TRADE PROJECT

TITLE: CONSTRUCTION OF THREE STOREY GIRLS HOSTEL

AT KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

PRESENTER: KINYANJUI NYAMBURA JACINTA

INDEX NUMBER:5031110519

CENTER NAME: KITALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

CENTER CODE: 503111

COURSE CODE: 2707

PAPER CODE:2707/305

SUPERVISOR: MR SIKOTO JUMA

SERIES: MARCH 2023

PRESENTED TO: THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIALFULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMAIN CIVIL ENGINEERING AT KITALE NATIONAL

POLYTECHNIC

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that, this is my original work and to the best of my knowledge as a sole author. I

iii
therefore accept any responsibility for any omission and errors whatsoever, positive criticism is

therefore welcomed.

Student KINYAJUI NYAMBURA JACINTA

Sign……………………. Date ……………………………

Supervisor name: MR. SIKOTO JUMA

Sign……………………. Date ……………………………

DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my entire family especially my parents for their support to end the
project. My brothers and sister too for their encouragement support.
I also dedicate this project to my supportive project supervisor for the assistance and guidance till the
iv
completion of the project. Also to all lectures involved and to entire kitale national polytechnic
community for the provision of resources and ample time till the completion this project. Not
forgetting fellow classmates for their support too.

ABSTRACT
The main purpose of undertaking this this project is due to the increased number of students and

lack of enough space in current hostels in Kitale National Polytechnic. In recent years, the

number of students enrolled at Kitale National Polytechnic has greatly increased.

v
The aim of this project is to ensure that the weI fare of all students are taken care of and each

student get accommodation in the school hostel.

The hostel will provide accommodation to all students at affordable fees. The students will also

be provided with study rooms in their hostels.

This project will help solve problems students living outside the school encounter such as high

rentals, unhygienic surroundings, long distance to and from school hence risk being attacked by

goons.

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our Almighty God for the good
health

and the care he has cared for me throughout this entire project period.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my gratitude to my loving parents for supporting

me not only financially but also spiritually and ensuring successful completion of my project,

my project tutor Mr. Sikoto for his guidance and inspiration throughout the project time and

also my fellow classmates for their support and giving me an ample time till the completion

of my

project.

LIST OF TABLES
1
 Table 3.8Area ofround barreinforcemen(tmm")

- Number ofbars

Diameter -Mass 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

M ~ Kglm
m
6
-0.222 2
8
5
7
8
5
113 142 170 198 226 255 283

8 0.395 5 101 151 201 252 302 352 402 453 502
- 0
1 0.617 7 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
0 - 9
1 0.888 113 226 339 452 565 678 791 904 1017 1130
2 ~
1 1.58 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1809 2010
6
20 2.47 314 628 942 1256 1570 1884 2198 2512 2826 3140

25 'f"""
3.86 491 938 1474 1966 2457 2948 3439 3932 4423 4915

32 - 6.31 804 1608 2412 3216 4020 4824 5628 6432 7236 8040

40 -9.87 1257 2513 3770 5027 6283 7540 8796 10053 11310 12566

2
 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
USED
LL: liquid limit
LS: linear shrinkage

Me: moisture content

CBR: California Bearing Ratio

MDD: Maximum Dry Density
OMC: Optimum Moisture Content
PI: plasticity index
PL: plasticity limit

PM: plasticity modulus

ML: millimeter
WT: weight
% : percentage
NO.: number (order)
No.: number (units)
Dia: diameter
Dr: hour
DC: degrees centigrade
STN: station
BS: back sight

FS: foresight
RL: reduced Ieve

8
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUNDINFORMATION GENERAL

}io> A Proposed construction of hostel at Kitale national polytechnic is a

place used for relaxation and provide accommodation to students. It

is constructed inside the school compound.

}io> They serve to provide for most of students' wants while remaining in

the premises, such as, foods, drinks, accommodation, entertainment and

study room.

~ Due to few colleges around the area there was a high need for its

establishment to cater for the rising number of student studying at

Kitale National Polytechnic.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
There has been use and spread of low standard, poor aesthetical judged

accommodation in the area, this has not helped beef up the yearning

fulfillment of users of accommodation. Tills brought about the need to

propose a structure which will provide the best available user satisfaction

from the aesthetic view of point.

There has also been theft cases reported by students who go home late after

classes. The students also have to pay high rental fee in order to get a place to

stay. The proposed project will provide security to all students and affordable

accommodation fee.

PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
1. The aim of this project is to evaluate the extent of aesthetics, an

essential aspect of architectural design and to ensure college

9
 satisfaction.

2. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of aesthetic role in

accommodation by

which the collage satisfaction can be ascertained.

3. To identify basic elements of aesthetics in a resort.

r:
4. Working out a common base of aesthetic judgment since the issue of

aesthetic is variously based individually.

CHAPTER TWO:

LITERATURE REVIEW

INRODUCTION

The issue of students' housing cannot be ignored in the overall development

process and master

plan of learning.

Hostel playa significant role in the lodging industry throughout the world

and even in some location in Kitale have potential to offer accommodation to

students and other people. This hostel will provide accommodation to students

of Kitale National Polytechnic only.

10
CBAPTERTHREE:METHODOLOGY

PARTl:SURVEY

I adopted Grid method as the method of taking survey points and also during coming up

of contours. This is because it is easy and the most comprehensive considering

availability of survey equipment which had to be shared in groups.

Survey had to be carried out in order

to;

..,. Conduct the necessary field survey work to determine the best alignment.

~ Carry out engineering survey on the chosen alignment in order to obtain data for

the design of horizontal and vertical alignment.

>- Determine whether the ground area was even and if not, find out the extend of cut or
fill needed.

Survey procedures carried out were;

a) Reconnaissance survey

b) Chain survey

c) Levelling

d) Contouring

Reconnaissance survey

This activity was carried out on the 04th of February 2021 by a team of 10 members namely;

1. Simon Maloba

2. Emanuel Kiptoo

3. Hillary Kimtai

4. Jacob Wafula

11
,_.

5. Mary Wambui

6. Victor Yegon

7. Peter Ochieng

8. Sikuku Michael

9. Juma Evans

10. Benard Otieno

..
The activities carried out include;
..
1. Site selection

-
11. Marking of obstacles

Ill. Noting of obstacles

'
"
IV. Pre-existing features' identification

v. Running the survey lines

VI. Taking notes

- 1. Site selection

Based on the c1ients' requirements, the proposed constructed Of design of modem

three story male hostel at Kitale National Polytechnic. The proposed space where

the structure is to be built is a 80m by 80m land.

11. Marking of obstacles

Having being grouped into different groups, my group and I went to the field

and marked out obstacles that could possibly hinder construction process.
12
 111. Noting of obstacles

Identified obstacles are noted down for easy re-identification during the process of surveying and

also to be able to find alternative methods and lines of site without obstruction.

IV. Pre-existing features

Feature such as heaps of soil will be moved away. Also trees will need to be cut down in order to

allow for the construction to continue smoothly.

v. Running survey lines

The survey lines started from the east. Our baseline was on the eastern end and run across

northwards. The survey lines run through 36 points in total. The grid was made up of grids

measuring 20 m by 20 m on a ] OOmby 100m piece of land.

VI. Taking notes

AJI my team members each had to take notes on the procedures. The materials needed were;

~ Field book

~ Pencil

~ Tape

~ Hammers

~ Ranging rods

~ Dumpy level

.~ ~ Cross staff

Problems encountered

~ Misunderstanding among colleagues due to some of them being unfamiliar with the

surveying method used.

,. Early tiresomeness among colleagues hence lack of concentration.

13
 )i;> Unfavorable weather condition, hot sun all day long.

)i;> Inexperienced reading of the dumpy level among members hence took a lot of time.

)i;> Omission and errors caused by inaccurate recording of the observed data.

Chain surveying

Linear measurements were taken by using a tape measure. A skeleton framework was made

consisting of number of lines forming regular shaped squares on the proposed site. The intervals

between lines were 20m and the whole site was a 100m square. Materials used include;

)i;> Tape measure

)i;> Pangas

}> Hammers and mallets

)i;> Ranging rods

)i;> Pegs

Levelling

The grids were established on the day of chaining. This was a 20m by 20m grid. They were

marked using wooden pegs. During levelling the dumpy level was used to take readings on the

levelling staff taking readings of each point on the grid. An assumed datum of 1200.00m was

used to calculate the reduced levels of all 20 points surveyed

The reduced levels were as follows;

"...... .

14
 SURVEY BOOK-
STATION B FIELD LEVELLING HI R
S IS F L
Al 0.39 1200.398 12 T
80 00 BJ
A2 0.870 1199.528

A3 0.860 1199.538

A4 0.609 1199.789

A5 l.245 1199.153

A6 1.7 1.570 1200.547 1198.828 C

19 Pl
BI 1.275 1199.272

B2 1.7 2.085 1200.227 1198.462 C

65 P2
B3 l.448 1198.779

B4 1.350 1198.877

B5 1.2] 0 1199.017

B6 . 1.109 1199.118

Cl l.115 1199.112

C2 1.700 0.490 1201.437 1199.737 C

P3
C3 1.482 1199.955

C4 l.622 1199.965

C5 0.225 0.146 120l.516 1199.291 C

P4
C6 2.172 1199.344

Dl l.510 1.510 1200.006 C

P5
D2 2.281 1199.235

D3 2.342 1199.174

15
D4 2.407 1199.1
09
D5 2.418 1199.0
98
D6 2.472 1199.0
44
El 2.506 1199.0
10
E2 2.480 1199.0
36
E3 2.461 1199.0
55
E4 2.902 1198.6
14
E5 3.413 1198.1
03
E6 3.210 1198.3
06
Fl 3.118 1198.3
98
F2 3.222 1198.2
94
F3 3.341 1198.1
75
F4 2.476 1199.0
40
F5 2.554 1198.9
62
F6 1.670 1199.8
46

Contouring
After reducing the levels of each of the grid points which is at the intersections, the levels were then put

into excel format in a systematic manner to help with coming up with the contours using AutoCAD which

is a computer software used in most civil engineering projects. I being competent and well conversant with

AutoCAD operation I came up with the contour lines without any difficulty. I therefore presented my

output in a contour map below.

16
 PART II: SOIL MECHANICS

SOIL INVESTIGATION
This is aimed at determining the characteristics of the soil at the proposed site in order to

carry out soil tests.

-;r Samples are taken from various parts of the site in order to get the correct data to be used

in design which is carried out in the geotechnology laboratory.

Soil sampling was done from different trial pits. These tools were required:

» Two spades

y Tamping rod

.". Moisture bags

The following soil tests were conducted:

a) Sieve analysis(grading)

b) Plasticity Index

c) Moisture content test(proctor)

d) Bearing capacity test(CBR)

PURPOSE OF SOIL TESTS

Y To provide with the necessary data in order to corne up with a structurally safe and
economical structure

y To corne up with the best construction methods

.". To be able to predict any possibilities of challenges and how to deal with them

.". To be able to classify soil according to their appearance and physical characteristics
a) Sieve analysis(grading)
Purpose: to determine the grain size distribution in soils.

Apparatus

» Riffle box

» Weighing balance

» Assorted sieve sizes

» Pan 17
 Procedure

1) The sample is passed through the riffle box to obtain the required quantity.

2) Weigh the sample to be sieved.

) The sample is soaked in a solution containing 2g of Sodium Hexameta Phosphate for

24hours. It is then washed and left to dry.

4) The sieves are then assembled in a descending order.

5) The dry sample is placed on the topmost sieve followed by shaking of the sieves.

... 6) The weights of the retained sample through each sieve size are taken .

... 7) A graph of percentage retained against sieve size is plotted and then checked against

specification given.

... b) Plasticity index

The purpose of this test is to determine the plasticity of fine soil.

Apparatus

» Casagrande

, Groove

18
 );;> Wash bottle

);;> Glass plate

);;> Weigh balance

);;> Palette knives

);;> Pestle and mortar

);;> Trough

);;> Receiver

);;> Sieve-4 25 urn

Procedure

y' Sample is crushed using pestle and mortar then passed through the sieve.

y' Water is added to the sample that passed through the sieve and mixed thoroughly using the

palette knives on the glass plate to form a uniform paste.

y' A portion of the collected material is placed in the casagrande which is then grooved

leaving a gap at the center.

y' The sample in the casagrande is then hit with specified number of blows i.e. 50,40,30,20

and 10 till the grooved portions meet.

y' A portion of the wet sample for each number of blows is taken for moisture content

determination.

• For shrinkage limit, the sample is hit through 25blows then placed in a 140mm long

trough and air dried for 24hours. The length of the dried sample is measured for the

shrinkage limit determination.

• For plastic limit, the sample ofthe 50th blow is used after drying to make rolls that are

used in moisture content determination.

19
 • The higher the number of blows, the lesser the amount of moisture thus, soil is added

to the wet sample on the glass plate with thorough mixing following.

• A graph of moisture content against the number of blows is then plotted to determine the

liquid limit.

c) Moisture content tests(proctor)

Purpose: to determine optimum moisture content maximum dry density of the soil.

Apparatus

• Sieve 20

• Mould, base plate and collar.

• Measuring cylinder

• Rammer (2.5kg for field)

• Weighing balance

• Straight edge chisel

• Mixing plate

Procedure

./ 2500g of the sample passed through sieve 20 is weighed .

Using the measuring cylinder, the lowest amount of water is added to the soil sample then
./
._ mixed to achieve a homogeneous product.

...
The 2.5rammer is used with the sample placed in 3 layers with 27blows at each layer .
./

./ The collar is then removed from the mould and excess material trimmed using the

-- straight edge .

./ The sample is then weighed plus the mould and base plate.

16
 ./ A portion of the compacted sample is taken for moisture content determination .

./ The above processes are repeated with different amount of water till the optimum.

moisture content is achieved.

d) Bearing capacity tests(CBR)

The purpose of the test is to determine the strength and stability of the soil material for pavement

construction.

It involves penetration of a molded soil sample with a cylindrical plunger at a constant lmmlmin.

The force corresponding to penetration of2.5mm and 5.0mm are used to determine the strength

and stability of the soil.

MDD and OMC that were obtained in proctor test are used to calculate mass of the wet soil and

mass of the dry soil and water content required.

Mass of wet soil= 0.95x 23.0 x MDD x (OMC + 100)

1000

Dry soil = (wet soil + 500) (PMC + 100)

100

Amount of water= (PMC-OMC) X Dry soil)

100

Apparatus

. ,..
. • Mixing plate

17
 • Mould, base plate and collar

• Weighing balance

• Measuring cylinder

• Spacer disc

• 2.5kg Rammer

• Swell disc

Procedure

¥' Using the obtained proctor results, weigh the dry sample and measure the amount of

water then mix to obtain a wet material.

¥' Take a portion of the wet material for moisture content determination.

¥' From the proctor result calculations, weigh the required wet material to be mould.

¥' -For dynamic method, three moulds are used placing the material in three layers

compacting each layer with 62 blows for the first mould, 25blows for the second and 10

blows for the last mould.

-in static method, the wet material is placed in CBR mould then using a jack, the material

is compressed in the mould.

¥' Placing a swell disc on top of the mould, the initial swell readings are taken.

¥' Place the mould in water for 4 days in case of neat material.

¥' After soaking, the final swell readings are taken.

¥' The mould is left to drain then placed on CBR penetration machine penetrating the top

and bottom. The penetration readings are taken at intervals of 0.25 up to 5.00.

18
 To obtain the strength, the values at 2.50mm and 5.00mm are multiplied by the

ring factor for both the top and bottom then averaged.

Compaction factor= * 100

PA VEMENT AND

DRAINAGE DESIGN

PAVEMENT DESIGN
Design factors

)0> Climatic factors

)0> Traffic

)0> Drainage

)0> CBR tests

Materials

The results obtained testing soil from the proposed site gave a CBR value ranging from
7-13.

The table below shows the soil classification and the soil of the proposed site fall under
S3 with a

- medium of 10.

Subgrade bearing classes

Soil Class CBRChange Mediu

S1 2 m
3.7
S2 -
5- 7.5
S3 10
7- 10.0
13
According to the road design manual part III, the sub grade needs to be improved. The grade will

be improved by material of a subgrade class S4 in order to increase the bearing capacity.

23
Selecting possible Type of Pavement

The road will give the standard pavement structure type 1 as defined by the Road Design Manual

Part III.

The layer consists of the following:

1. Surfacing -Double surfacing

ii. Base -Crushed stones

111. Sub-base -Natural material

(From Road Design Manual Part III)

Sub grade

The soil will have a 300mm thick improved.

Materials requirements

1. Sub-base

Sub-base is 200mm thick natural gravel.

Materials requirements

Materials shall have a CBR at 95% MDD (Modified AASHTO) CBR of30% after four days of

dry soak.

From chart SBI of the road design manual, part III, the following are the recommendations and

the natural gravel.

~ Maximum size to be 2/3 layer thickness or 80mm whichever is lesser

~ Uniformity coefficient maximum 5

~ Plasticity index maximum 15

24
 ~ Plasticity modulus maximum 250

Construction procedures

~ Thickness of compaction in one layer shall not be less than 100mm or greater than

300mm

~ Laying by grader

Compaction

~ 95% MDD (Modified AASHTO)

~ Maximum thickness compacted in one layer 200mm

~ Compaction moisture content, between 80% and lost 105% (modified AASHTO)

2. Base materials

The base shall be 150mm thick a crushed stone with CBR of at least 80% at 95% MDD

(Modified AASHTO) and after 4 days' soak.

Materials requirements
)0> Los Angeles Abrasion maximum 50

)0> Aggregates Crushing Value maximum 35

)0> Plasticity Index maximum 15

)0> Plasticity modulus maximum 250

Construction Procedures

Minimum thickness of compacted layer shall be 125mm laying by grader.

Compaction

)0> Minimum dry, normally 95% MDD (Modified AASHTO)

25
 )0> Higher relative compaction may be specified to is adequate

)0> Compaction moisture content; between 80% and 105% OMC (Modified AASHTO)

);> Maximum thickness compacted in one layer 200mm

DRAINAGE WORK
The main aim of the drainage pattern in the proposed site is to ensure that the rain water and

surface water is removed from the site so that it cannot bring about flooding in the pavements

and the compound in general and the rain water collected during the rains is channeled to storage

tanks with the help of gutters.

Design of an economical channel

The principle used was the wetted perimeter: maximum discharge depends on the wetted

perimeter, given the coefficient of roughness and slope.

Manning' Roughness Coefficient \

i Channel material Roughness coefficient

--
Metals 0.010-0.024

Glass 0.009-0.013
1
-- ---
I Concrete 0.011-0.017

Wood 0.012-0,016

. Clay 0.013-0.016
I

Grave 0.020-0.033

26
'--"
Drainage area 1m permeability
Concrete/ Bitumen surface 0.8-0.9
Gravel/ Macadam surface 0.4-0.7
..•

Basel Impervious soil 0.4-0.7

Impervious soil with turf 0.3-0.6

Slightly pervious soil with turf 0.2-0.4

Pervious soil 0.1-0.3

1----
Wooden area 0.1-0.3

Rainfall intensity obtained from the meteorological department of Kenya is 120mm per hour

27
- PART IV STRUCTURAL DESIGN

AND DRAWINGS

Loadings and Analysis

- Loads

1
Load case Load Load type Member Value(KN/m2) Load factor
,-
Dead Self-weight Wholes 1.35
structure
Dead Finishes Uniform Whole 2.0 1.35
structure
Dead Retained soil Trapezoidal Basement level 1.5-235.8 1.35
planar
Live Car parking Uniform ground floor 2.5 1.35
 \
t

-
- THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

PROJECT: CONSTRUCTION OF HOSTEL AT KIT ALE NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

- SUBJECT: STRUCURAL DESIGN DATE: AUGUST

- ELEMENT: COLUMN

BY: KINYANJUI NYAMBURA

2021
._

JACINTA SHEET NO'

CALCULATIONS
- REF
OUTPUT.. _~
,..
DESIGN OF COLUMNS

- 400mm

.. Procedures

1. Check if the column is long or short

ii. Determine the area of main reinforcements

iii. Determine suitable links

,
L Characteristic strength of concrete

2
Feu = 40N/mm
~

I
DRAINAGE WORK
The main aim of the drainage pattern in the proposed site is to ensure that the rain

water and surface water is removed from the site so that it cannot bring about

flooding in the pavements

and the compound in general and the rain water collected during the rains is channeled
to storage

tanks with the help of gutters.

Design of an economical channel

The principle used was the wetted perimeter: maximum discharge depends on

the wetted perimeter, given the coefficient of roughness and slope.

Manning' Roughness Coefficient \

Channel material Roughness coefficient

_- _ ..
Metals 0.010-0.024

Glass 0.009-0.013

i Concrete 0.011-0.017
,
.-

Wood 0.012-0,016

Clay 0.013-0.016

I Grave 0.020-0.033

2
3
 Concretel Bitumen surface 0.8-0.9

Gravell Macadam surface 0.4-0.7

Base/ Impervious soil 0.4-0.7

Impervious soil with turf 0.3-0.6 ;

Slightly pervious soil with turf 0.2-0.4

Pervious soil 0.1-0.3

Wooden area 0.1-0.3

~

Rainfall intensity obtained from the meteorological department of Kenya is 120mm per hour
 THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

PROJECT: CONSTRUCTION OF HOSTEL AT KITALE

NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

SUBJECT: STRUCURAL DESIGN DATE:

AUGUST

ELEMENT: COLUMN 2021

BY: KINYANJUI NYAMBURA JACINTA

SHEET NO.

REF CALCULATIONS

I
OUTPUT

400mm
400mm
400mm

Procedures
I

1. Check if the column is long or short

11. Determine the area of main reinforcements

...
111 Determine suitable links
.

i
, Note
I

I. Characteristic strength of concrete

2
Feu = 40N/mm

3
7
 --
- 11. Characteristic strength of steel reinforcement

Fy = 460N/mrnz

;;;. End column of the top of the column for x-x axis = 1

);>- End condition at the top of the column for y-y axis = 2

,. ;;;. End condition at the bottom of the column for the x-x axis = 3

~ ;;;. End condition at the bottom of the column y-y axis =3

.,.

The column is braced

Clause Le and 6< if the column is short

.I x-x direction; - End condition at the top = 1

.1 - -End condition at the bottom = 3

Lex= 6.9 x 3000 = 2700mm

Le = =6.8

6.8 < 15

y-y direction: End condition at the top =2

Hence the column is

short

End condition at the bottom = 3

1;111'
 p=0.95

Ley = (0.95 x 3000) = 2850 mm

= = 7.1
= 7.1
< 15

N = 0.4fcu. Ae + 0.8 Aefy

Clause

3.8.4.3
N=LxWxDXH

0.4x40 (400x400 - Ase) + 0.8x460Asc

J 6(160000-Ase) + 368Ase

2560000 -16Asc + 368Asc

352Asc = 2560000

Ase = 7272.1 mm'

6 Y 40 at 7540mm2
Provide 6 Y40 at
Clause

3.12:7.1Spacing of links should be S (12x shortest diameter)

= (12x40) = 480mm