Good morning from Dr.

Baya 1
SESSION 3_ L.O
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SOLUTIONS
Part of all our lives

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 ‫عشان نبقي علي نور من البداية‬

+ Translation + Interaction + Trust 3

▪ Advanced physical chemistry → L.O 4,5

▪ Acids and bases → L.O 3, 7

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 Concepts ‣the different ions percentage which
the human body need them daily
‣solutions and aqueous ‣resins
solutions ‣EDTA( including ion exchange)
‣solubilities of salts (
temperature impact ) ‣electrodyalsis
‣solubilities curves ‣simple distillation
‣ppm ‣filtration
‣molarity ‣adsorption
‣molality ‣sedimentation / alum
‣normality ‣biological treatment
‣mole fraction ‣oxygenation
‣mass percentage ‣osmosis and reverse osmosis
‣TDS ‣dissolved oxygen
‣strenght
‣titer ‣quantitative analysis
‣DO ‣qualitative analysis 7
 SKILLS REQUIRED
A. Use simple distillation to separate soluble salt

B. use filtration to separate in soluble salt

C. use carbon to remove tastes and colors

D. calculate rates of chlorination to disinfect the water

E. compare between chemical , biological and physical treatment

F. determine the concentration of solutes by different methods

G. compare between qualitative and qualitative analysis

H. using analytically equipment correctly

I. interpret the analytical data and results 8

2. Preparing Solution

3. Dilution

4. Serial Dilution

5. Molarity of ions

6. Molality

7. Mass% and Volume%

8. Mole fraction

9. TDS

10. Normality

11. Filtration 9
CONCENTRATION CALCULATION METHODS
▪ Molarity

▪ Molality

▪ Normality

▪ Mole fraction

▪ Mass%

▪ Strength

▪ Titre

▪ Ppm = TDS

▪ BDO =DO” biomedical oxygen demand” 10

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 WHAT IS CONCENTRATION?
▪ One of the factors that can influence reactions in aqueous solution is concentration.

▪ The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or

solution.

▪ Consider the two solutions of iodine pictured in Figure. The solution on the left is more concentrated

than the one on the right—that is, it contains a higher ratio of solute to solvent. By contrast, the
solution on the right is more dilute. (The qualitative terms concentrated and dilute are relative terms,
like expensive and cheap.) The color is more intense in the more concentrated solution. Often the
concentrations of reactants determine how fast a chemical reaction occurs.

▪ For example, the reaction of magnesium metal and acid [|◂◂ Section 4.4] happens faster if the

concentration of acid is greater.

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LET’S TRAIN OUR
BRAIN
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PREPARING SOLUTION
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‫بليز أرجوك حضرلي ‪ 0.1‬موالر من ‪KMNO4‬‬

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PREPARE UR CALCULATOR FOR THE

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A

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DILUTION
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SERIAL DILUTION
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DILUTION
To what volume should 40.0 mL of 18 M H2SO4 be diluted if a concentration
of 3.0 M is desired?
– What do we want to know?
• V2
– What do we already know?
• M1= 18 M
• V1= 40.0 mL
• M2= 3.0 M
– (18 M)(40.0 mL) = (3.0 M)V2
– 720 M*mL = (3.0 M)V2
– V2= 240 mL 38
STUDENT PRACTICE

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Student practice

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INTERACTIVE EXAMPLE

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 CONCEPTS
1. Molarity ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه‬

2. Preparing Solution ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه‬

3. Dilution ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه‬

4. Serial Dilution ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه‬

5. Molarity of ions

6. Molality

7. Mass% and Volume%

8. Mole fraction

9. TDS

10. Normality

11. Filtration 43
2. MOLALITY, MASS
PERCENT, PPB, PPM
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B- MOLALITY
Molality inIN
Solutions (Why)
SOLUTIONS
▪ Molality, also called molal
concentration, is a measure
of the concentration of a
solute in a solution in terms
of amount of substance in a
specified amount of mass of
the solvent.

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C- PERCENT BY WEIGHT
% by weight (% w/w)
mass of solute
%w/w = x 100%
total mass of solution

What is the % w/w of a solution if 3.00 grams of NaCl are dissolved in 17.00
g of water?
– mass of solute = 3.00 g
– mass of solution = 3.00 g + 17.00 g =
20.00 g
– (3.00 g / 20.00 g) x 100% = 15.0% w/w
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 D- PERCENT BY VOLUME
% by volume (% v/v)

volume of solute
%v/v = x 100%
total volume of solution

What is the % v/v of a solution if 20.0 mL of alcohol are dissolved in 50.0 mL

– volume of solute = 20.0 mL

PREPARE UR CALCULATOR FOR THE

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B

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C

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COMPARISON
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 ‫‪CONCEPTS‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪Molarity‬‬ ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه‬

‫‪2.‬‬ ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه ‪Preparing Solution‬‬

‫‪3.‬‬ ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه ‪Dilution‬‬

‫‪4.‬‬ ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه ‪Serial Dilution‬‬

‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪Molarity of ions‬‬

‫‪6.‬‬ ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه ‪Molality‬‬

‫‪7.‬‬ ‫هيييييييييييييييييييييييه ‪Mass% and Volume%‬‬

‫‪8.‬‬ ‫‪Mole fraction‬‬

‫‪9.‬‬ ‫‪TDS‬‬

‫‪10. Normality‬‬

‫‪11. Filtration‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬

charged ions, including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in a

given volume of water, expressed in unit (mg/L), also referred to

as parts per million (ppm). TDS is directly related to the purity

of water and the quality of water purification systems and affects

everything that consumes, lives in, or uses water, whether

organic or inorganic
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TDS (CONTINUE)
▪ The two principal methods of measuring total dissolved solids are gravimetry and conductivity.

▪ Gravimetric methods are the most accurate and involve evaporating the liquid solvent and measuring

the mass of residues left. This method is generally the best, although it is time-consuming. If inorganic

salts comprise the great majority of TDS, gravimetric methods are appropriate.

▪ Electrical conductivity of water is directly related to the concentration of dissolved ionized solids in the

water. Ions from the dissolved solids in water create the ability for that water to conduct an electrical

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current, which can be measured using a conventional conductivity meter or TDS meter.
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PPM
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PPM

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SOURCES FOR L.O 1,2 ‫(احنا لسة‬
)‫مخلصنهمش‬
▪ Zumdahl → Chapter 11, part of ch.4
▪ AP → Ch.10
▪ Central science of chemistry → Ch.13
▪ Mcgraw Hill → Ch.13
▪ JEE → Ch.6

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TASKS FOR NEXT TIME

▪ Study and write down notes

▪ Watch movies

▪ Solve Assign and quiz on Preccepo

▪ Ask me questions / give me feedback

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