Green Planet. The Story of Plant Life on Earth. CUP Encyclopaedia of Ecology, 288 pp. Morais, J. M. M. 1976. Prehistoric Research in Mozambique. In: Duarte + Cruz e Silva, et al., Iron Age Research, 1-2. 1984. Mozambiquan Archaeology : Past and Present. In: Afr. Arch. Rev., 2, 113-28. 1988. The Early Farming Communities of Southern Mozambique. Stockholm: Eduardo Mondlane Uni. Swedish Central Board of National Antiquities. Moreau, R. E. 1952. Africa Since the Mesozoic. With particular reference to certain biological problems. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 121, 869-913. Morey, D. F. 1994. The Early Evolution of the Domestic Dog. In: American Scientist, 82 (4), 336-47. Morgan, W. B. 1962. The Forest and Agriculture in West Africa. Journal of African Hist. 3 (2), 235-239. 1969 Peasant Agriculture in Tropical Africa. In: Thomas + Whittington, Environment, 241-272. Morgan, W. B. and R. P. Moss. 1965. Savanna and Forest in Western Nigeria. Africa 35, 286-293. Mori, F. 1974. The Earliest Saharan Rock-Engravings. In: Antiquity, 48, 87-92. Mornet, P. et K. Mon. 1938. Le Zbu Peulh du Fleuve Niger. In : Bull. Serv. Zootech. Epizoot, Afr. Occi. de Fran., 1 (2), Dakar, 24-29. Morris, Alan. 1992. The Skeletons of Contact. A study of protohistoric burials from the lower Orange River Valley, South Africa. UCL Press. 1992. A Master Catalogue of Holocene Human Skeletons from South Africa. Witwatersrand University Press, 176 pp. 58

Morss, Elliott R., John K. Hatch, Donald R. Mickelwait and Charles F. Sweet. 1976. Strategies for Small Farmer Development. An Empirical Study of Rural Development Projects in the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay and Peru. Westview Press, 820 pp. Mortelmans, G. 1952. La Prhistoire du Congo Belge et de lAfrique Sud Saharienne. Bull. de lAssoc. Des anciens tudiants de lInstitute Univ. Des Territoires dOutre-mer No. 18, 4. Quarter, Brussels. Mortelmans, G. et J. Nenquin, eds. 1962. Actes du Ive Congrs Panafricain de Prhistoire. Vol. 3. Tervuren: Muse Royal de lAfrique Central. Morton, J. K. 1962. The Upland Floras of West Africa Their Composition, Distribution and Significance in Relation to Climate Changes. In: A. Fernandes, ed., Comptes rendus IVe Runion AETFAT. Junta Investig. Ultramar, Lisbon, 391-409. 1986. Mountain Vegetation. In: G. W. Lawson, Plant Ecology in West Africa, 247-211. Mosley, P. 1983. The Settler Economies. Studies in the economic history of Kenya & Southern Rhodesia, 190063. African studies ser., 35, 336 pp. Moss, R. P. and W. B. Morgan. 1970. Soils, Plants and Farmers in West Africa. In: Garlick/Keay, eds., Human Ecology in the Tropics: 1-31. Moszeik, O. 1910. Die Malereien der Buschmnner in Sd-Afrika. Berlin. Mourant, A. E. and F. E. Zeuner, eds. 1963. Man and Cattle. London. Mturi, A. A. 1986. The Pastoral Neolithic of West Kilimanjaro. In: Azania, 21, 53-63. Muhammed, Ibrahim Musa. 1993/2001. Iron Technology in the Middle Sahel Savanna: with Emphasis on Central Darfur. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 27: 459-467. Mukherjee, S. K. 1950. The Origin of Mango. In: Indian J. Genet., 2: 49. ; 1972. In: Econ. Bot., 26: 260-6. Munday, J. T. and S. J. Chibanza. 1961. Central Bantu Historical Texts I. Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Communication, xx 114 pp. Munrod-Hay, Stuart. 1993/2001. State Development and Urbanism in Northern Ethiopia. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 36, 609-621. Munson, Patrick J. 1968. Recent Archaeological Research in Dhar Tichitt Region of South-Central Mauretania. West Afr. Arch. Newsletter 10, 6-13. 1970. Corrections and Additional Comments Concerning the Tichitt Tradition. West Afr. Arch. Newsletter 12, 47-8. 1976 Archaeological Data on the Origins of Cultivation in the South Western Sahara and Their Implications for West Africa. In: Harlan, et al., Origins, 187-209.; 1979. In: Swartz, West Africa: Culture Dynamics Murdock, G. P. 1959. Africa: Its Peoples and Their Culture History. McGraw Hill, New York. Mutiso, G. C. M. 1979. Kitui Ecosystem, Integration and Change. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 128-152. Muzzolini, Alfred 1982. Une Relecture de la lLittrature Archologique Relative au Bos Ibericus. In : Bull. Soc. Mridionale Splologie Prhistoire, 22, 11-29. 1990. The Sheep in Saharan Rock Art. In : Rock Art Research, 7, 93-109. 1992. Dating the Earliest Central Saharan Rock Art, Archaeological and Linguistic Data. In: Friedman & Adams, eds. The Followers of Horus Oxbow, Oxford. 1993/2001. The Emergence of a Food-Producing Economy in the Sahara. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 11, 227-239. 1993. LOrigine des Chvres et des Moutons Domestiques en Afrique. Reconsidration de la thse diffusionniste traditionnelle. In: Empuries, 2, 160-71. 59

1995. Les Images Rupestres du Sahara. Prhistoire du Sahara, ed. par lauteur, Toulouse, 1. 2000. Livestock in Saharan Rock Art. In : Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 87-110. s.d. LArt Rupestre du Sahara Central. Classification et Chronologie le buf dans la prhistoire Africaine. Thse 3e cycle Universit de Provence, Aix-en Provence. N Nachtigal, G. 1971. Sahara & Sudan. Vol. II. London: H. Hurst, xvi, 540 pp. Naiman, Robert J. and Henri Dcamps. 1990. The Ecology and Management of Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones. ISBN, xvi, 316 pp. Nash, T. A. M. 1969. Africas Bane: The Tsetse Fly. London: Collins. Nayar, N. M. 1973. Origin and Cytogenetics of Rice. In: Adv. Genet. 17, 153-292. Nayar, N. M. 1976. Sesame. In: Simmonds, Evolution, 231-.. Nayenga, Peter F. B. 1979. Busoga in the Era of Catastrophes, 1898-1911. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 153-178. Ndinga Mbo, Abraham Constant, 2006(?). Introduction lhistoire des migration au Congo-Brazzaville. Les Ngala dans la cuvette congolaise XVIIe-XIXe sicle. LHarmattan, Paris. 296 p. Ndoricimpa, Lonidas et Claude Guillet, eds. 1984. LArbre Mmoire. Traditions orales du Burundi. Ed. Karthala : Paris Bujumbura, 250 pp. Needham, S. and J. Evans. 1987. Honey and Dripping, Neolithic Plant Food Residues from Runneymead Bridge. In: Oxford J. of Arch., 6, 21-8. Netting, R. M. 1968. Hill Farmers of Nigeria. UP of Washington, Seattle. 1969. Ecosystems in Process. A comparative study of change in two West African societies. National Museum of Canada Bull. 230, 102-112. Neumann, Wolfgang, 1983 + 1987. Die Berber. Vielfalt und Einheit einer alten nordafrikanischen Kultur. DuMont Dokumentation, Kln. 223 S. Neumark, S. Daniel. 1964. Foreign Trade and Economic Development in Africa. An Historical Perspective. Food Research Institute. Stanford University. 1964. Trans-Saharan Trade in the Middle Ages. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, EC. History, 127-131. Newman, J. L. 1970. The Ecological Basis for Subsistence Change Among the Sandawe of Tanzania. Washington. Newton, L. E. 1980. More Kintampo Culture Finds in the Forest Zone of Ghana. In: Nyame Akuma, 16, 7-8. Newton, L. E. and S. R. J. Woodell. 1976. A Newly Discovered Site for the Kintampo Neolithic Cultural Tradition Near Kumasi. In: Sankofa, 2: 19-22. Ngere, L. O. 1983. In: 2nd OAU Expert Committee Meeting on Animal Genetic Resources in Africa, Bulawayo, Zim. OAU, Nairobi. The White Fulani (Bunaji) of Nigeria. Animal genetic resources in Africa, high potential and endangered livestock, 67-77. The Gudali of Nigeria Review. Animal genetic resources, 77-81. Ngere, L. O., I. F. Adu and I. O. Okubanjo. 1984. The Indigenous Goats of Nigeria. In: Animal Genetic Resources Info, 3, 1-9.

60

Nicholson, S. F. 1994. Recent Rainfall Fluctuations in Africa and Their Relationship to Past Conditions Over the Continent. In: The Holocene, 4 (2), 121-131. Nicholson, S. E. and H. Flohn. 1980. African Environmental and Climatic Changes and the General Atmospheric Circulation in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. In: Climatic Change, 2, 313-48. Nicolaisen, Johannes 1963. Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg. National Museum of Copenhagen, Ethnographic Series, IX, Copenhagen. Nicolas, P. 1977. Contribution lEtude Phytogographique de la Fort du Gabon. Thse 3e cycle, multigr. Univ. Paris 1. Niehaus, Isak. 2000. Witchcraft, power and politics. Exploring the occult in the South African lowveld. London 2000. 240 S. Niemeijer, David and V. Mazzucato. 2003. Moving Beyond Indigenous Soil Taxonomies. Local theories of soils for sustainable dev-t. In: Geoderma, III (3-4): 403-424. Nigatu, A. 1994. Characteristics of Indigenous Goat Types of Erithrea, Northern and Western Ethiopia. Msc thesis, Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia. Niminde-Dundadengar, Eugene. 1982. Agrarentwicklung und Ernhrung in Schwarzafrika. Das Beispiel Tschad. Edition Herodot, Gttingen, 218 S. Norman, D. W. 1972. An Economic Survey of Three Villages in Zaria Province. Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Nigeria. Norman, D. W., E. B. Simmons and H. M. Hays. 1982. Farming Systems in the Nigerian Savanna. Research & Strategies for Development, 275 pp. Novak, V., F. Hrozinka and B. Stary. 1976. Atlas of Insects Harmful to Forest Trees. 126 pp. Nowak, H. und S. D. Ortner1975. Felsbilder der Spanischen Sahara. Graz. Nurse, D. 1982. Bantu Expansion into East Africa. Linguistic Evidence. In: Ehret/Posnansky, 199-222. Nurse, D. and T. Speer. 1985. The Swahili. Reconstructing the history and language of an African Society, 8001500. Pennsylvania UP, Philadelphia. Nwankiti, O. C. ed. 1981. Man and his Environment. Longman, Harlow, Essex, 178 pp. Nwoboshi, L. C. 1982 Tropical Silviculture. Ibadan UP. Nyagahene, Antoine. 1991. Mythes et Idologies. In : Collectif, Les relations, Ruhengeri, 19-60. Nye, P. H. and D. J. Greenland. 1960. The Soil Under Shifting Cultivation. Bucks: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal. Nygaard, S. E. and M. R. Talbot. 1976. Intrim Report on Excavations at Asokrochoma, Ghana. In: W. Afr. J. of Archaeology, 6, 13-19. 1984. Stone Age Archaeology and Environment on the Southern Accra Plains, Ghana. In: Norwegian Archaeolog. Rev., 17, 19-38. Nzewunza, N. 1985. The Niger Delta. Prehistoric economy and culture. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. O Oakley, K.P. 1954. Evidence of Fire in South African Cave Deposits. Nature 174, p. 261 1961. On Mans Use of Fire. With Comments on Tool-Making and Hunting. In S. Washburn (Hg.), SocialLife of Early Mand. Publications in Anthropology, Bd. 31, 176-193 61

Obbo, Christine. 1981. African Women. Their Struggle for Economic Independence. Zed Press, 166 pp. Obeng, Letitia E. ed. 1969. Man-Made Lakes. The Accra Symposium. Ghana University Press, Accra, 398 pp. Ocaya-Lakidi, Dent. 1979. Ecology, Technology and the Social Spirit. Some Lessons for East Africa. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 64-76. Ochieng, William Robert 1975. The Transformation of a Bantu Settlement Into a Luo Ruothdom. In: Ochieng, The First Word. Essays on Kenya History. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi, 21-44. 1977. Land as a Crucial Agendum in Kenyas Nationalist History. In: Ochieng, The Second Word. More Essays on Kenya History. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi, 108-126. Ochola, James Obol. 1969. Ideology and Tradition in African Land Tenure. East African Journal, 35-41. Ocholla-Ayayo, A. B. C. 1980. The Luo Culture. A reconstruction of the material culture patterns of a traditional African society. Xv, 157 pp. OConnor, David. 1993/2001. Urbanism in Bronze Age Egypt and North-East Africa. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 34, 570-586. Oculi, Okello. 1979. Dependent Food Policy in Nigeria 1975-1979. R. Afr. Pol. Ec. No. 15/16, 63-74. OFahey, R. S. and I. Abu Salim. 1982. Land in D_r F_r. Charters and Related Documents from the D_r F_r Sultanate. Fontes Historiae Africanae: Series Arabica III, Cambridge UP, 176 pp. Ofori, P. E. 1979. Land in Africa. Its administration, law, tenure and use. A select bibliography, 199 pp. Ofori-Sarpong, E. 1980. Impact of Drought in Ghana and Upper Volta, 1970-1977. University of Ghana, Clim. Res. Pap., 1, 23 pp. Ogot, Bethwell Allan 1967. History of the Southern Luo. Vol. I: Migration and settlement 1500-1900, EAPH, Nairobi. 1968. The Role of the Pastoralist and the Agriculturalist in African History. The case of East Africa. In: Ranger, Emerging Themes, 125-133. 1979. African Ecology in Historical Perspectives. Problems and Prospects. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 1-8. Ogot, B. A. editor 1968. Hadith 1. EAPH, Nairobi, 172 pp. 1971. Hadith 3. EAPH, Nairobi, 210 pp. 1977. Hadith 2. EALB, Nairobi, 176 pp. 1979. Ecology and History in East Africa. Proceedings of the 1975 Conference of the Historical Association of Kenya. Hadith 7. Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi, 242 pp. Oguagha, P. A. and A. I. Okpoko. 1984. History and Ethnoarchaeology in Eastern Nigeria. Anambra Archaeology. Okafor, E. E. 1977. Origin and Development of Iron Working in West Africa. U. of Ibadan, BA Project. Ogutu, M. A. 1979. Agriculture and the Development of Markets in the Western Province of Kenya, 1930-1960. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 216-242. Ojo, O. 1977. The Climates of West Africa.London. 176 pp. Oka, H. I. 1974. Experimental Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Rice. In: Proc. 13th Intern. Cong. Genetics 1, 475-86. Okafor, Edwin E. 1993/2001. New Evidence on Early Iron-Smelting From South-Eastern Nigeria. In: Shaw/Sinclair, et al., Archaeology, chp. 25: 432-448. Okigbo, Bede N. 1985. Land Use and Production Potentials of African Savanna. In: Tothill/Mott, Ecology... 62

Okiy, G. E. C. 1960. Indigenous Nigerian Food Plants. J. of the West Afr. Sc. Ass. 6 (2), 117-121. Okorio, J. et J.A. de Maghembe. 1991. The Growth and Yield of F. abida intercropped with maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaeseolus vulgaris) in Morogoro, Tanzania. Paper for Agroforestry Conference Research Blantyre. Okoro, J. Ako. 1989. An Investigation of Iron Smelting Sites in Gambaga and the Implications of the Findings for Iron Age Studies in Ghana. M. Phil. Thesis, Dept. of Archaeology, U. of Ghana, Legon. Okuda, T. 1982. Psidium Guajava. Etudes chimiques des feuilles. In : Psytochemistry 21 (12), 287Olawoye, O. O. 1975. The Agri-Cultural System in Nigeria. Commonw. For Rev. (London), vol. 54 (3-4), nos. 161-162,: 229-236. Oldeman, R. A. A. 1974. Ecotopes des Arbres et Gradients Ecologiques Verticaux en Fort Guyanaise. La Terre et la Vie, 28, 487-520. Oliver, J. 1965. The Origin Environment and Discipline of the Mashona Cattle of Rhodesia. In: Experimental Agr. 2, 2: 81-88. Oliver, R. 1966. The Problem of the Bantu Expansion. Journal of African Hist. 7 (3): 361-377. 1966. Bantu Genesis. African Affairs 65, 245-258. Olivier de Sardan, Jean-Pierre. s.d. Les Socits Songhay-Zarma (Niger-Mali) Chefs, Guerriers, Esclaves, Paysans. Karthala, Paris. 321 pp. OMahoney, K. 1970. Salt Trail. In: Journal of Eth. Studies, 8, 147-53. Omari, C. K. 1976. Strategy for Rural Development. Tanzania Experience. East African Literature Bureau, Dar es Salaam, 168 pp. Ominde, Mary. 1975. African Cookery Book. Nairobi, Heinemann, 152 pp. Ominde, Simeon H. 1975. The Integration of Environmental and Development Planning for Ecological Crisis Areas in Africa. In: Deutsch, eco-soc. Systems, 115-130. Auch in: Int. Soc. Sc. J., vol. 27, no. 3. 1979. Ecology and Man in East Africa. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 9-23. Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu 1971. The Culture history of an Anambra Civilisation. Nri culture. Afr. Notes, Ibadan. 1975. The Social Anthropology of Africa. An Introduction. Heinemann, London, 296 pp. Onyango-Abuje, J. C. and Simiyu Wandibba. 1979. The Palaeoenvironment and its Influence on Mans Activities in East Africa During the Latter Part of Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 24-40. O.R.S.T.O.M. 1978. Recherche dun Langage Transdisciplinaie pour lEtude du Milieu Naturel (Tropiques Humides). Travaux et Documents, no. 91. Osafo, E. D. 1969. Obstacles to Natural Regeneration in the High Forest of Ghana. For. Prod. Res. Inst. Ghana Tech. Newsletter 3. Osaga Odak, J. B. 1971. Ethnology, East African History and Sociology. East Africa Journal, vol. 8, no. 8, 16-27. Ositelu, G. S. 1982. Animal Science. Book 3 in the series Cassells Tropical Agriculture. Osterhoff, D. R. and J. R. H. Van Heerden. 1964. Transferring Types in South African Cattle Breeds. In: Matou_ek J., Prague. 63

Oudejans, J. H. M. 1976. Date Palm. (Phoenix dactylifera ; palmae). In : Simmonds, Evolution, chp. 66, 22931. Owen, Denis Frank 1966. Animal Ecology in Tropical Africa. London (2nd ed.) Longman, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh + London. 1971. Tropical Butterflies. The ecology and behaviour of butterflies in the tropics with special reference to African Species. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 214 pp. 1973. Mans Environmental Predicament. An introduction to human ecology in tropical Africa. OUP, London, 214 pp. Owen, J. 1968. Water Storage Properties of Adansonia Digitata (Baobab). West Afr. Arch. Newsletter 9: 55-56. 1970. The Medico-Social and Cultural Significance of Adansonia Digitata (Baobad) in African Communities. African Notes (Ibadan), 6 (1): 24-36. Oxby, C. 1975. Pastoral Nomads and Development. International African Institute, London. P Pacere, Titinga Frderic. 2007. Penses africaines. Proverbs dictons et sagesse des Anciens. LHarmattan, Paris. 264 p. Pachai, B. ed. 1972. The Early History of Malawi. Longman, Bristol. Pager, Harald. s.d. Stone Age Myth and Magic. As documented in the rock paintings of South Africa, 119 pp. 1973. Rock Paintings in Southern Africa. Showing bees and honey hunting. In: Bee World, 54 (2), 61-8. 1976. Cave Paintings suggest Honey Hunting Activities in Ice Age Times. In: Bee World, 57 (1), 9-14. Pages, Pre. 1933. Un Royaume Hamite au Centre de lAfrique. Bruxelles. Paine, R. 1971. Animals as Capital. Comparisons among northern Nomadic herders and hunters. Anthropological Quaterly, vol. 44. Palm, Cheryl A., Stephen a Vosti, Pedro A. Sanchez, and Polly J. Ericksen, 2005. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture in Search for Alternatives. Forword by Jeffrey D. Sachs. Columbia UP, New Yoek. 463 p. Palmer, Robin and Neil Parsons, eds. 1977. Roots Poverty Rural. Berkeley, University of California Pr. XVIII, 430 pp. Pankhurst, R. 1961. An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia From Early Times to 1800. Lalibela House, London. Paris, Franois. 1992. Chin Tafidet, Village Nolithiques. In : Journal des Africanistes, 62, 33-54. 2000. African Livestock Remains From Saharan Mortuary Contexts. In: Blench/MacDonald, Origins, 111-126. Parkington, J. E. 1975. Follow the San. An analysis of seasonality in the prehistory of the south Western Cape. Unpubl. PhD thesis: University of Cambridge. Pascon, Paul. s.d. Sociologie Rurale. Journal. Passarge, S. 1904. Die Kalahari. Reimer, Berlin. 1907. Die Buschmnner der Kalahari. Reimer, Berlin. Pastouret, L. H., H. Chamley, G. Delibrias, J. C. Duplessey and J. Thiede. 1978. Late Quaternary Climatic Changes in Western Tropical Africa Deduced From Deep-Sea Sedimentation off the Niger Delta. Oceanologica Acta, 1, 217-232.

64

Payne, Sebastian. 1969. A Metrical Distinction Between Sheep and Goat Metacarpals. In: Ucko/Dimbleby, Aldine, Chicago, 295-305. Payne, W. J. A. 1964. The Origin of Domestic Cattle in Africa. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 32, 97-113. Pearson, S. R. et al. 1981. Rice in West Africa. Policy & economics, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 472 pp. Pedrals, D. et P. P Le Roy. 1950. Afrique Equatoriale Franaise. La Prhistoire. Encyclopdie de lUnion franaise, Encyl. Col. + maritime. Pegler, H. S. H. 1930. The Book of the Goat. London 1886 + 1930. Plissier, Paul 1966. Les Paysans du Sngal. Les civilisation agraires du Cayor la Casamance. Imprimerie Fabrgue, SaintYrieix (Haute-Vieune), 941 pp. 1980. LArbre en Afrique Tropicale. La fonction et le Signe. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 127-130. 1980. LArbre Dans les Paysages Agraires de lAfrique Noire. La fonction et le signe. In : Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 130-136. Percival, J. 1936. Cereals of Ancient Egypt. In: Nature, 138, 270-3. Perls. Catherine. 1977. Prhistoire du Feu. In: Masson, ed. Perrier de la Bathie, H. 1936. Biogographie des plants de Madagascar. Paris 1936. 156 pp. Perry, Alison. 1983. Coping with Sickle Cells. In: West Africa, 1939-41. Pesce, A. and E. G. Pesce. 1984. Marvel of the Desert. The Camel in Saudi Arabia. 112 pp. Petie, B. 1974. Bees or Birds? In: Rhod. Prehistory, 6 (12), 2-3. Petit-Marie, Nicole 1988. Climatic Change and Man in the Sahara. In: Bower/Lubell, Prehistoric cultures and environments, Cambridge, 19-42. 1991. Recent Quaternary Climatic Change and Man in the Sahara. Journal of African Earth Science, 12 (1-2): 125-132. Petit-Marie, Nicole and J. Riser. 1981. Holocene Lake Deposits and Paleoenvironments in Central Sahara, North-Western Mali. In: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 35: 45-61. Peterson, J. T. 1978. Hunter- Gatherer / Farmer Exchange. In: American Anthropologist, 80, 335-41. Pevetz, Werner. 1975. Agrarprobleme Afrikas. sterreichischer Agrarverlag Wien, 123 S. Peyr, E. 1939. Note Sur les Moutons Nomades des Rgions Sahariennes. Moutons Sidaoun, Damman et Takrirt. In: Review Zootech., 18 (6) : 426-28. Pflug, I. 1996. Domestic Animals During the Early Iron Age in South Africa. In: Gallant, ed., Dogs, Special Issue of Exploring the pre-history of the Rhod. Ridgeback, Nov., 14-6. Pflug, I. and E. A. Voigt. 1985. Archaezoological Studies of Iron Age Communities in Southern Africa. In: Advances in World Archaeology, 4, 189-238. Phillips, J. A. 1959. Agriculture and Ecology in Africa. A Study of Actual and Potential Dev-t South of the Sahara. Faber and Faber, London. Phillipson, David W. 1969. The Date of the Ingombe Ilede Burials. Journal of African Hist. 10 (2) L, 199-204. 1969. The Prehistoric Sequence at Nakapapula Rock Shelter, Zambia. In: Proceedings of Prehistoric Soc., 35, 172-202. 65

1970. Notes on the Later Prehistoric Radiocarbon Chronology of Eastern and Southern Africa. In: Journal of African Hist. 11 (1), 1-15. 1972. The African Archaeological Review. African Arch. Rev. Vol. 10. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 196 pp. 1975. The Chronology of the Iron Age in Bantu Africa. In: Journal of African Hist., 15, 1-25. 1976. The Prehistory of Eastern Zambia. British Inst. of Eastern Africa, Nairobi. 1977. The Later Prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa. Heinemann, London. 1979. The Origins of Prehistoric Farming an East Africa. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 41-63. 1984. Aspects of Early Food Production in North-Western Kenya. In: Krzyzaniak & Kobusiewicz, Origin + Early Dev-t, Poznan, 489-95. 1985. African Archaeology. Cambridge World Archaeology. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 256 pp. 1985. An Archaeological Reconsideration of Bantu Expansion. In: Muntu, 2, 69-84. 1990. Aksum in Africa. In: Journal of Eth. Studies, 23, 55-65. 1993/2001. The Antiquity of Cultivation and Herding in Ethiopia. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 18: 344-357. s.d. Early Food-Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Cambridge History of Africa, I. Picardi, A. C. 1974. A Systems Analysis of Pastoralism in the West African Sahel. MIT, Center for Policy Alternatives, Cambridge, Mass. Pickford, M. 1985. The Miocene Suidae and Tayassuidae (Artiodactyla Mammalia) of Africa. Tertiary Research Special Papers by E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys. Pierre, C. 1906. LElevage Dans lAfrique Occidentale Franaise. Paris. Piot, J. 1966. Etudes Pastorales en Adamaoua Camerounais. Rev. Elev. Md. Vt. Pays trop., XIX, no. 1, 45-62. 1969. Vgtaux Ligneux et Pturage de Savanes de lAdamaoua au Cameroun. Rev. Elev. Md. Vt. Pays trop., XXIII, no. 4, 541-49. 1970. Pturage Arien au Cameroun. Utilisation des ligneux par les bovins. Rev. Elev. Md. Vt. Pays trop., XXXIII, no. 4, 503-517. Poisson, H. L. 1943. Culture des Plantes Forragres Dans le Sud-Ouest de Madagascar. Rev. Bot. App. et Agr. Coloniale. Pons, A., et P. Quzel. 1957. Premire Etude Palynologique de Quelques Palosols Sahariens. Travaux de lInstitut de Recherches Sahariens 16, 2 : 15-40. Portres, Roland 1935. Notes Sur la Riziculture du Nord-Ouest Forestier de la Cte dIvoire. Bull. du Comit dEtudes Historiques et Scientifiques de lAfrique Occidentale Franaise, XVIII, 92-127. 1950. Vieilles Agricultures Africaines Avant le XVIe Sicle. LAgronomie Tropicale, V, 9-10, 489-507. 1951. Eleusine Coracana Gaertner. Bull. de lI.F.A.N. 13, 1-78. 1951. Une Crale Mineure Cultive Dans lOuest Africaine. (Brachiaria deflexa C. E. Hubbard var. sativa nov. var.). LAgronomie Tropicale 6, 1-2 : 38-42. 1951. Gographie Alimentaire. Berceaux agricoles et migration des plantes cultives en Afrique intertropicale. Compte Rendu Sommaire des Sances de la Socit de Biogographie, 239 : 16-21. 1954. Les Crales Mineurs du Genre Digitaria en Afrique et en Europe. J. Agric. Trop. et Bot. Applique (Paris), 11, 620-673. 1954a. The improvement of agricultural economy in Senegal. In : African Soils, III (1), 13-51. 1954b. Scheme for the improvement of the agricultural econmy 0f Senegal. Pm: African Soils, III (2), 184-235. 1955. LIntroduction du Mais en Afrique. J. Agric. Trop. et Bot. Applique, nos. 5-6, 221-231. 1962. Berceaux Agricoles Primaires Sur le Continent Africain. Journal of African History, CUP, 3, 2, 195-210. 1970. Primary Cradles of Agriculture in the African Continent. In: Fage + Oliver, Papers in African Prehistory, Cambridge. 976. African Cereals. Elusene, fonio, black fonio, teff, brachiaria, paspalum, pennisetum and African rice. In: Harlan/DeWet/Stemler, Origins, 409-52. Portres, R. and J. Barrau. 1981. Origins, Development and Expansion of Agricultural Techniques. In: Ki-Zerbo, Gen. History I, 687-705. 66

Posnansky, Merrick. 1967. The Iron Age in East Africa. In: Bishop + Clark, 629-649. 1968. Bantu Genesis Archaeological Reflexions. Journal of African History 9 (1), 1-11. 1968. Archaeology. Its Uses and Abuses. In: Ranger, Emerging Themes, 61-73. 1969. Bigo Bya Mugenyi. In: Uganda Journal , XXXIII. 1969. Yams and the Origins of West African Agriculture. Odu 1: 101-107. 1975. Connections Between the Lacustrine Peoples and the Coast. In: East Africa and the Orient: Chittik + Rothberg, Africana Publishing, New York, 216-25. 1984. Early Agricultural Societies in Ghana. In: Clark/Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers. Posnansky, M. and R. McIntosh. 1976. New Radiocarbon Dates for Northern and Western Africa. Journal of African History 17, 161-195. Prance, Ghillean T. ed. 1986. Tropical Rain Forests and the World Atmosphere. AAAS Selected Symposia Series 101. Publ. by Westview Press, Inc., Boulder, Col., 105 pp. Pretzsch, Jrgen. 1986. Traditionelle Bodenbewirtschaftung. Weltmarktorientierte Plantagen Produktion und Tropenwaldzerstrung in der Republik Elfenbeinkste. Schriftenreihe des Instituts fr Landpflege der Universitt Freiburg, Heft 8, 180 S. Preuss, J. 1986. Die Klimaentwicklung in den quatorialen Breiten Afrikas im Jungpleistozn. Versuch eines berblicks in Zusammenhang mit Gelndearbeiten in Zaire. Buchofer + Mertins, eds., Geograph. Forschung in Marburg. Geogr. Ges., Marburg/Lahn, 132-48. 1986. Jungpleistozne Klimavernderungen im Kongo-Zaire-Becken. In: Geowissenschaften in unserer Zeit, 4, 177-87. Price, T. D. and J. A. Brown, eds. 1985. Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers. New York, Academic Press. Prins, W. H. and J. Prins-Lampert. 1974. A First Check List of Vascular Plants of the Kitulo Plateau, Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Tanzania Notes and Records, no. 73, 35-42. Proctor, J. H, ed. 1975. Building Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania. Studies in Pol. Sc., no. 2, TPH, Dar es Salaam, 68 pp. Proome, C. E. 1970. The Tuli Cattle of Rhodesia. NADA, X, no. 2, 61-3. Protsch, R. and R. Berger. 1973. Earliest Radiocarbon Dates for Domesticated Animals. Science (USA), 179, 235-9. Provenzale, F. 1914. LAllevamento del Bestiame nella Nostra Somalia. Governo della Somalia Italiana, Roma. Purseglove, J. W. 1976. Millets. In: Simmonds, Evolution, 91-3. 1976. The Origins and Migrations of Crops in Tropical Africa. In: Simmonds, Ev. 291-309. Q Queval, R., J. P. Petit, G. Tacher, A. Provost et J. Pagot. 1971. Le Kouri Race Bovine du Lac Tchad I. Introduction gnrale son tude zootechnique et biochimique : origines cologie de la race. In : Revue dElevage et la Mdecine Vtrinaire des Pays Tropicales, 24, 667-87. Quezel, P. 1960. Flore et Palynologie Sahariennes. Bull. de lI.F.A.N. 22 (A), 353-360. Quezel, P. et C. Martinez. 1958. Etude Palynologique de Deux Diatomites du Borkou. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique Nord 49, 230-244. Quezel, P. et C. Martinez. 1961. Le Dernier Interpluvial au Sahara Central. Essai de chronologie palynologique et paloclimatique. Libyca 6/7, 211-227. 67

Quezel, P. et C. Martinez. 1962. Premiers Rsultats de lAnalyse Palynologique de Sdiments Recueillis an Sahara Mridional lOccasion de la Mission Berliet Tnr Tchad. In : J. Hugot, ed., Missions Berliet Tnr Tchad. Arts et Mtiers Graphiques, Flammarion, Paris, 313-327.

R Rada and N. Dyson-Hudson. 1969. Subsistence Herding in Uganda. Scientific American 220, 76-89. Radimilahy, Chantal. 1993/2001. Ancient Iron-Working in Madagascar. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 29: 478-483. Rahtz, P. A. and C. Flight. s.d. A Quern Factory Near Kintampo, Ghana. West Afr J. of Archaeology 4. Raimbault, R. et K. Sanogo. 1991. Recherches Archologiques au Mali. Karthala, Paris, 528 pp. Rampino, M. R., J. E. Sanders, W. S. Newman and L. K. Konigsson, eds. 1987. Climate, History, Periodicity and Predictability. Van Norstrand Reinholt, New York. Randles, W. G. L. 1981. The Empire of Monomotapa From the 15th to the 19th Century. Translated by R. S. Roberts, Mambo Press, Gweru, 150 pp. Original: 1975. LEmpire du Monomotapa du XVe au XIXe Sicle. Mouton, Paris + The Hague. Ranger, Terence O. 1971. The Agricultural History of Zambia. National Educational Company of Zambia, Lusaka, 28 pp. 1985. Peasant Consciousness and Guerilla War in Zimbabwe. A comparative study, 400 pp. 1999. Voices from the Rocks. Nature, Culture and History in the Matopos Hills of Zimbabwe. vol. 3. London. 320 p. Ranger, T. O. ed. 1968. Emerging Themes of African History. Proceedings of the International Congress of African Historians, Dar es Salaam, East Afr. Publ. House, Nairobi, 231 pp. Ransford, Oliver 1983. Bid the Sickness Cease. New Scientist. Rasa, Anne E. s.d. Die Perfekte Familie. Leben und Sozialverhalten der afrikanischen Zwergmungos. dtv Sachbuch 10869. Rattray, J. M. 1960. Grass Cover of Africa. / Les Tapis Gamins dAfrique. FAO, Rome. Etudes agricoles de la FAO 49. Raunig, Walter, Hrsg. 1980. Schwarz-Afrikaner. Lebensraum und Weltbild. Pinguin-Verlag, Innsbruck + Umschau-Verlag, Frankfurt. Reeck, D. 1976. Deep Mende. Religious interactions in a changing African rural society. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 102 pp. Reed, Charles A. ed. 1977. Origins of Agriculture. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, 1013 pp. Reed, J.D., U. Rittner, J. Tanner et O. Wiegand. 1993. Valeur nutrive des feuilles et des fruits de Faidherbia albida et leur employ dans lalimentation des ruminants. In : Vandenbelt & Renard, 43-50. Reeves, R. G., and P. C. Mangelsdorf. 1959. The Origin of Corn. 11. Teosinte, a hybrid of corn and tripsacum. In: Bot. Mus. Leaft. Harvard University, 10, 357-87. Reji, Chris & Ann Waters-Bayer, eds. 2001. Farmer Innovation in Africa. A Source of Inspiration to Agricultural Development, Earthscan Publ., Lomdon. 362 pp. (32 case studies) Renfrew, Jane 1989. New Light on Early Farming. Recent Developments in Palaeoethnobotany. Edinburgh, 344 pp. 1989. Archaeology and Language. The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Penguin, Harmondsworth. 68

Rennie, J. K. 1972. The Pre-Colonial History of Rwanda. A Reinterpretation. Trans-African Journal of History, ii, 2. Reynolds, Barry. 1968. The Material Culture of the Peoples of the Gwembe Valley. Kariba Studies, vol. III. Manchester UP for the National Museums of Zambia. Rhodes-Livingstone Institute. 1963. Conference of the History of the Central African Peoples. Oppenheimer College of Social Service, 1 vol., Lusaka, 400 pp. Ricci, L. 1955-1958. Ritrovamenti Archeologici in Eritrea. In: II. Rassegna di studi etiopici, 15, 48-68. 1959. Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. In: Ritrovamenti archeologici in Eritrea, 14, 48-68. Richard, Patrice 1978. Concurrence et Complmentarit des Arboricultures Fruitires Voltaque et Ivoirienne. Centre O.R.S.T.O.M. de Petit Bassam, Abidjan, multigr. 28 pp. 1980. Proto-Arboriculture, Reboisement, Arboriculture Paysanne des Savanes Septentrionales de Cte dIvoire. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 257-263. Richards, A. I., F. Sturrock, and J. M. Fort, eds. 1973. Subsistence to Commercial Farming in Present-Day Buganda. Cambridge UP. Richards, Melsome Nelson. 1988. Beyond the Sociology of Agrarian Transformation. Economy and Society in Zambia, Nepal and Zanzibar. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 136 pp. Richards, P. W. 1952. The Tropical Rain Forest. An ecological study. University Press Cambridge, London, 450 pp. 1955. The Secondary Succession in the Tropical Rain Forest. Science Progress, 43, (169), 45-57. 1973 Africa, the Old Man Out. In: B. J. Meggers, E. S. Ayensu & W. D. Duckworth, eds., Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America. A Comparative Review. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 21-26. Richardson, James. 1848. Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara in 1845 and 1846. Including a Description of the Oases and Cities of Ghet Ghadames and Mourzuk. Frank Cass, London, Two Volumes: xxxviii, 440; xviii, 482 pp. Ridgeway, W. 1905. Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse. Cambridge. Riddell, Robert. 1981. Ecodevelopment. Economics, Ecology and Development. An Alternative to Growth Imperative Models. Gower, Hampshire, 218 pp. Rigby, Peter J. 1969. Cattle and Kingship Among the Gogo. A Semi-pastoral Society of Central Tanzania. Cornell UP, Ithaka, xvi, 355 pp. 1984. Persistant Pastoralists. Nomadic societies in transition. ZED Books, 208 pp. 1992. Cattle, Capitalism and Class. Il Parakuyo Maasai Transformations. Temple UP, Philadelphia. Rightmire, G. P. s.d. The Evolution of Homo Erectus. Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species. CUP 90, 250 pp. Rindos, D. 1980. Symbiosis, Instability and the Origins of Agriculture. A New Model. In: Current Anthropology, 21 (6): 751-72. 1984. The Origins of Agriculture. An Evolutionary Perspective. Academic Press, New York. Ritchie, J. C. 1987. Post-Glacial Vegetational History of Canada. 240 pp. Ritchie, J. C., C. H. Eyles and C. V. Haynes. 1985. Sediment and Pollen Evidence for an Early to Mid-Holocene Humid Period in the Eastern Sahara. In: Nature, 314: 352-55. Ritchie, J. C. and C. V. Haynes. 1987. Holocene Vegetation Zonation in the Eastern Sahara. In: Nature, 330: 645-47. 69

Rittner, U. et J.D. Reed. 1989. Nutrive value of leaves from Accacia albida and Balamites aegyptiaca. ICRISAT University Workshop Hohenheim. Roberts, N. 1989. The Holocene. An Environmental History. Blackwell, Oxford. Robertshaw, P. 1989. The Development of Pastoralism in East Africa. In: Clutton-Brock, ed., The Walking Larder, 207-14. 1990. Ed of Early Pastoralists of South-Western Kenya. British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. 1991. Gogo Falls. A complex site east of Lake Victoria. In: Azania, 26, 63-195. 1993/2001. The Beginning of Food Production in Southern Kenya. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko: Archaeology, chp. 19: 358-371. Robinson, K. R. 1952. Excavations in Two Rock Shelters Near the Rusawi River, Central Mashonaland. In: South African Archaeological Bull. 7, 108-29. 1958. Some Stone Age Sites in Inyanga District. In: R. Summers (ed.), Inyanga: prehistoric settlements in southern Rhodesia, 270-309. 1964. Dombozanga Rock Shelter, Mtetengwe River, Beit Bridge, Southern Rhodesia. Excavation results. In: Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 1 (7), 1-14. 1973. The Iron Age of Southern Lake Area of Malawi. Department of Antiquities, Zomba. 1973. The Iron Age of Upper and Lower Shire, Malawi. Department of Antiquities, Zomba. 1982. The Iron Age of Northern Malawi. The archaeological reconnaissance. Department of Antiquities, Limbe. Robson, P. and D. A. Luri, ed. 1969. The Economies of Africa. 528 pp. Rodney, Walter 1967. West Africa and the Atlantic Slave-Trade. Hist. Ass. of Tanzania Paper no. 2, East African Publ. House, Nairobi, 28 pp. 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. TPH, Dar es Salaam. Rognon, P. 1976. Essai dInterprtation des Variations Climatiques au Sahara Depuis 40000 Ans. In : Revue de Gographie physique et de Gomorphologie dynamique, 18 : 251-82. 1980. Pluvial and Arid Phases in the Sahara. The role of non-climatic factors. In: Van Zindren Bakker + Coetzee, eds. Paleoecology in Africa 12: 45-62. 1987. Late Quaternary Climatic Reconstruction for the Maghreb (North Africa). In: Palaegeography, Palaeoclimatology + Palaeoecology, 58, 11-34. Rhreke, Alexander. 2000. Der Kosmos der Herero. Entstehungsbedingungen und Verbreitung von kosmologischen Zgen in der Herero-Kultur. Berlin. 400 S. Rhreke, Alexander (Hg.). 2000. Mundus Africana. Ethnologische Streifzge durch sieben Jahrtausende afrikanischer Geschichte. Festschrift fr Karl-Ferdinand Schaedler zum 70. Geburtstag. Rahden. 179 S. Rollot, C. 1925. Le Mas Madagascar. In : Madagascar, Bull. Econ., Supplement. 1926. Le Manioc Madagascar. Rev. Bot. App. et Agr. Coloniale. Rosenfeld, Andre. 1972. The Microlithic Industries of Rop Rock Shelter. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, 2: 17-28. Roset, J.-P. 1987. Nolithisation, Nolithique et Post-Nolithique au Niger Nord-Oriental. In : Bull. de lAss. Franaise pour lEtude du Quaternaire, 4, 203-14. Rosetti, C. 1938. Considerazione Zootechniche dellEthiopia. In: Rivista Molitoria Mdicine Vtrinaire, 2, 476 pp. Ross, J.-H,. 1981. An analysis of the African Accacia albida species: Their distribution, possible origin and relationships .In: Bothalia 13 (3-4), 381-413.

70

Ross, R. 1954. Ecological Studies on the Rain Forest of Southern Nigeria. Secondary succession in the Sasha reserve forest. 111. J. Ecol., vol. 42 (2), 259-282. Rossignol-Strick, M. 1983. African Monsoons, an Immediate Climate Response to Orbital Insulation. In: Nature, 304: 46-9. Rossignol-Strick, M. and D. Duzer. 1979. West African Vegetation and Climate since 22500 BP from Deep Sea Cores. In: Pollen et Spores, 21: 105-134. Roubet, C., et P. I. Carter. 1984. La Domestication au Maghreb. Etat de la Question. In : Krzyzaniak & Kobusiewicz, 437-51. Roubik, D. W. 1987. Ecology and Natural History of Tropical Bees. Cambridge Tropical Biology Series, 400 pp. Rounce, N. V., D. Thorton. 1936. Ukara Island and the Agricultural Practices of the Wakara. Tanganyika Notes et Records. Rouse, I. 1972. Settlement Patterns in Archaeology. In: Ucko/Tringham/Dimbleby, eds., Man, Settlement, 95-107. Rowlands, Michael and Jean-Pierre Warnier. 1993/2001. The Magical Production of Iron in the Cameroun Grass fields. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 32: 512-550. Rowley-Conwy, Peter. 1988. The Camel in the Nile Valley. New radiocarbon accelerator (AMS) dates from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia. In: Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 74, 145-48. 1989. Nubia AD 0 600 and the Islamic Agricultural Revolution. Preliminary botanical evidence from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia. In: Archologie du Nil Moyen, 3, 131-38. 1991. Sorghum From Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia, c. 800 BC AD 1811. A Preliminary study. In: J. Renfrew, ed., Palaeoethnobotany Edinburgh UP, 191-212. Rudengren, J. 1981. Peasants by Preference? Socio-economic and environmental aspects of rural development in Tanzania. E. J. Brill, 385 pp. Russell, E. R. 1940. Primitive Farming in Nigeria. The Mumuye Tribe. Emp. J. Exp. Agr., vol. 8. Russell, T. A. 1955. The Kola of Nigeria and the Cameroons. Trop. Agriculture Trinidad, 32, 210-40. 1961. West African Crop Plants. SOAS Conference, London. Ruthenberg, Hans. 1976. Farming System in the Tropics. OUP, Oxford, 366 pp. Ruttner, F. 1992. Naturgeschichte der Honigbienen. Ehrenwirth, Mnchen. Ryan, Kathleen et al., 1991. Cattle Naming. The persistence of a traditional practice in modern Maasailand. In: Crabtree & Ryan, eds., Animal use and culture change, 90-96. Ryan, K. and P. J. Crabtree, eds. 1995. Animal Symbolism and Archaeology. MASCA / U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Ryan, K., Karega Munene, Samuel M. Kahinju and Paul N. Kunoni. 2000. Ethnographic Perspectives on Cattle Management in Semi-Arid Environments. A case study from Maasailand. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 462-477. Ryder, M. L. 1980. Sheep and Man. Duckworth, London. S Saad, Elias N. 1982. Social History of Timbuktu. The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400-1900. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization, CUP, 336 pp. 71

Sadr, K. 1991. The Development of Nomadism in Ancient North-East Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. Sahara. 1981. Bericht ber die Sahara-Exkursion 12.10.-4.11.1973. (2. Auflage) Geographica Bernensia Geogr. Institut Universitt Bern. Said, R. 1993. The River Nile. Geology, hydrology and utilisation. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Sahlins, Marshall. 1974. (USA publ. 1972). Stone Age Economics. Tavistock Publications, London, 248 pp. Saint-Hilaire, H. G. 1919. LElevage Dans lAfrique du Nord. Paris. Salmon, P. et J.-J. Symoens, eds. 1991. La Recherche en Sciences Humaines au Cameroun. Acadmie Royale des Sciences dOutre-Mer, Brussels. Sampath, S. 1964. The Species Ancestral to Cultivated Rice. In: Current Sc. 33, 205-7. Sampson, C. G. 1974. The Stone Age Archaeology of Southern Africa. New York. Sandelowsky, B. H. 1977. Mirabib. An archaeological study of the Namib. In: Madoqua, 10, 221-83. 1983. Archaeology in Namibia. In: American Scientist, 71, 606-15. Sandelowsky, B. H., J. H. Van Rooyen and J. C. Vogel. 1979. Early Evidence for Herders in the Namib. In: South African Archaeological Bull., 34, 50-1. Sankan, S. S. 1971. The Maasai. East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi, 102 pp. Sargent, R. A.1979. The Generations of Turmoil and Stress. A Proliferation of states in the northern Interlacustrine Region, c. 1544-1625. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 231-261. Sarnthein, Michael 1982. Zur Fluktuation der subtropischen Wstengrtel seit dem letzten Hochglazial vor 18'000 Jahren. Klimahinweise und Modelle aus Tiefseesedimenten. Geomethodica, 7, 125-161. Sasson, Hamo 1963. Early Sources of Iron in Africa. In: South African Archaeological Bull., 18, 176-80. 1967. New Views on Engaruka, Northern Tanzania. Journal of African Hist. 7 (2), 201-217. 1968. Excavation of a Burial Mound in Ngorongoro Crater.Tanzania Zamani 3: 2; Tanzania Notes and Records 69: 15-32. 1971. Excavations at Engaruka. An Iron Age archaeological site in Tanzania. National Geographic Society Research Reports, Projects, 221-230. Sauer, C. O. 1952 (1969). Agricultural Origins and Dispersals. In: Am. Geographical Society, New York. 1952. Bowman Memorial Lectures, 2. 1969. MIT Press, Cambridge. Saul, John S.1973+1979. African Peasants and Revolution. In: Cohen-Daniel, Pol. Ec. of Africa, 264-289. Saul, John S. and Roger Woods. 1981. African Peasantries. In: Cohen-Daniel, Pol. Ec. of Africa, 112-8. Original Paper in Peasants and Peasant Societies, ed., Teodor Shanin. Penguin Books. 1971, 103-114. Savonnet, Georges 1959. Un systeme de culture perfectionn pratiqu par les Bwaba - Bobo Oul de la region de Hound (Hte Volta). In : Bull. IFAN 21B (3-4) , 425-458. 1973. Quelques Notes Sur lUtilisation de la Flore Arbore et Arbustive en Pays Lobi au Sud de Gaoua. Notes et Documents Voltaques, no. 6, Ouagadougou, 29-35. 1980. LArbre, le Fruit et le Petit Berger du Lobi. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos 3-4 : 227234. Sawadogo, A. 1977. LAgriculture en Cte dIvoire. P.U.F., Paris, 367 pp. Saxon, D. 1975. Linguistic Evidence for the Early History of the Chad Basin. Unpubl. Seminar paper. 72

1980. The History of the Sahri River Basin, ca. 500 BC 1000 AD. PhD thesis, University of Cal. at Los Angeles unpubl. Schadeberg, T. C. and M. L. Bender, eds. 1981. Nilo Saharan. Foris Publications, Dordrecht. Schapera, I. 1930. The Khoisan Peoples of Southern Africa. London: Routlege & K. Paul. Schr, Annemarie. 1986. Zur Ethnischen Identitt von Nomadisierenden und Sesshaften Fulbe. Beispiele aus dem Niger und aus Nord-Kamerun. Liz.arbeit, Ethnolog. Seminar der Uni Basel, IIIq 480. Scharfe, E. and W. Schlund. 1989. Seed dispersal of two tropical trees through lemurs in a deciduous dry forest of western Madagascar. In: Primate Report, 25: 82-83 Schebesta, Paul. 1933. Among Congo Pygmies. Hutchinson, London. Schepartz, L. A. 1988. Who were the Later Pleistocene Eastern Africans. In: The African Archaeological Review, 6, 57-72. Scherer, J. H. 1986. Le Buha. In: M. Hertefelt et al., Les anciens royaumes..., Bruxelles. Scherz, A. und E. Scherz. 1974. Afrikanische Felskunst. Malereien auf Felsen in Sdwest Afrika. Kln. Scherz, E. R. 1970 + 1975. Felsbilder in Sdwest Afrika. 2. Vol. Kln, Wein. Schmidt-Nielsen, J. 1964. Desert Animals. OUP. Schmidt, P. R. 1975. A New Look at Interpretations of the Early Iron Age in East Africa. In: History in Africa. 2, 127-36. 1978. Historical Archaeology. A structural approach in an African culture. Greenwood Press, Westport. 1981. The Origins of Iron Smelting in Africa. A complex technology in Tanzania. Brown University. Schmidt, P. R. and D. H. Avery. 1978. Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania. In: Science, 201, 1085-9. Schneider, Harold K. 1957. The Subsistence Role of Cattle Among the Pakot and in East Africa. Am. Anthr. 59, 278-300. 1962. Pakot Resistance to Change. In: Bascom + Herskovits, Continuity, 15-53. 1974. Economic Development and Economic Change. The Case of East African Cattle. Current Anthropology, vol. 15, 259-76. 1979. Livestock and Equality in East Africa. The economic basis for social structure. 291 pp. Schneider, R. 1976. Les Dbuts de lHistoire Ethiopienne. In : Documents pour Servir lHistoire de la Civilisation Ethiopienne. 7, 47-54. Schnell, R. 1952. Contribution une Etude Phytosociologique et Phytogographique de lAfrique Occidentale. Les groupements et les units gobotaniques de la rgion guinenne. Mm. Inst. Fr. Afrique Noire, 18, 45-234. 1957. Plantes Alimentaires et Vie Agricole de lAfrique Noire. Larose, Paris. 1971. Tome 1. Introduction la Phytogographie des Pays Tropicaux. 1971. Tome 2. Les milieux, les groupements vgtaux. Gauthier-Villars, Paris. 1976. Tome 3. La flore et la vgtation de lAfrique tropicale. Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 459 pp. Schoenbun, D. 1993. We Are What We Eat. Ancient Agriculture between the great lakes. In: Journal of African History, 34, 1-31. Schoonraad, M. ed. 1971. Rock Paintings of Southern Africa. Special issue as supplement to South African Journal of Science. Schrire, C. ed. 1984. Past and Present in Hunter-Gatherer Studies. Academic Press, New York and Orlando. Schultz, T. W. 1964. Transforming Traditional Agriculture. New Haven. 73

Schumann, K. 1900. ber die Stammpflanzen der Kolanuss. Tropenpflanzen., 219-23. Schrmann, H. M. E. 1974. The Pre-Cambrian in North Africa. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 352 pp. Schuster, Mathieu, et al., 2006. Sahara, Sediments of Dry Period. In: Science 311, 821 + Nature 418, 145-155 (2002). Schwartz, Alfred. 1980. La Palmeraie Subspontane dELAEIS GUINEENSIS en Pays Gur Nidron (ouest de la Cte dIvoire). Une explication sociologique. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos. 3-4, 283-4. Schweinfurth, G. 1875. Au Cur de lAfrique (1868-1871). Voyages et dcouvertes dans les rgions inexplores de lAfrique centrale. Repr. Ed. 2 vol. N.D., 950 pp. Schwerdtfeger, F. kologie der Tiere. Paul Parey, Hamburg. 1975. Band III: Synkologie, 451 S. 1977. Band I: Autkologie, 460 S. 1979. Band II: Demkologie, 450 S. Scoones, Ian, ed. 2001. Dynamics & Diversity. Soil Fertility and Farming Livelihoods in Africa. Earthscam Publ. Ltd. London. 244 pp. Scoones, Ian et John Thompson. 1999. La reconnaissance du savoir rural. Karthala, Paris. 480 p. Scoones I., M. Melnyk rt J.N. Pretty. 1972. The Hidden Harvest: Wild foods amd agricultural systems. A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. Internat Institute for Environment and Dev-t, London. Scudder, Thayer 1962. The Ecology of the Gwembe Tonga. Manchester UP, Manchester. Kariba Stud. 2. 291 pp. 1969. Relocation, agricultural intensification and anthropological research.In: D Brokensha + N Pearsall, eds. The Anthropology of Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Monograph of the Society for Applied Anthropology, no. 10 1971. Gathering Among African Woodland Svanna Cultivators. Zambiam Papers No. 5, Manchesster UP. 1980. River Basin Development and Local Initiative in African Savanna Environment. In: Harris, ed. Seddon, David 1968. The Origins and Development of Agriculture in East and Southern Africa. Current Anthropology, 9, 5, 489-94. 1969. Comment on On Early Evidence of Agriculture in Southern Zambia by J. O. Vogel. Current Anthropology 10 5: 524-25. Seeley, T. D. 1985. Honeybee Ecology. A study of adaptation in social life. 212 pp. Seignobos, Christian 1978. Les Systmes de Dfense Vgtaux Prcoloniaux. Annales de lUniversit du Tchad, no. Spcial. 1980. Les Fortifications Vgtales Dans la Zone Soudano-Sahlienne. (Tchad et Nord Cameroun). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos 3-4 : 191-222. Seitz, St. 1977. Die Zentralafrikanischen Wildbeuter-Kulturen. Studien zur Kulturkunde 45, Wiesbaden. Seligman, C. G. 1930. Races of Africa. London 1930 and 1939. 1932. Egyptian Influence in Negro Africa. In: Studies presented to F. L. I. Griffith, London. Sender, John. 1974. Some Preliminary Notes on the Political Economy of Rural Development in Tanzania. Based on a case-study in the western Usambara. ERB Paper 74.5, University of Dar es Salaam, 59 pp. Servant, M. et S. Servant-Vildary. 1980. LEnvironnement Quaternaire du Basin du Tchad. In: Williams/Faure, Balkema, eds., Sahara and the Nile, Rotterdam, 133-162. Seyffert, C. 1930. Biene und Honig im Volksleben der Afrikaner. Voigtlnder, Leipzig. 74

Shack, William A. 1966. The Gurage. A people of the Ensete culture. OUP: London. Shanin, Teodor. ed. 1971. Peasants and Peasant Societies. Selected Readings. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1973; 1976 reprinted, 448 pp. Sharma, S. D., and W. M. Steele. 1978. Collection and Conservation of Existing Rice. Species and Varieties of Africa. In: Buddenhagen + Persley, Rice in Africa, 61-7. Shastry, S. V. S., and S. D. Sharma. s.d. Rice. In: Hutchinson, Evolutionary, 55-61. Shaw, C. Thurstan 1944. Report on Investigations Carried Out in the Cave Known as Bosumpra at Abetifi, Kwahu, Gold Coast Colony. In: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 10: 1-67. 1964. Field Research in Nigerian Archaeology. Journal of the History Society of Nigeria 2, 4: 449-464. 1968. Comment on Origins of African Agriculture by O. Davies, H. Hugot, and D. Seddon. Current Anthropology 9, 5: 500-501. 1969. The Late Stone Age in the Nigerian Forest. Actes du Premier Colloque International dArchologie Africaine, Fort Lamy, 364-373. 1969. On Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Anthropology, 10, 226-31. 1969. Lectures on Nigerian Prehistory and Archaeology. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan. 1976. Early Crops in Africa. A Review of the Evidence. In: Harlan et al., Origins, 107-153. 1977. Hunters-Gatherers and First Farmers in West Africa. In: Megaw, Hunters, 69-125. 1978. Nigeria. Its archaeology and early history. Thames & Hudson, L, Anc. Peoples and places ser. 216 pp. 1980. Agricultural Origins in Africa. In: A. G. Sherratt, ed., Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Archaeology. CUP. 1981. The Prehistory of West Africa. In: Ki-Zerbo, Gen. History I, 611-33. 1984. Archaeological Evidence and Effects of Food Producing in Nigeria. In: Clark/Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers. University of Cal., Berkeley, 152-57. 1985. The Prehistory of West Africa. In: Ajayi/Crowder, eds., History of West Africa. 48-86. Shaw, C. T. J. Alexander and A. Opoko, eds. 1991. Food, Metals and Towns in African History. Adaptations in Subsistence and Technology. Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, eds. Shaw, C. T. and S. G. H. Daniels. 1984. Excavations at Iwo Eleru. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, vol. 14. Shaw, C. T., P. Sinclair, B. Andah and A. Okpoko, eds. 1993. The Archaeology of Africa. Food, metals and towns. Routledge, London + New York. Shenton, Bob and Mike Watts. 1979. Capitalism and Hunger in Northern Nigeria. R. Afr. Pol. Ec. no. 15/16, 53-62. Shepherd, Andrew 1977. Agrarian Change in Northern Ghana. Public investment, capitalist farming and famine. Mimeographed, 31 pp. 1979. Capitalist Agriculture in Africa. Paper to Development Studies Association Conference, at Reading University, 15 pp. Shepherd, G. 1982. The Making of the Swahili. A view from the southern and of the east African coast. In: Paidenma, 28, 129-48. Shepherd, Jack. 1975. The Politics of Starvation. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 101 pp. Review: African Journal, vol. X, no. 4, 1979, 367-8. Sheridan, David. 1985. LIrrigation Promesses et Dangers lEau Contre la Faim. LHarmattan, Paris + Earthscan, Paris, 155 pp. Sheriff, Abdul. 1987. Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar. Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy 1770-1873. J. Currey, 320 pp. Shinnie, P. L. and F. J. Kense. 1989. The Archaeology of Ghana. University of Calgary Press, Calgary. Shostak, Marjorie. 1982. Nisa Erzhlt. Das Leben einer Nomadenfrau in Afrika. rororo, neue frau 4978, Reinbek, 342 pp. 75

1982. Nisa. The life and words of a !Kung woman. 416 pp. 2001. Ich folgte den Trommeln der Kalahari. Original: Return to Nisa (Harvard UP, Cambridge UP 2000): Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek, 281 pp. Siame, John Andrewm 2005. Termite mounds as fertilizer. In: LEISA, vol. 21, no. 2 (June 2005) p. 29 Sibree, J. 1896. Madagascar Before the Conquest. London. Siemonsma, Jan et Lea Oyen, 2006. Recording the useful plants of tropical Africa. In: Leisa Magazine, March 2006, p. 33 ([email protected]) Silberbauer, George B. 1981. Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. Cambridge University Press, New York + Melbourne, 388 pp. Simmonds, Norman Willison 1958. Ensete Cultivation in the Southern Highlands of Ethiopia. A review. Tropical Agriculture, vol. 35, 302-7. 1959. Bananas. Longmans, London + In: Simmonds, Evolution, 211-5. 1962. The Evolution of the Bananas. Longmans, London. 1976. editor of Evolution of Crop Plants. Longman, London New York, 340 pp. Simoons, Frederick J. 1965. Some Questions on the Economic Prehistory of Ethiopia. Journal of African History 6, 1: 1-12. Simpson, J. R. and P. Evangelou, ed. 1984. Livestock Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Constraints, prospects, policy, 245 pp. Sinclair, Paul J. J., J. M. F. Morais and B. Bingham. 1979. The Archaeology of Mozambique and Zimbabwe. International Louis Leakey Memorial Institute for African Prehistory, Nairobi. Sinclair, P. J. J., J. M. F. Morais, L. Adamowicz and R. T. Duarte. 1993/2001. A Perspective on Archaeological Research in Mozambique. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 24: 409-431. Sinclair, P. J. J., Innocent Pikirayi, Gilbert Pwiti and Robert Soper. 1993/2001. Urban Trajectories on the Zimbabwean Plateau. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 43: 705-731. Sindiga, I. 1994. Indigenous (Medical) Knowledge of the Maasai. In: Indigenous Knowledge + dev-t Monitor, 2 (1), 16-18. Singh, L. B. 1960. The Mango. London. Singha, S. C. 1965. Medical Plants of Nigeria. Nigerian National Press, Apapa. Skinner, N. A. 1977. Domestic Animals in Chadic. In: Newman & Newman, eds., Papers in Chadic Linguistics, Africa Study Centrum, Leiden, 175-98. Smith, Andrew B. 1974. Prelimary Report of Excavations at Karkarichinkat Nord and Karkarichinkat Sud, Tilemsi Valley, Republic of Mali. Spring 1972. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, 4: 33-55. 1975. Radiocarbon Dates From Bosumpra Cave, Abetifi, Ghana. In: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 41, 179-82. 1980. The Neolithic Tradition in the Sahara. In: Williams/Faure, The Sahara and the Nile, Rotterdam, 451-65. 1980. Domesticated Cattle in the Sahara and Their Introduction Into West Africa. In: M. A. J. Williams + H. Faure, eds., The Sahara and the Nile. Balkema, Rotterdam, 489-501. 1984. Adaptive Strategies of Prehistoric Pastoralism in the South-Western Cape. In: Hall + Avery, et al., eds., Frontiers: southern Africa, Cambridge: BAR Internat. Series 207. 1984. The Origins of Food Production in Northeast Africa. In: Paleoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands, 317-24. 1986. Cattle Domestication in North Africa. In: African Archaeological Review, 4, 197-203. 1989. The Near Eastern Connection. Early to mid Holocene relations between North Africa and the Levent. In: Krzyzaniak & Kobusiewicz, 69-77. 1990. On Becoming Herders. Khoikhoi and San Ethnicity in Southern Africa. In: African Studies, 49 (2), 51-75. 1992. Pastoralism in African. Origins + dev-t ecology. Hurst, London. 2000. The Origins of the Domesticated Animals of Southern Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Dev-t, 222-238. 76

Smith, A.P. 1972. Buttressing of Tropical Trees. A descriptive model and new hypotheses. Amer. Natur. 106, 32-46. Smith, Hadley E. ed. 1965. Agricultural Development in Tanzania. Institute of Public Administration, University College, Dar es Salaam, 119 pp. Smith, H. S. 1969. Animal Domestication and Animal Cult in Dynastic Egypt. In: Ucko-Dimbleby, Domestication, 307-16. Smith, Philip E. L. 1972. The Consequences of Food Production. Addison-Wesley Module in Anthropology 31, Reading, Massachusetts. 1976. Early Food Production in Northern Africa as Seen From South-Western Asia. In: Harlan et al., Origins of African Domestication, 155-183. Smith, Susan E. 1978. The Environmental Adaptation of Nomads to the West African Sahel. A Key to Understanding Prehistoric Pastoralists. In: W. Weissleder, ed., The nomadic alternative. Mouton, The Hague. Snowden, J. D. 1936. The Cultivated Races of Sorghum. Adlard Sons: London. Socit Franaise dHistoire dOutre-Mer, ed. s.d. Le Sel, la Parole Mauny. Paris : Soc. Fr. dHist. dOutre-Mer. Soldini, s.d. Haustiere. Vieh bei Tuareg. Soldini, Zrich (ber Vlkerkunde Museaum). Soldini, Giovanna, Manuela M. Boffa, Susi Christoph, Kilian B. Zumsteg, 1983. Tuareg Leben in der Sahara. Vlkerkundemuseum der Uni Zrich. 168 S. (Mit einem Beitrag von Gerd Spittler, Freiburg/B) Sonntag, C. et al. 1982. Iso Tropenuntersuchungen zur Bildungsgeschichte Saharischer Palowsser. Geomethodica, 7, 55-78. Soper, R. C. 1965. The Stone Age in North-Western Nigeria. In: J. of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 3 (2): 175-194. 1982. Bantu Expansion Into East Africa. Archaeological evidence. In: Ehret/Posnansky eds., Archaeological + African History. Berkeley, 223-38. Sowunmi, M. Adebisi 1968. Pollen Morphology in the Palmae, With Special Reference to Trends in Aperture Development. Rev. Paleobotanique et Palynologie 7, 45-53. 1981. Late Quaternary Environmental Changes in Nigeria. In: Pollen et Spores. 13 (1): 125-48. 1985. The Beginnings of Agriculture in West Africa. Botanical Evidence.Current Anthropology, 26 (1): 127-9. 1986 Change of Vegetation With Time. In: Lawson, ed., Plant Ecology in West Africa, 273-307. Spear, T. 1982. Kenyas Past. An Introduction to Historical Method in Africa. 240 pp. Spielman, Andrew, and Michael dAntonio. 2002. Mosquito. The Story of Mankinds Deadliest Foe. Faber + Hyperion, London, 267 pp. Spittler, Gerd 1989. Handeln in einer Hungerkrise. Tuaregnomaden und die grosse Drre 1984. Opladen 1983. Die Karawane nach Bilna. Mit den Kel Ewey Tuareg auf der Transsahaara Route. In: Journal f Geschichte 83/4, 12-17 1985. Drren im Air eine historische Analyse. Vortrag auf dem Sahelsymposium, Berlin 1987. Essen und Moral. Die Nahrung der Kel Ewey im Alltag und in einer Hungerkrise. In: Freiburg Universittsbltter Heft 96, 95-112 Spitzer, Leo 1975. The Creoles of Sierra Leone. Reponses to Colonialism, 1870-1945. University of Ife Press, Ile-Ife. 1990. Lives in Between. Assimilation and Marginality in Austria, Brazil and West Africa, 1780-1945. Studies in Comparative World History, CUP, 272 pp. 77

Spooner, B. 1973. The Cultural Ecology of Pastoral Nomads. Addison-Wesley Module in Anthropology no. 45, Reading, MA. Spttel, W. 1936. Beitrge zur Bedeutung der Grsse des Gehirnvolumens, der Behornung und der Wuchsformen fr die Ausgestaltung des Schdels. In: Neue Forschungen in Tierzucht und Abstammungslehre. Duerst Festschrift, Bern. Sprague, G. F. ed. 1977. Corn and Corn Improvement. 2nd ed. 1977. Am. Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis. Spriggs, Matthew J. T. ed. 1984. Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology. CUP, 165 pp. Squire, F. A. 1943. Notes on Mende Rice Varieties. In: Sierra Leone Agric. Notes, 10. Staffe, A. 1939. Die Haustiere auf den Nordafrikanischen Felsbildern. In: Forschungen + Fortschritte, 15, No. 27. 1940. Zur Frage der Herkunft des Kamels in Afrika. Zft f Tierzchtungen + Zchtungsbiologie, 46: 85-141. 1944. Die Akklimatisation der Haustiere in den Afrikanischen Tropen. In: Kolonialwirtschaftliche Forschungen, vol. 4, Berlin. Stahl, Ann Brower 1984. A History and Critique of Investigations Into Early African Agriculture. In: Clark/Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers, Berkeley, 9-21. 1985. The Kintampo Culture. Subsistence and settlement in Ghana during the mid-second millennium BC. PhD Thesis: Dept of Anthropology, University of Cal., Berkeley. 1985. Reinvestigation of Kintampo and Rock Shelter, Ghana. Implications for the nature of culture change. In: The African Archaeological Review 3: 117-150. 1986. Early Food Production in West Africa. Rethinking the role of the Kintampo culture. In: Current Anthropology, 27 (5): 532-36. 1989. editor of African Archaeology. A critical introduction, translation and commentary. Princeton UP, Princeton. 1989. Plant Food Processing. Implications for dietary quality. In: Harris + Hillman, eds., Foraging and.. 171-94. 1991. Intensification in the West African Late Stone Ages. A view from central Ghana. In: Shaw/Alexander/Opoko, eds., Food, Metals and Towns 1993/2001. Intensification in the West African Late Stone Ages. A view from central Ghana. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 14: 261-273. Stanley, H. M. 1880. Through the Dark Continent. London. Stanton, W. B. 1961. The Analysis of the Present Distribution of Varietal Variation in Maize, Sorghum and Cowpea in Nigeria. SOAS, Conference. Stapf, O. and C. E. Hubbard. 1934. Pennisetum. In: D. Prain (ed). Flora of Tropical Africa. 9. London. Starkey, Paul. 2000. The History of Working Animals in Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 478-502. Steele, W. M.1976. Cowpeas. In: Simmonds, Evolution..., 183-5. Steentoft-Nielsen, Margaret. 1965. Introduction to the Flowering Plants of West Africa. London. 1988. Flowering Plants in West Africa. Cambridge: CUP. Stefaniszyn, Bronislaw. 1964. The Material Culture of the Ambo of Northern Rhodesia. Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Occasional Paper. Lusaka, 94 pp. Stein, Lothar. 1974. Wandervolk der Wste. Edition Leipzig DDR, Leipzig. 336 S. Steinhart, E. I. s.d. The Kingdoms of the March. Speculations on social and political change. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 189-213.

78

Stemler, A. B. L. 1980. Origins of Plant Domestication in the Sahara and the Nile Valley. In: Williams/Faure eds., The Sahara and the Nile, Balkema, Rotterdam, 503-36. Stemler, A. B. L., J. R. Harlan, and J. M. J. Dewet. 1975. Caudatum Sorghums and Chari Nile Languages. Journal of African History, XVI, no. 2, 161-183. Stengel, Heinz W. 1974. BibliographieWasserwirtschaft in Sdwestafrika. Basler Afrika Bibliographien. vol. 10. 65 S. (514 titles and 3 registers) Stenning, Derrick J. 1957. Transhumance, Migratory Drift, Migration. Patterns of Pastoral Fulani Nomadism. Journal of the Royal Anthrop. Institute, vol. 87, part 2. 1966. The Pastoral Fulani of Northern Nigeria. In: Gibbs, Peoples, 361-401. Stewart, Wilson N. 1984. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. CUP, 416 pp. Stewart, W. N. and Gar W. Rothwell. 1992. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, 500 pp. Stewart, J. L. 1938. The Cattle of the Gold Coast. In: Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture Nr. 6, London. (Accra 1937). Stokstad, Erik. 2002. Early Cowboys Herded Cattle in Africa. In: Science, vol. 296, no. 5566: 336-339. Story, R. 1958. Some Plants Used by the Bushmen in Obtaining Food and Water. In: Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa, 30, 1-115. Straube, Helmut. 1971. Die Traditionelle Landwirtschaft Afrikas in Historischer Sicht. Afrika Forum 7/8. Street, F. Alayne, and A. T. Grove. 1976. Environmental and Climatic Implications of Late Quaternary Lake Level Fluctuations in Africa. In: Nature (261), 385-89. Street, F. A. and F. Gasse. 1981. Recent Dev-t in the Quaternary Climatic History of the Sahara. In: Allen, ed., The Sahara, 7-28. Struever, S. ed. 1971. Prehistoric Agriculture. Garden City, New York: Natural History Press. Stubenhoff, H. W. 1988. Probleme des bergangs von der Handhacke zum Pflug. Eine konomische Analyse der Einfhrung der tierischen Anspannung in Ackerbausystemen Togos. 206 S. Stben, Peter E. 1985. Kahlschlag im Paradies. Die Vernichtung der Regenwlder Das Ende der Stammesvlker. kozid 1, Focus Verlag, Giessen. Stucki-Stirn, C. Martin. 1979. Snake Report 721. A comparative study of the herpetological fauna of the former west Cameroon / Africa. Teuffenthal, 650 pp. Styger, Erika 1999: Indigenous fruit trees of Madagaskar: potential components of agroforestry system to improve human nutrition and restore biological diversity. In: Agroforestry Systems 46, 289-310 2006. Madagascar. Potential fruit tees and berries in tropical forests. Diss. at Cornell University, B. Styger, E., Harivelo M. Rakotondramasy, Max J. Pfeffer, Erick C.M. Fernandes, David M. Bates. 2007. Pnfluence of slash-and-burn farming ptactices on fallow succession and on land degradation in the rainforest region of Madagascar. In:Science Direct. Ecosystems and Environment 119, 257-269 Sussman, R.W. and Raven PH, 1978. Pollination by lemurs and marsupials. An archaic coevolutionar ysystem. In: Science 200: 731-736. Sutton, J. E. G. 1973. Early Trade in Eastern Africa. Hist. Ass. Tanzania, Paper no. 11, EAP. House, Nairobi, 42 pp. 1973. The Archaeology of the Western Highlands of Kenya. British Institute in Eastern Africa, Nairobi. 1974. The Aquatic Civilization of Middle Africa. In: Journal of African History, 15, 427-46. 79

1976. The East African Coast. An Historical and Archaeological Review. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History, 193-205. 1977. African Aqualithic. In: Antiquity, LI., 25-34. 1993. The Antecedents of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms. In: Journal of African History, 34, 41-.. 1996. The Growth of Farming and the Bantu Settlement on and South of the Equator. In: Azania, 29-30, 2-14. Sutton, J. E. G. ed. 1996. The Growth of Farming Communities in Africa From the Equator Southwards. British Institute in Eastern Africa, Azania (special volume), 29-30. Swart, E. R. 1963. Age of the Baobob Tree. Nature 198, 708. Swartz, B. K. Jr. 1974. A Stratified Succession of Stone Age Assemblages at Hohoe, Volta Region, Ghana. In: West African Journal of Archaeology, 04: 57-81. 1979. Some Formulations on the Prehistory of West Africa During the Quaternary. In: West African Culture Dynamics. Swartz, B. K. Jr. and Raymond A. Dumett. 1979. West African Culture Dynamics. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives. Mouton, 630 pp. Swift, J. ed. 1984. Pastoral Development in Central Niger. Report of the Niger Range and Livestock Project. Niamey: USAID + Rep. of Niger Ministre de Dv-t Rural. Swynnerton, R. J. M. 1949. Some Problems of the Chagga on Kilimanjaro. East African Agriculture Journal 14, 117-32. 1954. A Plan to Intensity the Development of African Agriculture in Kenya. Nairobi: Gov-t, Printer. Szalay, A. B. 1930. Polyphyletische Rinderabstammung. In: Zeitschrift fr Tierzchtung + Zchtungsbiologie, XIX, no. 2. Szalay, Mikls, ed. 2002. Der Mond als Schuh. Zeichnungen der San. The Moon as Shoe. Drawings of the San. Scheidegger & Spiess, Zrich, 311 pp.

T Talbot, L. M. 1968. The Herbivore Vegetation Nomad Complex. Recent research and its implications. IBP / CT Technical Meeting, Hammaset. 1980. Environmental Response to Climatic Change in the West African Sahel Over the Past 20000 Years. In: Williams/Faure, eds., Sahara and the Nile, 37-62. Tamakloe, E. F. 1931. A Brief History of the Dagbamba People. Accra: Gov-t Printer. Tanaka, Jiro. 1969. The Ecology and Social Structure of Central Kalahari. Bushmen: a preliminary report. In: Kyoto University African Studies, 3, 1-20. 1976. Subsistence Ecology of Central Kalahari San. In: Lee/De Vore, eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 98-119. 1980. The San Hunter-Gatherers of the Kalahari. A study in ecological anthropology. Tokyo UP. Tandap, Lucas T. 1974. Rural Development, a Tropical African Problem. Desiderata for a new methodology. University of Yaounde, Department of Geography, special publication, Yaounde, III, 63 pp. Tanner, J. et J.D. Reed. 990. Tne nutrive value of fruits (pods with seeds)from four Accacia spp. In: Animal Production 51, 127-133. Tanzania National Scientific Research Council. 1990. Bibliography of Agricultural Research in Tanzania. Tanzania Nat. Sci. Res. Council, 686 pp. 80

Tanzania, 1978. The Human Environment in Tanzania. Special Issue of Tanzania Notes and Records, no. 83. Tanzania Society, Dar es Salaam, 172 pp. Taylor, Charles J. 1960. Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana. Thomas Nelson and Sons, Edinburgh London, 418 pp. Ten Raa, E. 1986. The Acquisition of Cattle by Hunter-Gatherers. A traumatic experience in cultural change. In: Sprache + Geschichte in Afrika, 7, 361- 74. Terashima, H. 1980. Hunting Life of the Bambote. An anthropological study of Hunter-Gatherers in a wooded Savanna. In: Seuri Ethnological studies, 6: 223-268. Testart, Alain. 1982. The Significance of Food Storage Among Hunter-Gatherers. Residence patterns, populations and social inequalities. In: Current Anthropology, 23 (5): 523-37. Tepilit, Ole Saitoti. 1978. A Maasai Looks at the Ecology of Maasailand. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. Thiaw, Issa Laye. 2006. La Femme Seereer (Sngal). LHarmattan, Paris. 282 p. Thomas, A. S. 1955. The Coming of the Banana to Uganda. Uganda Journal, vol. 19, 211 pp. Thomas, B. P. 1954. Two Studies in African Nutrition. Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, no. 24, Manchester UP. Thomas, B. and R. Spicer. 1987. The Evolution and Palaeobiology of Land Plants. 304 pp. Thomas, F. M. 1958. Historical Notes on the Bisa Tribe, Northern Rhodesia. Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Communication, Zambia, iii, 52 pp. Thomas, M. F. and G. W. Whittington, eds. 1969. Environment and Land Use in Africa. Methuen, London. Thorne, R. F. 1973. Floristic Relationships Between Tropical Africa and Tropical America. In: Meggers, Tropical Forest, 27-47. Thorp, C. R. 1995. Kings, Commoners and Cattle at Zimbabwe. Museum Memoirs (New series) no. 1, Harare, National Museums and Monuments of Z. Thwaites, D. H. 1944. Wanyakyusa Agriculture. East African Agricultural Journal. Tiffen, Mary. 1976. The Enterprising Peasant. Economic Development in Gombe Emirate North Eastern State, Nigeria, 1900-1968. London: H.M.S.O. Overseas Research Publication no. 21. 209 pp. Tobias, Phillip V. 1960. Olduvai Gorge, Volume IV. The Skulls, Endocasts and Teeth of Homo habilis. Readership: palaeoanthropologists, biological anthropologists, Palaeolithic archaeologists. CUP, 1050 pp. Todd, J. A. 1979. Studies of the African Iron Age. In: Journal of Metals, 31, 39-45. Togola, T. 1993. Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mma Region. Ph D. thesis. Department on Anthropology, Rice Uni. 1996. Iron Age Occupation in the Mma Region, Mali. In: African Archaeological Review, 13, 91-110. Tomlinson, P. B. and M. H. Zimmermann, eds., 1978. Tropical Trees as Living Systems. The Proceedings of the Fourth Cabot Symposium. Cambridge University Press, London, New York, Melbourne, 544 pp. Tomlinson, P. B. s.d. A Structural Elements of the Rain Forest. In: Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems, Structure and Function, 9-28. Tongue, M. H. 1909. Bushman Paintings. Oxford.

81

Tonry, J., R. Giorgi, J. C. Favier et J. F. Savina. 1967. Aliments de lOuest Africain, Tables de Composition. In : Ann. Nutrit. Aliment 21 (2), 73-127. Tor Arve, Benjaminsen. 2000. Une histoire de Tombouctou. Actes Sud, Arles (aus dem Norwegischen bersetzt) Tosh, John. 1977. Trade Centres in the Northern Interlacustrine Region. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History, 267-271. Tothill, J. D. 1940. Agriculture in Uganda. OUP. 1948. Agriculture in the Sudan. OUP. Tothill, J. C. and J. J. Mott, eds. 1985. Ecology and Management of the Worlds Savannas. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science. Toupet, Ch. 1975. Le Nomade, Conservateur de la Nature. In: Pastoralism in Tropical Africa. Th. Monod et al., Intern. Afr. Inst., OUP, London, 455-67. Tourneux, Henry et Yaya Dairou. 1999. Vocabulaire peul du monde rural. Maroua-Garoua (Cameroon). Karthala D.P.G.T. Paris. 248 p. Toutain, G. s.d. Une Approche Globale. Lcosystme saharien mise en valeur des oasis palmeraies dattiers. I.N.R.A., 419-425. Trincaz, Jacqueline. 1980. LArbre, Garant de la Prennit Culturelle dune Socit dEmigrs Menac. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos 3-4, 285-287. Trincaz, Pierre-Xavier. 1980. LImportance de lArbre Dans lImaginaire de Cheikh Mamadou Sane. Du rve religieux la ralit du village thrapeutique dans la fort casamanaise. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Sci. Hum., vol. XVII, nos 3-4, 309-310. Trost, Franz. 1994. Ethnoarchologie in Sdwest-Burkina Faso. Band 1 : Das Fundmaterial, 144 S. Trouessart, E. 1905. La Faune des Mammifres de lAlgrie, du Maroc et de la Tunisie. In : Causeries scientifiques Soc. Zool. France, 1, no. 10. Tshimpakayanga. 1989. La Parent Egyptienne des Peuples du Zare. Ed. Cactus, Lubumbashi. Tubiana, M. J. 1979. Stratgies Traditionnelles et Modernes Pour une Utilisation Rationnelles des Ressources en Eau et en Pturages au Nord Dar-Fur. Revue Fran. DEt. Polit. Afric., Paris, no. 159, 58-84. Turnbull, Colin M. 1961. The Forest People. Simon and Schuster, New York. 1965. Wayward Servants. The Two Worlds of the African Pygmies. 1966. The Mbuti Pygmies of the Congo. In: Gibbs, Peoples, 279-317. 1973. The Mountain People. London, 309 pp. 1978. Man in Africa. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth. First publ. by David & Charles 1976, 272 pp. 1981. Mbuti Womanhood. In: Dahlberg, Woman, 205-219. Turner, Victor. Cornell UP. 1967 / 1970. The Forest of Symbols. Aspects of Ndembu ritual. 417 pp. 1975. Dramas, Fields and Metaphors. Symbolic action in human society. 352 pp. 1975. Revelation and Divination in Ndembu Ritual. 352 pp. 1977. The Ritual Process. Structure and anti-structure. 224 pp. 1981. The Drums of Affliction. A study of religious processes among the Ndembu of Zambia. 352 pp. Twum-Barima, K. 1977. Development of Agricultural Education. Tema, 184 pp. Tylecote, R. F. 1975. Iron Smelting at Taruga, Nigeria. In: J. of the Historical Metallurgy Society, 9: 49-56. Tyson, P. D. and J. A. Lindesay. 1992. The Climate of the Last 2000 Years in Southern Africa. In: The Holocene, 2-3, 271-8. 82

U Uchendu, Victor C. and K. R. M. Anthony. 1974. Agricultural Change in Geita District, Tanzania. East African Lit. Bureau, Dar es Salaam, 79 pp. Ucko, P. J. and G. W. Dimbleby, eds. 1969. The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Duckworth, London. Ucko, P. J., R. Tringham and G. W. Dimbleby, eds. 1972. Man, Settlement and Urbanism. Schenkman: Cambridge, Mass. Udo, Reuben K. 1982. The Human Geography of Tropical Africa. Heinemann, Ibadan London, 244 pp. Uhl, Wolfgang Albin, 1990. Die Welt der !Kung - Buschmnner. Verlagshaus Reutlingen, Oertel + Sprer, 192 S. Uhlig, S. und B. Tafla. 1988. Collectanea Aetiopica. In: thiopische Forschungen, Stuttgart, 250 S. Underhill, H. W. 1984. Small Scale Irrigation in African in the Context of Rural Development. FAO, Rome. Unwin, A. Harold. 1920. West African Forest and Forestry. T. Fischer Unwin Ltd., London: Adelphi Terrace, 527 pp. Upton, Martin. 1973. Farm Management in Africa. The principles of production and planning. OUP, University of London, xiv, 341 pp. Urban, Klaus. 1988. Bewsserung im Sahel. Eine kommentierte Literaturbersicht. gtz, Eschborn, 77 s. Valiente-Noailles, Carlos. 1993. The Kua. Life and soul of the central Kalahari bushmen. A. A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam NL, 243 pp. V Valensi, Lucette. 1985. Tunisian Peasants in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Studies in Modern Capitalism, Cambridge UP, 272 pp. Valentin, Peter. s.d. Tierdarstellungen in der Kunst des Kameruner Graslandes. Van Apeldoorn, G. Jan. 1982. Perspectives on Drought and Famine in Nigeria. George Allen & Unwin, London. Van Campo, M. Palynologie Africaine I IV. 1957. Bull. de lIFAN 19 (A): 659-678. 1958. Bull. de lIFAN 20 (A): 753-760. 1959. Bull. de lIFAN 21 (A): 808-899. (+ Nicolas Halle) 1960. Bull. de lIFAN 22 (A): 1165-1199. Van Campo, M. et R. Coque. 1960. Palynologie et Gomorphologie Dans le Sud Tunisien. Pollen et Spores 2, 275-284. Van Campo, M., M. L. Berthrand, F. Bronckers, B. De Keyser, Ph. Guinet et F. Roland-Heydacker. 1964. Palynologie Africaine VII. Bull. de lIFAN 26 (A): 1037-1070. Van Campo, M., F. Bronckers, et Ph. Guinet. 1965. Palynologie Africaine VII. Bull. de lIFAN 27 (A): 795-842. Vandenbeldt, R.J. et C. Renard, eds. 1993. Faidhervia albida dans les zones tropicales semi-arides dAfrique de lOuest. Comptes rendue dun atelier, 22-26 avril 1991, Niamey, Niger. ICRISAT + ICRAF. 206 pp. Van den Brink, E. 1988. The Archaeology of the Nile Delta. Problems and Priorities. Amsterdam, Netherlands Foundation for Archaeological Research in Egypt. Van der Pijl, L. 1972. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 83

Van der Post, Laurens. 1958. The Lost World of the Kalahari. Morrow, New York. 1980. Dt. Ausgabe: Die verlorene Welt der Kalahari. Heussel Verlag, Berlin, 340 S. 1961. The Heart of the Hunter. London. Van der Post, L. and Jane Taylor. 1985. Testament to the Bushmen. Penguin Books. Van Eijnatten, C. L. M. 1976. Kola. In: Simmonds, Evolution..., 284-285. 1976. Kolanut. In: Ferwerda Wit, Outlines... Van Grunderbeek, M. C. et al. 1982. LAge du Fer Ancien au Rwanda et au Burundi. Archologie et Environnements. In : J. des Africanistes, 52, 1-2. Van Hekken, P. M. and H. V. E. Thoden van Velzen. 1972. Land Scarcity and Rural Inequality in Tanzania. Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden. Van Hinte, J. E. 1966. Proceedings of the Second. West African Micropaleontological Colloquium, Ibadan. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 294 pp. Van Moorsel, P. 1979/1982. New Discoveries in Nubia. Proceedings of the Colloquium on Nubia Studies, the Hague. Egyptologische Uitgaven, II, 129 pp. Van Neer, Wim. 2000. Domestic Animals. From archaeological sites in central and west central Africa. In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 163-190. Van Offelen, Marion, and Carol Beckwith. 1983. Nomads of Niger. African Arts, African Studies Center University of California L. A.; Harry N. Abrams, New York, 224 pp. Van Riet Lowe, C. 1937. Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Northern Rhodesia. In: South African J. Sc. 34, 399-412. 1937. Prehistoric Rock Engravings in the Vaal River Basin. In: Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 24, 253-61. 1944. Prehistoric Rock Engravings in the Krugersdorp Rustenburg Area of the Transvaal. In: South African Journal of Sc. 41, 329- 36. 1955. The Rock Engravings of Driekopseiland. In: Actes du Congrs Panafricain, Paris. Van Steenis, C. G. G. J. 1958. Rejunevation as a Factor for Judging the Status of Vegetation Types. The biological nomad theory. UNESCO: Proc. Symp. Hum. Trop. Res., Kandy, 212-15. Van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1965-1969. Palaeoecology of Africa. 1-5. Cape Town. 1967. Palynology and Stratigraphy in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Bishop-Clark, Background to evolution in Africa, Chicago, 371-374. 1976. Paleoecological Background in Connection With the Origin of Agriculture in Africa. In: Harlan et al., Origins, 43-63. Van Zwanenberg, R. 1973. Nomadic Pastoralism and the Process of Impoverishment. Paper, s. in BA Ogot, Ecology, 183 pp. Vansina, J. A. 1996. A Slow Revolution. Farming in subequatorial Africa. In: Sutton, 15-26. 1962. LEvolution du Royaume Rwanda des Origines 1900. Mmoire de lAcadmie royale des Sciences dOutre-Mer, Brussels. 1968. The Use of Ethnographic Data as Sources for History. In: Ranger, Emerging Themes, 97-124. 1977. Long Distance Trade Routes in Central Africa. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 237-252. Reprint: Journal of African History 111 (1962), no. 3. 1984. Art History in Africa. An introduction to method. 256 pp. 1990. Paths in the Rainforests. Towards a history of political tradition of equatorial Africa. The University of Wisconsin Press. 84

Vansina, J., R. Mauny and L. V. Thomas. 1964. The Historian in Tropical Africa. OUP, London. Vansina, J. T. 1980. Bantu in the Crystall Ball 11. In: History in Africa 7, 293-325. 1984. Western Bantu Expansion. In: Journal of African History 25: 129-45. 1989. Western Bantu Tradition and the Notion of Tradition. In: Paideuma, 35:289-300. Vaufrey, Raymond. 1947. Le Nolithique Para-toumbien. Une civilisation agricole primitive du Soudan. La Revue Scientifique, no. 3, 267, 205-32. 1955. Prhistoire de lAfrique. vol. I : Le Maghreb. 1969. vol. II : Au Nord et lEst de la Grande Fort. Publications de lUniversit de Tunis, Publ. De lInstitut des Hautes Etudes de Tunis. Vavilov, N. I. 1926. Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Plants. Bull. Appl. Bot. and Plant Breeding, 16 (2). Leningrad, 1-243 1951. Phytogenetic Basis of Plant Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Ronald Press, New York. 1992. Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants. Transl. by Doris Lve, Cambridge UP, 496 pp. 1987. in Nauka, UdSSR. Vayda, A. ed. 1969. Environment and Cultural Behaviour. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. Verdier, Raymond. s.d. Le Pays Kabiy (Togo). Cit des dieux, cit des hommes. Karthala, Paris, 242 pp. Vrin, P. 1966. LArchologie Madagascar. Azania 1 : 119-137. 1989. Malgache et Swahili, Culture de Frange et Interfrences. In : Le Swahili et ses limites, ed. by M. F. Rombi, Leuven, 175-8. Vignier, P. 1945. Les Sorghos Grain et Leur Culture au Soudan Franais. Rev. Int. de Botanique Applique et dAgriculture Tropicale 25 : 163-230. Verma, Harish M. and G. E. G. Westermann. 1984. The Ammonoid Fauna of the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian Boundary Beds of Mombasa, Kenya. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 124 pp. Vermeij, G. J. 1987. Evolution and Escalation. An ecological history of life. 504 pp. Vogel, Joseph O. 1969. On Early Evidence of Agriculture in Southern Zambia. Current Anthropology 10, 5: 524. 1970. Early Iron Age Tools From Chundu Farm, Zambia. Azania 5, 173-178. 1993/2001. A Question of Identities. An anthropological enquiry and a historical narrative. In: Shaw/Sinclair, et al., Archaeology, chp. 23: 399-408. Von Wissmann, H. 1888. Im Inneren Afrikas. Erforschung des Kassai, Leipzig. 1890. Meine Zweite Durchquerung quatorialafrikas vom Kongo zum Zambesi Whrend der Jahre 1886 + 1887. Frankfurt a. d. Oder. 1957. Ursprungsherde und Ausbreitungswege von Pflanzen und Tierzucht und ihre Abhngigkeit von der Klimageschichte. In: Erdkunde (Arch. F. Wiss. Geogr.), XI, 2. W Wadley, L. 1976. Radiocarbon Dates from Big Elephant Shelter, Erongo Mountains, South West Africa. In: South African Archaeological Bull. 31, 146 pp. Wagner, P., and M. Mikesell, eds. 1962. Readings in Cultural Geography. Wai-Ogosu, Bassey. 1973. Was There a Sangoan Industry in West Africa? In: West African Journal of Archaeology 3: 191-96.

85

Wainwright, D. 1992. From Forest to Supermarket. Traditional bee-keeping in Zambia. In: Kaal + Velthuis, et al., eds., Traditional bee, 25-38. Wainwright, G. A. 1952. The Coming of the Banana to Uganda. Uganda Journal, vol. 16, 145-7. 1977. Early Records of Iron in Abyssinia. In: ZA + JM Konczacki, Ec. History..., 83-88. Reprint: Man, no. 43, 1942. Waitt, A. W. 1961. The Origin and Distribution of Cultivated Crops in Africa. Yams Dioscorea species. SOAS Conference. 1963. Yams Dioscorea Species. Field Crop Abstracts, 16, 3, 143-57. Walker, B. 1974. An Account of the Vascular Plant Species Occurring on the Main Soil Types at Ukiriguru, Western Tanzania. Tanzania Notes and Records, no. 73, 19-34. Walker, Nicolas John 1980. Later Stone Age Research in the Matopos. In: South African Archaeological Bull. 35 (131), 19-24. 1987. The Dating of Zimbabwean Rock Art. In: Australian Rock Art Research 4 (2), 137-49. 1989. King of Foods. Marula Economics in the Matopos. In: South African Wildlife 43 (6) 281- 5. 1990. Zimbabwe at 18000 BP. In: The world at 18000BP Vol. 2: The Low Latitudes. Gamble, C. & O. Soffer (eds.) London: Unwin Hyman, London 206-13. 1993. Excavations at Gokomere Eastern Cave, Zimbabwe. In: Transactions of the Zimbabwe Sc. Ass. 67, 13-23. 1996. The Painted Hills. Rock art of the Matopos Mambo, Gwern. s.d. The Archaeology of the San. Botswana Notes & Records. Walker, Nicolas John. 1995. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Hunter-Gatherers of the Matopos. An Archaeological study of change and continuity in Zimbabwe. Societas Archaeological Upsalensis, No. 10, Uppsala, 284 pp. Wallace, J. W. 1941. Agriculture in Abakaliki and Afikpo. Farm and Forest (Nigeria). Wallman, Sandra. 1969. Take Out Hunger. Two case studies of rural development in Basutoland. The Athlone Press, London. Walton, J. 1954. South West African Rock Paintings and the Triple Curved Bow. In: South African Archaeological Bull. 9, 131-4. Warnier, J. P. and R. Asombang. 1982. Archaeological Research in the Bamenda Grass field, Cameroun. In: Nyame Akuma, 21, 3-4. Warren, W. M. and Neville Rubin, eds. s.d. Dams in Africa. An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Man-Made Lakes in Africa. Frank Cass, London, xii, 189 pp. Wasylikowa, K., J. R. Harlan, J. Evans, F. Wendorf, R. Schild, A. E. Close, H. Krolik and A. Housley. 1993/2001. Examination of Botanical Remains from Early Neolithic Houses at Nabta Playa, Western Desert, Egypt, with Special Reference to Sorghum Grains. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 9, 154-164. Watson, Andrew. 1983. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. CUP, 270 pp. Watson, Stephen. 2000. Le chat des Bushmen Xam. Karthala, Paris 2000. 112 p (coll. by W.H. Bleck) Watt, A. 1986. Le Semis du Sorgho de Dcrue au Fuuta. Srie: initiation aux technologie populaires initions no. 4, Dakar, Sngal, 62 pp. Wayland, E. J. 1934. Rifts, Rivers, Rains and Early Man in Uganda. Journal of Roy. Anth. Inst. vol. LXIV. 1947. The Study of Past Climates in Tropical Africa. Proceedings of the First Pan-African Congress on Prehistory. 86

Weatherby, John.1977. Rain drums of the Sor. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 317-331. Webster, J. B. ed. 1979. Chronology, Migration and Drought in Interlacustrine Africa. Dalhousie African Studies Series African Publishing Co. A. Division of Holmes & Meier Publishers, New York, 346 pp. Webster, J. B. 1979. Noi! Noi! Famines as an Aid to Interlacustrine Chronology. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 1-37. 1979. The Reign of the Gods. In: J. B. Webster, Chronology, 125-143. Webster, C. C. and P. N. Wilson. 1980. Agriculture in the Tropics. Longmans, London. In the Tropical Agriculture Series. 640 pp. Wehrmann, J. and L. W. Johannes. 1965. Effect of Guie on Soil Conditions and Plant Nutrition. Sols Africains, 10: 129-136. Weinrich, A. K. H. 1975. African Farmers in Rhodesia. OUP. Weis, Hans. 1978. Die Sahara im Licht der Geschichte. In: Sahara 10 000 Jahre zwischen Weide und Wste. Aussstellungskatalog. Museum der Stadt Kln. S. 104-123. Weissleder, Wolfgang, ed. 1978. The Nomadic Alternative. Modes and Models of Interactions in the AfricanAsian Desert and Steppes. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, XVIII, 423 pp. Wendorf, Fred, ed. 1968. The Prehistory of Nubia. Two Volumes. Southern Methodist U.P, Dallas. Wendorf, F. and R. Schild. 1976. Prehistory of the Nile Valley. Academic Press, New York. 1980. Prehistory of the Eastern Sahara. Academic Press, New York. 1984. The Emergence of Food Production in Africa. In: Clark/Brandt, eds., From Hunters to Farmers, 93-101. 1994. Are the Early Holocene Cattle in the Eastern Sahara Domestic or Wild? In: Evolutionary Anthropology, 3, 118-28. Wendorf, F., R. Said and R. Schild. 1970. Egyptian Prehistory. Some new concepts. Science 169: 1161-1171. Wendorf, F., R. Schild and A. E. Close, eds. 1984. Cattle of the Eastern Sahara. The Neolithic of Bir Kiseiba. Southern Methodist U.P, Dallas. Wendt, W. E. 1977. Felsgravierungen im Sdlichen Sdwestafrika. In: SWA Wissenschaftl. Ges. Jour. 32, 7-68. Wenig, Steffen (Hg.). 2000. Studien zum antiken Sudan. Akten der 7. Internationalen Tagung fr meroitische Forschungen von 14. bis 19. Sept. 1992. Wiesbaden XVII. 725 S. Werth, E. 1937. Zur Geographie und Geschichte der Hirsen. Angewandte Botanik 19, 42-88. 1939. Emmer und Gerste aus dem 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. und Andere Vorgeschichtliche Kulturpflanzenfunde. In: Botanische Ges., 57, 453-62. Westermann, Diedrich 1911. Die Sudansprachen. 1927. Die Westlichen Sudansprachen und Ihre Beziehungen zum Bantu. 1941. AFRIKA als europische Aufgabe. Deutscher Verlag, Berlin. 267 S. Westphal, E. O. J. 1963. The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa. In: Africa, 33, 237-65. Wetterstrom, Wilma. 1993/2001. Foraging and Farming in Egypt. The transition from hunting and gathering to horticulture in the Nile valley. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 10: 165-226. Whitaker, Thomas W. and W. P. Bemis. 1976. Cucurbits. Cucumis, Citrullus, Cucurbita, Lagenaria. In : Simmonds, Evolution, 22, 64-69. White, F. 1965. The Savanna Woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domains. Webbia 19 (2), 651-681. 87

White, S. 1944. Agricultural Economy of the Hill Pagans of Dikwa Emirate. Farm and Forest, 5, 130-34. Whitehead, R. A. 1976. Coconut. In: Simmonds, Evolution, 221-5. Whiteman, A. 1982. Nigeria. Its petroleum geology, resources and potential. 2 vol., 300 pp. Whittemore, Claire. 1981. Land for People. Land Tenure and the very poor. Oxfam, Oxford, 56 pp. Wickens, G. E. 1969. A stzdy of Accia albida Del. (Mimosoidrar). In: Kew Bull. 23 (2), 181-202 1975 Changes in the Climatic and Vegetation of the Sudan Since 20000 B.P. Boissiera 24, 43-65. 1980. Alternative Uses of Browse Species. In: Lettourou, ed., Browse in Africa. Addis Ababa. Widstrand, C. 1975. Multinational Firms in Africa. Dakar, 425 pp. Wiesenfeld, Stephen. L. 1967. Sickle Cell Trait in Human Biological and Cultural Evolution. In: Science 157, 1134-1140. 1968. African Agricultural Patterns and the Sickle Cell. Science 160, 1475 pp. Wilcox, Balafama H. R. and C. B. Powell, eds. 1986. Mangrove Ecosystem of the Niger Delta, The. Proceedings of a Workshop. University Port Harcourt Press, 357 pp. Wilemski, Edmund Alojzy. 1979. The Land Question and Peasants in East Africa. The land factor in agricultural production. African development research and projects. 6, Cologne (: Hundt.). II 44 pp. Wilkes, Garrison. 1978. Zea Mays. Book Review of Corn and Corn Improvement. In: Science, vol. 200, 41-2. Willcox, A. R. 1959. Hand Imprints in Rock Paintings. In: South African Journal Sc., 55, 292-8. 1963. Painted Petroglyphs at Balerno in the Limpopo Valley, Transvaal. In: South African J. Sc., 59, 108-10. 1971. Domestic Cattle in Africa and a Rock Art Mystery. In: Schoonraad, ed. 1971. Summary of Dr. Edgar Denningers Reports on the Ages of Paint Samples Taken from Rock Paintings in South and South Western Africa. In: Schoonraad, ed. 1983. The Rock Art of Africa. 320 pp. Willett, Frank 1962. The Introduction of Maize Into West Africa. An assessment of recent evidence. Africa. 1971. A Survey of Recent Results in the Radiocarbon Chronology of Western and Northern Africa. Journal of African History 12, 339-370. Williams, J.H. 1993. La Signification agricologique de Faidherbia. Williams, M. A. J. 1975. Late Pleistocene Tropical Aridity Synchronous in Both Hemispheres? Nature vol. 253, 617-8. Williams, M. A. J., and H. Faure 1980. The Sahara and the Nile. Quaternary environments and prehistoric occupation in northern Africa. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 634 pp. Williamson, Kay 1970. Some Food Plant Names in the Niger Delta. Inernat. J. of Am. Linguistics 36, 156-67. 1993/2001. Linguistic Evidence for the Use of Some Tree and Tuber Food Plants in Southern Nigeria. In: Shaw/Sinclair/Andah/Okpoko, Archaeology, chp. 8: 139-153. 2000. Did Chicken Go West? In: Blench/MacDonald, eds., Origins + dev-t, 368-448. Willimott, S. G. and K. R. M. Anthony. Agricultural Research and Development in the Southwest Sudan. 1957. Part I: The Zaude Scheme. Trop. Agric., XXXIV (4), 239-48. 1958. Part II: The Problem of Soil Fertility. Trop. Agric., XXXV (1), 16-33. Willonghby. Pamela. 1987. Spheroids and Battered Stones in the African Early and Middle Stone Age. BAR International Series 321, Cambridge. Willis, J. B. 1962. Agriculture and Land Use. OUP, London. 88

Willson, M. F. and N. Burley. 1983. Mate Choise in Plants. Monographs in Population Biology, 264 pp. Wilmsen, Edwin N. 1989. Land Filled With Flies. A political economy of the Kalahari. U. of Chicago Press, 402 pp. Wilson, P. N. 1957. Studies of the Browsing and Reproductive Behaviour of the East African Dwarf Goat. In: East African Agric. Journal, XXIII, 2: 138-147. Wilson, R. T. 1984. The Camel. Longmans London. Winkler, Hans A. 1937. Vlker und Vlkerbewegungen im Vorgeschichtlichen Ober-gypten im Licht Neuer Felsbilder. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart.. 1937. Bauern zwischen Wasser und Wste. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart. 1939. The Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt I. London: Egypt Exploration Society. 1939. The Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt II. London: Egypt Exploration Society. Winkler, Sieghard. 1973. Einfhrung in die Pflanzenkologie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, UTB 169, 220 S. Winter, J. C. 1981. Bantu Prehistory in Eastern and Southern Africa. An Evaluation of D. W. Phillipson In: Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika: 3, 251-316. Wipper, A. 1977. Rural Rebels. A study of two protest movements in Kenya. xvi, 363 pp. Wirthmann, A. 1987. Geomorphologie der Tropen. Ertrge der Forschung, XII, 226 S. Wong, Kate. 2005. Frhe Spuren des Menschlichen Geistes. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 38-46. Wood, G. A. R. 1975. Cocoa. Longmans, London. Woodburn, James. 1976. An Introduction to Hadza Ecology. In: R. Lee/I. De Vore, Man the Hunter, 49-55. Woodhouse, H. C. 1990. Dogs in the Rock Art of Southern Africa. In: South African Journal of Ethnology, 13 (3), 117-24. Wrighley, Christopher. 1987. Cattle and Language Between the Lakes. In: Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika, 8, 247-280. Wright, A. C. A. 1949. Maize Names as Indicators of Economic Contacts. Uganda Journal. Wright, H. T. 1993/2001. Trade and Politics on the Eastern Littoral of Africa, AD 800 1300. In: Shaw/Sinclair et al., Archaeology, chp. 40: 658-672. Wright, H. T., and J. A. Rakotoarisoa. 1990. The Archaeology of Complex Societies in Madagascar. Case studies in cultural diversification. In: Sinclair/Rakotoarisoa, eds., Urban Origins in Eastern Africa. Stockholm: Swedish Central Board of National Antiquities, 21-31. Wright, Marcia. 1979. Societies and Economics in Kenya, 1870 1902. In: BA Ogot, Ecology, 179-194. Wrigley, Christopher. 1960. Speculations on the Economic Prehistory of Africa. J. Afr Hist 1, 2: 189-193(203). Wulsin, F. R. 1941. The Prehistoric Archaeology of Northwest Africa. Papers Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeology and Eth., 19.

Y Yarnell, Richard A. 1968. Comment on Origins of African Agriculture by O. Davis, H. Hugot, and D. Seddon. Current Anthropology 9, 5: 502 pp. 89

Yossi, H., B. Kaya et al. 2006. Les haies vives au Sahel. Occasional paper No. 6, World Agroforestry Centre. 53 pp. You, R. 1955. Cynophagie. In: Notes Africaines 66, 40 only. Yudelman, M. 1964. Africans on the Land. Harvard University Press.

Z Zahan, Dominique. 1974. The Bambara. Iconography of Religions, VII, 2. E. J. Brill, Leiden, vii, 32 pp. Zealley, A. E. V. 1910. Notes on Some Rock Paintings Near Bulawayo. In: Proc. Rhod. Sc. Ass., 10, 11-16. Zeitschrift. Bulletin de lInstitut Franais dAfrique Noir.From 1951 on Zeitschrift. Notes Africaines. Von 1942-1984 Dakar. Zeitschrift. 1980. Unasylva. Acta Oecologica. Revue International dEcologie Fondamentale et Applique. Vol. 1. Zeltner, Jean-Claude et Henry Tourneux. s.d. LArabe Dans le Bassin du Tchad. Le parler des Uld Eli. Karthala, Paris, 168 pp. Zeuner, F. E. 1956. Domestication of Animals. In: Scientia, 50: 1-6. 1963. A History of Domesticated Animals. Hutchinson, London. 1963. The History of the Domestication of Cattle. In: Man and Cattle. Royal Anthropological Institute, Occasional Paper No. 18. Zeven, A. C. 1967. The Semi-Wild Oil Palm and its Industry in Africa. Washington. 1972. The Partial and Complex Domestication of the Oil Palm (Elaesis guineensis). In: Econ. Bot., 26: 274-9. Zihlman, Adrienne L. s.d. Women as Shapers of the Human Adaptation. In: Dahlberg, Woman, 75-120. Zohary, Michael. 1982. Plants of the Bible. Cambridge UP, 224 pp. Zvelebil, Marek. s.d. Hunters in Transition. Mesolithic Societies of Temperate Eurasia and their Transition to Farming. New Directions in Archaeology, Cambridge UP, 202 pp.

&&&

Elektronisch erfasst im August 2006 von Anita Bisang, Anitas Bro-Service, 8638 Goldingen

Erweitert vom Autor April 2008

90