Chapter vi.

strength design method: design of two-way slab DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLAB

(aci moment coefficient method) THE ACI CODE SPECIFIES TWO METHODS FOR DESIGNING TWO-WAY SLABS FOR
GRAVITY LOADS.
Analysis and design of two-way slab
L S 1. DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
 If ≥2 , One-way slab <0.50 THE CODE PROVIDES A PROCEDURE WITH WHICH A SET OF MOMENT
S L COEFFICIENTS CAN BE DETERMINED. THE METHOD, IN EFFECT, INVOLVES A
S S SINGLE-CYCLE MOMENT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE BASED
 If <2, Two-way slab ≥ 0.50 ON (A) THE ESTIMATED FLEXURAL STIFFNESSES OF THE SLABS, BEAMS (IF
L L ANY), AND COLUMNS AND (B) THE TORSIONAL STIFFNESSES OF THE SLABS
Where: AND BEAMS (IF ANY) TRANSVERSE TO THE DIRECTION IN WHICH FLEXURAL
L = longer span length (Lb) MOMENTS ARE BEING DETERMINED. SOME TYPES OF MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
S = shorter span length (La) HAVE BEEN USED SATISFACTORILY FOR MANY YEARS FOR SLAB DESIGN. THEY
DO NOT, HOWEVER, GIVE VERY SATISFACTORY RESULTS FOR SLABS WITH
UNSYMMETRICAL DIMENSIONS AND LOADING PATTERNS.

2. EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD

IN THIS METHOD, A PORTION OF A STRUCTURE IS TAKEN OUT BY ITSELF AND
ANALYZED MUCH AS A PORTION OF A BUILDING FRAME. THE SAME STIFFNESS
VALUES USED FOR THE DIRECT DESIGN METHOD ARE USED FOR THE
EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD. THIS LATTER METHOD, WHICH IS VERY
SATISFACTORY FOR SYMMETRICAL FRAMES AS WELL AS FOR THOSE WITH
UNUSUAL DIMENSIONS OR LOADINGS.

3. ACI MOMENT COEFFICIENT METHOD

THE COEFFICIENT METHOD IS A QUICK HAND-METHOD OF CALCULATING THE
MOMENTS IN TWO-WAY SLABS SUPPORTED BY EDGE BEAMS. THE COEFFICIENT
METHOD WAS FIRST INCLUDED IN THE 1963 EDITION OF THE ACI CODE AS A
METHOD TO DESIGN TWO-WAY SLABS SUPPORTED ON ALL FOUR SIDES BY
WALLS, STEEL BEAMS, OR DEEP BEAMS. THE COEFFICIENT METHOD IS NOT
INCLUDED IN CURRENT VERSIONS OF THE ACI CODE 318, BUT IT CAN STILL BE
USED FOR TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS WITH EDGE BEAMS.
 12.2.3 MINIMUM FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN NON-PRESTRESSED TWO-WAY SLABS
(NSCP 2015 SECTION 408.6.1)
 408.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement, Asmin shall be provided near the tension
face in the direction of the span under consideration in accordance with Table 408.6.1.1.

12.2.4 FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT SPACING (NSCP 2015 SECTION 408.7.2)

 408.7.2.2 For non-prestressed solid slabs, maximum spacing s of deformed longitudinal
reinforcement shall be the lesser of 2h and 450mm at critical sections, and the lesser of 3h and
450mm at other sections

12.3 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD (NSCP 2015 SECTION 408.10)

NSCP 2015 Section 408.10 provides a procedure with which a set of moment coefficients can be
determined. The method, in effect, involves a single-cycle moment distribution analysis of the structure
based on
12.2.2 MINIMUM SLAB THICKNESS A. (NSCP 2015 SECTION
The estimated flexural408.3.1)
stiffnesses of the slabs, beams (if any), and columns and;
 408.3.1.2 For non-prestressed
B. slabs
The with beams
torsional spanning of
stiffnesses between supports
the slabs on all sides,
and beams overall
(if any) transverse to the direction in
slab thickness h shall satisfy the limits in Table 408.3.1.2, unless the
which flexural moments are being determined. calculated deflection
limits of Section 408.3.2 are satisfied.
o 408.10.1.1 Two-way slabs satisfying the limits in Section 408.10.2 shall be
permitted to be designed in accordance with this section
12.3.1 LIMITATIONS FOR Ib =USE
moment of inertiaDESIGN
OF DIRECT about centroidal
METHOD axis(SECTION
of gross section of beams as defined in Section 408.4.1.8
408.10.2)
 408.10.2.1 ThereIs =shall
moment
be atofleast
inertia about
three centroidal
continuous spansaxisinofeach
gross section of slab
direction
 408.10.2.2 Successive span lengths measured center-to-center of supports in each direction
shall not differNSCP
by more2015
thanSection 408.4.1.8
one-third states
the longer that for monolithic or fully-composite construction supporting two-
span.
 wayshall
408.10.2.3 Panels slabs,
bearectangular,
beam includeswiththat
the aratio
portion of slab,
of longer on eachpanel
to shorter side of the beam extending a distance equal to
dimensions,
the projection
measured center-to-center of the beam
of supports, not above or below
to exceed 2. the slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than four times
 the slab
408.10.2.4 Column thickness.
offsets shall not exceed 10 percent of the span in direction of offset from
either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
 408.10.2.5 All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
 408.10.2.6 Unfactored live load shall not exceed two times the unfactored dead load.
 408.10.2.7 For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, Eq. 408.10.2.7a shall be
satisfied for beams in the two perpendicular directions.

12.3.2 TOTAL FACTORED STATIC MOMENT FOR A SPAN (SECTION 408.10.3)

 408.10.3.1 Total factored static moment, M o, for a span shall be calculated for a strip bounded
laterally by the panel centerline on each side of the centerline of supports.
 408.10.3.2 The absolute sum of positive and average negative M u, in each direction shall be at
least:

where:
L1 = length of span in direction that moments are being determined, measured center- to-center of supports
L2 = length of span transverse to L1, measured center-to-center of supports

Ecb= modulus of elasticity of concrete 408.10.3.2.1
beam In Eq. 408.10.3.2, Ln is the clear span length in the direction that moments are
considered, shall extend from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets, or walls, and shall be
Ecs modulus of elasticity of concrete slab
at least 0.65L1
 408.10.3.2.2 In Eq. 408.10.3.2, if the transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline
of supports varies, L2 shall be taken as the average of adjacent
 transverse spans.  408.10.4.6 Edge beams or edges of slabs shall be
 designed
408.10.3.2.3 In Eq. 408.10.3.2, to resist
if the span in torsion and
adjacent theirparallel
share oftoexterior negative
a slab edge Mu
is being
considered, the distance from edge to panel centerline shall be substituted for l 2
12.3.4 FACTORED MOMENTS IN COLUMN STRIPS (SECTION 408.10.5)
12.3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF 408.10.5.1
TOTAL The column strip
FACTORED STATICshallMOMENT
resist the portion
(SECTION of interior negative M u, in accordance with Table
408.10.4)
 408.10.5.1.
408.10.4.1 In an interior span, Mo, shall be distributed as follows: 0.65Mo, to negative
moment and 0.35Mo, to positive moment.
 408.10.4.2 In an end span, Mo, shall be distributed in accordance with Table 408.10.4.2.

 408.10.5.2 The column strip shall resist the portion of exterior negative M, in accordance
with Table 408.10.5.2.

 408.10.4.3 Modification of negative and positive factored moments by up to 10 percent

shall be permitted if the total factored static moment for a panel, M o, in the direction
considered is at least that calculated by Eq. 408.10.3.2. Moment redistribution in
accordance with Section 406.6.6.5 is not permitted.
 408.10.4.4 Critical section for negative M u, shall be at the face of the rectangular
supports.
 408.10.4.5 Negative Mu, shall be the greater of the two interior negative M u, calculated
for spans framing into a common support unless an analysis is made to distribute the
unbalanced moment in accordance with stiffnesses of adjoining elements.
where:  408.10.5.6 For slabs with beams between supports, the slab portion of column strips shall resist
column
B = ratio of the torsional stiffness of an edge strip
beammoments
section tonot
theresisted
flexuralbystiffness
beams. of a width of slab equal
12.3.5
to the span length of the beam FACTORED
measured center MOMENTS IN BEAMS (SECTION 408.10.5.7)
to center of supports.
 rectangle
X = length of the short side of each 408.10.5.7.1 Beams between supports shall resist the portion of column strip My in accordance
y = length of the long side of each rectangle Lh3408.10.5.7.1.
with Table
Is = LH3/12

12.3.6 FACTORED MOMENTS IN MIDDLE STRIPS (SECTION 408.10.6)

 408.10.6.1 That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by column
strips shall be proportionately assigned to corresponding half middle strips.
 408.10.6.2 Each middle strip shall resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two half
 middle strips.
408.10.5.3 For T or L-sections, it shall be permitted to calculate the constant C in Eq.

(408.10.5.2b) by dividing 408.10.6.3
the section,Aasmiddle
given strip adjacent into
in 408.4.1.8, and parallel
separatetorectangular
a wall supported edge shall resist twice the
parts and
moment
summing the values of C for each part.assigned to the half middle strip corresponding to the first row of interior supports.
 12.3.7
408.10.5.4 If the width FACTORED
of the column SHEAR
or wallINis SLAB
at leastSYSTEMS WITH M
(3/4) l 2, negative BEAMS (SECTION 408.10.8)
u, shall be uniformly
distributed across L2. 408.10.8.1 Beams between supports shall resist the portion of shear in accordance with Table
 408.10.5.5 The column strip 408.10.8.1 caused
shall resist the by factored
portion loads on M
of positive tributary areas in accordance
, in accordance with Tablewith Figure 408.10.8.1.
u
408.10.5.5.
ACI Moment Coefficient Method

The Coefficient Method is a quick hand-method of calculating the moments in two-way slabs supported
by edge beams. The Coefficient Method was first included in the 1963 edition of the ACI Code as a
method to design two-way slabs supported on all four sides by walls, steel beams, or deep beams. The
Coefficient Method is not included in current versions of the ACI Code 318, but it can still be used for
two-way slab systems with edge beams.
The Coefficient Method makes use of tables of moment coefficients for a variety of slab edge conditions.
The coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also include considerations for inelastic moment
redistribution. The moments in the middle strips are calculated using formula (1) and (2).

where:
Ca = moment coefficient from table
Cb= moment coefficient from table
W = uniform load
La = clear span length in short direction
lb = clear span length in long direction
The panel must be divided into middle strips and edge strips in both the short and long direction. The Table 1 gives the moment coefficients for Negative Moments at Continuous Edges. The coefficient you
width of the middle strip in each direction is equal to 1 ⁄2 the clear span length. The 2 edge strips are then 4 use depends on the ratio of la/lb, and the edge conditions of the panel in question. The maximum negative
the width of the clear span length. edge moment occurs when both panels adjacent to an edge are fully loaded; therefore, the negative
moment is computed for full Dead and Live load. Negative moments at discontinuous (free) edges are
assumed to be 1/3 of the positive moment in the same direction.

Table 2 gives the moment coefficients for Positive Moment due to Dead Load. Again, the coefficient used
depends on the ratio of short span to long span as well as the edge conditions.

Table 3 gives the moment coefficient for Positive Moment due to Live Load. This table is used in the
same manner as Table 2. The reason for the separation of Dead and Live load positive moments is due to
Live load placement to achieve maximum effect. For live load, the maximum positive moment in the
panel occurs when the full live load is on the panel and not on any adjacent panel. This produces rotations
at all continuous edges of the panel which require restraining moments. Dead load across all the panels
creates rotations that cancel each other out (or closely enough).

Table 4 provides the coefficients for determining shear in the slab and loads on edge beams.

As expected in two-way slabs, the moments in both directions are larger in the center portion of the slab
than the edges. Therefore, the middle strip must be designed for the maximum tabulated moment. In the
edge strips, the strips must be designed for 1/3 of the maximum value of the calculated moment.

The ACI Coefficient Tables are designed to give you appropriate coefficients based on the edge conditions
of the slab. To give you an idea of different edge conditions, see the floor plan below:

The numbers correspond to the edge conditions in the following tables:

Case 4: 2 edges continuous, 2 edges discontinuous

Case 8: 3 edges continuous, 1 edge discontinuous

Case 2: 4 edges continuous

At continuous edges, moments are negative similar to continuous beams

at interior supports.
Minimum slab thickness for two-way slabs 408.10.2.7 For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, Eq. 408.10.2.7a shall be satisfied for
beams in the two perpendicular directions.

where:
L1 = length of span in direction that moments are being determined, measured center- to-center of supports
L2 = length of span transverse to L1, measured center-to-center of supports
Ecb= modulus of elasticity of concrete beam
Ecs modulus of elasticity of concrete slab
Ib = moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of beams as defined in Section 408.4.1.8
Is = moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of slab

NSCP 2015 Section 408.4.1.8 states that for monolithic or fully-composite construction supporting two-
way slabs, a beam includes that a portion of slab, on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to
the projection of the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than four times
the slab thickness.

408.3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness

408.3.1.1 For non-prestressed slabs without interior beams spanning between supports on all sides, having
a maximum ratio of long-to-short span of 2, overall slab thickness h shall not be less than the limits in
Table 408.3.1.1, and shall be at least the value in (a) or (b), unless the calculated deflection limits of
Section 408.3.2 are satisfied:
a. Slabs without drop panels as given in Section 408.2.4
125 mm.
b. Slabs drop panels as given in Section 408.2.4
100 mm.
PROBLEM 12.1: Solution:
A conventional floor framing plan of a commercial building is shown in the figure has been assumed to
have a slab thickness of 175mm. Use fy = 414 MPa and f’c = 21 MPa. Assume Ec, be the same for slab,
beam, and column. Check the NSCP equation to determine if the slab thickness is satisfactory for Panel A,
B & C.

PANEL A
 For Interior Beam B1:
From NSCP 2015 Section 428.4.1.8:
x is the smaller of:
(a) x = hb - h = 550 – 175 = 375mm → use
(b) x = 4h = 4(175) = 700mm
Effective Flange Projection of beam = 2x + bw
= 2(375) +250
= 1000mm
 For Edge Beam B1:
Effective Flange Projection of beam = x + bw
= 375 + 250
= 625mm
 For Interior Beam B2:
From NSCP 2015 Section 428.4.1.8:
x is the smaller of:
(a) x = h – h = 550 – 175 = 375mm → use
(b) x=4h=4(175) = 700mm
Effective Flange Projection of beam = 2x+bw = 2(375) + 300 = 1050mm
For Edge Beam B2:
Effective Flange Projection of beam = x + b = 375+ 300 = 675mm
 (b) x = 4h = 4(175) = 700mm
Effective Flange Projection of beam = 2x + bw
= 2(375) + 300
= 1050mm
 For Edge Beam B2:
Effective Flange Projection of beam = x + bw
= 375 + 300
= 675mm
 (a ¿ ¿ f 1+a f 2 +a f 3 +a f 4 )
AVERAGE afm= ¿
4
3.569+3.722+2.167+2.262
AVERAGE afm= =2.930> 2.0
4
Determine the slab thickness as per nscp 2015 table 408.3.1.2
hmin is greater of (a) and (b):

(a) Hmin =

(b) Hmin = 90mm

Thus, hmin = 161.548 < 175mm preliminary slab thickness is ok!

Therefore, use 175mm thick slab at panel A.
PANEL b
 For Interior Beam B1:
From NSCP 2015 Section 428.4.1.8:
x is the smaller of:
(a) x = hb - h = 550 – 175 = 375mm → use
(b) x = 4h = 4(175) = 700mm
Effective Flange Projection of beam = 2x + bw
= 2(375) +250
= 1000mm
 For Edge Beam B1:
Effective Flange Projection of beam = x + bw
= 375 + 250
= 625mm
 For Interior Beam B2:
Effective Flange Projection of beam = 2x + bw
= 2(375) + 300
= 1050mm
 (a ¿ ¿ f 1+a f 2 +a f 3 +a f 4 )
AVERAGE afm= ¿
4
2.167+3.722+2.167+ 2.262
AVERAGE afm= =2.580>2.0
4
Determine the slab thickness as per nscp 2015 table 408.3.1.2
hmin is greater of (a) and (b):

(a) Hmin =

(b) Hmin = 90mm

Thus, hmin = 165.126 < 175mm preliminary slab thickness is ok!

Therefore, use 175mm thick slab at panel B.
PANEL c
 For Interior Beam B1:
From NSCP 2015 Section 428.4.1.8:
x is the smaller of:
(a) x = hb - h = 550 – 175 = 375mm → use
(b) x = 4h = 4(175) = 700mm
Effective Flange Projection of beam = 2x + bw
= 2(375) +250
= 1000mm
 For Interior Beam B2:
Effective Flange Projection of beam = 2x + bw
= 2(375) + 300
= 1050mm
 (a ¿ ¿ f 1+a f 2 +a f 3 +a f 4 )
AVERAGE afm= ¿
4
2.167+2.262+2.167+ 2.262
AVERAGE afm= =2.215>2.0
4
Determine the slab thickness as per nscp 2015 table 408.3.1.2
hmin is greater of (a) and (b):

(c) Hmin =

(d) Hmin = 90mm

Thus, hmin = 166.445 < 175mm preliminary slab thickness is ok!

Therefore, use 175mm thick slab at panel c.
Steps In designing two-way slab 3. Design Loads
(Moment coefficient method) Wud = 1.2wd
wd = wslab + Wceil + Wfin + etc.
1. Classify if one-way or two-way slab WUL = 1.6wL
 If S/L < 0.50, One-way Slab WU = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
 If S/L >= 0.50, two-way Slab 4. MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
2. Assume thickness of slab  ALONG SHORT SPAN
Old code: o CONTINOUS EDGE
hmin = perimeter/180 cA = ____________
= 2(S + L)/180 o MIDSPAN
Latest code: cADL = __________
Table 408.3.1.2 cALL = __________
 ALONG LONG SPAN
o CONTINOUS EDGE
CB = ____________
o MIDSPAN
CBDL = __________
CBLL = __________
5. DESIGN MOMENTS
 ALONG SHORT SPAN
o CONTINOUS EDGE
MU1 = cAwULA2
o MIDSPAN
MU = Cadlwudla2 + Callwulla2
o Discontinuous edge
mu = 1/3mumidspan
 ALONG LONG SPAN
o CONTINOUS EDGE
Mu = cbwULb2
o MIDSPAN
MU = Cbdlwudlb2 + Cbllwullb 2
o Discontinuous edge
Where:
Afm = average of all af mu = 1/3mumidspan
Ln = clear span in the long direction
B = ratio of clear span in long to short direction
= L/S clear spans
Af = EcbIb/EcsIs
6. design of reinforcements Problem:
For the conventional floor framing system as shown, determine the reinforcements of slab panel A to carry
a uniform live load of 4.80 KPa. f c’ = 21 MPa & f y = 414 MPa. Use Moment Coefficients Method for
Two-way Slab & NSCP 2015 minimum Code Provisions. Try an initial slab thickness of 175mm.

Ds = h – cc –/2
Dl = h – cc – 1.5Øb
 If ρ min < ρ< ρ max
= Ds - Øb
OK
Dave = (Ds + Dl)/2
 If ρ< ρmin
Note: Use ρ=ρ min
For short span,
 If ρ> ρ max
D = ds
For long span Increase the thickness
D = dl
As= ρbd
1
ρ= 1− 1−
m ( √2 m Rn
fy ) Spacing

S = A0 / As (1000)
Mu
Rn =
∅ b d2 Maximum spacing

b=1000 mm Smax = 2h or 450mm

∅ =0.90( ASSUME) (for critical section)

7. details Smax = 3h or 450mm

(for other sections)

Minimum spacing

Smin = clear spacing + Øb

Clear spacing

Cs1 = 25mm

Cs2 = Øb

Cs3 = (4/3)dagg
Solution:
(Moment coefficient method)

1. Classify if one-way or two-way slab

M = S/L = La/Lb
= (6 – 250/1000) / (7.20 – 300/1000)
= 5.75/6.90
= 0.833 > 0.50
Two-way slab
2. Assume thickness of slab
Try 175 mm
 3. Design Loads
Wd = wslab Considering 1 meter strip
= γ c (h)
= 24(0.175) WUd = 5.040kn/m
= 4.20kpa WUl = 7.68kn/m
WUd = 1.2wD WU = 12.720kn/m
= 1.2(4.20)
= 5.040kpA
wl = 4.80kpa
WUl = 1.60wl
= 1.60(4.80)
= 7.68kpa
WU = 5.040 + 7.68
= 12.720kpa
4. MOMENT COEFFICIENTS
 ALONG SHORT SPAN
o CONTINOUS EDGE
cA = ____________
o MIDSPAN
cADL = __________
cALL = __________
 ALONG LONG SPAN
o CONTINOUS EDGE
CB = ____________
o MIDSPAN
CBDL = __________
CBLL = __________

(a ¿ ¿ f 1+a f 2 +a f 3 +a f 4 )
AVERAGE afm= ¿
4
3.569+3.722+2.167+2.262
AVERAGE afm= =2.930> 2.0
4
Determine the slab thickness as per nscp 2015 table 408.3.1.2
hmin is greater of (a) and (b):

(a) Hmin =

(b) Hmin = 90mm

Thus, hmin = 161.548 < 175mm preliminary slab thickness is ok!

Therefore, use 175mm thick slab at panel A.
5. design moments
Ds = h – cc –/2
= 175 – 20 – 12/2
= 149mm
Dl = h – cc – 1.5Øb
= Ds - Øb
= 149 – 12
= 137mm
Dave = (Ds + Dl)/2
= (149 + 137)/2
= 143mm
 ALONG SHORT SPAN (d = ds, L = la)
o CONTINOUS EDGE
MU1 = cAwULA2
MU1 = 0.68(12.720) (5.75)2
MU1 = 28.598kn-m
o MIDSPAN
MU = Cadlwudla2 + Callwulla2
MU = 0.037(5.040) (5.75)2 + 0.045(7.680) (5.75)2
MU = 17.592kn-m
o Discontinuous edge
mu = 1/3mumidspan
mu = 1/3(17.592)
mu = 5.864kn-m

 ALONG LONG SPAN (d = dl, L = lb)

o CONTINOUS EDGE
Mu = cbwULb2
Mu = 0.032(12.720) (6.90)2
Mu = 19.379kn-m
o midspan 6. design of reinforcements
MU = Cbdlwudlb2 + Cbllwullb 2 For short span,
 Continuous edge
MU = 0.018(5.04) (6.90)2 + 0.022(7.68) (6.90)2
mu = 28.598kn-m
MU = 12.363kn-m d = ds = 149mm
o Discontinuous edge b = 1000mm
mu = 1/3mumidspan
mu = 1/3(12.363)
mu = 4.121kn-m ρ=
m
1
( √
1− 1−
2 m Rn
fy )
fy
m=
0.85 f c'
414
¿
0.85(21)
¿ 23.193
Mu
Rn =
∅ b d2
6
28.598 x 10
¿ 2
0.90 ( 1000 ) (149 )
¿ 1.431 MPa
Subst.

ρ=
1
23.193 ( √
1− 1−
2(23.193)( 1.431)
414 )
¿ 0.00361
√ f ' 1.4
ρmin = c ≥
4fy fy
¿ √
21 1.4
≥
4 (414) 414
¿ 0.00277 ≥ 0.00338
ρmin =0.00338
3 β1
ρmax =
7m
3(0.85)
¿
7(23.193)
¿ 0.01571
Since ρ min < ρ< ρ max
OK, use ρ=0.00361

As= ρbd
¿ 0.00361 ( 1000 ) ( 149 )
Use 12mm Øb rebars Smin = 25.40 + 12

Smin = 37.40mm
Ao
S= (1000)
As Since Smin < S < Smax

π 2
Provide 12mm Øb rebar spaced @ 210mm o.c.
( ( 12 ) )
S= 4
(1000 )
537.890
S = 210.261mm

Say s = 210mm

Minimum As:

Asmin = 0.0020Ag

= 0.0020(175) (1000)

= 350mm2 < As ok

Maximum spacing

Smax = 2h or 450mm

(for critical section)

Smax = 2(175) or 450mm

Smax = 350mm or 450mm

Smax = 350mm

Minimum spacing

Smin = clear spacing + Øb

7. details
Clear spacing

Cs1 = 25mm

Cs2 = Øb = 12mm

Cs3 = (4/3)dagg = (4/3)(3/4’’) = 1’’ = 25.40mm

Cs = 25.40mm