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GCSE
CHEMISTRY
Higher Tier Paper 2
H
Wednesday 13 June 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 45 mins
Materials
For this paper you must have:
• a ruler For Examiner’s Use
• a scientific calculator Question Mark
• the periodic table (enclosed). 1
2
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
5
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked. 6
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 7
8

Information 9
• There are 100 marks available on this paper. 10
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. TOTAL
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.

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0 1 This question is about chemicals in fireworks. outside the
box

Coloured flames are produced because of the metal ions present in fireworks.

0 1 . 1 What colour flame would sodium ions produce?

[1 mark]

0 1 . 2 Name a metal ion that would produce a green flame.

[1 mark]

0 1 . 3 Some fireworks contain a mixture of metal ions.

Why is it difficult to identify the metal ions from the colour of the flame?
[1 mark]

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0 1 . 4 Flame emission spectroscopy is used to identify metal ions in a firework. box

Figure 1 shows:
• the flame emission spectra of five individual metal ions
• a flame emission spectrum for a mixture of two metal ions.

Figure 1

Which two metal ions are in the mixture?

[2 marks]
Tick two boxes.

Ca2+

Cu2+

K+

Li +

Na+

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The compounds in fireworks also contain non-metal ions.

A scientist tests a solution of the chemicals used in a firework.

0 1 . 5 Silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid are added to the solution.

A cream precipitate forms.

Which ion is shown to be present by the cream precipitate?

[1 mark]

0 1 . 6 Describe a test to show the presence of sulfate ions in the solution.

Give the result of the test if there are sulfate ions in the solution.
[3 marks]

Test

Result

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0 2 Methylated spirit is a useful product made from a mixture of substances. box

Table 1 shows the mass of the substances in a sample of methylated spirit.

Table 1

Substance Mass in grams

Ethanol 265.5
Methanol 23.3
Pyridine 3.0
Methyl violet 1.5

0 2 . 1 What name is given to a useful product such as methylated spirit?

[1 mark]

0 2 . 2 Calculate the percentage by mass of methanol in methylated spirit.

Use Table 1.
[2 marks]

Percentage = %

Question 2 continues on the next page

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Methylated spirit contains ethanol and is available cheaply. box

Methylated spirit also contains:

• pyridine which has a very unpleasant smell
• methyl violet which makes the mixture purple.

0 2 . 3 Suggest why pyridine and methyl violet are added to ethanol to make
methylated spirit.
[1 mark]

0 2 . 4 Suggest one use of methylated spirit.

[1 mark]

0 2 . 5 Describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution.

Give the name of this process.

[3 marks]

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0 2 . 6 Figure 2 shows part of the displayed formula for ethanol. box

Complete Figure 2.
[1 mark]

Figure 2

0 2 . 7 Name the gas produced when sodium is added to ethanol.

[1 mark]

0 2 . 8 Methanol is used to produce methanoic acid.

What type of substance reacts with methanol to produce methanoic acid?

[1 mark]

11

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0 3 This question is about gases. box

Figure 3 shows how nitrogen is used in the Haber Process to produce ammonia.

Figure 3

0 3 . 1 Gas X in Figure 3 is obtained from methane.

Name gas X.
[1 mark]

0 3 . 2 Give the approximate temperature and pressure used in the reactor.

[2 marks]

Temperature

Pressure

0 3 . 3 The mixture of gases from the reactor cools in the condenser.

Suggest why ammonia condenses but the other gases do not.

[1 mark]

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The Earth’s early atmosphere was different to Earth’s atmosphere today. box

Scientists think that the Earth’s early atmosphere was like the atmosphere found on
Venus today.

Table 2 shows the amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmospheres of
Venus and Earth today.

Table 2

Percentage (%) in Venus’ Percentage (%) in Earth’s

Gas
atmosphere today atmosphere today
Carbon dioxide 96.50 0.04
Oxygen 0.00 20.95

0 3 . 4 The percentages of carbon dioxide and oxygen have changed from Earth’s early
atmosphere to Earth’s atmosphere today.

Explain the processes that led to these changes.

[6 marks]

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0 3 . 5 Why are scientists not certain about the percentage of each gas in the Earth’s box

early atmosphere?
[1 mark]

11
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0 4 A student investigated the colours in three different flowers, A, B and C. box

The colours are soluble in ethanol but are insoluble in water.

This is the method used.

1. Crush flower A.
2. Add ethanol to flower A.
3. Filter the mixture.
4. Put spots of the coloured filtrate on to the chromatography paper.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 with flowers B and C.

Figure 4 shows the apparatus used.

Figure 4

0 4 . 1 The student made two mistakes in setting up the apparatus.

Give one problem caused by each mistake.

[4 marks]

Mistake 1

Problem caused

Mistake 2

Problem caused

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0 4 . 2 Another student set up the apparatus correctly. box

Figure 5 represents the student’s results.

Figure 5

Give two conclusions you can make from Figure 5.

[2 marks]

0 4 . 3 Colour A has an Rf value of 0.65

Colour A moves 3.2 cm

Calculate the distance moved by the solvent.

[2 marks]

Distance moved by solvent = cm

8
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0 5 Sodium thiosulfate solution reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. box

The solution becomes cloudy as the reaction takes place.

0 5 . 1 The equation for the reaction is:

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) + S(s)

Explain why the solution becomes cloudy.

[2 marks]

0 5 . 2 Plan an investigation to show how the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution
affects the rate of the reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid.

Your plan should give valid results.

[6 marks]

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0 6 This question is about polymers. box

0 6 . 1 Polyesters are produced when monomers join together and lose a small molecule.

Name the small molecule lost.

[1 mark]

0 6 . 2 Poly(propene) is produced from propene.

Complete the structure of poly(propene) in the equation.

[3 marks]

0 6 . 3 Carpets are made from:

• poly(propene)
• wool
• a mixture of poly(propene) and wool.

Poly(propene) wears out more slowly than wool.

A mixture of poly(propene) and wool to make carpets is more sustainable than using
just poly(propene) or just wool.

Suggest why.
[2 marks]

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Polymer fibres are used to make firefighter uniforms. box

Table 3 shows some properties of two polymer fibres.

Table 3

Polymer fibres

Property Poly(propene) Polyester

Density in g/cm3 0.90 1.38

Melting point in °C 165 260

Flame resistance Poor Good

Water absorption Low High

0 6 . 4 Evaluate the suitability of poly(propene) and polyester for firefighter uniforms.

[4 marks]

10

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0 7 Older cars are tested each year to measure the amount of pollutants contained in box

exhaust fumes.

Table 4 shows the maximum allowed percentages of exhaust pollutants for

petrol cars.

Table 4

Maximum allowed percentage (%) of

Age of car exhaust pollutant
in years Carbon Unburned
monoxide hydrocarbons

16–24 0.30 0.02

3–16 0.20 0.02

0 7 . 1 Explain how carbon monoxide is produced when petrol is burned in car engines.
[2 marks]

0 7 . 2 Suggest two reasons why the maximum allowed percentage of carbon monoxide has
been decreased for newer cars.
[2 marks]

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0 7 . 3 Give one reason for having a maximum allowed percentage of unburned box

hydrocarbons in exhaust fumes.

[1 mark]

Oxides of nitrogen are also pollutants contained in exhaust fumes.

0 7 . 4 Describe how oxides of nitrogen are produced when petrol is burned in car engines.
[2 marks]

Catalytic converters are fitted to car exhausts to reduce the amount of pollutants
released into the atmosphere.

0 7 . 5 Nitrogen dioxide is an oxide of nitrogen.

Nitrogen dioxide reacts to produce nitrogen and oxygen in catalytic converters.

Complete the equation for this reaction.

The equation should be balanced.

[2 marks]

NO2 (g) → + O2 (g)

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0 7 . 6 Give two effects of atmospheric pollution which are reduced by using box

catalytic converters.
[2 marks]

0 7 . 7 The catalyst in catalytic converters is a mixture of three elements.

Where in the periodic table are these elements most likely to be found?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Alkali metals

Halogens

Noble gases

Transition metals

12

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0 8 A student investigated how temperature affects the rate of reaction between box

magnesium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.

This is the method used.

1. Heat hydrochloric acid to 30 ºC in a conical flask.

2. Add magnesium carbonate powder to the conical flask.

3. Measure the loss in mass of the flask and contents every 20 seconds for
140 seconds.

4. Repeat steps 1-3 with hydrochloric acid heated to 50 ºC

0 8 . 1 Explain why the contents of the conical flask lose mass.

[2 marks]

0 8 . 2 Table 5 shows the student’s results for hydrochloric acid at 30 ºC

Table 5

Time in seconds Loss of mass in grams

0 0.00

20 0.26

40 0.48

60 0.67

80 0.82

100 0.91

120 0.96

140 0.99

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Plot the data from Table 5 on Figure 6. box

Draw a line of best fit.

[3 marks]

Figure 6

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Figure 7 shows the student’s results for hydrochloric acid at 50 ºC box

Figure 7

0 8 . 3 Determine the rate of reaction at 50 °C when the loss of mass is 0.95 g

Show your working on Figure 7.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

[4 marks]

Rate of reaction = g/s 9

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0 9 This question is about methanol. box

0 9 . 1 Methanol is broken down in the body during digestion.

What type of substance acts as a catalyst in this process?

[1 mark]
Tick one box.

Amino acid

Enzyme

Ester

Nucleotide

In industry, methanol is produced by reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen.

The equation for the reaction is:

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

0 9 . 2 How many moles of carbon monoxide react completely with 4.0 × 103 moles
of hydrogen?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.

1.0 × 103 moles

2.0 × 103 moles

4.0 × 103 moles

8.0 × 103 moles

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0 9 . 3 The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 250 ºC and a pressure of box

100 atmospheres.

The forward reaction is exothermic.

Explain what happens to the yield of methanol if a temperature higher than 250 ºC
is used.
[2 marks]

0 9 . 4 A pressure of 100 atmospheres is used instead of atmospheric pressure.

The higher pressure gives a greater yield of methanol and an increased rate of
reaction.

Explain why.
[4 marks]

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A catalyst is used in the reaction to produce methanol from carbon monoxide box

and hydrogen.

0 9 . 5 Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

[2 marks]

0 9 . 6 Suggest why a catalyst is used in this industrial process.

Do not give answers in terms of increasing the rate of reaction.

[1 mark]

0 9 . 7 Suggest the effect of using the catalyst on the equilibrium yield of methanol.
[1 mark]

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1 0 Disposable cups are made from coated paper or poly(styrene). box

Table 6 shows information on the life cycle assessments (LCAs) of disposable cups.

Table 6

Coated paper cups Poly(styrene) cups

Raw materials Wood Crude oil

Mass of 1 cup in g 8.3 1.9

Energy to produce 1 cup in kJ 550 200

Energy released when 1 cup

166 76
is burned in kJ

Biodegradable Yes No

Recyclable No Yes

1 0 . 1 Evaluate the use of coated paper compared with poly(styrene) to make

disposable cups.

Use Table 6 and your knowledge and understanding of LCAs.

[6 marks]

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1 0 . 2 Calculate the energy needed to produce 1.00 kg of coated paper cups.

Use Table 6.

Give your answer in standard form.

[2 marks]

Energy = kJ

1 0 . 3 Melamine is a polymer used to make non-disposable cups.

Melamine does not melt when it is heated.

Explain why.
[2 marks]

10
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