Class BA3rd year

Sub REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

Group A paper 1st

UNIT 1

Q 1 what do you understand by geographical characteristics of india by a location ?

Ans The accumulation of information regarding the geographic formation of a

country has been considered as the geographic features of that particular country.
Based on this factual information, the current study has aimed to introduce some
geographical features that India has within the geographical boundaries of India.
Following the natural geographic formation of India, this particular study will include a
fair representation of the Indian geographic features. In addition, the discussion of
the current study will involve information regarding the Himalayan Mountains, Indian
desert and the Islands as a part of India’s geographical features.

Geography of India
The geography of India has been considered the most diverse one. The presence of
snow-capped mountain ranges along with the presence of the desert make the
geographical features more diverse in India. Most of the Indian subcontinent has
been situated on the Indian Plate and the northern portion of the Indo-Australian
Plate. In addition, the geographical location provides India with a coastline that is
nearly 7,000 kilometres. The locations of the Arabian Sea in the Southwest part of
India and the presence of the Bay of Bengal in the southeast have provided such a
unique and diverse geographical feature to the continents of India.

Origin of the Indian landscape

As per the information, millions of years ago, India used to be a part of the oldest
landmass that is a part of Gondwana Land. Along with India, South America and
South Africa were other parts of the Gondwana land. Eventually, the shifting of the
landmass on that the country India is located has been broken in the invalidation of
Ocean current into multiple pieces. During the shifting of Indo-Australian plates, a
collision with the Eurasian Plate had taken place that gave birth to the mountain
range that is situated in the northern part of India and is recognised as the
Himalayan Mountain range.
 geographic features

Being divided into seven different geographic regions, the geographical features of
India has become diverse.

 This diverse geographical feature of India includes different aspects such as the mountain range
of the Himalayas alongside the northeast mountain range.
 In addition, the geographical features of this country have included the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
 The desert is located within the geographical boundary of India has been included in the lists of
geographical features
 East costs, west coasts and the islands have been considered a part of the geographic features
of India

The Himalayan mountain range and the northern plains have been recognised as the
most significant one among geographical features of India. This particular range of
mountains has been stretched across more than 2500 kilometres. It starts from
Kashmir in the north and stretches through Arunachal Pradesh in the North East of
India. The three major systems of India include rivers such as Ganga and
Brahmaputra. The presence of the river basins helps the surrounding areas’
landscape to become fertile. This particular area has been divided into three
significant parts such as the Ganga Plains, the Punjab plains and the Brahmaputra
Plains.

The Indian desert comprises the sand dunes that have been situated on the western
fringes of the Aravalli Hills. The rainfall has been recorded lower, that is nearly
150mm per annum. Therefore, very low greenery has been seen and identified in
these particular sandy plains. On the other hand, the coastal plains have been
considered the narrow strips located on the outer edge of the Indian peninsula. This
part of Indian geographic features has been divided into three sections including the
Malabar Coast, The Konkan Coast and the Kannada Plains.

Surrounding the main landmass of India, there are two groups of islands situated in
two oceans. The presence of these two groups of Islands generally helps to create
diversity and makes the geographical features complete of the Indian subcontinent.
These two islands have been divided into two major island states. The names of
these two major island states are Lakshadweep, which is located near the Malabar
Coast, and the other one is Nicobar and Andaman Islands. These previously
mentioned groups of Islands have been located on the Bay of Bengal.
In order to sum up all that has been stated so far in the current study, it can be
stated that this study has been aimed to discuss the different geographical features
of India. In order to describe the geographical features of that country, the discussion
has included an overview that represents the political and geographical boundaries
of India. The discussion of this study has further included explanations regarding
Himalayan Mountains along with the origin of the Indian landscape as well. In
addition, the explanations of the Indian desert and the Islands have been included in
the discussion part.

Q 2 what is the physical features of geographical characteristics of india ?

Ans Physical Features are the natural features on the Earth's surface. They also have
another name known as “Landforms”.
Some of the essential physical features of India are:
i) The Himalayas:

1. They are a chain of very high mountain ranges, which run from the northern, north-
eastern, and western parts of India.
2. They are further differentiated into three smaller regions, that is, the Shivaliks, the
Himachal range, and the Himadri range.

ii) The Northern Indian Plains:

1. They are formed of an extremely vast stretch of plains, that is, alluvial terrain.
2. The Northern plains are further differentiated into three parts, that is, the Ganga
plains, the Punjab plains, and the Brahmaputra plains.
3. The soil in these terrains is very fertile.

iii) The Great Indian Desert:

1. It covers the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat.

2. The Thar Desert is the biggest, featuring sandy terrain and a dry climate.
3. The annual rainfall that takes place in these regions is less than 150 mm in a year.

iv) The Peninsular Plateau:

1. It comprises the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.

2. These regions are one of the oldest landmasses in the country.
3. The hilly region of the Western Ghats comes under the Deccan plateau, and the
central highlands host the hilly regions of the Eastern Ghats.

v) The Coastal plains or the Coastal regions:

The eastern coastal plains come in between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, while
the western coastal plains lie in between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
vi) Islands:
The two main Islands, which come under the Indian Territory are the Lakshadweep Islands
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
India is a place that is known for its variety of all habits. From culture,
economy, and, surprisingly, the scene of India has assorted components, all
on one body of land. The wide scope of actual elements of India makes the
country a total geological review. India has each conceivable scene that the
earth has, as a matter of fact. From cold mountains to dry deserts, immense
fields, hot and sticky levels, and wide beaches and tropical islands, the
actual highlights of India cover each territory.

A long period of time back, the Peninsular Plateau district, which is the most
established body of land was a piece of the Gondwana Land that covered
India, South Africa, and Australia. North of many long periods of moving
expanse of land and sea flows broke this body of land into different pieces.
One certain piece-the Indo-Australian enframe started out moving
northwards, where such crashed among the Eurasian plate, which is
nowadays Europe. Thus, this has an impact on instituted the ambient
regarding coast overlay then become, such as we comprehend as the
Himalayas today. From then on, several geographical activities brought
about the improvement of each regarding the shifted real elements of India.

One of the most huge of the multitude of actual highlights of India, the
Himalayas differ in width between 400 Km to 150 KM. Moreover, the whole
mountain belt is separated into three primary segments It has pinnacles that
can reach up to 6000 meters above sea level and are part of the Greater
Himalayas.
 The Lesser Himalayas with normal pinnacles as high as 4000 meters
 The Outer Himalayas or the Shivalik Range
 In North Bengal as well as the northernmost parts of northeastern states,
the Eastern Hills or Purvanchal are located.
Northern Plains
The lower areas of the Himalayas have been covered by the three important
drainage systems of India: the Ganges, the Indus, and the Brahmaputra.
Since these waterway bowls had an immense measure of alluvial stores from
these frosty streams, these locales developed ripe for more than many years
and prompted the Northern Plains. It is also possible to compartmentalize
the Northern Plains into three large sections:
 A large portion of those fields lie in Pakistan, which is the source of the
Indus River and its feeders
 There are several plains along the Ganges that encompass Haryana,
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand.
 Assam and the other states in the North Eastern region are contained
within the Brahmaputra Plains
Peninsular Plateau
The most established expanse of land in India, the Peninsular Plateau was
the aftereffect of the structural movements of the Gondwana Land. This
monstrous level region is additionally separated as-
 The Central Highlands cover a large part of the Malwa Plateau and are
located to the north of the Narmada River.
 Located on the south bank of the Narmada River, the Deccan Plateau is a
triangle-shaped expanse of land. The Eastern Ghats and the Western
Ghats line the Deccan level on its eastern and western sides separately.
While the Satpura mountain ranges stand in their northern part, the
Western Ghats have a higher rise with the greatest level of 1600 meters.
Then again, the Eastern Ghats reach a limit of 600 meters in level.
Indian Desert
The undulating sandy fields covered with sand rise on the western edges of
the Aravalli Hills including the Indian Desert. With precipitation as low as 150
mm for each annum, this district is the aridest in the nation and hence, falls
short of plant life. The territories of Rajasthan and northwestern pieces of
Gujarat by and large structure the desert district.

Coastal Plains

Right on the external edges of the Indian landmass, lies the tight portions of
the beachfront fields. From the East, it covered the coasts of the Bay of
Bengal, while in the West, it covered those of the Arabian Sea. The western
coast along the Arabian Sea can again be isolated into three segments
1. Eastern Coastal Plain: Overlooking the Eastern Ghats and then the Bay
concerning Bengal, the Eastern Coastal Plains are a vast expanse of
beaches. The north part, such is known as the Northern Circar, whereas
the south is called the Coromandel Coast. A large delta on the coast is
framed by many large streams, such as the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
and Kaveri. Despite its size, Lake Chilika causes a great deal of concern
on the Japanese coast.
2. Western Coastal Plain: the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea from the
western coast. These are the three segments that make up this part of the
coast:
3. The northern piece of the coast is known as the Konkan (Mumbai – Goa).
The focal stretch is known as the Kannad Plain. The southern stretch is
alluded to as the Malabar coast
Islands
Two gatherings of islands lie on the two seas encompassing the primary
body of land of the subcontinent. These most probably complete the actual
elements of India. Furthermore, the island area is separated by the central
area as well as the oceans. In this way shaping two significant island states-
 The Lakshadweep lies nearer to the Malabar Coast. Furthermore, these
consist of small groupings of coral islands that are commonly k nown as
Lakshadweep.
 These Indian Ocean islands are off the coast of the Bay of Bengal and
are situated in the Andaman and Nicobar regions. These gathering of
islands are bigger in size than their western partners and have a rich
biodiversity. Since the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are nearer to the
equator, the district additionally encounters a central environment.
 In view of the accompanying reasons, India has various real potentialities
for future development. Mountainous regions provide significant water
resources and woodland habitats. The northern fields are the silos of the
country. The earliest civilizations are built on them. The level is a storage
facility of minerals, which plays had an essential impact on the
industrialization of India. Fishing and boating are popular activities on the
waterfront and around the island clusters..
Q what is the drainage system of india ?

Ans The flow of water through well-defined channels is known as drainage and the
network of such channels is called a “drainage system”. The drainage system of an
area is the outcome of the geological time period, nature and structure of rocks,
slope, topography, amount of water flowing and the periodicity of flow. The area
drained by a single river system (river and its tributaries) is called its drainage basin.
An elevated area (mountain or an upland) that separates two drainage basins is
called a “water divide”. The world’s largest drainage basin is of the Amazon river and
in India, the river Ganga has the largest river basin.

Different Drainage Patterns

a. Dendritic – The drainage system resembling the branches of a tree is known as

dendritic. For example, the rivers of the northern plains.
b. Radial – When the rivers originate from a hill and flow in all directions, the drainage
pattern is known as radial. For example, rivers originating from the Amarkantak range.
c. Trellis – When the primary tributaries of a river flow parallel to each other and secondary
tributaries join them at right angles, the pattern is known as trellis.
d. Centripetal – When the rivers discharge their waters from all directions in a lake or
depression, the pattern is known as centripetal.

Different Drainage Systems of India

The Indian drainage system can be grouped into two based on the discharge of
water (orientation to the sea).
 1. The Arabian Sea drainage
2. The Bay of Bengal drainage

These two drainage systems are separated from each other through the Delhi ridge,
the Aravallis and the Sahyadris. About 77% of the drainage is oriented towards the
Bay of Bengal while 23% discharge their water into the Arabian Sea.

 On the basis of mode of origin, nature and characteristics, the Indian drainage may be
classified into the Himalayan drainage and the Peninsular drainage. The Himalayan and
the Peninsular rivers originate from the two major physiographic regions of India and are
different from each other in many ways.

The Himalayan rivers

 Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial and have water throughout the year. These
rivers receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains.
 These rivers pass through the giant gorges carved out by the erosional activity carried on
simultaneously with the uplift of the Himalayas. Besides deep gorges, these rivers also
form V-shaped valleys, rapids and waterfalls in their mountainous course (upper course).
 In the middle and the lower courses (plains), these rivers form meanders, oxbow lakes
and many other depositional features in their floodplains. These rivers have the tendency
to shift their courses frequently e.g, river Kosi (“sorrow of Bihar”), is known for changing
its course frequently. The river carries a huge quantity of sediments from its upper
reaches and deposits it in the plains. The course gets blocked and consequently, the
river changes its course.

The Peninsular rivers

 The Peninsular drainage system is older than the Himalayan one.

 Most of the Peninsular rivers are seasonal, as their flow depends largely on the rainfall of
the region.
 The Peninsular rivers have shorter and shallower courses as compared to the Himalayan
rivers.
 Most of the major Peninsular rivers, except Narmada and Tapi, flow towards the Bay of
Bengal (west to east). The Chambal, the Sindh, the Betwa, the Ken and the Son
originating in the northern part of the Peninsula belong to the Ganga river system. The
other important rivers of the Peninsular drainage are the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the
Krishna and the Kaveri.
 The Western Ghats act as a water divide between the major Peninsular rivers,
discharging their water in the Bay of Bengal and the small rivulets joining the Arabian
Sea.

Himalayan Drainage System

The Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra systems are the three major river
systems of the Himalayan drainage system.

The Indus River System

 Area – It covers a total area of 11,65,000 sq.km. In India, it covers an area of 3,21,289
sq.km.
  Length – Its total length is 2,880 km and in India, its length is 1,114 km.
 It is also known as “Sindhu” and is the westernmost of the Himalayan rivers in India.
 Origin and its course – It originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu (31°15′ N latitude and
81°41′ E longitude) in the Tibetan region at an altitude of 4,164 m in the Kailash mountain
range. It moves in the north-west direction and enters India in Ladakh (Leh). It forms a
picturesque gorge in this part. Several Himalayan tributaries like the Shyok, the Gilgit, the
Zaskar, the Hunza and the Nubra join it. The Indus flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and
emerges from the mountains at Attock where it receives the Kabul river on its right bank.
The river flows southwards and receives Panjnad near Mithankot in Pakistan. The
Panjnad is the name given to the Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum.
The river eventually reaches the Arabian Sea.

Main Tributaries of Indus River

 Origin – “Rakas tal” near Mansarovar in Tibet.

 This is an antecedent river called Langechen Khambab in Tibet.
 Course – it runs almost parallel to the Indus river for about 400 km before entering India. It
Satluj
passes through the Shipki La on the Himalayan ranges and enters the Punjab plains. It meets
the Beas river in Hari-ke-Patan in Amritsar, Punjab. After the confluence, the combined river
enters Pakistan.
 It feeds the canal system of the Bhakra Nangal project.
 Origin – Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass (Himachal Pradesh).
 Course – It flows through the Kullu valley (Himachal Pradesh) and forms gorges at Kati and
Beas Largi in the Dhauladhar range. It enters the Punjab plains where it meets the Satluj near Harike
(Punjab).
 The Beas river flows entirely within India.
 Origin – West of Rohtang Pass, Killu Hills (Himachal Pradesh).
 Course – It flows through the Chamba valley (Himachal Pradesh) of the state. It drains the area
Ravi lying between the south-eastern part of Pir Panjal and the Dhauladhar ranges. It enters the
plains of Punjab and runs along the Indo-Pakistan border for some distance. It then enters
Pakistan and joins the Chenab river near Sarai Sidhu.
 Origin – Baralacha Pass (Himachal Pradesh).
 It is formed by two streams – the Chandra and the Bhaga which meet at Tandi near Keylong in
Chenab
Himachal Pradesh. It is also known as Chandrabhaga.
 It is the largest tributary of the Indus and flows for about 1180 km before entering into Pakistan.
 Origin – Spring at Verinag, in the south-eastern part of Kashmir valley, at the foothills of Pir
Panjal.
Jhelum
 Course – It flows through Srinagar and enters Wular Lake before entering Pakistan through a
deep narrow gorge. At Jhang (Pakistan) it joins Chenab.

Right and Left bank tributaries of the Indus river

 Right bank tributaries – Nubra river (main tributary of Shyok river), Shyok river, Gilgit
river, Hunza river, Kabul river, Khurram river, Gomal river, Viboa river, Tochi river and
Sangar river.
  Left bank tributaries – Zanskar river, Suru river, Kishanganga (Neelam) river, Jhelum
river, Chenab river, Ravi river, Beas river, Satluj river, Panjnad river.

Indus Water Treaty (IWT)

This treaty was signed between India and Pakistan on 19th September 1960,
regarding the sharing of water of the Indus and its tributaries. It was essentially a
confidence-building measure between the two countries. The treaty divides the Indus
river system into two segments, eastern rivers – Satluj, Beas and Ravi and western
rivers – Chenab, Jhelum and Indus. According to this treaty, India has been given
rights to use the waters of the eastern rivers while Pakistan is entitled to use western
rivers. The treaty gives India 20% of the water from the Indus river system and the
rest 80% to Pakistan.

The Ganga River System

 The Ganga is the national river and also the largest river system in India. The Ganga
river system consists of both perennial as well as non-perennial rivers which originate in
the Himalayas (north) and the Peninsula (south) respectively.
 It is a transboundary river that flows through India and Bangladesh.
 Length – approx. 2525 km.
 The Ganga river basin covers about 8.6 lakh sq.km in India. It runs through Uttarakhand
(110 km), Uttar Pradesh (1450 km), Bihar (445 km) and West Bengal (520 km).
 It originates in the Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh of Uttarakhand (Uttarkashi district),
here it is known as Bhagirathi. At Devprayag, Bhagirathi meets Alaknanda and thereafter,
it is known as the Ganga.
 Alaknanda originates in the Santopanth glacier above Badrinath. The five confluences
known as the Panch Prayag are along the Alaknanda.

 Vishnuprayag, the place of the confluence of the Dhauliganga river and the
Alaknanda river.
 Nandaprayag, the place of the confluence of the Nandakini river and the
Alaknanda river.
 Karnaprayag, the place of the confluence of the Pindar river with the Alaknanda
river.
 Rudraprayag, the place of confluence of the Mandakini river/Kali Ganga with the
Alaknanda river.
 Devprayag, the place of confluence of the Bhagirathi river with the Alaknanda
river.

The Brahmaputra River System

 It is a transboundary river and flows through China, India and Bangladesh.

 The Brahmaputra river has its origin in the Chemayungdung glacier of the Kailash range
near the Mansarovar Lake. It flows eastwards longitudinally for a distance of nearly 1,200
km in a dry and flat region of southern Tibet, where it is known as the “Tsangpo”, which
means “the purifier”. The Rango Tsangpo is the major right-bank tributary of this river in
Tibet. It emerges as a turbulent and dynamic river after carving out a deep gorge in the
Central Himalayas near Namcha Barwa, 7,755 m (eastern part of the Himalayas).
  It enters India (with the name of Siang or Dihang) west of the Sadiya town in Arunachal
Pradesh. Flowing southwest, it receives its main left-bank tributaries, Dibang or Sikang
and Lohit and thereafter, it is known as the Brahmaputra.

 Dihang + Lohit + Dibang = Brahmaputra (Assam).

 The Brahmaputra river has a braided channel in its entire length in Assam and forms
many riverine islands.
 Majuli (Assam) is the largest river island in the world which lies in this river.
 The Brahmaputra enters Bangladesh near Dhubri and flows southwards. In Bangladesh,
the river Tista/Teesta (from Sikkim) joins it on its right bank and thereafter, the river is
known as Jamuna. Now, the river splits into two distributaries.

 The western branch, which contains the majority of the river’s flow, continues as
Jamuna to merge with the Padma river (Ganga river).
 The eastern branch (now much smaller) is called the lower or old Brahmaputra. It
curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka. The Padma and Meghna
converge near Chandpur and flow out as Meghna into the Bay of Bengal.

 Major left-bank tributaries of the Brahmaputra river – Burhi-Dihing and Dhansiri.

 Major right bank tributaries of the Brahmaputra river – Subansiri (Gold river), Kameng,
Manas and Sankosh.
 The Brahmaputra river is known for floods, channel shifting and bank erosion. This is due
to the fact that most of its tributaries are large and bring large quantities of sediments
owing to heavy rainfall in its catchment area.
Q Indian mansoon and season is unpredictable how to describe ?
Ans ns under the influence of pre-monsoon weather conditions. | Photo Credit: K R Deepak/The
Hindu

In a small laboratory on the outskirts of the Indian city of Hyderabad,

professor Kirti Sahu is studying raindrops.

Using a machine that simulates the conditions of clouds, he is among a

number of scientists aiming to understand how climate change and pollution
are changing the monsoon rains that underpin the country's agrarian
economy.

"The Indian monsoon is full of mystery. If we can predict rainfall, it will be

huge for us," said Sahu, a researcher in the department of chemical
engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad.
climate changing emissions from burning fossil fuels for energy, and
pollution, are changing the monsoon, impacting on agriculture and making
forecasting harder.

Climate change is fuelling a range of extreme weather around the world,

with wet areas generally getting wetter while dry regions are hit by more
droughts.

The U.N. Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) notes that
although climate change is likely to lead to increased rainfall over Asia, the
South Asian monsoon has weakened in the second half of the 20th century.

That change in the monsoon is linked to a rise in aerosols – tiny particles or

liquid droplets in the air - as a result of human activities, the IPCC said.

Burning fossil fuels, vehicle exhaust, dust, and sea salt all add to aerosols in
the atmosphere.

India has long struggled with high levels of air pollution that periodically
cloak major cities in toxic smog.

IN recent years, India has seen a shorter, more intense rainy season that
leaves some areas flooded and others parched, said experts including G. P.
Sharma, the lead on meteorology and climate change at Skymet, a private
weather forecaster.

The interplay of the impacts of climate change and aerosols in India are
making it more difficult to predict rainfall accurately, said Steven Clemens,
a professor of Earth, environmental, and planetary sciences at Brown
University, whose research largely focuses on the Asian and Indian
monsoons.
In recent years, the distribution of monsoon rainfall has become more
erratic, said Madhavan Rajeevan, a scientist at India's Ministry of Earth
Sciences.

"It rains for fewer days, but when it rains, it rains more heavily," he said.

Monsoon clouds have also changed their path to traverse across central parts
of the country, Sahu said.

"Several states ... have witnessed excessive rainfall during the monsoon
season," he said, while others have struggled with historically light rainfall
in recent years.

The effect of the changes can be devastating for farmers said Anshu Ogra,
an assistant professor working on climate change adaptation and disaster risk
reduction at the School of Public Policy within the Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi.

"Cumulatively speaking, the rains haven't failed," she said.

"They have come, but as intense downpour. That means there is not
sufficient time for plants to absorb water. Flowers won't turn into fruit, so
you see a net loss of crop."

Better forecasts would help authorities prepare for extreme weather, from
planning evacuations from floods to adaptation efforts including collecting
rainwater where it falls and transporting it to regions stricken by drought,
said Rajeevan.

Flying laboratory
In his Hyderabad workshop, Sahu uses a raincloud simulator to study how
changes in aerosols, humidity, air currents, temperature and other factors
impact on water droplets and influence when raindrops form.
Meanwhile, Thara Prabhakaran, an expert in cloud microphysics at the
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, collects data on temperature,
pressure and aerosols within clouds from her "flying laboratory" aboard an
aeroplane.

The two scientists, who collaborate to compare findings, are among

researchers aiming to improve forecasts by better understanding how
changing conditions are impacting on the monsoon.

Ogra said it was increasingly important for meteorologists and other officials
to ensure new efforts to help farmers were built on the farmers' own
knowledge and were something they could actually use, as new forecasts
and agricultural policies such as insurance schemes are developed.

"Generating advisories is helpful, but as we talk about adapting to climate

change, there is an extra step," she said.

"Someone who lives in a space and is aware of all the weather information
but who also carries ancestral knowledge - those are the lived experiences
that will enrich the policy process."

Q write a essay of physiographic divison of india ?

Ans The Indian sub-continent is characterised by a great diversity in its physical

features. It may be divided into three broadly defined physiographic units: (i) the
Himalayas and the associated mountain chains; (ii) the Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra
plain; and (iii) the Peninsular Plateau. These have been formed in the course of a
long and chequered geological history.

The Himalayas Mountain belt to the North and the Nagalushai mountains in the east
are the regions of mountain-building movement which affected the relief of the earth
in the last phase of its physical history, it is generally held to have been formed in the
Tertiary era. Because of their sharp and striking contrasts in altitude the Himalayan
relief features are described as youthful.
The Peninsular Plateau, on the other hand, is an old mass of the Earth’s crust worn
down by continual erosion. As a consequence, the Plateau has acquired the look of
old age. It has a characteristically senile topography and has existed since the Pre-
Cambrian era, 600 million years ago.

In between the two main physiographic units lies the Northern Plains which marks an
initial marine depression filled by deposits brought down by the rivers over the ages.
The filling has been done so uniformly that the plain gives an impression of a flat
surface, though it is not so.

Besides mainland, Indian Territory also extends into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal in the form of the Lakshwadeep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,

The Peninsular Plateau, on the other hand, is an old mass of the Earth’s crust worn
down by continual erosion. As a consequence, the Plateau has acquired the look of
old age. It has a characteristically senile topography and has existed since the Pre-
Cambrian era, 600 million years ago.

In between the two main physiographic units lies the Northern Plains which marks an
initial marine depression filled by deposits brought down by the rivers over the ages.
The filling has been done so uniformly that the plain gives an impression of a flat
surface, though it is not so.

Besides mainland, Indian Territory also extends into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal in the form of the Lakshwadeep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
respectively. The Lakshadweep meaning a hundred thousand islands is a group of
36 coral islands in the Arabian Sea and none of them is more than a couple of
square kilometres in area.

The Andamans and Nicobars also known as the Bay Islands are also a cluster of
Islands stretched almost in a line. There are as many as 200 islands in the Andaman
groups alone extending for 350 kilometres. There are 19 islands in the Nicobar
group. Some of the Islands extend from 60 to 100 fairly large and more numerous
than the Lakshawdeeps. Some of the islands are of volcanic origin. Barren Island is
an active volcano.

The Lakshdaweeps extend just to the north of the Andaman and Nicobar are
remnants of the sub-merged mountain range, which was an extension of the Arakan
Mountains of Myanmar and continued through the islands of Java and Sumatra in
Indonesia.
These islands formed of coral deposits are called atolls which is originally derived
from the Malayalam word ‘Atolu’.

Physiographic Sub-Units:
The seven physiographic units described above may be called macro units. Each
macro unit can be further divided into smaller second order units. These second
order units can further be subdivided into third order or micro units. These units
provide as a base for the study of physiography, climate, vegetation, soil, agriculture,
industries, population etc.

The senile and the youthful features in the peninsular block and the young-folded
mountains of the north are not mutually exclusive. Their physical history reveals that
there have been deep-rooted interactions between the two units. Their structural
characteristics, and their mode of building, as brought out by the tectonic details,
furnish evidence of their mutual interdependence and borrowings

The outlying fragments of the peninsular block, such as noticed in the Shillong
Plateau, the Aravalis and the Kirana Hills near the Chenab in the Punjab, played a
very important role in defining the trend lines of the Himalayan ranges

Unit 2

Q what are the water resources soil and forest resources in india ?

Ans The resources that occur and exist in nature and lead to the existence of
others are termed as natural resources which can be renewable or non -
renewable as well. Some resources will be entirely exhausted one day but we
can slow the pace of their complete exhaustion and extinction by looking out
the issues and adopting measures to conserve them. In this article, we will be
discussing major natural resources such as land soil water natural vegetation
and wildlife resources and their related important concepts. We will learn what
kind of resource is soil or how to conserve wildlife or the importance of land
and water and other related concepts. These notes will be helpful for the
students of Class 6 studying Geography and Environment and also students
of upper classes.

Natural Resources & Their Significance

The resources that exist on our planet in different forms in a natural way
without any help or action of humans are called natural resources. They exist
independently in nature without the help or interaction of humans. For
example, air, water, land, sunlight, minerals, fossil fuels, animals, plants, etc.
The major significance of these resources is that they maintain ecological and
environmental balance on the Earth because humans usually create
unbalance on the Earth. They provide an environment here that makes the
possibility for life to exist on the planet. The major five natural resources are
land soil water natural vegetation and wildlife resources.

Land & Soil

Land and soil are two of the most important resources on our planet. The
former is considered as the upper lithosphere part of the Earth whereas the
latter is a kind of loose and organic material that lies on the land. Both serve
as an important resource of Earth but is there any difference between land
and soil

Significance
The importance of soil and land natural resources are mentioned below:
 They both are reasons for the survival of living organisms on the planet.
 Where one side, the land provides space to reside, the other provides
food to live.
 The land is home to human beings and animals and other land species
whereas soil is also home to various microorganisms.
 They both serve as the base for agriculture activities.

Factors Affecting Land

Following are the factors that can affect land and its productivity:
 The rapid increase in the global population put major stress on land.
 The different types of cultivation patterns can affect the land.
 The quality of the land can also affect its productivity level.
 Excessive use of land and excessive stress can affect its productivity.
 The occurrence of natural disasters such as landslides or earthquakes
can affect the land in a large amount.
 Different types of irrigation methods and excessive use of these
methods can also affect their health.

Factors Affecting Soil

The following mentioned factors can affect the soil and its productivity:
 The wrong agricultural practices can affect the soil and its fertility can be
lost.
 Land pollution can affect it as well.
 The excessive use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides or insecticides
can harm the quality of the soil.
 Heavy rainfall, cloud outburst, floods, tsunamis, etc. can harm a large
amount of good soil and lead to soil erosion.
  Heavy deforestation directly affects the soil.

Conservation of Soil
Following measures can be taken for its conservation:
 The use of good agricultural activities such as crop rotation or terrace
farming, mulching, etc.
 Leaving the soil vacant for some time say years so that it can regain its
sufficient fertility level.
 Less use of harmful chemical agricultural products.
 The adoption of organic farming will help conserve the soil.
 Growing more and more trees also helps in their conservation.

Water as a Natural Resource

It is one of the unique features of our planet that lead to the presence of life on
it because it consists of liquid water which is essential for survival. Water as a
Natural Resource serves various functions but only 2.5 % of the total water
that we found on Earth is freshwater that is usable for survival purposes for
humans or animals and the rest of the water is saltwater. The list of its various
sources includes rivers, lakes, ponds, wetlands, glaciers, oceans, etc.

Factors Affecting Water

The various factors that can affect this natural resource are mentioned below:
 It is used as a raw material in both agricultural and industrial activities,
thus putting great stress on this resource.
 Excessive use of irrigation activities can affect the availability of
groundwater in some areas.
 Pollution is a major source that is affecting not only its quality but also
producing several water-borne diseases.
 Throwing garbage or industrial waste in water affects it.

Conservation of Water Resources

It is very important to conserve this resource which can be done in the
following ways:
 Best irrigation practices should be adopted in the agriculture sector
such as drip irrigation or sprinkler system etc.
 Recycling industrial water or household water will help in conserving
water.
 Rainwater harvesting is a good method to be adopted by everyone.
 Adopting water conservation measures by the households in their
homes will lead to a major impact.
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources
These are flora and fauna that exist in nature without any kind of humanitarian
aid. The flora that grows naturally is called natural vegetation whereas the
several species of fauna kingdom that live on Earth are called wildlife
resources. Various factors are there which are affecting their existence on
Earth such as increasing temperature and deforestation, damaging the home
of the animals, killing them for food and other industrial products, etc.

Conservation of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

The various measures can be taken to conserve natural resources vegetation
and wildlife which are mentioned below:
 Various projects are launched by the National and international
organizations for their conservation in which everyone should
participate.
 By knowing the status of any wildlife species through the IUCN list,
conservation should be done on a priority basis of species that lie in
critical endangered, endangered and vulnerable categories.

To conclude what we have discussed above we can say that these natural
resources are the gift of nature and these are the gifts that help in the
existence of life on the Earth but due to several factors they are deteriorating
and for that right conservation measures are required to be taken to save
them. In this article, we have covered necessary topics of land soil water
natural vegetation and wildlife such as the meaning of the resources, water as
a natural resource, the difference between land and soil, etc. As we discussed
above, we should take appropriate measures to conserve these natural
resources and do whatever is in our hands. These notes will help the students
of Class 6 and upper classes to understand the resources and their various
issues and how to conserve them.
Q write a short notes from the following resources in india .
1.copper 2. Iron 3.and bauxite
Ans

Minerals It seems like you're looking for information about minerals in

India. India is a country with significant mineral resources. Here are some of
the important minerals found in India:
1. Coal: India has one of the largest coal reserves in the world, and it is a
major source of energy for the country. Coal is primarily found in eastern
and central India.
2. Iron Ore: India is one of the leading producers of iron ore, with major
deposits in states like Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh. Iron ore is a
critical raw material for the steel industry.
3. Bauxite: India has substantial bauxite reserves, primarily in states like
Odisha, Gujarat, and Jharkhand. Bauxite is the primary source of aluminum
production.
4. Copper: Copper ore is found in several parts of India, including Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand. Copper is essential for various industries,
including electrical and electronics.
5. Manganese: India has significant manganese ore reserves, mainly in states
like Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha. Manganese is used in the
production of steel and other alloys.
6. Gold: Gold deposits are found in various states, including Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, and Jharkhand. India has a long history of gold mining,
and it is also one of the largest consumers of gold.
7. Lead and Zinc: Lead and zinc ores are mined in states like Rajasthan and
Andhra Pradesh. These metals are essential for various industrial
applications, including batteries.
8. Limestone: Limestone is abundant in India and is used in the construction
industry, as well as for making cement. Major limestone reserves are found
in states like Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
9. Salt: India is one of the largest producers of salt in the world. Salt
production mainly occurs in states with coastal areas like Gujarat, Tamil
Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
10.Potash and Phosphate: These are important minerals for fertilizer
production. Potash deposits are found in states like Rajasthan, and
phosphate reserves are present in various states.

India's mineral wealth is diverse and plays a crucial role in the country's
industrial and economic development. The mining and processing of these
minerals are vital to various industries, including manufacturing,
construction, and agriculture.

Copper Copper ore can be found in both ancient and younger rock
formations as veins and bedded deposits. Mining copper is an expensive
and time-consuming process because most copper ores contain only a
trace amount of metal. Copper is a soft brown metal found in igneous and
metamorphic rocks. There are three primary Copper Ores viz. Chalcopyrite,
copper sulfide, and basic carbonates. During the extraction of copper from
ores, a few other minerals and metals, such as gold, silver, lead, zinc, etc.,
are also extracted.

Copper is a good electrical conductor and is ductile (able to be drawn out

into a thin wire). It is a vital metal used in the automotive and defence
industries, as well as in the electrical industry for the manufacture of wires,
electric motors, transformers, and generators. To make stainless steel is
alloyed with iron and nickel. Morel metal is created by alloying copper with
nickel. Duralumin is a metal alloyed with aluminium. It is known as ‘brass’
when alloyed with zinc, and ‘bronze’ when alloyed with tin

Copper Ore Distribution in India

1. Chilpi Series

It encompasses parts of Madhya Pradesh’s Balaghat and Chhindwara districts.

Quartzite, copper-pyrite, mica schist, and marble comprise the series. The copper
from this series is used at the Malanjkhand Copper Plant.

2. Ghatsila

This copper smelting plant is located in Jharkhand. It is a refinery that uses

electrolysis. It produces brass sheets. It also obtains gold, silver, and nickel from
copper processing.

3. Khetri

It is an integrated copper mining and ore refining plant in Rajasthan’s Jhunjhunu

District. It was founded in 1967. It also gets copper ore from Madhya Pradesh’s
Malanjkhand copper mines. There is also a sulfuric acid plant and a fertiliser plant.

4. Malanjkhand
Malanjkhand is an open cast copper mine in Madhya Pradesh’s Balaghat District. In
Malanjkhand, a copper plant has been established. The copper ore is also sent to
Rajasthan’s Khetri Copper Plant

5. Rakha Initiative

The Rakha Copper Plant is located in the Rakha District of Jharkhand’s Singhbhum.
It obtains copper ore from the Rakha mines.

6. Tajola

The Tajola Copper Plant is located in the Maharashtra town of Raigadh. Copper
cathodes were imported for the plant. It produces copper rods

Uses of Copper Ore

Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is widely used in electrical

works for making wires, generators, transformers, electronics, etc.

Due to its high malleability, copper is commonly used in the metallurgical industry. It
is used to make cables, fittings, and parts for automobiles.

It is used to make many alloys. When combined with tin, it produces bronze. When it
is mixed with gold, it produces guinea gold. With zinc, it produces brass, and with
nickel, it produces monel metal. When copper is mixed with aluminium, it produces
duralumin. An alloy is a combination of a metal with at least one other metal or non-
metal

Copper Ore Properties

Copper ore is found in a variety of mineral forms, such as sulfides, oxides, and
carbonates. The copper content in copper ore can vary from less than 1% to over
50%.

Copper ore has a moderate hardness, typically ranging from 3 to 4 on the Mohs
scale.

The specific gravity of copper ore ranges from 2.5 to 3.5, depending on the type and
mineral content.

Copper ore is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

Copper ore is not highly reactive, but can react with strong acids and oxidizing
agents.

Copper ore can range in colour from metallic red to black, depending on the type and
mineral content.
 Copper ore is soft and malleable and can be easily bent or shaped without breaking.
It also has high ductility, meaning it can be easily drawn into wires or sheets

2.iron resources -- Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and
atomic number 26. It is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and plays a crucial role
in various aspects of human life and industry. Here are some key aspects of iron resources:

1. Abundance: Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up about
5% of the Earth's total composition. It is more common than any other metal.
2. Iron Ore: The primary source of iron is iron ore, which is mined from the Earth. The main
types of iron ore are hematite and magnetite. Hematite is more commonly found and is often
enriched through a beneficiation process to create iron ore pellets for use in the steel industry.
3. Steel Production: Iron is primarily used in the production of steel. Steel is an alloy of iron
and carbon, along with small amounts of other elements. It is a fundamental building material
used in construction, manufacturing, transportation, and many other industries.
4. Global Production: The top iron-producing countries in the world include China, Australia,
Brazil, India, and Russia. China is the largest producer and consumer of iron and steel.
5. Recycling: Iron and steel are highly recyclable materials, which helps conserve natural
resources and reduce the energy and environmental impact of production. Scrap iron and steel
are often recycled to make new steel products.
6. Iron in Technology: Iron and its alloys are used in a wide range of technologies, from
construction and transportation to machinery, tools, and consumer goods. It is an essential
material in infrastructure and industrial development.
7. Magnetic Properties: Iron has strong magnetic properties and is used in various
applications, including electromagnets, transformers, and magnetic storage devices like hard
drives.
8. Health and Nutrition: Iron is an essential nutrient for humans and other organisms. It plays
a crucial role in carrying oxygen in the blood and is a component of many enzymes and
proteins.
9. Challenges: Despite its abundance, the mining and processing of iron ore can have
environmental impacts, including habitat destruction and pollution. Efforts are made to
reduce the environmental footprint of iron and steel production through technologies and
sustainable practices.

Iron resources are vital for modern civilization, and the responsible management of these
resources is essential for sustainable development and the preservation of the environment.
3.Bauxite resources -- India is one of the significant producers and exporters of
bauxite in the world. Bauxite is the primary ore for aluminum production
and is used in various industries. Here are some key points regarding
bauxite resources in India:

1. Reserves and Distribution : India has significant bauxite reserves and is one of
the top bauxite-producing countries globally. The bauxite deposits in India
are primarily found in the states of Odisha, Gujarat, Jharkhand,
 Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra
Pradesh.
2. Production: India's bauxite production has been steadily increasing over the
years. The production of bauxite in India is mainly concentrated in the
states of Odisha, Gujarat, and Jharkhand.
3. Exports: India also exports bauxite to various countries, with China being
one of the primary importers of Indian bauxite. The export of bauxite helps
generate revenue for the country.
4. End-Use: Bauxite is primarily used for the production of aluminum. The
aluminum industry is a major consumer of bauxite, and India has both
bauxite and alumina refineries to process the ore into alumina (aluminum
oxide), which is then used in aluminum smelting.
5. Aluminum Production : India has several aluminum production facilities, and
the availability of domestic bauxite resources is crucial for the aluminum
industry's growth and sustainability.
6. Environmental and Social Concerns : Bauxite mining can have environmental
and social impacts, including deforestation, habitat disruption, and
potential disruption of local communities. India has taken steps to address
these issues through environmental regulations and sustainable mining
practices.
7. Policy and Regulation: The Indian government regulates the mining and
export of bauxite through various policies and regulations to ensure
sustainable and responsible resource management.
8. Economic Impact: Bauxite mining and aluminum production contribute to
the Indian economy by providing employment opportunities and
contributing to the country's industrial and economic development.

It's important to note that the availability and management of bauxite

resources in India play a vital role in the country's industrial and economic
growth, particularly in the aluminum sector. Sustainable mining practices
and responsible resource management are essential to balance resource
utilization with environmental and social considerations.
write

social considerations.
Q india “s power resources ae so useful like coal. Petroleum and natural gas . elaborate.
 And India possesses a diverse range of power resources that play a crucial role in
meeting its energy needs and supporting economic growth. These resources are
indeed valuable and essential for various sectors of the economy. Here are some of
the key power resources in India and their significance:

1. Coal: India has significant coal reserves, and coal has traditionally been a major
source of power generation in the country. Many thermal power plants rely on coal
to produce electricity, making it a reliable and widely available resource.
2. Renewable Energy: India has been making significant investments in renewable
energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. The country's vast
geographical diversity allows for the harnessing of these resources in different
regions. Solar power, in particular, has seen remarkable growth, and India is among
the top solar power producers in the world.
3. Hydropower: India has considerable hydropower potential, and several hydroelectric
projects contribute to the electricity supply. These projects provide clean and
sustainable energy while also helping with water management.
4. Nuclear Power: India has a growing nuclear power sector, contributing to the
country's energy mix. Nuclear power plants provide a consistent and large-scale
source of electricity, reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
5. Natural Gas: India has natural gas reserves, and it is used for electricity generation,
industrial processes, and as a cleaner alternative to coal for power production.
6. Biomass and Bioenergy: Biomass resources, such as agricultural waste, are used to
generate electricity and heat. India's agricultural industry provides a steady source of
biomass for energy production.
7. Geothermal Energy: Although not as extensively developed as other resources, India
has some geothermal potential in certain regions. Geothermal energy can provide a
continuous source of power.

The significance of India's power resources lies in their role in supporting various
industries, providing electricity for households, and driving economic development.
The diversification of energy sources, particularly the growth of renewable energy,
helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy security, and address
environmental concerns.

However, there are challenges as well, including issues related to infrastructure

development, distribution, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. India
continues to work on policies and investments to enhance the efficiency and
sustainability of its power resources while striving for greater energy access and
affordability for its population.

Coal - Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that

is primarily composed of carbon, along with various other elements such as
 hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is one of the most abundant
fossil fuels on Earth and has played a significant role in human history and
industrial development. Here are some key points about coal:

1. Formation: Coal is formed from the remains of plants that lived and died
millions of years ago. Over time, the plant material was subjected to heat
and pressure, leading to the transformation of organic material into coal.
The process is known as coalification.
2. Types of Coal: There are several types or ranks of coal, depending on the
degree of coalification. The major coal types include lignite, sub-
bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Anthracite is the highest rank and
has the highest carbon content, making it the cleanest-burning coal.
3. Energy Source: Coal has historically been a major source of energy for
electricity generation, industrial processes, and heating. It is known for its
high energy content, making it a reliable and cost-effective source of
power.
4. Electricity Generation: Many power plants, especially thermal power plants,
burn coal to produce electricity. This process involves heating water to
produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electrical power.
5. Environmental Concerns: Coal combustion releases various pollutants into
the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. These emissions contribute
to air pollution and are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions,
which contribute to global climate change.
6. Health Impacts: The combustion of coal can also result in health problems
for individuals living near coal-fired power plants due to air pollution.
Particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions are linked to respiratory and
cardiovascular issues.
7. Mining: Coal is extracted from underground mines or open-pit mines. The
mining process can have environmental and safety concerns, including land
subsidence, water pollution, and worker safety.
8. Alternative Energy Sources: In recent years, there has been a global shift
toward cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, such as natural gas,
renewable energy (solar, wind, hydropower), and nuclear power, which have
less environmental impact compared to coal.
9. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) : CCS is a technology aimed at capturing
CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants and storing them underground
 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is an area of ongoing research and
development.

The use of coal as an energy source is a subject of significant debate due to

its environmental and health impacts. Many countries are working to
reduce their reliance on coal and transition to cleaner and more sustainable
energy sources as part of efforts to combat climate change and improve air
quality.
PETROLEUM -- Petroleum, often referred to as "oil," is a naturally occurring fossil fuel that
plays a critical role in the global energy supply. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and
other organic compounds, and it has a wide range of applications. Here are some key points
about petroleum:

1. Formation: Petroleum is formed from the remains of ancient marine microorganisms that
lived in the oceans millions of years ago. Over time, these organic materials were buried,
subjected to heat and pressure, and transformed into hydrocarbons.
2. Composition: Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, which are molecules made
up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The composition can vary widely, and different types of
petroleum contain varying proportions of light and heavy hydrocarbons.
3. Extraction: Petroleum is extracted from underground reservoirs using drilling techniques.
These reservoirs can be found both onshore and offshore. Once extracted, the crude oil
undergoes refining processes to separate and purify the different components.
4. Refining: Crude oil is processed in refineries to produce a wide range of products, including
gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, heating oil, lubricants, and petrochemical feedstocks. The
refining process involves distillation, cracking, and other chemical processes.
5. Energy Source: Petroleum is a primary source of energy, and it plays a crucial role in the
global transportation sector. It is used as fuel for cars, trucks, ships, airplanes, and trains. It is
also used for power generation and heating.
6. Petrochemicals: Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. They are
used to manufacture a wide range of products, including plastics, synthetic rubber, solvents,
and chemicals used in various industries.
7. Global Reserves and Production: Several countries are major producers of petroleum, with
Saudi Arabia, the United States, Russia, and China among the largest producers. The
availability of oil reserves varies globally, and it has a significant impact on geopolitics.
8. Environmental and Climate Impact: The combustion of petroleum products is a major
source of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change. It is also associated with
air pollution and environmental damage, including oil spills.
9. Energy Transition: Many countries and industries are working to transition away from
petroleum as part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.
This transition includes a shift toward electric vehicles, renewable energy sources, and
alternative fuels.
10. Supply and Demand: The global petroleum market is influenced by fluctuations in supply
and demand, geopolitical factors, and international agreements. Oil prices can be volatile,
affecting global economies and energy markets.

Petroleum is a valuable and versatile resource, but its environmental and geopolitical
implications have led to a growing emphasis on finding more sustainable and
environmentally friendly energy sources and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. This
 includes efforts to increase energy efficiency, transition to cleaner energy technologies, and
explore alternative fuels and transportation options.
3.natural gas Natural gas is a versatile and abundant fossil fuel that is primarily
composed of methane (CH4) and small amounts of other hydrocarbons, as
well as impurities like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. It is a valuable
energy resource with a wide range of applications. Here are some key
points about natural gas:

1. Formation: Natural gas, like petroleum, is formed from the remains of

ancient marine microorganisms buried and subjected to heat and pressure
over millions of years. It is often found in underground reservoirs alongside
oil deposits.
2. Composition: The primary component of natural gas is methane, which is a
hydrocarbon gas composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
It is a clean-burning fuel.
3. Extraction: Natural gas is typically extracted from underground reservoirs
through drilling. It can be found in both onshore and offshore locations.
Once extracted, it is processed and transported to end-users.
4. Applications: Natural gas is used for a variety of purposes, including:
 Heating: It is a common fuel source for residential and commercial
heating systems.
 Electricity Generation: Natural gas is used in power plants to
generate electricity. It is known for its efficiency and lower
greenhouse gas emissions compared to coal.
 Industrial Use: Many industries use natural gas as a source of heat
and energy for various processes.
 Transportation: Natural gas can be used as a vehicle fuel, either
compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG), in
certain types of vehicles.
 Petrochemicals: Natural gas is a feedstock for the production of
various chemicals and petrochemical products.
5. Environmental Considerations: Natural gas is often considered a cleaner-
burning fossil fuel compared to coal and oil. It produces fewer carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions per unit of energy when burned. However,
methane, the primary component of natural gas, is itself a potent
greenhouse gas, and its release into the atmosphere during extraction and
transportation is a concern.
6. Supply and Reserves: The global supply of natural gas is significant, with
countries like the United States, Russia, Iran, and Qatar among the largest
 producers. Proven reserves of natural gas exist in various regions around
the world.
7. Transportation: Natural gas is typically transported through pipelines, but
it can also be liquefied and transported as LNG for export or to areas
without pipeline infrastructure.
8. Energy Transition: As part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and combat climate change, there is a growing interest in transitioning to
cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. Natural gas can play a role in
this transition, particularly as a transitional fuel, but there is a shift toward
renewable energy sources and a reduction in the overall reliance on fossil
fuels.
9. Fracking: Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a method used to extract
natural gas from shale formations. It has raised environmental and safety
concerns due to potential groundwater contamination and induced seismic
activity.

Natural gas is a significant energy resource with a broad range of

applications. It is valued for its lower carbon emissions compared to other
fossil fuels, but its environmental and climate impacts, particularly in terms
of methane leakage, are areas of concern that need to be addressed as the
world transitions to more sustainable energy sources.
Q what is the non conventional source of energy and energy crisis ?

Ans Natural resources like

wind, tides, solar, biomass, etc generate
energy which is known as “Non-conventional resources“. These are
pollution free and hence we can use these to produce a clean form
of energy without any wastage.
As the consumption of energy grows, the population depends
more and more on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas day by
day. There is a need to secure the energy supply for future
since the prices of gas and oil keep rising by each passing day.
So we need to use more and more renewable sources of
energy. For the effective exploitation of non-conventional
sources, there has been an establishment of a separate
department namely “Department of non-conventional sources
of energy” by the government of India. Solar Energy
Solar energy is harnessed by converting solar energy directly into
electrical energy in solar plants. Photosynthesis process carries out
this process of conversion of solar energy. In photosynthesis, green
plants absorb solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. Solar
energy is an essential energy of all non-conventional sources but its
usage amount is very less. It is the most important non-conventional
source of energy and it gives non-polluting environment-friendly
output and is available in abundant.

Uses of Solar energy

 A solar cooker directs the solar heat into secondary reflector

inside the kitchen, which focuses the heat to the bottom of the
cooking vessel. It has a covering of a glass plate. They are
applicable widely in areas of the developing world where
deforestation is an issue, and financial resources to purchase fuel
are not much.
 Solar heaters also use solar energy to heat water instead of using
gas or electricity.
 Solar cells also use solar power to generate electricity from the
sun.

Wind energy
Wind energy describes the process by which wind is used to
generate electricity. As the wind increases, power output increases up
to the maximum output of the particular turbine. Wind farms prefer
areas, where winds are stronger and constant. These are generally
located at high altitudes. Wind turbines use wind to make electricity.
There is no pollution because no fossil fuels are burnt to generate
electricity. One of India’s largest windmill farm is
in Kanyakumari which generates 380mW of electricity.

Biomass energy

Biomass is the organic matter that originates from plants, animals,

wood, sewage. These substances burn to produce heat energy which
then generates electricity. The chemical composition of biomass
varies in different species but generally, biomass consists of 25% of
lignin, 75% of carbohydrates or sugar. Biomass energy is also
applicable for cooking, lighting, and generation of electricity. The
residue left after the removal of biogas is a good source of manure.
Biomass is an important energy source contributing to more than
14% of the global energy supply.

Tidal energy

Tidal power is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides

into electricity. In areas where the sea experiences waves and tides,
we can generate electricity using tidal power. India may take up
“ocean thermal level conversion” by which it will be able to generate
50,000mW of electricity to meet the power requirements.

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is the heat energy that we get from hot rocks
present in the earth’s crust. So Geothermal wells
release greenhouse gases trapped within the earth and but these
emissions are much lower per energy unit than the fossil fuels. This
energy generally involves low running costs since it saves 80% on
fossil fuels. Due to this, there is an increase in the use of geothermal
energy. It helps in reducing global warming and does not
create pollution.

As the fossil fuels are one of the most the biggest pollutants on the
planet, demand for the non-conventional sources is developing.
These sources not only instigate greenhouse effects but also reduce
the dependence on oil and gas. Therefore in order to meet the energy
demand of the increasing population, the scientists are developing
methods for us to tap into various non-conventional sources of
energy, which are not only renewable but also non-polluting.

Unit 3

Q What are the characteristics of the population of a country?

Ans India is one of the most diverse countries in the world. Along with that, it's
the second most populated country in the world, with a population of close to
1.5 billion. With a population so massive, India contributes nearly 17% of the
global population. In other words, every 6th person in the world is an Indian.
The people are distributed randomly and unevenly in an area of 3.28 million
square kilometres, with densely-populated cities to sparsely populated small
villages and hilly terrain areas.

Distribution of Population in India

Among the 28 States and 8 Union Territories of India, Uttar Pradesh is the
most populated state with a staggering population of 166 million people. That
is a population more than most countries in the world. Meanwhile, Sikkim and
Lakshadeep have the lowest population of 0.5 million and 60000, respectively.
The top five most populated States in India are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal,
Bihar, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. About half of India's population is
concentrated in these states only.

Population Density

Population Density of a place is defined as the number of people living in that

particular place divided by the geographical area. In other words, it's the
number of people living per unit area. It depends on several factors. The most
prominent characteristic is the geographic location. People generally avoid
hilly terrains due to harsh climatic conditions and their inability to sustain
agriculture. Hence states like Himachal Pradesh and Assam are sparsely
populated. On the other hand, river valleys, coastal areas, and the Northern
plains are highly fertile and densely populated regions.

Population Growth and Decline: Population Change

The annual Growth rate is defined as the increase in people per every
hundred people per year. For example, if a city's population is 100 and 5 more
people are added in a year, taking the population to 105, the Annual Growth
rate would be 5%. The population of an area is not always destined to
increase, and it may decrease as well. The population change, which includes
increase and decreases, can be due to various factors like Birth, Death, and
Migration. In India, the Birth rate has always been more than the death rate
despite the major natural calamities. This is a significant reason behind the
ever-increasing Indian population. The third reason for the population after
birth and death is Migration. Migration includes two things, immigration, and
emigration. Immigration is the number of people coming to an area, while
emigration is the number of people leaving an area. Understandably, the
population increases when immigration is more than emigration and
decreases when the opposite happens.

Characteristics of Indian Population

After we have understood the various factors influencing the population, let us
understand the characteristics of the Indian population.

Age Composition

The age composition of a country determines the social and economic

structure. Age composition is nothing but the population of people of different
age groups living in a country. The entire population is divided into three
categories, children(below 15years), working-class(15-59 years), aged(59+
years). The more the working-class population in a country, the more
economically stable and developing the country is. Additionally, a high child
population implies a strong future ahead for the country.

Sex Ratio

The sex ratio is nothing but the number of females in the country for every
1000 males. This gives an idea of the proportion of females and males in the
country and its culture and gender diversity. Unfortunately, India is one of the
countries with the lowest sex ratio. But some of the states in India are those
having more females than males. As per the 2011 census report in Kerala, the
sex ratio is 964, whereas in union territory Puducherry, the ratio is 967 and
regarded as the highest in India. In Haryana, the ratio is 877, and this is the
lowest figure in India. Considering the entire population, the sex ratio of the
country is 943.
Literacy Rate

The literacy rate is a vital part of the Population. It mainly determines the total
development or the economic structure of the country. If the country has more
literacy rate, it is more developed as the people do something innovative and
contribute more towards GDP. As per the 2011 census, a standard was set for
the literacy rate. According to this, if a person is more than seven years old
and can read and write thoroughly, that particular person is called literate and
counted in total literacy percentage. As per the 2011 census report, the
literacy rate of India was 74.04%. Well, this number varies in different states.
In Kerala, the literacy rate is around 96.2% and is regarded as the highest
literary state in India, while Bihar accounts for the lowest literacy rate.
Q how many types of salient features of Indian economy ?

Ans India, as a developing country, features a mixed economy in the world. The
major characteristics of developing economy are low per capita income,
overpopulation, maximum population below the poverty line, poor infrastructure,
agro-based economy and a lower rate of capital formation. Since, the independence
of the country, India has been developing in many perspectives from the economic
point of view. Although the Indian economy is developing in nature, it tends to move
towards a developed economy. The major reforms in the Indian economy were done
in the year 1991.
Features of The Indian Economy
1. Low Per Capita Income:
The per capita income of India is much less than that of the developed countries.
According to the estimates of the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the per capita net
national income of India at present prices for the year 2015-16 was approximately
Rs. 93231/
2. Agro-Based Economy:
Indian economy is totally agro-based economy. Near about 14.2 % of Indian GDP is
contributed by agriculture and allied sectors while 53% of the total population of the
country depends upon the agriculture sector.

3. Overpopulation:
Overpopulation is one of the major concerns of the Indian economy. The population
of India gets increased by about 20% in every decade. Around 17.5% of the world
population is possessed by India.

4. Disparities in Income:
The most alarming thing in the Indian economy is the concentration of wealth.
According to the latest report, 1% of Indians own 53% of the wealth of the country.
Among this, the top 10% owns a share of 76.30%. The report states that 90% of the
country owns less than a quarter of the country’s wealth.

5. Downfall in Capital Formation: Rate of capital formation is positively correlated

with lower level of income. There is huge downfall in Gross Domestic Capital
compared to the previous years.
6. Poor Infrastructural Development: According to a recent study, around 25% of
Indian families cannot have access to electricity and 97 million people cannot have
access to safe drinking water. Sanitation services cannot be accessed by 840 million
people. India requires 100 million dollar to get rid of this infrastructural
backwardness.

7. Imperfect Market:
Indian markets are imperfect as there is lack of mobility from one place to another
which contracts the optimum utilization of resources. As a result, price fluctuation
occurs.

8. Vicious Circle of Poverty:

India is a perfect example of the term ‘a country is poor because it is poor.’ The
vicious circle of poverty traps these countries.

9. Outdated technology:
Indian production is labour-intensive in nature. There is a lack of modern machinery
and technologies.

10. Backward Society:

Indian societies are trapped in the curse of caste system, communalism, male-
dominated society, superstitions etc. The above factors are the major constraints of
growth of Indian economy.

Despite several negative aspects, there are some positive things in Indian economy.
Various schemes of the Govt have boosted up Indian economy in many ways. India
is leading towards a better economic structure with the help of ‘Make in India’,
‘Digital India,’ etc

Q India have main crops are wheat , rice , cotton , rubber , sugarcane .why ?
Ans Indian agriculture is an important aspect of India’s economy; learn here about the
major crops, and cropping patterns in various parts of the country to understand the
agriculture sector better.

Agriculture accounted for 14% of India’s GDP in 2016-17 and employed more
than half a billion people. Indian Agriculture is dominated by small-scale farming
and is characterized by low productivity.

The Indian agriculture sector employs the largest female labor force in the country
which is close to 65%.

But it suffers from the twin problems of low productivity and excess workforce
employed in it resulting in a low per capita productivity of the workforce. This
leads to lesser wages and a high level of poverty.

The agriculture sector in India has undergone very limited liberalization. The state
still plays a predominant role in Indian agriculture. It is one of the highly
subsidized sectors of the economy because concerns about food security
and poverty lead the government to remain strongly involved through fixing prices
for key agricultural products at the farm and consumer levels, high border
protection, bans on or support for exports, and massive subsidies for key inputs
such as fertilizers, water, and electricity.

India is an important center of rice cultivation. Rice is cultivated in the largest

areas in India.

 Historians believe that while the Indica variety of rice was first domesticated
in the area covering the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas (i.e. north-eastern
India), stretching through Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Southern
Laos, Vietnam, and Southern China, the japonica variety was domesticated
from wild rice in southern China which was introduced to India.
 Perennial wild rice is still growing in Assam and Nepal. It seems to have
appeared around 1400 BC in southern India after its domestication in the
northern plains.

Climatic Requirements

In India rice is grown under widely varying conditions of altitude and climate.

 Rice cultivation in India extends from 8 to35ºN latitudes and from sea level
to as high as 3000 meters.
 The Rice crop needs a hot and humid climate. It is best suited to regions that
have high humidity, prolonged sunshine, and an assured supply of water.
 It required around 150-300 cm of rainfall and deep clayey and loamy soil.
 The average temperature required throughout the life period of the crop
ranges from 21 to 37º C.
 The maximum temperature which the crop can tolerate is 40º C to 42º C.

Wheat
Wheat is the main cereal crop in India. Indian wheat is largely a soft/medium-hard,
medium protein, white bread wheat, somewhat similar to U.S. hard white wheat.

 Wheat grown in central and western India is typically hard, with high protein
and high gluten content.
 India also produces around 1.0-1.2 million tons of durum wheat, mostly in
the state of Madhya Pradesh.
 Most Indian durum is not marketed separately due to segregation problems in
the market yards.
 The Government of India appointed a commission in 1961 to assess the
feasibility of increasing crop productivity under prevailing Indian ecological
conditions. As a result of various steps taken by Govt. of India, the Wheat
scenario in our country has completely changed.

Wheat production in India is a significant agricultural activity. India is one of

the world's largest producers of wheat, and wheat is a staple food in the
country. Here are some key points about wheat production in India:

1. Top Wheat Producer: India consistently ranks among the top wheat-
producing countries in the world, along with countries like China, Russia,
and the United States.
2. Climatic Conditions: Wheat cultivation in India largely depends on the
winter season. The key wheat-growing states in India include Punjab,
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Bihar. These states
have the appropriate climate and soil conditions for wheat cultivation.
3. Varieties: Several wheat varieties are grown in India, including high-
yielding varieties like HD 2967, HD 3086, and PBW 343. These varieties have
been developed to improve crop yields and resilience.
4. Production Trends: India's wheat production has seen significant growth
over the years, thanks to advancements in agricultural practices, improved
crop varieties, and the adoption of modern farming technologies. The
production of wheat has surpassed the consumption, making India a net
exporter of wheat to other countries.
5. Government Support: The Indian government has played a significant role
in promoting wheat production by providing subsidies, price support
mechanisms, and incentives to farmers. The Minimum Support Price (MSP)
is an essential tool to support wheat farmers.
6. Challenges: Despite its success, wheat production in India faces challenges
such as fluctuations in weather conditions, the spread of wheat diseases,
and the overuse of groundwater for irrigation, which can lead to declining
water tables in some regions.
7. Research and Development: Agricultural research institutions and
organizations in India, such as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) and state agricultural universities, continuously work on developing
new wheat varieties, improving cultivation techniques, and addressing
challenges related to wheat farming.
8. Global Trade: India exports wheat to various countries, including
neighboring nations in South Asia and the Middle East. However, the
country's wheat exports can vary from year to year based on production
levels and international market conditions.

Wheat is a crucial crop in India, not only for domestic consumption but also
for its contribution to the agricultural economy and food security. The
government and agricultural stakeholders continue to work on enhancing
wheat production to meet the growing demand for this staple crop.
cotton ---Cotton is one of the most important fiber and cash crop of India and plays a dominant
role in the industrial and agricultural economy of the country. It provides the basic raw material
(cotton fibre) to cotton textile industry. Cotton in India provides direct livelihood to 6 million farmers
and about 40 -50 million people are employed in cotton trade and its processing.

In India, there are ten major cotton growing states which are divided into three zones, viz.
north zone, central zone and south zone. North zone consists of Punjab, Haryana, and
Rajasthan. Central zone includes Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. South zone
comprises Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Besides these ten States,
cotton cultivation has gained momentum in the Eastern State of Orissa. Cotton is also
cultivated in small areas of non-traditional States such as Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal &
Tripura.

India is the largest producer of cotton globally. It is a crop that holds significant importance for
the Indian economy and the livelihood of Indian cotton farmers. Cotton grows over 11.7 million
hectares in India compared to 31.2 million hectares globally. The Indian cotton industry provides
livelihood to about 60 million people in the country.

India’s total production of cotton in the year 2021-22 was 31.2 million bales (bales of 170 kg
each) and in 2022-23 (upto November 2023), it stood at 34.1 million bales. The Central Zone
(which comprises states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh) is the biggest producer
of cotton in India, with Gujarat being the highest producer of the Central Zone and the country at
8.52 million bales. Saurashtra constitutes about 70% of Gujarat’s cotton production, with farmers
in Amreli - the state’s largest cotton district – playing a key role. Yavatamal, Buldhana, Akola
Amravati Nagpur Washim, and Wardha are the districts of Vidarbha which are Maharashtra’s
major cotton-producing areas.

The Southern Zone (which comprises states like Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and
Tamil Nadu) is the second biggest producer of cotton, producing about 30% of the nation’s
cotton, with Telangana producing the largest in the Southern Zone and the third largest in the
country, contributing 6.58 million bales (bales of 170 kg each). The cotton textiles industry is the
second largest employer in the country after agriculture, while also sustaining the livelihoods of
an estimated 6.5 million cotton farmers and driving a large export market.

The government has been implementing various policy initiatives and schemes to
encourage cotton spinning millers in the country, including the announcement of key
reforms under a Special Package that includes additional incentives under the Amended
Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS), relaxation of Section 80JJAA of the
Income Tax Act, and the introduction of fixed-term employment for the apparel sector.
 Under the Market Access Initiative (MAI) Scheme, the government offers rebates on
state and central taxes and levies that are integrated into production, as well as aid to
exporters. Schemes like SAMARTH (Scheme for Capacity Building in the Textile Sector)
aim to address the shortage of skilled workers in the textile sector with a target of
training 10 lakh people.

Government of India has launched Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA) during the
Union Budget for 2021-22 under which seven textile parks will be established over a
period of three years. This will enable the textile industry to become globally competitive,
boost employment generation and attract large investments. Additionally, Confederation
of Indian Textile Industry (CITI), one of the leading industry chambers of the textile
sector in India is working across 1700 villages of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and
Maharashtra in association with about 90,000 farmers for improving yield and production
of cotton in a sustainable way.

The Cotton Corporation of India was established in July 1970 under the
administrative control of the Ministry of Textiles, the Government of India as a
Public Sector Undertaking under the Companies Act 1956. Initially, CCI served as
a canalizing agency for cotton imports and raw cotton purchases in order to
provide required pricing support to enterprising planters and to procure raw cotton
for textile mills. CCI’s role now however is to stabilize prices by enforcing price
support measures whenever the market prices fall below the government decided
price supports. CCI also conducts commercial purchasing operations to meet the
domestic textile industry's raw material requirements, particularly during the lean
season.

Rubber --- Rubber production in India is an important agricultural and

industrial activity. Rubber is primarily produced in the southern and
northeastern states of India. Here are some key points about rubber
production in India:

1. Rubber-Producing States: The southern state of Kerala and the

northeastern states of Assam, Tripura, and West Bengal are the primary
rubber-producing regions in India. Kerala is the largest rubber-producing
state, contributing significantly to the country's rubber production.
2. Climatic Conditions: Rubber cultivation in India is heavily dependent on
the tropical and subtropical climate. Rubber plantations thrive in regions
with high rainfall and a temperature range of 20 to 35 degrees Celsius.
Kerala, with its favorable climatic conditions, is particularly well-suited for
rubber cultivation.
3. Rubber Varieties: The most commonly cultivated rubber tree in India is
Hevea brasiliensis, which is the source of natural rubber. There are also
other rubber varieties and hybrids that are being experimented with to
enhance productivity and disease resistance.
4. Production Trends: India is one of the world's top rubber producers, and
rubber production has seen steady growth over the years. The production
of natural rubber in India has often exceeded the domestic consumption,
making it a significant exporter of rubber.
5. Smallholders: Rubber cultivation in India involves a mix of large estates
and smallholders. Small rubber holdings are common in Kerala, and rubber
cultivation provides livelihoods to many farmers in the region.
6. Processing and Manufacturing: Rubber processing and manufacturing
industries are well-established in India. Rubber is processed into various
products, including tires, footwear, industrial goods, and latex products.
India has several tire manufacturing companies, such as Apollo Tyres and
MRF, which are major players in the global tire industry.
7. Challenges: The rubber industry in India faces challenges related to price
fluctuations, market dynamics, and vulnerability to diseases like the South
American Leaf Blight (SALB). Disease management and sustainable rubber
farming practices are areas of ongoing research and development.
8. Government Support: The Indian government provides support to rubber
farmers through subsidies, research and development programs, and price
support mechanisms. The Rubber Board of India is responsible for the
promotion and regulation of the rubber industry in the country.
9. Global Trade: India exports natural rubber and rubber products to various
countries. Major export destinations for Indian rubber products include the
United States, European Union, and countries in the Middle East and
Southeast Asia.

Rubber is an important cash crop in India, contributing to the country's

economy and providing employment opportunities, especially in the states
where rubber cultivation is prevalent. The industry continues to evolve with
the adoption of modern cultivation practices and research to enhance
productivity and sustainability.

Sugercane -- India is the second-highest producer of sugarcane in the world

after Brazil. The largest producer of sugarcane in India is Maharashtra,
which produced over 138 lakh tonnes of sugarcane in 2022-23. Sugarcane is
a multipurpose crop, used in making sugar, jaggery, khansari, molasses, and
even paper.

In India, approximately 60% of the population is involved in agriculture and

among the many crops cultivated in the nation, sugarcane is one of the most
important Kharif crops. The climate of the country supports the plantation of
sugarcane throughout the year. Find the top 10 sugarcane producing states in
India

The largest sugarcane producing state in India is Maharashtra. The annual

production of sugarcane in 2022-23 in Maharashtra was 138 lakh tonnes.
Here are some more facts about the sugarcane producing states in India:

 Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra together contribute to 80%

of the total sugarcane production in India.
 Maharashtra produces 61.32 million tonnes of sugarcane on average
per year.

About Sugarcane

 Sugarcane is a tropical and subtropical crop that requires a hot and

humid climate to grow.
 A tall, perennial grass species known as sugarcane or sugar cane is
utilised in the production of sugar.
 The 2–6 m tall plants have thick, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in
sucrose and accumulate in the internodes of the stalks.
 Several other states grow sugarcane in addition to Uttar Pradesh, which
is the largest producer of sugarcane in India.
 Largest Producer of Sugarcane in India 2022-23
 Here are the top sugarcane-producing states in India:
 Maharashtra
 Maharashtra is the largest cultivator of sugarcane in India. With more
than 138 lakh tonnes produced in 2022-23, Maharashtra tops the list of
sugarcane producers. The main reason behind this is the perennial
water supply in the state. Pune, Satara, Solapur, Ahmednagar, and
Aurangabad are the major producers.
 Uttar Pradesh
 Uttar Pradesh ranks second in the list of largest sugarcane producing
state in India. For 2022-23, the area reserved for sugarcane plantation
was increased to a few hectares. Consequentially, the production of
sugarcane was 105 lakh tonnes in 2022-23. Meerut, Bareilly,
Saharanpur, and Bulandshahr are the major districts producing
sugarcane in UP.
 Karnataka
 Karnataka is the third-largest producer of sugarcane in India. The
climatic condition here favors the production of top-quality sugarcane.
It recorded production of over 38 MT in 2019-20. Districts such as
 Shimoga, Mysore, Belgaum, and Chitradurga are the largest producers,
thanks to the irrigation projects in the Cauvery River.
 Tamil Nadu
 Tamil Nadu occupies the fourth position in list of major producer of
sugarcane in India. The state produces an average of 18.5 MT of
sugarcane annually. However, it tops the list in terms of productivity
per hectare. It produces an average of 99 tonnes/ha.
 Bihar
 Bihar is one of the top producers of sugarcane and jaggery, thanks to
its fertile plains. The major contributors are Patna, Darbhanga, Gaya,
and Champaran districts.
 Gujarat
 Despite being an industrial area, Gujarat contributes more than 3% of
the total sugarcane produced in the country. The bulk contribution
comes from its southern districts like Valsad, Navsari, Surat, and
Bharuch.
 Haryana
 Haryana is one of the largest contributors to India's central pool of food
grains. Apart from sugarcane, Haryana also produces large quantities
of rice, jawar, bajra, and maize. It produces more than 8MT of
sugarcane in 1.3 lac hectares of land.
 Andhra Pradesh
 The black alluvial soil of Andhra Pradesh is perfect for sugarcane
cultivation. The districts around Krishna and Godavari benefit from
these rivers and can produce sugarcane in bulk quantities.
 Punjab
 Punjab occupies the ninth position on this list. On average, it produces
7 MT of sugarcane in 0.92 lac hectares of land. The high productivity
is due to the inbuilt agricultural culture in the state.
 Uttarakhand
 The hilly state of Uttarakhand ranks 10th on the list, with an average
annual production of 6.38 MT. Dehradun, Haridwar, and Udham Singh
Nagar are major contributors to this high number.

Q what is the green revolution of india .

Ans The Green Revolution (a term used for rapid increases in wheat and rice yields in
developing countries brought about by improved varieties combined with the expanded use
of fertilizers and other chemical inputs) has had a dramatic impact on incomes and food
supplies in many developing countries.

The term green revolution was first used by William Gaud and Norman Borlaug
is the Father of the Green Revolution.
In the year 1965, the government of India launched the Green Revolution with the
help of a geneticist, now known as the father of the Green revolution (India) M.S.
Swaminathan. The movement of the green revolution was a great success and
changed the country’s status from a food-deficient economy to one of the world’s
leading agricultural nations. It started in 1967 and lasted till 1978.

The Green Revolution within India led to an increase in agricultural production, especially in
Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this undertaking were the
development of a high-yielding variety of seeds of wheat and rust-resistant strains of wheat.

Aspects of Green Revolution in India

 High Yielding Varieties (HYV)
 Mechanization of Agriculture
 Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
 Irrigation

The Green Revolution is referred to as the process of increasing agricultural

production by incorporating modern tools and techniques. Green Revolution is
associated with agricultural production. It is the period when agriculture of the
country was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern
methods and techniques like the use of high yielding variety seeds, tractors,
irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. Until 1967, the government majorly
concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But the rapidly increasing population
than the food production called for a drastic and immediate action to increase yield
which came in the form of the Green Revolution.

The method of green revolution focused on three basic elements, that are:

1. Using seeds with improved genetics (High Yielding Variety seeds).

2. Double cropping in the existing farmland and,
3. The continuing expansion of farming areas

Schemes Under Green Revolution (India)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the Umbrella Scheme Green Revolution –
‘Krishonnati Yojana’ in the agriculture sector for the period of three years from 2017
to 2020 with the Central Share of Rs. 33,269.976 crore.The Umbrella scheme Green
revolution- Krishonnati Yojana comprises 11 Schemes under it and all these
schemes look to develop the agriculture and allied sector in a scientific and holistic
manner so as to increase the income of farmers by increasing productivity,
production, and better returns on produce, strengthening production infrastructure,
reducing the cost of production and marketing of agriculture and allied produce. The
11 schemes that are part of the Umbrella Schemes under the Green revolution are:

1. MIDH – Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture – It aims to promote the

comprehensive growth of the horticulture sector, enhance the production of the sector,
improve nutritional security, and increase income support to household farms. This
mission was undertaken to establish production clusters and hubs to encourage the
development of infrastructural facilities for processing, post-harvest management, and
exports.

1. NFSM – National Food Security Mission – This includes NMOOP – National Mission
on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm. The aim of this scheme is to increase the production of wheat
pulses, rice, coarse cereals and commercial crops, productivity enhancement, and area
expansion in a suitable manner, enhancing farm level economy, restoring soil fertility and
productivity at the individual farm level. It further aims to reduce imports and increase the
availability of vegetable oils and edible oils in the country.
2. NMSA – National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – the aim is to promote
sustainable agriculture practices that are best suitable to the specific agro-ecology
focusing on integrated farming, appropriate soil health management, and synergizing
resource conservation technology. It also strives to minimise farmers’ agricultural costs
through sustainable integrated organic farming systems, hence increasing farmers’ net
income per unit of land, and producing chemical-free and nutritious food for human
consumption in a sustainable manner.
3. SMAE – Submission on Agriculture Extension – this scheme aims to strengthen the
ongoing extension mechanism of State Governments, local bodies, etc. achieving food
security and socio-economic empowerment of farmers, to forge effective linkages and
synergy amongst various stakeholders, to institutionalize program planning and
implementation mechanism, support HRD interventions, promote pervasive and
innovative use of electronic and print media, interpersonal communication, and ICT tools,
etc.
4. SMSP – Sub-Mission on Seeds and Planting Material – This aims to increase the
production of quality seed, upgrade the quality of farm-saved seeds and increase SRR,
strengthen the seed multiplication chain, and promote new methods and technologies in
seed production, processing, testing, etc., to strengthen and modernize infrastructure for
seed production, storage, quality, and certification, etc.
5. SMAM – Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation – aims to increase the reach of
farm mechanization to small and marginal farmers and to the regions where availability of
farm power is low, to promote ‘Custom Hiring Centres’ to offset the adverse economies of
scale arising due to small landholding and high cost of individual ownership, to create
hubs for hi-tech and high-value farm equipment, to create awareness among
stakeholders through demonstration and capacity building activities, and to ensure
performance testing and certification at designated testing centres located all over the
country.
6. SMPPQ – Sub Mission on Plant Protection and Plan Quarantine – the aim of this
scheme is to minimize loss to quality and yield of agricultural crops from insects, pests,
weeds, etc., to shield our agricultural bio-security from the incursions and spread of alien
species, to facilitate exports of Indian agricultural commodities to global markets, and to
promote good agricultural practices, particularly with respect to plant protection strategies
and strategies.
7. ISACES – Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Census, Economics, and Statistics –
this aims to undertake the agriculture census, undertake research studies on agro-
economic problems of the country, study the cost of cultivation of principal crops, fund
conferences, workshops, and seminars involving eminent agricultural scientists,
 economists, experts so as to bring out papers to conduct short term studies, improve
agricultural statistics methodology and to create a hierarchical information system on
crop condition and crop production from sowing to harvest.
8. ISAC – Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Cooperation aims to provide financial
assistance for improving the economic conditions of cooperatives, remove regional
imbalances, to speed up cooperative development in agricultural processing, storage,
marketing, computerization, and weaker section programs; ensuring the supply of quality
yarn at reasonable rates to the decentralized weavers and help cotton growers fetch a
remunerative price for their produce through value addition.
9. ISAM – Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Marketing – this scheme aims to develop
agricultural marketing infrastructure; to promote innovative technologies and competitive
alternatives in agriculture marketing infrastructure; to provide infrastructure facilities for
grading, standardization, and quality certification of agricultural produce; to establish a
nationwide marketing information network; to integrate markets through a common online
market platform to facilitate pan-India trade in agricultural commodities, etc.
10. And, NeGP-A – National e-Governance Plan aims to bring farmer-centric & service-
oriented programs; to improve access of farmers to information and services throughout
the crop-cycle and enhance the reach and impact of extension services; to build upon,
enhance and integrate the existing ICT initiatives of the Centre and States; to enhance
efficiency and effectiveness of programs through providing timely and relevant
information to the farmers for increasing their agriculture productivity.

Green Revolution (Features)

1. Introduced High Yielding Variety seeds in Indian agriculture.
2. The HYV seeds were highly effective in regions that had rich irrigation facilities and were
more successful with the wheat crop. Therefore, the Green Revolution at first focused on
states with better infrastructure such as Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
3. During the second phase, the high yielding variety seeds were given to other states, and
crops other than wheat were also included in the plan.
4. The most important requirement for the high yielding variety seeds is proper irrigation.
Crops grown from HYV seeds need good amounts of water supply and farmers could not
depend on monsoon. Hence, the Green Revolution has improved the irrigation systems
around farms in India.
5. Commercial crops and cash crops such as cotton, jute, oilseeds, etc were not a part of
the plan. Green revolution in India mainly emphasized food grains such as wheat and
rice.
6. To enhance farm productivity green revolution increased the availability and use of
fertilizers, weedicides, and pesticides to reduce any damage or loss to the crops.
7. It also helped in promoting commercial farming in the country with the introduction of
machinery and technology like harvesters, drills, tractors, etc.

Impact of Green Revolution in India

1. Green Revolution has remarkably increased Agricultural Production. Foodgrains in India
saw a great rise in output. The biggest beneficiary of the revolution was the Wheat Grain.
The production increased to 55 million tonnes in the early stage of the plan itself.
2. Not just limited to agricultural output the revolution also increased per Acre yield. Green
Revolution increased the per hectare yield in the case of wheat from 850 kg per hectare
to an incredible 2281 kg/hectare in its early stage.
3. With the introduction of the Green revolution, India reached its way to self-sufficiency and
was less dependent on imports. The production in the country was sufficient to meet the
 demand of the rising population and to stock it for emergencies. Rather than depending
on the import of food grains from other countries India started exporting its agricultural
produce.
4. The introduction of the revolution inhibited a fear among the masses that commercial
farming would lead to unemployment and leave a lot of the labour force jobless. But the
result seen was totally different there was a rise in rural employment. The tertiary
industries such as transportation, irrigation, food processing, marketing, etc created
employment opportunities for the workforce.
5. The Green Revolution in India majorly benefited the farmers of the country. Farmers not
only survived but also prospered during the revolution their income saw a significant rise
which enabled them to shift from sustenance farming to commercial farming.

the positive impact, the revolution had a gloomy side too. Some of the negative
effects of the Green Revolution are stated below:

 Retardation of agricultural growth due to inadequate irrigation cover, shrinking farm size,
failure to evolve new technologies, inadequate use of technology, declining plan outlay,
unbalanced use of inputs, and weaknesses in credit delivery system.
 Regional dispersal of the evolution created regional inequalities. The benefits of the
green revolution remained concentrated in the areas where the new technology was
used. Moreover, since the revolution for the number of years remained limited to wheat
production, its benefits were mostly accrued only to wheat-growing areas.
 Interpersonal inequalities between large and small scale farmers. The new technologies
introduced during the revolution called for substantial investments which were beyond the
means of a majority of small farmers. Farmers having large farmlands continued to make
greater absolute gains in income by reinvesting the earnings in farm and non-farm
assets, purchasing land from the smaller cultivators, etc.

Q what is the contribution in international tade by india ?

Ans India is a country with a rich and diverse history. Here's a look at some of the key roles
of India in the Present World, be it political, economic or social.
India is a country with a rich and diverse history. It has had a significant role in world affairs for
thousands of years, and that influence continues to this day. India is the second-most populous
country in the world, and its economy is growing rapidly. In this blog post, we will take a closer
look at India’s role in the world today. We will explore the role of India in the present world,
and its influence across different continents, and discuss some of the challenges and
opportunities that lie ahead for India on the global stage.

Role of India in the Present World:

India is one of the most influential countries in the world today, with a presence across all major
continents. Here’s a look at some of the key roles of India in the Present World

– In South Asia, India is a leading economic power and its cultural and linguistic heritage is
widely respected

– In East Asia, India has close ties with both Japan and China and is seen as a key player in the
region
– In Africa, India has been increasing its economic and political ties with countries across the
continent

– In Europe, India has strong trade ties with many countries and is also a major source of
immigrants to the continent

– In North America, India is a major destination for students and professionals seeking education
and work opportunities

– In Latin America, India is seen as a potential partner in areas such as trade, energy and
infrastructure development

In the 21st century, India is an increasingly important country on the global stage, with a growing
economy and population, and a vast array of resources and talent. As its influence continues to
grow, it is likely that India will play an ever-more important role in shaping the world around us.

Political Role of India in Present World:

Let’s have a look at the political role of India in the present world.

India has always been a peaceful country, striving for mutual respect and cooperation with all
nations. India is one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Played
an important role in its establishment. The movement was created to ensure that small and newly
independent countries would not be drawn into the orbit of either the United States or the Soviet
Union during the Cold War. India has also been a strong supporter of the United Nations and has
worked to promote peace and security around the world.

In recent years, India has become an increasingly important player on the global stage. India is
now the world’s second-most populous country with over one billion people, and it is also one of
the world’s fastest-growing economies. India is also a nuclear power and has a large military
force.

India has been able to use its growing economic and political clout to expand its influence around
the world. For example, India has been working to strengthen ties with East Africa in order to
counter China’s growing influence in the region. India has also been working to expand its
economic ties with Latin America and Southeast Asia.

Economic Role of India in Present

World:
The economic role of India in the present world is significant. The country is currently the
world’s fastest-growing major economy, with an annual growth rate of around seven per cent. In
recent years, India has been a key driver of global economic growth, accounting for about 15 per
cent of the world’s total economic output.
India is also home to a large and rapidly growing middle class. Currently, there are around 300
million middle-class consumers in India, and this number is expected to grow to 600 million by
2030. This growing middle class is increasingly playing a role in global consumption patterns,
with Indian consumers becoming an important market for a wide range of products and services.

In addition to its economic role, India is also a major political and military power. The country is
the world’s second-largest contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations and is a
nuclear-armed state with one of the largest militaries in the world. India is also a member of a
number of important international organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade
Organization, and the G20.

All of these factors make India a significant player on the global stage. The country’s influence is
only likely to grow in the years ahead, making it an important country to watch.

Some Important Role of Role of India in

Present World:
Revive SAARC:
The SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is an organization of eight
countries in South Asia. India is a founding member of the SAARC and has always been a key
player in the organization.

In recent years, however, the SAARC has become largely inactive due to disagreements
between India and Pakistan, the two largest members of the organization.

India has been working to revive the SAARC in recent years and has proposed a number of
initiatives to make the organization more effective. These initiatives include making the SAARC
more inclusive, increasing cooperation on regional issues, and improving connectivity between
member states.

External Aid in Adequate Measure:

India is the second-largest donor of external aid in the world, contributing more than $70 billion
cumulatively to developing countries since independence. India is also a member of various
global and regional forums such as the G20, BRICS, and SCO that provide opportunities for it to
engage with other major powers and shape global agendas.

Self-strength is key:
India’s economic growth and its role in the world today are both products of its own strengths.
India has pursued an independent foreign policy, built a strong economy, and developed
relationships with countries around the world. These factors have given India greater influence
on the global stage.

A force for peace:

India is also a constructive player in many global peacekeeping efforts. It is the largest
contributor to UN peacekeeping operations and has played a significant role in resolving conflicts
in its own region.

India is a powerful country with a rich culture and heritage. It is important to understand the role
of India in the present world, especially given its growing influence across continents. India is
the world’s largest democracy, with a population of over 1.2 billion people. The country’s
integration into the global economy has been accompanied with economic growth during the last
decade. India has risen to prominence as a global player.We hope this article has provided you
with some valuable insights into India’s place in the global community. If you are interested in
learning more about Indian history and politics

Q india is a main industry of iron and steel , cotton .textile with location and production explain .

Or

Where are iron and steel industries located in India and why?

Ans Iron and Steel Industry in India

The Iron and Steel Industry in India is one of the most important
industries and as of January 2019, India has overtaken Japan as being
the world’s second-largest producer of steel. The crude steel
production in India is 106.5 tonnes. Iron And Steel Industry in
India
The Iron and Steel Industry in India has been boosted because of easily
available raw materials such as iron-ore and low-cost labor. The iron and
steel Industry of India is one of the major contributors to the country’s
manufacturing outputs. The aim of the Iron and Steel Industry in India has
always been to update the older plants and degradation to higher levels of
energy.
Structure of the Iron and Steel Industry in India
There are three categories in which the Iron and Steel Industry in India can
be divided:
1. Primary Producers
2. Secondary Producers
3. Other Major Producers
Some of the main steel producers in India include SAIL, TISCO, and
RINL, which has a capacity of 50 percent of the country’s total steel
production other important steel plants include ESSAR, ISPAT, etc.
Growth and Development of Iron and Steel Industry
India’s iron and steel industry is more than 4000 years old history. In 350 AD
in Delhi near Qutub Minar, a famous iron pillar was created. In 1830, the first
attempt of unsuccessful iron and steel was made in Chennai, Tamilnadu.
Bombay Iron Works produced pig iron for the first time in 1874.
J.N Tata started the actual progress of the iron and steel industry. In 1918,
IISCO ( Indian Iron and Steel company limited) was established in Asansol,
West Bengal. Visveswaraya Iron and steel limited was established in 1923 at
Bhadravati in Karnataka.

During the second five-year plan (1956 – 1961), the Indian Iron and Steel
industry made huge progress. In the collaboration with USSR, Britain, and
the German govt, the Indian govt established the Iron and Steel industries in
Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela. Bokara iron and steel plant was established
in 1964 with the collaboration of Russia. In 1973 Steel Authority of India
(SAIL) was established.
Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry in India
In the regions of plentiful raw materials and resources, the iron and steel
Industry grew in India. Chota Nagpur Plateau in India is an important place
for major India steel-making centers, which are spread across West Bengal,
Jharkhand, Orissa, and Chhatisgarh.
Major Iron and Steel Plants in India
Some major Iron and Steel industries are found in India. These are given
below –
1. Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)
It is the oldest steel plant in India. It was established in 1907 in Jamshedpur
district of Jharkhand. Steel production was started in 1911 in this company.
Hematite iron ore is obtained from the Naomundi mines of Jharkhand and
Badampahar mines of Mayurbhanj, Odisha for this company. Acid steel for
making railway wheels, high-grade steel, bars, bolts, steel casting, axles,
and tinplates are produced in this company.
2. Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO)
Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) is the merger form of the Indian Iron
and Steel Company (1918) and the steel corporation of Bengal (1927).
Indian Iron and steel company and the steel corporation of Bengal were
merged together in 1952. IISCO has three separate steel plants which are
situated at Kulti, Hirapur, and Burnpur in West Bengal. Iron ore is supplied
from the Gua mines of Jharkhand and Mayurbhanj of Odisha to the IISCO.
Coal is obtained from Ramnagar mines of Jharia district. IISCO obtains water
and hydroelectricity from the Damodar River and Damodar valley corporation
(DVC)) respectively.
3. Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Limited ( VISL)
Visveswaraya Iron and Steel plant was established in 1923 at Bhadravati in
Karnataka, formerly it was known as Mysore Iron and Steel Limited. The
central government took over the plant in 1962. Kudremukh and Baba Budan
hills of Karnataka supplied high-grade iron ore to the plant. In the production
of alloy and special steel, VISL takes a major role.
4. Durgapur Iron and Steel Plant
Durgapur iron and steel plant was set up during the second five-year plan in 1956 with
the collaboration of Britain. It is located at Durgapur, Bardhaman district of West
Bengal. In 1962, the production was started in this plant. Ingot steel is the main
product of this plant. Singhbhum of Jharkhand and kendujhar mines of Odisha
supplied iron ore, jharia, and Raniganj supplied coal, balaghat supplied manganese,
and water is supplied from the Damodar River.
5. Bhilai Iron and Steel plant
With the collaboration of Russia, the Bhilai Iron and Steel plant was established in
1959 during the second five-year plan in the Durg district of Chattisgarh. Dalli-
Rajhara mines supplied iron ore, and Korba Coalfield supplied coal to this plant. Pig
iron and crude steel are produced in this plant.
6. Rourkela Iron and Steel plant
During the second five-year plan, Rourkela Iron and Steel plant was established in the
collaboration with German govt in 1959 in the Sundargarh district of Odisha. Its main
suppliers of raw materials are Mayurbhanj (iron ore), Bokaro and jharia coalfield
( coal), koel river (water), and Hirakud Dam(hydropower). Hot-rolled sheets, cold-
rolled sheets, and electrical steel plates are produced here.
Mini Steel Plants
The mini steel plants refer to the small steel manufacturing and pig iron is used as raw
materials for this time of plants. They are mostly secondary units that use steel scrap
and sponge iron. Mini plants are located at a distance from integrated plants. Mini
Steel Plants are mostly located near market areas, for the production of mild steel, and
alloy steel. The regulations governing minor steel plants are liberalized a lot at the
moment.
Benefits of Mini Steel Plants
Some important benefits of mini steel plants include:
1. Lowest Cost for Establishment
2. Short gestation period
3. More flexibility in operation
4. Decentralization of Industrialisation
5. Produces low-cost mild steel
6. Smaller infrastructural facility
Government Initiatives for the Iron and Steel Industry in
India
Some important government initiatives for Iron and Steel Plants in India include:
1. Certain guidelines have been approved for the specialisation of steel production
which was linked to a production-linked incentive scheme in 2021.
2. Mission Purvodaya was launched in the year 2020 for helping India’s eastern
states for developing faster.
3. The Government of India has allocated a budget of Rs. 39.25 crores to the Ministry
of Steel in the Union Budget for the year 2020-21.
Significance of the Iron and Steel Industry in India
1. The most important significance of the iron and steel industry in India is for the
development of the country. It serves as the backbone of the country’s physical
development.
2. The Iron and Steel Industry provides for industrial infrastructure and for regional
development. It also provides a greater scope for regional development and also
provision of employment.
3. The transportation sector is also benefitted from the iron and steel industry. They
also aid in the research and development sector’s growth.
4. Iron and steel are freely imported and exported to/from India.

Cotton textile industry --- The cotton industry in India has been
considered to be the second most developed in the textile industry of
India following the man-made textile. India is the largest producer of
cotton and the cotton industry of India is one of the fastest-growing
sectors. About 25 percent of the world’s area under cultivation is under
India and includes states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab and Tamil Nadu. About
4.5 crore people in India have been employed in cotton textile industry
of India. Cotton Textile Industry in India
Cotton is one of the most highly sought commodities which has been traded
since ancient times. The presence of cotton textile industries can be seen
since 1818 AD. The areas of the most important cotton textile include 4
regions:
1. Western region.
2. Southern region.
3. Northern region.
4. Eastern region.
5. Growth and Development of the Cotton
Industry in India
In the initial time frame, the cotton industry in India was concentrated in
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, where cotton is grown extensively.
The availability of raw materials, market, transportation, labor, and humid
climate, among other important factors have aided tremendously.
The partition in 1947, has led to the loss of many long-staple cotton-
growing regions to Pakistan and India faced a severe shortage of raw
cotton. As of 2011, there are 1,946 cotton textile mills present in India
and many thousand small factories are there as well. Background
to Cotton Textile Industry
The real advancement of the modem cotton material industry began in the
eighteenth century with the modern transformation in Great Britain. It got
energy after the innovations of the Flying Shuttle (1733) by Kay, the
Spinning Jenny (1764) by Hargreaves, the Spinning Mule (1776) by
Crompton, the Power loom (1787) via Cartwright, and Steam Engine and
Cotton Gin (1793) in Extraordinary Britain, From Great Britain, present-
day innovation of turning and winding of cotton fabric reached to numerous
nations of Europe and to the U.S.A., Japan, and India in the nineteenth
country.
In the 20th century, this innovation was created in the previous USSR,
China, Egypt, Turkey, Mexico, Brazil, etc. The cotton material industry is very
broad on the planet and upwards of 90 nations are creating cotton yarn as
well as material in fluctuating amounts. Be that as it may, the primary
grouping of the material industry is restricted to not many nations. There are
two kinds of creation related to cotton material, one is the development of
cotton yarn and one more is the creation of cotton fabric. Albeit numerous
nations produce both things.

Current Position of Cotton Textile Industry in India

India’s largest organized sector in modern times is cotton textile and employs
about 16 percent of the country’s capital and over 20 percent of industrial
labor. At present, there are 1,719 textile mills in India and tens of thousands
of small factories.

Locational Factors for Cotton Textile Industry in

India
Like different enterprises, the cotton material industry additionally expects to
amplify benefits by limiting the creation cost. To decrease the absolute use
or cost of creation and supply to business sectors, the business needs to
figure out the smallest expense ‘area. In the determination of a reasonable
size for a cotton material industry, the accessibility of talented work, market,
and method for transport assumes a vital part.
 Raw materials: Cotton is an unadulterated natural substance as the
proportion of crude cotton and wrapped-up item. Cotton string and
material are almost something very similar. It is tracked down that the
weight reduction of crude cotton (without cotton seeds) is immaterial to
produce.
 Market: The interest in apparel is constantly directed by design.
Generally speaking, made material products are noteworthy in nature.
Through time, the flavor of shoppers and the style of the general public
will more often than not change especially.
 Climate: Moist mild environment is viewed as an ideal condition for the
improvement of the cotton material industry. The greater part of the
material enterprises was set up in gentle and muggy climatic areas in the
nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years.
 Labor: The cotton material industry is essentially a work-escalated
industry. Gifted and modest work is expected by the material business.
Many works including the treatment of current machines rely generally
upon the work prepared for the business.
 Power Resources: The stock of shows of dominance a significant job in
the limitation of the cotton material industry. In the beginning stage of
 improvement, material ventures were situated close to the water source:
waterways, lakes, oceans, and so forth.
 Transport: Suitable method for transportation is expected for the
assortment of unrefined components, what’s more, dissemination of
completed products: cotton yarn, and cotton fabric to the market. These
things might be shipped by trucks (street transport), rail line carts, and
ocean vessels.
 Capital: A lot of capital is fundamental for the foundation of any cotton
factory. A cotton material industry running on a limited scale or family
premise requires little capital however an enormous scope plant needs a
colossal measure of fixed and portable.
Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry in India
The highest concentration of cotton textiles is included in Maharashtra,
Gujarat, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh. They are some of the leading
cotton textile producers.

States Characteristics

1. Maharashtra is the leading producer of cotton textile industries.

Maharashtra 2. Manufactures about 39.38 percent of mill cloth.
3. Employment of about three lahks of the population.

1. Gujarat is the second-largest cotton producer in the world.

Gujarat
2. Produces about 33% of the mill cloth

1. There is an abundance of cheap labor due to the backward

Madhya
economy.
Pradesh
2. Important centers include Gwalior, Ujjain, Indore, etc.

1. It is a major cotton producer in the southern states.

Tamil Nadu
2. Coimbatore is the most important center, with 200 mills.

1. Kolkata is the most important center.

West Bengal 2. Other important sites are Haora, Murshidabad, Hugli, Sirampur,
etc.

1. The western part of the state grows most of the textiles.

Uttar Pradesh
2. The important centers include Moradabad, Varanasi, Agra, etc.

1. New cotton varieties like BT cotton has been introduced.

2. Important centers of Punjab cotton textiles include Amritsar and
Punjab
Ludhiana.
 Types of Cotton

 Khadi: Khadi is a hand-woven fabric made from cotton that is typically

used for clothing. It is also sometimes referred to as “homespun cloth”.
 Calico: Calico is a plain-weave cotton fabric that is often printed with
patterns. It is commonly used for making garments, bedding, and other
household items.
 Muslin: Muslin is a finely-woven cotton fabric that can be either plain or
patterned. It is often used for making dresses, shirts, and other garments.
 Denim: Denim is a sturdy cotton twill fabric that is typically blue in color. It
is most commonly used for making jeans, but can also be used for other
garments such as shirts and jackets.
 Chambray: Chambray is a lightweight cotton fabric with a plain weave
that can be either solid-colored or patterned. It is often used for making
shirts, dresses, and other garments.
Government Initiatives
The government of India has come to enact certain policies for the promotion
of cotton textiles. In October 2021, there has been an announcement for the
establishment of 100 textile machinery in the country for the promotion of
world trade and the growth of cotton textile industries. MUDRA Scheme has
been established for the assistance of handloom weavers.
Challenges of Cotton Textile Industry in India
The following are the important challenges of the cotton textile industry in
India :
1. Scarcity of Raw Cotton: Since the partition, the Indian cotton textile
industry has suffered as cotton growing areas went to Pakistan.
2. Outdated Machinery: Around 60-70% of the machinery in India is 2 to 3
decades old.
3. Erratic Power Supply: Power supply to cotton mills is erratic and
insufficient.
4. Low Labour Productivity: A worker in India has two looms on average
as compared to 30 looms in Japan and 60 looms in USA.
5. Strikes: Frequent strikes can be seen in the cotton textile industry.
6. Tough competition: Stiff competition can be felt in the Indian cotton mill
industry in terms of handloom and power loom.
Significance of Cotton Textile Industry in India
India is ranked as the second-largest cotton producer with the largest cotton-
growing area in the world. It has the advantage of low-cost cotton sourcing
and the average wage rate in India is about 50-60% lower than in developed
countries, which benefits India in case of global outsourcing trends.
The industry has been investing in technology and is also trying to expand its
capacity for the strengthening of relationships with other sectors. Design and
capabilities also have come to help Indian companies for strengthening their
relationship with global players.

Exports from Cotton Textile Industry in India

Cotton is one of the major exports from India and cotton yarns, clothes, etc
are among the most important exports. Garments from India are well known
around the world and so readymade garments export increased drastically
from 1960. Exports from India cover USA, Russia, United Kingdoms, Sri
Lanka, and so forth countries.
The Indian cotton textile industry is one of the largest in the world, with
a production capacity of over 5 million tonnes. In recent years, the industry
has been facing challenges due to increased competition from cheaper
imports, particularly from China. The Indian government has been providing
support to the industry through various measures such as subsidies and
duty-free imports of raw cotton. In spite of these measures, the industry is
struggling to compete with Chinese manufacturers who have scale
advantages and lower costs.
Looking ahead, the future of the Indian cotton textile industry depends on its
ability to increase productivity and efficiency, while reducing costs. The
industry will also need to focus on developing new products and applications
for cotton that can compete with other synthetic fibers.
UNIT 4

Q what do you understand by geographical basis of Indian federalism ?

Ans Federalism is a form of governmental structure in which the central and state governments co-

exist with a predetermined distribution of powers. Federalism can be based on many factors, such as

political, social, cultural, historical, geographical, etc”.

Federalism ensures the effective functioning of democratic Institutions by becoming more

representative of local problems, demands, and aspirations.

The model of Indian federalism is called a quasi-federal system because it contains the main

characteristics of a federation and a union.

Geography has a significant impact on the Federal structure of India. The big size of the country and

the diversity of the physical, social and anthropological aspects of geography have created favorable
conditions for the existence of the Federation in India.

Factors Influenced Geographical Basis of Indian Federalism

1. Geographical Size of the Country

India is the 7th largest country in the world having an area of 32,87,263 sq.km which is about 2.4% of

the total land area of the world.

So, to control the administration with a single Government it will be a big task, hence favorable

condition to adopt a federal form of Government.

2. Physiography Diversities

(a) Geomorphic diversity is reflected by the physiographic division of India into Northern Himalayan

mountains, Indo-Gangetic plains, Deserts, Deccan Plateau and Central Highlands including the

Western Ghats and Eastern Mountains along with the Coastal Plains and Islands.

(b) Although India is largely characteristic of the tropical monsoon climate, several distinct climatic

regions coexist in India, from arid and semi-arid climates to humid and sub- humid climates.

The Topography influenced the climatic division of India by determining the spatial and temporal

distribution of rainfall in India. example:

Cherrapunji > 1000 cm

Meghalaya > 300 cm

(b) Geomorphic and climatic diversity has induced variations in the soil and natural vegetation in

India. The diversity of the soil has led to different crop cultivation.
Model of combinations and agronomic practices culminating in the differential contribution of

agriculture to the global economy of the region.

(c) The natural vegetation goes from the arid deserts to the evergreen tropical forest, thereby created

various kinds of flora and fauna. Climate, soil, and topography influenced the determination of the

natural vegetation of a region.

Several physiographic regions require specific administrative responses from the region, which leads

to the federal structure of the government.

3. Socio-Cultural Diversities

Linguistic diversity is the result of historical factors such as the presence of many kingdoms in the

vast expanse of India.

Language, as an important cultural medium, has favored the federal structure due to administrative

convenience. Many castes, tribes and linguistic groups coexist in the federal structure of the country.

The federal structure was present in history and even in the geography of India.

These are the main factors influenced Geographical basis of Indian Federalism.

Our Constitution is so strong in terms of framing federal structure which directs towards the inclusive

growth of the people by satisfying essential conditions with the specific points like dual government,

power distribution between States and Center, the supremacy of the Constitution, and the authority of

high courts and supreme courts with final interpretation of the Constitution.

Since India contains diverse geographical conditions the federalism helps to solve the problem.

Q write a essay of state re- organisation of india .

Ans The reorganization of states in India is a topic of significant historical

and contemporary relevance. India, a diverse and vast country with a rich
 cultural tapestry, has undergone multiple state reorganizations since
gaining independence in 1947. These reorganizations have been driven by
various factors, including linguistic, cultural, and administrative
considerations. This essay explores the history and significance of state
reorganization in India, discussing some key instances and the evolving
discourse surrounding the issue.

Historical Background:

The state reorganization process in India has its roots in the colonial period
when British India was administered as a vast and complex entity. Upon
achieving independence in 1947, it became evident that the existing
administrative divisions did not adequately represent the linguistic and
cultural diversity of the country. The government recognized the
importance of linguistic unity and cultural homogeneity in fostering a sense
of belonging and effective governance.

Key Instances of State Reorganization:

1. Creation of Andhra Pradesh (1953): One of the earliest instances of state

reorganization occurred in 1953 when Andhra Pradesh was formed by
merging Telugu-speaking areas from the erstwhile Madras Presidency with
the state of Hyderabad. This move set a precedent for linguistic
reorganization.
2. States Reorganization Commission (1955): To address growing demands for
linguistic states, the government established the States Reorganization
Commission in 1955, which recommended the reorganization of states
based on linguistic lines. This resulted in the creation of several new states,
such as Kerala, Karnataka, and Gujarat.
3. Formation of Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh (2000): In 2000, the
states of Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh were carved out of the
larger states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh, respectively. This
move aimed to promote better governance and development in these
regions.
4. Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh (2014): In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was
bifurcated, with the creation of Telangana as a separate state. This decision
was driven by demands for regional development and administrative
efficiency.
 Contemporary Relevance:

The reorganization of states in India remains a relevant and evolving issue

for several reasons:

1. Administrative Efficiency: Smaller states are often more efficient in

governance and resource allocation. Dividing larger states can lead to
better administration and targeted development efforts.
2. Regional Development: State reorganization can promote the equitable
distribution of resources and development across regions. New states may
have more focused development agendas, addressing the specific needs of
their populations.
3. Cultural Preservation: The recognition of linguistic and cultural diversity is
essential for preserving India's rich heritage. Reorganizing states along
linguistic lines helps maintain cultural identities.
4. Political Representation: Smaller states can lead to increased political
participation and representation. People in newly created states have a
stronger voice in shaping their governance.
5. Local Governance: Decentralization of power through state reorganization
can empower local governments and enhance citizen participation in
decision-making.

Challenges and Considerations:

While state reorganization has its benefits, it also presents challenges, such
as the equitable distribution of resources, boundary disputes, and
administrative adjustments. Careful planning and dialogue are essential to
ensure a smooth transition.

Conclusion:

State reorganization in India has been a complex, dynamic, and evolving

process. It has played a crucial role in addressing the linguistic, cultural, and
administrative diversity of the nation. By promoting administrative
efficiency, regional development, and cultural preservation, state
reorganization continues to be a relevant and important issue in the
governance of India. Balancing the interests of various regions and
communities remains a significant challenge, but the process has
contributed to India's unity in diversity and its commitment to democratic
governance.
Q india have a problem of cross border terrorism how to solve ?
 Ans Recently, the Defence Minister of India urged the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) member states to jointly fight and
eliminate terrorism, including the cross-border variety, calling the
menace one of the most serious challenges to global peace and security.
 he term ‘cross-border’ implies a movement or an activity across a
border between the two countries.
 Cross-Border Terrorism is a form in which soil of one country is used
to create terror in bordering countries.
 As a grey zone conflict, it is an undeclared war and considered to
be highest form of strategy to bleed a nation for prolonged period by
small efforts.
The Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
 It defines terrorist activity as one which intends to threaten the unity,
integrity, security or sovereignty of India or strike terror in the minds
of people.
 It can either be created through explosive or lethal weapons or any other
substance of hazardous nature to cause death of or injuries to any
person and destruction of any property.
 It is a systematic use of violence against civilians for intimidating a
population or government for political, religious, or ideological goals.
 Cross border terrorism includes unconventional tactics like cyber
attacks, political warfare, perception war, sponsorship of armed proxy
fighters etc.
What are the Factors Facilitating Cross-Border Incursion?
 Porous Border:
o India's borders with most neighbours are porous (not protected) and
are extremely easy to cross.
o These borders cannot be physically wired due to complex
geographical features such as mountains, deserts and other
landforms.
 o This complexity makes these borders difficult to protect by
security forces.
o Moreover, Border management in India has been characterised by
security ambivalence and lack of strategic thinking.
 Support from Non-State Actors:
o India has a discordant political relationship with Pakistan which
provide material support for secessionist militants in the border
states of North-East and Jammu and Kashmir.
o Pakistan facilitates movement of its proxies across the border with
the only motive of creating terror in the minds of people of
neighbouring states.
 Internal Support:
o Sometimes the local population support and facilitate cross
border movement of terrorists by providing them conveyance and
safe places to hide.
o This could happen due to multitude of reasons such as identical
ethnic affiliation, monetary requirements, fear of life, lack of
education, dissatisfaction from present governance system etc.
 Corrupt Officials:
o Sometimes officials in exchange for a few thousand rupees allow
unabated entry of illegal migrants whose identities and backgrounds
are little known; these channels provide scope to criminal
elements to cross over to mainland India.
What do we Know About the Indian Border?
 India has 15,106.7 kms of land border and a coastline of 7,516.6 kms
including island territories.
 Out of the total 28 states of India except for six states (Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, Delhi and Haryana), rest all states
have either maritime boundary or land border with other nations.
 India has land borders with countries:
o Pakistan, Afghanistan (PoK), China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and
Bangladesh.
 India has maritime borders with seven countries:
 o Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Sri Lanka and
Maldives.

CROSS-BORDER TERRORISM
Last Updated: December 2022

For Prelims: Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), The Prevention of

Terrorism Act, 2002, Indian Border, National Investigation Agency (NIA),
Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT), LoC (Line of
Control) and LAC (Line of Actual Control).

For mains: Cross-Border Terrorism, Factors Facilitating Cross-Border Incursion,

Cross-Border Terrorism in India, Related Initiatives and more steps that can be
taken.
Why in News?
 Recently, the Defence Minister of India urged the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization (SCO) member states to jointly fight and
eliminate terrorism, including the cross-border variety, calling the
menace one of the most serious challenges to global peace and security.
What is Cross-Border Terrorism?
 The term ‘cross-border’ implies a movement or an activity across a
border between the two countries.
 Cross-Border Terrorism is a form in which soil of one country is used
to create terror in bordering countries.
 As a grey zone conflict, it is an undeclared war and considered to
be highest form of strategy to bleed a nation for prolonged period by
small efforts.
The Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
 It defines terrorist activity as one which intends to threaten the unity,
integrity, security or sovereignty of India or strike terror in the minds
of people.
 It can either be created through explosive or lethal weapons or any other
substance of hazardous nature to cause death of or injuries to any
person and destruction of any property.
 It is a systematic use of violence against civilians for intimidating a
population or government for political, religious, or ideological goals.
 Cross border terrorism includes unconventional tactics like cyber
attacks, political warfare, perception war, sponsorship of armed proxy
fighters etc.
What are the Factors Facilitating Cross-Border Incursion?
 Porous Border:
o India's borders with most neighbours are porous (not protected) and
are extremely easy to cross.
o These borders cannot be physically wired due to complex
geographical features such as mountains, deserts and other
landforms.
o This complexity makes these borders difficult to protect by
security forces.
o Moreover, Border management in India has been characterised by
security ambivalence and lack of strategic thinking.
 Support from Non-State Actors:
o India has a discordant political relationship with Pakistan which
provide material support for secessionist militants in the border
states of North-East and Jammu and Kashmir.
o Pakistan facilitates movement of its proxies across the border with
the only motive of creating terror in the minds of people of
neighbouring states.
 Internal Support:
o Sometimes the local population support and facilitate cross
border movement of terrorists by providing them conveyance and
safe places to hide.
o This could happen due to multitude of reasons such as identical
ethnic affiliation, monetary requirements, fear of life, lack of
education, dissatisfaction from present governance system etc.
 Corrupt Officials:
o Sometimes officials in exchange for a few thousand rupees allow
unabated entry of illegal migrants whose identities and backgrounds
are little known; these channels provide scope to criminal
elements to cross over to mainland India.
What do we Know About the Indian Border?
 India has 15,106.7 kms of land border and a coastline of 7,516.6 kms
including island territories.
 Out of the total 28 states of India except for six states (Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana, Delhi and Haryana), rest all states
have either maritime boundary or land border with other nations.
 India has land borders with countries:
o Pakistan, Afghanistan (PoK), China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and
Bangladesh.
 India has maritime borders with seven countries:
o Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Thailand, Sri Lanka and
Maldives.
Cross-Border Terrorism in India: What’s the Scenario?
 During the last several years thousands of civilians have lost their lives
in acts of terrorism, apart from thousands of defence, paramilitary and
police personnel who have sacrificed their lives in the line of duty.
 Infiltration and smuggling of narcotics, arms and weapons across the
borders have been matters of constant and unmitigated anxiety to all
concerned agencies manning the borders.
o Indo-Pakistan Border:
 Indo-Pakistan Border (3,323 Km) runs along the states of
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and J&K. Direct accessibility of the
borders and some technological developments enabling quick
passage of information and transfer of funds has changed the
focus and tenor of border security.
 Cross-Border Terrorism from Pakistan has been exacerbated
due to the non-recognition of boundaries by its terrorist groups
and their success in acquiring legitimacy due to religious or
ethnic identity.
 Inadequate Cooperation from Pakistan has made the
management of border further difficult for India.
o Indo-Bangladesh Border:
 The Indo-Bangladesh Border (4,096 Km) passes through West
Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
  The entire stretch consists of plains, riverine belts, hills &
jungles which make illegal migration very easy.
 Illegal Migration across this border poses serious security
threats and acts as a fertile ground for organisations like the
Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan to penetrate and expand
their activities.
 Also, poor law and order situation at the border, has led to
smuggling of arms and drugs. The Supply of arms helps in
sustaining any conflict.
o Indo-China Border:
 India shares a long land border with China (3,488 Km) in the
Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
 Although this border remains relatively aloof from illegal
migrations, this border remains a cause of constant vigil for
Indian forces.
 India has a longstanding border dispute with China running
back to British era in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
o Indo-Nepal Border:
 India-Nepal Border (1,751 Km) is an open border in the sense
that people of both the countries can cross it from any
point, despite the existence of border check posts at several
locations.
 Anti-India organizations use this border to plant their people in
the territory of India.
 Also, smuggling of gold, small arms, drugs and fake currency
helps terrorists in executing an attack.
o Indo-Bhutan Border:
 This border (699 km) passes through states of Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Sikkim.
 Illicit establishment of camps by militant outfits in the dense
jungles of south-east Bhutan helps insurgents from India in
executing anti-India activities.
o Indo-Myanmar Border:
  The northeast states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur
and Mizoram share the border with Myanmar (1,643).
 Some of the insurgents groups like the National Socialist
Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and United Liberation Front
of Asom (ULFA) operate from Myanmar, which threatens the
security of India as well as Myanmar.
o Cross-Border Terrorism through Maritime Borders:
 Not only contiguous Border States with land borders are
vulnerable to the cross-border terrorism but coastal areas are
equally vulnerable.
 The Long coastline of the country remains comparatively
unguarded. The presence of the Coast Guard is minimal.
 In 26/11 attack in terrorists came from the western coast
through boats.
 Government of India has created National Investigation Agency
(NIA) in 2008 after Mumbai attacks which acts as a federal agency to
combat terror.
 Multi Agency Centre (MAC) revamped after the 26/11 attacks, acts as
a multi-agency intelligence coordination mechanism for counter
terrorism.
 Combating Financing of Terrorism Cell (CFT- Cell) is also created to
deal with the policy matters on combating terrorist financing and Fake
Indian Currency.
 India is also a member of FATF (Financial Action Task
Force) whose aim is to establish international standards for combating
money laundering and terrorist financing.
o The FATF has removed Pakistan on its ‘greylist’ or 'increased
monitoring list’. The FATF included the United Arab Emirates
(UAE), with which India signed a free trade agreement in February
2021.
 There are 23 countries on the grey list of FATF.
 Zimbabwe has been excluded from the list after a review found it
compliant on all parameters.
 The government has created observation posts, Border fencing, flood
lighting, deployment of modern and hi-tech surveillance equipment to
prevent increased immigration.
 Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System
(CIBMS) has replaced manual surveillance/patrolling of international
borders by electronic surveillance to enhance detection and interception
capabilities.
 India has been supportive of all efforts, particularly in the UN to combat
terrorism and has played a leading role in shaping international opinion
and urging the international community to prioritise the fight against
terror India since 1996 is trying to push a global intergovernmental
convention i.e. Comprehensive Convention on International
Terrorism (CCIT) to tackle terrorism. It can provide a legal framework
to enhance the prosecution and extradition of terrorists.
 Continuous dialogues with neighbouring countries have been initiated
from time to time for motivating them for a strict action against
terrorists breeding in their respective territories.


Q what is the role of india in world affaris ?

Ans India’s Role in the World Today: A Look at its Influence Across

Continents
India is a country with a rich and diverse history. Here's a look at some of the key
roles of India in the Present World, be it political, economic or social.

India is a country with a rich and diverse history. It has had a significant role in world affairs for
thousands of years, and that influence continues to this day. India is the second-most populous
country in the world, and its economy is growing rapidly. In this blog post, we will take a closer
look at India’s role in the world today. We will explore the role of India in the present world,
and its influence across different continents, and discuss some of the challenges and
opportunities that lie ahead for India on the global stage.

Role of India in the Present World:

India is one of the most influential countries in the world today, with a presence across all major
continents. Here’s a look at some of the key roles of India in the Present World

– In South Asia, India is a leading economic power and its cultural and linguistic heritage is
widely respected
– In East Asia, India has close ties with both Japan and China and is seen as a key player in the
region

– In Africa, India has been increasing its economic and political ties with countries across the
continent

– In Europe, India has strong trade ties with many countries and is also a major source of
immigrants to the continent

– In North America, India is a major destination for students and professionals seeking education
and work opportunities

– In Latin America, India is seen as a potential partner in areas such as trade, energy and
infrastructure development

In the 21st century, India is an increasingly important country on the global stage, with a growing
economy and population, and a vast array of resources and talent. As its influence continues to
grow, it is likely that India will play an ever-more important role in shaping the world around us.

Political Role of India in Present World:

Let’s have a look at the political role of India in the present world.

India has always been a peaceful country, striving for mutual respect and cooperation with all
nations. India is one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and Played
an important role in its establishment. The movement was created to ensure that small and newly
independent countries would not be drawn into the orbit of either the United States or the Soviet
Union during the Cold War. India has also been a strong supporter of the United Nations and has
worked to promote peace and security around the world.

In recent years, India has become an increasingly important player on the global stage. India is
now the world’s second-most populous country with over one billion people, and it is also one of
the world’s fastest-growing economies. India is also a nuclear power and has a large military
force.

India has been able to use its growing economic and political clout to expand its influence around
the world. For example, India has been working to strengthen ties with East Africa in order to
counter China’s growing influence in the region. India has also been working to expand its
economic ties with Latin America and Southeast Asia.

Economic Role of India in Present

World:
The economic role of India in the present world is significant. The country is currently the
world’s fastest-growing major economy, with an annual growth rate of around seven per cent. In
recent years, India has been a key driver of global economic growth, accounting for about 15 per
cent of the world’s total economic output.

India is also home to a large and rapidly growing middle class. Currently, there are around 300
million middle-class consumers in India, and this number is expected to grow to 600 million by
2030. This growing middle class is increasingly playing a role in global consumption patterns,
with Indian consumers becoming an important market for a wide range of products and services.

In addition to its economic role, India is also a major political and military power. The country is
the world’s second-largest contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations and is a
nuclear-armed state with one of the largest militaries in the world. India is also a member of a
number of important international organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade
Organization, and the G20.

All of these factors make India a significant player on the global stage. The country’s influence is
only likely to grow in the years ahead, making it an important country to watch.

Revive SAARC:
The SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) is an organization of eight
countries in South Asia. India is a founding member of the SAARC and has always been a key
player in the organization.

In recent years, however, the SAARC has become largely inactive due to disagreements
between India and Pakistan, the two largest members of the organization.

India has been working to revive the SAARC in recent years and has proposed a number of
initiatives to make the organization more effective. These initiatives include making the SAARC
more inclusive, increasing cooperation on regional issues, and improving connectivity between
member states.

External Aid in Adequate Measure:

India is the second-largest donor of external aid in the world, contributing more than $70 billion
cumulatively to developing countries since independence. India is also a member of various
global and regional forums such as the G20, BRICS, and SCO that provide opportunities for it to
engage with other major powers and shape global agendas.

Self-strength is key:
India’s economic growth and its role in the world today are both products of its own strengths.
India has pursued an independent foreign policy, built a strong economy, and developed
relationships with countries around the world. These factors have given India greater influence
on the global stage.
A force for peace:
India is also a constructive player in many global peacekeeping efforts. It is the largest
contributor to UN peacekeeping operations and has played a significant role in resolving conflicts
in its own region.

India is a powerful country with a rich culture and heritage. It is important to understand the role
of India in the present world, especially given its growing influence across continents. India is
the world’s largest democracy, with a population of over 1.2 billion people. The country’s
integration into the global economy has been accompanied with economic growth during the last
decade. India has risen to prominence as a global player.We hope this article has provided you
with some valuable insights into India’s place in the global community. If you are interested in
learning more about Indian history and politics.

Q What is the importance of Indian Ocean in South Asia?

Ans The Indian Ocean is the bedrock of global economic maritime activity in the 21st
century. With the resurgence of Asia, there has been a tectonic shift of global attention from
the West to the East. The waters in the Indian Ocean are rich in oil and minerals, effecting it
as an energy heartland both in the supply and demand, hence slowly turning the drivers of
global economy towards Asia. The region is of strategic importance as it bridges the Indian
Ocean to the Pacific in the East and the Mediterranean in the West. Furthermore, this region
has emerged as a vital intersection of maritime trade, connecting the countries’ producers of
natural resources with the consumers states. More than two thirds of global oil and over
eighty percent of China’s and Japan’s oil is shipped through this region. Approximately fifty
percent of global container shipments sail on these waters.

Keeping in consonance with the transition of the strategic

sphere of influence and the paradigm shift from land to ocean,
the Indian strategic community is gradually reorienting India’s
strategic outlook towards the maritime domain. The Indian
maritime strategic community concurs that predominance and
control over the Indian Ocean would potentially enable India to
deliver significant impact eastward and by virtue of it, and
expand its maritime footprint into the Asia-Pacific region as a
counterstroke to China’s aggressive maritime posture of
‘String of Pearls’. The rumination of becoming a maritime
power, has not translated into action adequately to one’s
liking, for want of capital to develop the navy and the coast-
guard, since the army takes precedence over the other
services in India, in all matters of security, including the
distribution of the armed forces budget, delays in the induction
of naval platforms and bureaucratic delays in the acquisition of
the required naval capabilities. However, to overcome these
unfortunate institutional oversights, the Indian Navy has been
proactively engaged in developing security relations with the
regional and extra-regional member countries to augment
India’s ability to project power in the region, while attempting
to interdict China’s effort of integration with the regional
members.

Having criticised the sluggishness of the naval modernisation

programme, there has also been a genuine effort made by the
incumbent government to expedite this process, in order to
meet the maritime operational requirements of the navy. The
‘Make in India’ initiative, is one such approach adopted by the
government to meet the requisite modernisation goals of the
Navy. Under this initiative several major indigenous maritime
projects have been underway and are estimated to be
completed within the next five to ten years, transforming India
into a blue-water navy, by 2030. The indigenisation programme
would also cater to self-reliance and self-sufficiency in military
technology, maritime domain awareness, power projection and
sea control. According to the Maritime Security Strategy
published in 2016, the Indian Navy has evolved over the years
to become a multi-dimensional force, with a combination of
ships, boats, submarines and aircraft having strong satellite
communication systems.

It is evident that the Indian Government is implementing a

multi-pronged approach to develop and achieve national
capabilities while simultaneously improving the supporting
infrastructure for a holistic approach towards naval
modernisation. It is estimated that by 2030, if all plans are met
according to the expected deadlines, the Indian Navy would
develop sufficient muscle to deter any form of maritime threat
in the IOR and would be a force to reckon with. Nonetheless,
having observed the past trends of the Indian military
modernisation programmes, it is certainly going to be a tall
order for the government to keep its word and to ensure the
timely induction of the various naval platforms.

China is bulwarking its maritime assets around the fringes of

the Indian peninsula to arrest the latter’s influence within the
subcontinent, while expanding its own sphere of influence and
foothold in South Asia and in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
The Chinese clearly seem to have chalked out an action plan
to contain and reduce India’s growing aspiration of developing
into a global power, by capitalising on its political and
diplomatic oversight with its neighbours.

India’s strategic geographical position and its physical size

gives an undue political, economic and strategic leverage over
its immediate neighbouring states, which naturally upsets the
balance of power in the region in India’s favour. In fact, India is
the only country in the South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation, (SAARC) to share a boundary with maximum
member states in this regional intergovernmental structure,
rendering India as the chief proponent and advocate of policy
initiatives within the organisation. Unfortunately, India has
failed to seize this opportunity due to the structural hurdles
within the organisation. One such hurdle is clearly outlined in
the SAARC charter that states, ‘decisions at all levels shall be
taken on the basis of unanimity’ and ‘bilateral and contentious
issues shall be excluded from deliberations.’ The unanimity
clause suggests that every country within the organisation has
the power to veto against any proposal, while the latter abates
the opportunity of a peaceful settlement of disputes and
differences between one another. This structural flaw has
rendered the organisation defunct, especially given the nature
of the political and uncertain volatility between India and
Pakistan.

Additionally, the difference of power asymmetry and

continuous bilateral conflicts between the member states, has
rendered difficult the building of a unanimous consensus on
any regional initiative, ensuring the ineffectiveness of the
organisation. Consequently, SAARC as an intergovernmental
institution has failed to provide India a platform for creating an
opportunity, to help forge a strong bilateral partnership with
the member states. In addition, the deteriorating India-
Pakistan bilateral relation has added to India’s woes, foiling
any effort for a regional cooperation.

Hence, it is imperative that New Delhi envisages a new

strategy to engage more productively with the regional
countries by forfeiting its dependence on SAARC solely. Even
before assuming official charge of the government, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi seems to have acknowledged the
importance of India’s ‘Neighbourhood’ policy. In an
unprecedented diplomatic initiative, Prime Minister Narendra
Modi, invited all the South Asian leaders, for the swearing in
ceremony and followed it up the next day, by holding bilateral
talks with each one of them, vowing to reinvigorate the
regional apparatus and thereby, setting tone for a new
‘Neighbourhood First’ policy.

Furthermore, this new diplomatic inclination shown towards

South Asia, has bolstered the existing relations with most of
the countries except for Pakistan. This diplomatic initiative
was fortified with the Prime Minister’s visit to all the regional
member nations. India has witnessed a sweet and sour
relation with Maldives in the past decade due to the latter’s
growing intimacy with China. The Yameen led government in
Maldives, has asked India to withdraw its military helicopters
and personnel from the Island nation, following the expiry of an
agreement. President Yameen’s recent proximity with Beijing,
has resulted in the rise of infrastructural development projects
in the country, led by the Chinese state-run firm, Beijing Urban
Construction Group Construction Limited. This firm has also
bagged the airport project, after Yameen’s government
cancelled the $511 million deal with India’s GMR
Infrastructure. According to official reports, Maldives has
offered a few Islands to the Chinese, for development and it is
in these very Islands that the Indian personnel are deployed.
Despite all these issues, Maldives and India have signed a
counter-terror pact and a double tax avoidance agreement.
Now, with the change of guard at the helm, it would be
interesting to follow, how New Delhi deals with the new
government in power.

Shifting focus to Bangladesh, the culmination of the

momentous Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh and
the fresh proposals in energy, connectivity and counter-
terrorism have forged a stronger bond between the two
nations. The termination of the Sonadia project with China, a
deep seaport, south-west of Bangladesh, is a clear indication
of the positive growth and development in India-Bangladesh
relation. Furthermore, New Delhi has amended its strained ties
with Sri Lanka during the Rajapaksa’s regime and has
gradually improved its relations under Gotabaya Rajapaksa’s
leadership. In a recent major development, India signed an
agreement with Sri Lanka to offer U.S $400 million currency
swap to the latter, under the SAARC Currency Swap provision
to help address the economic distress caused by the
pandemic. This act of goodwill reflects the confidence and
growing positive diplomatic discourse between the two
nations.

As far as Nepal is concerned, post Prime Minister Narendra

Modi’s visit in 2014, there has been a deterioration in the
bilateral ties which has culminated in the latest territorial
disputes between the two states. The disputed territories
include Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura which both India
and Nepal claim to be theirs. This territorial contention comes
at a time when Nepal has failed to address and tackle the
Covid-19 situation in the country and hence, has used
nationalism to cloud their pandemic mismanagement.

In regard to Afghanistan, India has always maintained a strong

and abiding relation with the former due to the historical,
cultural and people to people’s ties. The inauguration of the
Dedicated Air Cargo Corridor in 2017, between Kabul-Delhi and
Kandahar-Delhi has provided a boost to the bilateral trade.
India has played a crucial role in the rehabilitation and
reconstruction of Afghanistan, post the Taliban regime by
investing in capacity building and technical cooperation in the
country. India’s persistence in the reconstruction and socio-
economic development programme in Afghanistan has resulted
in the rise of peace and prosperity in the otherwise war-torn
country. This honest effort to rebuild the country has elicited
in the people of Afghanistan, a goodwill towards India.

Moving on, the year 2018 commemorates the Golden Jubilee of

the diplomatic establishment between India and Bhutan. Prime
Minister Modi’s ‘Bharat to Bhutan’ (B2B) vision, foregrounds
the necessity for the two nations to stand for each other at all
times. The two countries have shared a cordial and organic
relation since Bhutan’s formation as a nation. Both countries
share mutual interests in various areas including security,
border management, trade, hydro power and etc. In the recent
Dokhlam standoff, Bhutan’s firm stand to assert its status quo
against China’s illegal encroachment in the plateau, displays
Bhutan’s hardiness, honesty and commitment to protect
India’s security interests. Although, both countries share a
commendable relation, there are a couple of issues which
need to be ironed out over time. Nonetheless, India and Bhutan
have shared a long history of true cordial relation and the
Dokhlam standoff reaffirms Bhutan’s loyalty towards India.

Unlike Bhutan, Pakistan shares a long history of hostility with

India, in which there was no progress and development in the
bilateral relation, since the partition in 1947. State sponsored
terrorism, disputed territory and hatred towards India has
halted and disrupted all efforts towards a peaceful
reconciliation between the two countries. Although it is a civil
government in power, the Pakistan army calls the shots,
hence, New Delhi must proactively engage with its Army
leadership rather than with its political head. New Delhi should
open military to military dialogues along with the political and
diplomatic engagements. Since day one at the office, Prime
Minister Modi has been categorical with the fact that “terror
and talks” cannot co-exist. Under the new leadership, New
Delhi reached out to Pakistan afresh but all in vain, for it was
unable to find a way forward in regard to Pakistan. However,
its effort to internationally isolate its nemesis seems to have
succeeded, with America withdrawing its support for the first
time and revoking its annual economic and military aid to
Pakistan.

The India-Pakistan dilemma cannot be solved without a long-

term continuity policy and a national will. There is a need for a
concerted synergy of all the state’s dispositions and resources
to be operational and functional on a continuous basis till the
task is achieved. Until an orchestrated effort is not put into
motion, it would be difficult to find a solution to the India-
Pakistan predicament. Nevertheless, excluding the Pakistan
dilemma, the new ‘Neighbourhood First’ initiative, has
comforted India’s influence in the region. This renewed
diplomatic effort has rejuvenated the lost political and
economic vision towards South Asia and has re-invented itself,
as a true regional power by regaining and strengthening its
relations with the South Asian nations. By doing so, it has
enabled itself to protect its sphere of influence in South Asia
as well as, in the Indian Ocean.

China’s Strategic Interests in South Asia and the Indian Ocean

One of the primary reasons, why China is determined to control

South Asia is because of its geographical position and its
economic appeal in the region. South Asia is one of the most
poorly economically integrated regions in the world.
Intraregional trade has been inadequate and below par due to
expensive transport charges, protectionist policies and
regional political instability. As a result, there has been a rise
in import of goods from China, making it the top exporter in the
region; breaking into the South Asian markets with an export-
led growth strategy.

According to Sithara Fernando ‘China’s most important

maritime concerns in its relations with South Asia are oceanic
trade transit points for western China, the sea lanes
connecting the Straits of Hormuz and the Straits of Malacca
which carry its energy imports’ (Fernando, 2012). Eighty
percent of China’s oil consignment is shipped from the Gulf
through the Strait of Malacca, hence, making the Indian Ocean
and South Asia a crucial junction for its energy supply lines.
India’s proximity to the Strait of Malacca in the form of the
Great Nicobar Island, seated at its entrance, poses a severe
concern to Beijing. The Chinese leadership has taken
cognisance of the importance of controlling this channel and is
well aware that whosoever controls the Strait, will have
leverage thereby choking China’s supply line. Hence, China has
recalibrated its national strategy by orienting its focus on
South Asia and on the Indian Ocean. Since, its major energy
supply lines and economic interests are maritime based, China
has surged forward with the modernisation of its navy at a
neck-breaking speed. Also, Beijing’s recent focus on
developing its maritime force originates from the fact that, it
has shifted focus from a land-centric strategy to an ocean-
centric strategy, of having permanent naval presence in the
Indian Ocean to protect its vested maritime interests.

In order to achieve this, China has developed strategic

partnerships with the South Asian nations as well as with East
Africa, leading to the development of commercial and military
naval facilities and infrastructure around the Indian peninsula.
The ‘Maritime Silk Route’ (MSR) and the ‘Belt and Road
Initiative’ (BRI) present a vision of interlinked ports and nodal
points cutting across the Indian Ocean. To protect these
domestic facilities and crucial points, the Chinese have
deployed more naval muscle to fortify their maritime economic
and trade interests. This course of action has allowed the
Chinese naval presence to foray into the Indian Ocean which is
considered to be India’s backwaters. China’s network of
maritime activities and development of infrastructure in
various countries around the subcontinent has geopolitically
and geographically encircled India, leading towards the
articulation of the ‘String of Pearls’ doctrine. This policy drives
to arrest India’s influence and curtail India’s maritime leverage
in the Indian Ocean. China naturally denies such offensive
measures, however their actions and policies on ground speak
otherwise.

During the last decade, Beijing has directed its efforts towards
the establishment and development of port infrastructure,
facilities, military and naval establishments across the Indian
Ocean. China has established its first foreign military base at
Djibouti. It has developed a chain of maritime ports and
facilities right across the breadth of the Indian Ocean from
Kenya to Malaysia. Beijing has signed agreements to develop
maritime facilities in various countries around the Indian
subcontinent, including Kenya, Sudan, Pakistan, Maldives,
Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia and
Malaysia. If one connects all these countries, one can
establish a chain that cordons off and lays a noose around the
Indian sub-continent.
In conclusion, to assure India’s continuous influence in South
Asia and in the Indian Ocean Region, New Delhi has to
synchronise, coordinate and fuse both political and military
policies together, to obtain the desired results. It has to use
the military as a means to achieve its political ends. One
cannot exist without the other. As in China’s case, one can
observe a harmonious coordination between the political and
the military establishments. China’s political and economic
interests are protected and realised through military action
which is evident in the ‘Maritime Silk Route’ and ‘Belt and Road
Initiative’. China’s focus to modernise its Navy is testament to
the political and military concordance. Hence, India should
take a leaf out of China’s book to counter Chinese
expansionist policies while maintaining its own sphere of
influence in South Asia and in the Indian Ocean Region.

Q write a essay of international boundries of india and related

conflicts

Ans Introduction:

India, a vast and diverse country, shares its borders with several nations, each boundary
reflecting unique geopolitical, historical, and cultural dimensions. The country's international
boundaries have been the source of both cooperation and conflict, shaping its foreign
relations and security concerns. This essay explores the international boundaries of India, the
associated conflicts, and the ongoing efforts to manage these challenges.

I. The India-Pakistan Border:

The India-Pakistan border is one of the most contentious in the world, primarily due to the
ongoing Kashmir conflict. The partition of British India in 1947 led to the formation of India
and Pakistan, and it sowed the seeds of animosity over the disputed territory of Jammu and
Kashmir. Three wars and numerous skirmishes have taken place over the years, and the Line
of Control (LoC) now divides the region. The conflict remains a major issue for both
countries, impacting their relations and regional stability.

II. The India-China Border:

The India-China border, known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC), has witnessed several
confrontations and conflicts. The 1962 Sino-Indian War resulted in a border dispute that
remains unresolved. Tensions have flared up periodically, most notably in the 2020 Galwan
Valley clash. Both countries have engaged in diplomatic talks, but a comprehensive
resolution remains elusive.

III. The India-Nepal Border:

The India-Nepal border has had its share of disputes, particularly over the Kalapani and
Lipulekh regions. These disagreements have historical roots, with both countries laying claim
to certain territories. Diplomatic efforts have been ongoing to resolve these issues and
maintain friendly relations.

IV. The India-Bangladesh Border:

The India-Bangladesh border has witnessed significant changes due to the 1971 Bangladesh
Liberation War, which led to the creation of Bangladesh. The boundary demarcation and the
exchange of enclaves were crucial steps towards resolving border disputes. Today, this border
largely stands as a model of cooperation between the two nations.

V. The India-Myanmar Border:

India shares a long border with Myanmar, marked by various insurgent activities. This border
has witnessed challenges due to the presence of rebel groups operating on both sides. India
and Myanmar have cooperated to address these security concerns and strengthen their
relations.

VI. The India-Bhutan Border:

The India-Bhutan border is one of the most peaceful and stable boundaries, reflecting the
close friendship between the two nations. India has played a significant role in Bhutan's
development, including security assistance, and the border remains a symbol of cooperation
and trust.

VII. The India-Sri Lanka Border:

India and Sri Lanka share a maritime boundary in the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar. This
border has seen its share of disputes, particularly regarding fishing rights. Both countries
have engaged in dialogue to resolve these issues and maintain friendly relations.

Conclusion:

India's international boundaries represent a complex mosaic of relations, featuring both

cooperation and conflict. The country's relations with its neighbors are dynamic, with the
potential for peace and stability as well as friction and disputes. The resolution of these
conflicts requires diplomacy, compromise, and mutual understanding. India's evolving role
on the global stage makes it imperative to manage these boundaries effectively to promote
regional stability and cooperation. As the nations surrounding India continue to develop and
change, the management of international boundaries will remain a vital aspect of India's
foreign policy and security concerns.
 UNIT V

Q what is the physical and structural view of Madhya Pradesh ?

Ans Madhya Pradesh, often referred to as the "Heart of India," is a state located in central
India. It is known for its diverse geography, which includes a variety of physical and
structural features. Here's a brief overview of the physical and structural view of Madhya
Pradesh:

1. Geography: Madhya Pradesh is characterized by a varied landscape. It includes plateaus,

river valleys, forests, and hills. The state's topographical diversity is largely influenced by the
Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges.
2. Plateaus: A significant portion of Madhya Pradesh is covered by plateaus. The Malwa
Plateau in the northwest and the Bundelkhand Plateau in the north are prominent examples.
These plateaus are rich in agriculture and are a part of the larger Deccan Plateau.
3. River Systems: Madhya Pradesh is blessed with several major rivers, including the Narmada,
Tapti, Chambal, Betwa, and Sone. The Narmada River, often considered the lifeline of the
state, flows through the central region, creating deep gorges and picturesque landscapes.
4. Forests: The state has extensive forest cover, particularly in regions like the Satpura and
Vindhya ranges. These forests are rich in biodiversity and home to numerous wildlife species,
including tigers, leopards, and various bird species.
5. Hills and Mountains: The Satpura and Vindhya mountain ranges are prominent in Madhya
Pradesh. They add to the state's scenic beauty and offer opportunities for trekking and
adventure activities.
6. Caves and Rock Shelters: Madhya Pradesh is known for its rock shelters and caves,
including the famous Bhimbetka Caves, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for
prehistoric rock art and paintings.
7. Historical and Structural Landmarks: The state is home to several historically and
culturally significant structures, such as ancient temples, forts, and palaces. The Khajuraho
Group of Monuments is another UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for its exquisite
temples featuring intricate and erotic carvings.
8. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries: Madhya Pradesh is renowned for its national
parks and wildlife sanctuaries, including Kanha National Park, Bandhavgarh National Park,
Pench Tiger Reserve, and Panna Tiger Reserve, among others.
9. Agriculture: The state's fertile plains are conducive to agriculture, making it one of the
leading agricultural producers in the country. Crops like soybeans, wheat, and oilseeds are
cultivated here.
10. Rivers and Water Bodies: The numerous rivers and water bodies in Madhya Pradesh play a
significant role in the state's economy and agriculture.

In conclusion, Madhya Pradesh's physical and structural view is characterized by its diverse
landscape, encompassing plateaus, rivers, mountains, forests, and historical landmarks. The
state's natural beauty and rich cultural heritage make it a unique and compelling region to
explore.
Q what is the drainage system ,climate .agriculture mineral industry ,
and trade in Madhya Pradesh ?
 Ans Madhya Pradesh, often referred to as the "Heart of India," is a vast and
diverse state located in central India. With its rich geography, varied
climate, and abundant natural resources, Madhya Pradesh plays a
significant role in India's agriculture, mineral industry, and trade. In this
essay, we will delve into these key aspects that define the state of Madhya
Pradesh.

Drainage System:

Madhya Pradesh boasts a complex and extensive drainage system, shaped

by its diverse topography. The state is home to several major rivers and
their tributaries, making it one of the most water-rich regions in India.

1. Narmada River: The Narmada River is the most prominent river in Madhya
Pradesh. It flows from the east to the west, dividing the state into two
distinct geographical regions. The Narmada Valley is known for its stunning
landscapes, including marble rocks, waterfalls, and lush forests.
2. Tapti River: The Tapti River flows in a parallel direction to the Narmada,
mainly in the northern part of the state. It is another vital river that
contributes to the state's water resources.
3. Chambal River: The Chambal River, a tributary of the Yamuna, flows
through the northern part of Madhya Pradesh. It is known for its ravines
and deep gorges, providing a unique landscape.
4. Son River: The Son River, a tributary of the Ganges, flows through the
northeastern part of the state, contributing to the region's agriculture and
water supply.
5. Other Rivers and Tributaries: Madhya Pradesh is also home to several other
rivers and tributaries, such as the Betwa, Ken, and Pench rivers, all of which
play a crucial role in the state's drainage system.

Climate:

Madhya Pradesh exhibits a diverse climatic pattern due to its vast expanse
and geographical variations. The state can be broadly categorized into
three climatic regions:

1. Tropical Climate: The northern and western parts of the state experience a
tropical climate with hot summers and relatively cool winters. These areas
receive moderate rainfall during the monsoon season.
2. Subtropical Climate: Central and southern Madhya Pradesh falls under the
subtropical climate zone, with hot summers and colder winters. The
monsoon season brings substantial rainfall to these regions.
3. Tropical Highlands: The eastern part of the state, particularly the areas
surrounding the Satpura and Vindhya ranges, has a tropical highland
climate. This region receives heavy rainfall during the monsoon season,
contributing to lush vegetation and forests.

Agriculture:

Agriculture is the backbone of Madhya Pradesh's economy, with a

significant portion of the state's population engaged in farming. The state's
agriculture can be summarized as follows:

1. Crops: Madhya Pradesh is one of India's leading producers of agricultural

commodities. It is known for the cultivation of crops such as soybeans,
wheat, pulses, oilseeds, maize, and cotton. Soybean is a major cash crop
and is widely grown in the state.
2. Irrigation: The state has an extensive network of canals, reservoirs, and wells
that facilitate irrigation. The Narmada and Tawa rivers, along with various
dams and reservoirs, play a crucial role in providing water for agricultural
purposes.
3. Horticulture: Madhya Pradesh is also a significant producer of fruits and
vegetables, including oranges, guavas, and tomatoes.
4. Animal Husbandry: Livestock farming is an essential part of the state's
agriculture sector. It includes dairy farming, poultry, and animal husbandry.
5. Agricultural Exports: The state contributes substantially to India's
agricultural exports, including soybean products, wheat, and oilseeds.

Mineral Industry:

Madhya Pradesh is rich in minerals, making it a hub for the mineral

industry. The state's mineral resources include coal, limestone, bauxite,
manganese, copper, and diamond. The mineral industry plays a significant
role in the state's economy and includes the following aspects:

1. Mining: Madhya Pradesh is a leading state in mineral production,

particularly in coal and limestone mining. The state government has
 introduced policies to promote responsible and sustainable mining
practices.
2. Industrial Growth: The availability of minerals has attracted various
industries, including cement, steel, and aluminum production. Cities like
Satna, Rewa, and Jabalpur are known for their cement manufacturing units.
3. Diamonds: The state is one of the major diamond-producing regions in
India. Panna, in Madhya Pradesh, is famous for its diamond mines, and the
region has a thriving diamond-cutting and polishing industry.
4. Environmental Concerns: The mining industry has raised environmental
concerns, and the state is actively working on balancing economic
development with environmental preservation.

Trade:

Madhya Pradesh's strategic central location in India makes it a significant

hub for trade and commerce. The state's trade can be summarized as
follows:

1. Agricultural Exports: Madhya Pradesh exports agricultural products like

soybean, wheat, oilseeds, and pulses to various parts of India and
internationally. It plays a vital role in India's food production and
distribution.
2. Industrial Goods: The state exports industrial goods like cement, steel, and
aluminum products, which are in demand in domestic and international
markets.
3. Infrastructure Development: Madhya Pradesh has been investing in
infrastructure development, including the construction of roads, highways,
and logistics hubs, to facilitate trade and transportation.
4. Economic Zones: The state has established industrial and economic zones to
attract investments and promote manufacturing and trade activities.
5. Commerce and E-commerce: With the advent of e-commerce, Madhya
Pradesh has witnessed the growth of online retail and digital trade, allowing
businesses to expand their reach.

In conclusion, Madhya Pradesh's rich geography, agricultural productivity,

mineral wealth, and strategic location make it a significant contributor to
India's economy. The state's drainage system, climate, agriculture, mineral
industry, and trade collectively define its economic and cultural identity as
the "Heart of India." As Madhya Pradesh continues to grow and develop, it
 remains a vital part of India's journey towards economic progress and
prosperity.
economy and agriculture.

Q what is the cultural aspects ,population ,density , population growth in

Madhya Pradesh ?
Ans Madhya Pradesh, located in central India, is not only rich in geographical diversity but
also boasts a culturally vibrant and diverse population. In this essay, we will explore the
cultural aspects, population dynamics, population density, and population growth in Madhya
Pradesh.

Cultural Aspects:

Madhya Pradesh is a melting pot of diverse cultures, traditions, and ethnicities. Its cultural
heritage is a reflection of India's pluralistic society. The state's cultural aspects can be
summarized as follows:

1. Art and Craft: Madhya Pradesh is renowned for its art and craft traditions. The state is known
for its handicrafts, including Chanderi and Maheshwari sarees, Gond and Bhil paintings, and
metalwork. The intricate craftsmanship reflects the rich artistic traditions of the state.
2. Dance and Music: The state boasts a wide array of traditional folk dances and music. The
vibrant folk dance forms like Gaur, Matki, and Rai are performed during various festivals and
celebrations. Classical dance forms like Kathak also have a significant presence.
3. Festivals and Fairs: Madhya Pradesh celebrates a multitude of festivals and fairs,
showcasing the cultural diversity of the state. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid, and Christmas
are celebrated with fervor. The state's tribal communities also have their unique festivals and
fairs, such as Bhagoriya in Bhil communities and Bhagoria Haat in the Jhabua district.
4. Cuisine: Madhya Pradesh's cuisine is a blend of spicy, flavorful, and diverse dishes. Poha, dal
bafla, jalebi, and kebabs are some of the popular dishes. The state's culinary traditions reflect
a mix of influences from the north and south of India.
5. Language: Hindi is the official language of Madhya Pradesh, and it is widely spoken.
However, the state is also home to numerous indigenous languages, including Gondi, Bhili,
and Bundeli, spoken by various tribal communities.
6. Religious Diversity: The state is a harmonious blend of different religious beliefs. It is home
to numerous temples, mosques, churches, and gurudwaras, reflecting the coexistence of
various faiths. Ujjain, for instance, is one of the seven holiest places for Hindus.
7. Tribal Culture: Madhya Pradesh has a significant tribal population, with various tribal
communities like the Gonds, Bhils, Baigas, and Saharias. Their cultural practices, rituals, and
festivals contribute to the state's rich cultural tapestry.

Population:

Madhya Pradesh has a substantial and growing population. As of my last knowledge update
in January 2022, the estimated population of the state was approximately 82 million.
However, it's important to note that population figures can change over time due to factors
like births, deaths, and migration. The population of Madhya Pradesh includes a mix of
different communities, including the indigenous tribal populations, which make up a
significant portion of the state's demographics.
 Population Density:

Madhya Pradesh's population density is relatively lower compared to some of the more
densely populated states in India. The population density is influenced by the state's vast land
area and the distribution of people across urban and rural areas. The population density varies
across different regions of the state, with some areas being more densely populated than
others.

Population Growth:

Population growth is a significant demographic aspect of Madhya Pradesh. Like many other
Indian states, Madhya Pradesh has experienced both natural population growth (births minus
deaths) and migration. Population growth in Madhya Pradesh, as of my last knowledge
update, was approximately 2% per year, which is in line with the national average. The state
government has been implementing various initiatives and programs to address the
challenges and opportunities associated with population growth.

It's worth noting that population growth can have a significant impact on various aspects of
the state, including social and economic development, healthcare, education, and
infrastructure. Managing population growth is a priority for the state to ensure sustainable
development and a better quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Madhya Pradesh's cultural aspects reflect the state's rich and diverse heritage,
while its population is characterized by a mix of communities, languages, and religious
beliefs. The state's population density is influenced by its vast land area, and its population
growth has been a key demographic trend. As India's demographics continue to evolve,
Madhya Pradesh remains a dynamic and culturally rich state within the country. Please note
that population figures and statistics may have changed since my last update in January 2022,
and it's advisable to refer to the latest data for the most accurate information.
sectoral composition of net state domestic product of Madhya Pradesh at current prices : The per
capita income in the state at current prices increased from Rs. 6584 in 1993-94 to Rs. 11438 in 2002-
2003 (Q) and at constant (1993-94) prices from Rs. 6584 to Rs. 7038 during the same period. Thus, in
real terms the per capita income in the State increased at a compound (Exponential) rate of only1.52
percent during the period 1993-94 to 2002-2003. The lower growth rate in per capita income is
mainly due to a higher rate of population growth in the state during this period.

Q what is the sex ratio literacy ,rural and urban migration , tribes and tourism in Madhya Pradesh ?
Ans As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, here are the sex ratio and literacy rate
in Madhya Pradesh:

1. Sex Ratio: The sex ratio is an important demographic indicator that measures the number of
females per 1,000 males in a given population. In Madhya Pradesh, the sex ratio has
historically been a matter of concern, as it has been below the national average. In the 2011
Census, the sex ratio for Madhya Pradesh was 931 females per 1,000 males. Efforts have
been made to improve the sex ratio and address issues related to gender discrimination and
female empowerment.
2. Literacy Rate: The literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh has been gradually improving over the
years, but it has traditionally been lower than the national average. According to the 2011
Census, the literacy rate in Madhya Pradesh was approximately 70.6%. The state government
 has been working to enhance literacy through various educational programs and initiatives,
especially in rural and underprivileged areas.

Please note that demographic statistics like sex ratio and literacy rates can change over time
due to various factors, including government policies, educational initiatives, and
socioeconomic development. To obtain the most up-to-date statistics, it is advisable to refer
to the latest reports and data from official sources or conduct an online search for the most
recent information, as the figures provided are based on data available up to January 2022.
Rural-urban migration is a significant demographic trend that is prevalent
not only in Madhya Pradesh but also throughout India. It is characterized
by people from rural areas relocating to urban centers in search of better
economic opportunities, improved living conditions, and access to
amenities and services. In Madhya Pradesh, as in other parts of the country,
rural-urban migration has several key drivers and impacts, which are
outlined below:

Drivers of Rural-Urban Migration in Madhya Pradesh:

1. Economic Opportunities: One of the primary drivers of rural-urban

migration is the expectation of better economic opportunities in urban
areas. Many rural residents, particularly those engaged in agriculture, seek
employment in sectors like manufacturing, construction, services, and trade
in urban centers.
2. Improved Living Standards: Rural migrants often perceive urban areas as
having better living standards with improved infrastructure, healthcare,
education, and sanitation facilities. This motivates them to move to cities
and towns.
3. Education: Access to quality education is a significant pull factor for rural
residents. Urban areas generally offer a wider range of educational
institutions, including schools, colleges, and vocational training centers.
4. Healthcare: Urban areas in Madhya Pradesh tend to have better healthcare
facilities, including hospitals and clinics. This is particularly appealing for
rural residents in need of medical care.
5. Social Mobility: Urban areas offer increased opportunities for social
mobility. People from marginalized communities may seek better prospects
for social and economic advancement in cities.
6. Infrastructure and Connectivity: Improvements in transportation and
communication infrastructure have made it easier for rural individuals to
access and consider urban areas as viable options for migration.
 Impact of Rural-Urban Migration in Madhya Pradesh:

1. Urbanization: Rural-urban migration contributes to urbanization, leading

to the growth of urban centers in Madhya Pradesh. This results in increased
demand for housing, transportation, and other urban services.
2. Labor Force: Migrants from rural areas significantly contribute to the urban
labor force, particularly in sectors like construction, manufacturing, and
informal services.
3. Economic Growth: The migration of individuals with diverse skills and
aspirations can boost the economic productivity of urban areas. It often
leads to increased economic growth and development.
4. Challenges: While migration offers opportunities, it also presents
challenges. Urban areas may face issues related to housing shortages,
infrastructure strains, and the need for social services to accommodate the
influx of migrants.
5. Cultural Diversity: Rural-urban migration contributes to cultural diversity
in urban areas. People from different backgrounds and regions bring their
cultures, languages, and traditions to the cities, enriching the cultural
tapestry.
6. Social Integration: Migrants often face challenges related to social
integration, as they may encounter discrimination and difficulties in
adapting to the urban way of life. Government and community efforts are
made to promote social cohesion.
7. Policy and Planning: Managing rural-urban migration requires careful
policy planning and implementation. Governments must ensure the
provision of adequate housing, healthcare, education, and employment
opportunities to accommodate the growing urban population.
8. Remittances: Some migrants send remittances to their families in rural
areas, which can have a positive impact on the economic well-being of their
families back home.

It's important to note that the patterns and impact of rural-urban migration
can vary across different regions of Madhya Pradesh and are subject to
changing socioeconomic and demographic factors. The state government,
along with various organizations and urban development authorities, plays
a crucial role in managing the challenges and opportunities presented by
rural-urban migration in Madhya Pradesh.

Tribes of Madhya Pradesh

The tribes of Madhya Pradesh are the Scheduled tribes as per the prerequisite of the
Constitution of India. The tribes of Madhya Pradesh have ranked in the top in terms of the tribal
population. In addition, these tribes of Madhya Pradesh are subgroups in to numbers of castes,
which too have got high proportion.
The tribes of Madhya Pradesh’s population constitute over 20% of the state population & are
mainly concentrated in southern part of the state. The life style, culture & customs of this
community mostly resemble the Hindu religion though they still strongly believe in orthodox
traditions. The social customs prevalent among different types & castes vary more due to
variation in their habitat & surroundings geographical conditions. For earnings they depend upon
agriculture & forest produce & local craft. With improved communication & growth in the
economy, the tribal’s way of living has changed from their original hunting & gathering existence
to one near the mainstreams.
GOND TRIBE
Gond is the best known tribe & forms the largest group in Madhya Pradesh. Gonds in Bastar
linger perhaps the least in contact with the world outside due to the isolation and roughness of
the terrain. The institution of Ghotul at Abujmarh- a dormitory for the unmarried teenagers to live
together, select their mate and gain valuable experience to set up their own household-has
attracted significant scholarly attention & Madai is their traditional dance to enjoy the happiness.
The mainly inhabit areas on both sides of the Narmada in Mandla, Chhindwara, Betul & Seoni
regions & the hilly terrains of the Vindhya & the Satpura region. Agaria, Pradan, Ojhan, Solahas
are the descendants tribal groups originating from Gonds, with two subcastes – Rajgond &
Datoliya.
BHIL TRIBE
Bhils, the second largest tribe are largely concentrated in the area around Jhabua, Khargone,
Dhar & Ratlam. Regarded as warriors with fine inheritant guerilla tactis, their archery skills find
mention in the hindi epics Mahabharata & Ramayana. They claim their descent from Lord Shiva.
Locally brewed wine plays a significant role in their social & religious ceremonies. They have an
interesting custom of marriage through the elopement. The Bhagoriya festival at the time of Holi,
the festival of colours, in the Jhabua region cannot be compared with any other festivity. Bhil
youths indulge in colourful frolic excited by the projection of meeting their future spouse. If some
maiden strikes the prospective groom’s fancy, all he has to do is to offer a betel leaf to the girl. If
she accepts, the two abscond in the time honored tradition to set up their house together.
BAIGA TRIBE
Baigas believe themselves to be descendants of Dravid & As the name advocates, these are that
society of the Gonds who fall in the priest class. It entails that they indulge into magical activities
and boast about being knower about the evil spirits. Chiefly in the Mandla, there is a special
settlement in the small tract of Baiga Chak. Besides practicing agriculture they are passionate
woodsman and hunter. Some of the other small sects that too fall in this category are the
Pradhans, Korkus and Kols. This backward tribe of Baigas is found in Mandla, balaghat, Shahdol
& Sidhi District.
SAHARIYA TRIBE
These aboriginals inhabit North West area mainly in the districts of Gwalior, Shivpuri, Bhind,
Morena, Vidisha & Raisen. Most Saharia’s are cultivators & are worshippers of Goddess Durga.
Saharia is an important tribe. Etymological point of view expresses that the word ‘Sahria’ is the
combination of two independent words like “Sa’ (companion) and ‘Haria’ (tiger) which mean
companion of tiger (Tiwari, 1984). Saharia are the members who belong to traditional society.
Most of the Saharia are depended on ecology which plays an important role in forming their
economic structure (Mandal, 1998). The post economic history implies that they traditionally
practised shifting cultivation, hunting, gathering, pastoralism, etc. and sometimes also adopted
nomadic life. They are very much addicted to drink local wine. Saharia are dominated by nuclear
families.They generally practise negotiation and monogamy form of marriage at very early age.
ABUJHMAR TRIBE
As contrasted to the other tribes, they are exceptionally wild and eccentric. Most of the areas
where they dwell are yet alienated due to intense forest covering, and as a result not much can
be said about their habits. One thing that will surely magnetize anyone is their achromatic food
habits. They are not at all atypical about their food habits as they can eat anything, Red Ant
being their favorite dish, Rats too form a appetizing serving. Regarding their dressing culture,
Women linger bare bosomed while men are known only to tie a loincloth around their waist.
Festivals are perhaps the only time when they are seen to be a little less scantily dressed. About
their conduct the Abujhmar tribes they are very primitive and wild in nature.
BAHARIA TRIBE
Bharia tribe has major concentration in Jabalpur & Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh. The
place Patalkot in Chhindwara has almost 90% population constituted of Bharias. They work as
agriculture laborers & work upon bamboo to create beautiful baskets & usage of medicinal plants
to treat various diseases. As per the observation, the Bharia tribes are one of the indigenous
tribes of the region & have set up their own system of treatment for all the health hazards and
illness. Bharia tribes have maintained their originality without adapting to the traditions and
practices of the modern day world. In other words, this Bharia tribe is one of those tribal
communities of the Indian subcontinent who are totally inaccessible and cut out from the civilized
world.
KORKU TRIBE
Korku tribal community is administered by the head of a panchayat (called Sarpanch), Certain
important facts are being fearful about the lives of this Korku tribal community is that they settled
down in the forest areas only. Unnecessary to mention, that these Korku tribes also adapt to food
gathering. Particularly in the Bhainsdehi tahsil of Betul district, quite a few of these Korku tribal
district people have started to practice the cultivation of potatoes and coffee. Interestingly, even
though many social organizations and NGOs have tried to send various processed food
materials to these Korku tribes but, these Korku tribes do not accept these food items from them.
Instead these Korku tribes still attach to their age-old method of collecting food from the interiors
of the impenetrable forests & usually they are found in Hoshangabad, Betul, Chhindwara, Harda
& Khandwa districts of Madhya Pradesh.
SANTIA TRIBE
Santia is a tribe of Malwawho believe themselves to be originally a martial Rajput tribe. They
prefer to remain nomadic. This tribe normally doesn’t stick to one place for survival even they
prefer wandering for their livelihood & for their survival. Regarding their food habits they are not
very particular about it.
KOLS
Kols are found in Rewa, Sidhi, Satna, Shahdol & Jabalpur districts. This caste finds mention
even in the ancient puranas & the famous epic of Ramayana & Mahabharata. They are highly
religious minded & staunch believers of the Hindu Mythology. Usually they involved in building
palaces, forts, tanks and lakes but owing to their over-simplicity and tolerance they failed to
retain their establishments. Towards the end of the eighteenth century they were found sprinkled
into many tribes.
SAVARAS
The Savaras are mostly inhabited in Sheopur (Morena district), Isagarh, Narval (Gwalior district)
and Bhilsa. This group also combines Saharia and Sour. Usually, Savara settlement are located
mostly on hill slopes cultivating dry lands & these peoples form a separate society & as per
belongings this tribe usually fixes auspicious dates for conducting ceremonies & Rituals.
BANJARAS
Banjaras are wandering tribes related to European gypsies, who probably migrated from
India & known by different names such as Lamani, Lambadi, Bangala, Banjori, Banjuri
etc. They speak Lamani language & their occupations are congregation of forest
products and agriculture. Banjara women dress in a full length skirt with borders
embroidered in mustard and green thread. They also carry pretty silver anklets. Silver,
brass, gold, cowries, ivory, animal bone and even plastic are used in making a Banjara
wardrobe. These tribes are experts in conventional embroidery with mirror works & they
worship Lakshmi, the Goddess of prosperity.

Tourism of Madhya Pradesh

Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh is home to Bhil tribe also referred as the ‘brave bow men of India’. The
land piece between the flow of rivers the Mahi in the north and the Narmada in the south embodies the
cultural center of this tribe; Jhabua. It is 150 km from Indore, there is a regular connectivity by buses on
Indore-Ahmedabad Highway from Indore. The nearest railway station is Meghnagar(MGN), on Delhi-
Mumbai line which is 15 km from Jhabua.
The region mainly consists of 3 tribes Bhil, Bhilala and Pateliya; Bhils being the predominantly populous
tribe. Alirajpur got separated from Jhabua in 2008 to form a new district. The terrain is hilly and
undulating. Forests were the main source of livelihood for the tribals before the forests act of 1865 and
1878 but now major population is involved in agriculture.
On contrary to hyper individualism prevailing in the current social structures, tribal societies still preserves
and enjoys community living in many of their day to day activities. Marriage traditions involve
participation from all families of village.
Halma is one such tradition of community participation in development. We can understand it this way, if
a person from the community is in trouble and after all her efforts unable to get out of it, calls out for
Halma meaning members from each family in the village will join her and solve problem collectively. For
example, a farmer building his home is accompanied by members from other families. When the task is
complete they celebrate it in traditional way of a feast and dance.
Shivganga, an organisation working for holistic development of tribal villages, upon realising the power of
this tradition of collective efforts motivated local tribals to use this in solving larger community problems.
Despite good rainfall, the region faces acute water shortage problem because water flows down through
slopes and is not retained by soil. They are solving this problem by doing Halma.
Each village has a small forest area which is called a place of their village deity; Matavan. It is a social
norm of conserving village forest and not using the wood for personal use. The entire community takes the
responsibility of conserving and flourishing it. They offer their first harvest of every season to deity with
reverence and gratitude.
It is a social practice and an excellent example of community sharing the responsibility. Whenever, a social
event is organized or a festival is celebrated, every member of the community pays its shares of
expenditure and inputs.
Bhagoria, is the tribal festival holding a place in the list of top 10 tribal cultural festivals of India which
hosts spectators from across the world. This is the festival of coming together joyfully to celebrate the
harvest season. This is being organised at all places during 7 days just before the festival of Holi. It
generally falls in the last week of February to first week of March. This festival witnesses huge
participation from tribal youth displaying the colours of love and joy. The group of men and women
wearing same colour traditional attires and silver jewellery attracts a lot of attention.
The tribal are still far from using heavy pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. The produce is still natural
and organic which gives a taste that is rare for the people living in urban landscape.
‘Dal Paniya’ is very famous dish, usually made during festivals and on auspicious occasions. Paniya is a
bread prepared from corn flour and is roasted after sandwiching it between the leaves of Palash tree. For
non-vegetarians this place is home to rare and unique ‘kadaknath’ breed of chicken, famous for its taste
and health benefits. Chicken is prepared in vessels of mud over firewood and served along with bread
made from corn flour gives an ever satiating experience. There are a lot of ‘mahua’ and ‘taad’trees grown
naturally in this region which gives a lot of opportunities to have freshly prepared mahua. People can even
plan to have taadi under the tree of taad while participating in the process of preparing it. Katthivada
forests in Jhabua district is noted for its large sized and different variety of mangoes across the world.
An artistic eye will observe the beauty and art in everything it will come across. Their homes, hangings on
the walls, bamboo handicrafts, traditional attire, silver and bead jewellery, dolls, and other items that have
for long decorated the living rooms all over the country. The physique of bhil men along with ‘Teer-
Kamthi’ have for ages adorned. ‘Pithora’ wall paintings in the district is an spectacular ancient art form.
A serene evening accompanied by a Bhil men playing handmade bamboo flute takes the listener to an
entirely different plane of experiencing the life. The Bhili dance is performed on flute and ‘maandal’ (a
drum). They form concentric circles while dancing and in a perfect sync with each other. Their movement
is aesthetic and rhythmic and a group of people playing flute and Maandal in the centre.
Deojhiri
This place is 8 km north-east of Jhabua on the Ahmedabad-Indore State Highway №22. It is at a distance
of 1 km on the western side of the road, on the Sunar river. As the name of the village denotes there is an
ancient temple and (Jhiri) or a perennial spring. The spring has been built up into a Kund. A festival is held
on Baisakh Poornima, which falls mostly in the month of April according to the Gregorian calendar.