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    Grade 10 Chemistry Notes Week I 2023

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    Lisandra Santos
    The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that solids have particles packed closely together that vibrate in place. Liquids have particles loosely arranged that can move past one another, taking the shape of their container. Gases have particles very far apart that are in constant, random motion filling their container. The document also covers phase changes between states of matter, Brownian motion of particles in fluids, and diffusion of particles down a concentration gradient.

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    Grade 10 Chemistry Notes Week I 2023

    Uploaded by

    Lisandra Santos
    26 views4 pages
    The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that solids have particles packed closely together that vibrate in place. Liquids have particles loosely arranged that can move past one another, taking the shape of their container. Gases have particles very far apart that are in constant, random motion filling their container. The document also covers phase changes between states of matter, Brownian motion of particles in fluids, and diffusion of particles down a concentration gradient.

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    GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY NOTES WEEK I 2023 (1)

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    The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that solids have particles packed closely together that vibrate in place. Liquids have particles loosely arranged that can move past one another, taking the shape of their container. Gases have particles very far apart that are in constant, random motion filling their container. The document also covers phase changes between states of matter, Brownian motion of particles in fluids, and diffusion of particles down a concentration gradient.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views4 pages

    Grade 10 Chemistry Notes Week I 2023

    Uploaded by

    Lisandra Santos
    The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It explains that solids have particles packed closely together that vibrate in place. Liquids have particles loosely arranged that can move past one another, taking the shape of their container. Gases have particles very far apart that are in constant, random motion filling their container. The document also covers phase changes between states of matter, Brownian motion of particles in fluids, and diffusion of particles down a concentration gradient.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY NOTES WEEK I 2023

    States of matter
    Matter is any substance that occupies physical space.

    The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made of tiny particles (i.e. atoms and
    molecules) and that they are always in constant motion.

    There are three states of matter that you need to be aware of: Solids, liquids, and
    gases.

    Solids have particles that are packed closely together. The atoms are arranged in a
    regular pattern due to the strong attractive forces that exists between the particles.
    These particles therefore cannot move. Instead, they vibrate constantly on the spot.

    By giving a solid energy (i.e. heating), the particles will begin to vibrate more
    vigorously as they gain more energy. Eventually, the particles begin to separate as
    they start to overcome attractive bonds. Eventually, the particles will have enough
    separation to move past one another, but still kept relatively close (as attractive forces
    between particles still exist). The solid has now officially become a liquid.

    Liquids therefore have particles that are loosely arranged (i.e. can move past one
    another). They therefore take up the shape of the container in which they’re in. The
    particles themselves are constantly moving in constant, random motion.
    By further heating the liquid, the particles gain even more energy! This will separate
    the particles even more as they overcome most of the remaining forces of attraction
    that exists.

    Gases therefore have particles that are very far apart. Again, the particles will be
    moving in constant, random motion and also take up the shape of its container. Unlike
    solids and liquids, gases can be compressed.

    Bear in mind that if you start to take energy away from a gas (i.e. cooling) then
    individual particles will have less energy to overcome attractive forces, and will
    eventually turn back into a liquid. Similarly, by cooling a liquid, it will turn into a
    solid.

    Here is a diagrammatic summary of the above:

    Transitioning from one state of matter to another

    There is a name for each of the respective changes from one state to another. The
    diagram below is a good summary of these:
    * A change from liquid to gas can also be called evaporation. However evaporation
    and boiling are two very different things. These two terms will be differentiated in
    detail in another topic. Just memorize boiling for now.

    Brownian motion
    One day, a scientist was observing a pollen grain suspended in water. He realized that
    the pollen grain was actually constantly moving in random directions. It looked like
    this:
    This made the scientist wonder why the pollen grain was moving in this fashion…
    And he figured it out.

    Remember the kinetic theory of matter? Particles are always in constant motion. This
    meant that the water molecules were actually bombarding the pollen grain in random
    directions to cause the sort of movement observed above.

    Brownian motion is therefore defined as the erratic random movement of microscopic


    particles in a fluid (i.e. pollen), as a result of continuous bombardment from
    molecules of the fluid (i.e. water molecules).

    Diffusion
    Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration
    to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient.

    The constant random movement of particles (and their kinetic energy) allows
    diffusion to occur. Ultimately this means that particles will spread out from one place
    to another.

    There are many things that can affect the rate of diffusion. Molecular mass is one of
    these things. Heavier molecules will travel slower than lighter molecules. In other
    words, the higher the molecular mass, the slower the rate of diffusion.

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