RAYAT COLLEGE OF LAW

2018-19

Project
of
HISTORY

TOPIC – Powers and Functions of Sultan

SUBMITTED TO – Submitted by-

Dr. Mohinder Singh Bhanvi

B.A.LL.B (hons.)5th semester

Roll no.-14145

Introduction
The Delhi sultanate was a noble example for glory ancient India. Its culture, art and architecture which
exists even today is praiseworthy. The sultans of Delhi ruled for quite a long period of 320 years (1206–
1526) during which their achievements in different fields.1
The Delhi sultanate was Muslim sultanate which was based mostly in Delhi that stretched over large parts of
Indian subcontinent. Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate successively: -
1. The Mamluk dynasty or slave dynasty (1206–90),
2. The Khalji dynasty (1290–1320),
3. The Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414),
4. The Sayyid dynasty (1414–51), and
5. The Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).
The sultanate is noted for being one of the few states to repel an attack by the Mongol Empire and enthroned
one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana, who reigned from 1236 to 1240.2
After the death of Mohamad Ghor in 1206 (1206-10) his empire was passed on to Qutub-ud-din-aibak (a
former Turkic mamluk). Later he became the founder of slave dynasty. The Delhi sultanate was established
by Qutub-ud-din-aibak in 1206. Mamluk dynasty conquered large areas of northern India. After 4 years
Iltutmish succeeded the dynasty and then his daughter Razia sultana succeeded the throne till 1240(1236-
40). She was the first and only Muslim lady who ever ruled India. In 1240 AD, Razia was defeated and
killed. Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban was the next important sultan.3
Ruling dynasties
1. The mamluk dynasty or slave dynasty: - Sometimes referred as Ghulam dynasty. The first
Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty was Qutub ud-Din Aibak, who had the titular name of Sultan
and reigned from 1206 to 1210. He temporarily quelled the rebellions of Nasir-ud-Din
Qabacha of Multan and Tajuddin Yildoz of Ghazni. Making Lahore his capital, he
consolidated his control over North India through an administrative hold over Delhi. He also
initiated the construction of Delhi's earliest Muslim monuments, the Quwwat-ul-Islam
mosque and the Qutub Minar.
2. The khilji dynasty: - Jalaluddin khilji established khilji dynasty. The founder of Turkish
dynasty, Jalaluddin Khilji was seventy when he ascended the throne. He defeated the
descendants of Balban, being victorious came to power. He was kind hearted, mild and had
faith in nature. Alauddin-khilji ascended the throne after killing his uncle and father-in-law,
jalaluddin-khilji.
3. The Tughlaq dynasty: - Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlaq defeated &killed the last ruler of Khilji
dynasty & became the ruler of Delhi in 1320AD.He was succeeded by his son Mohammed-
bin-Tughlaq. He ruled from 1325 to 1351 AD. He was a good calligraphist, scholar, writer &
an orator. Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a powerful ruler after Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. He built a
new capital at Delhi & named it Firozabad. He founded the cities of Hissar, Fatehabad &
Jaunpur.After the death of Firoz Shah Tughlaq the Delhi sultanate gradually declined.
4. The Sayyid dynasty: - The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate,
with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451. Founded by a former governor of Multan, they
succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled the sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi
dynasty. Members of the dynasty derived their title, Sayyid, or the descendants of the Prophet
Muhammad, based on the claim that they belonged to the Prophet's lineage through his
daughter Fatima, and son-in-law and cousin Ali.

1
CoreSub_His_Att_13SultanateDelhiArt&Archi
2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate#Dynasties
3
CoreSub_His_Att_13SultanateDelhiArt&Archi
 5. The Lodi dynasty: -The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate
from 1451 to 1526. It was the last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul
Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
Bahlul Khan Lodi was an Afghan noble who was a great soldier. When Alam Shah voluntarily
abdicated the throne to him, Bahlul Khan seized the throne on April 19, 1451 with the support of his
minister Hamid Khan. He was the first Afghan ruler of Delhi.4

During and in the Delhi Sultanate, there was a synthesis of Indian civilization with that of Islamic
civilization, and the further integration of the Indian subcontinent with a growing world system and wider
international networks spanning large parts of Afro-Eurasia, which had a significant impact on Indian
culture and society, as well as the wider world. The time of their rule included the earliest forms of Indo-
Islamic architecture increased growth rates in India's population and economy, and the emergence of the
Hindi-Urdu language. The Delhi Sultanate was also responsible for repelling the Mongol Empire's
potentially devastating invasions of India in the 13th and 14th centuries. However, the Delhi Sultanate also
caused large scale destruction and desecration of temples in the Indian subcontinent. In 1526, the Sultanate
was conquered and succeeded by the Mughal Empire.5

Background
The context behind the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the
Asian continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of nomadic Turkic peoples
from the Central Asian steppes. This can be traced back to the 9th century, when the Islamic Caliphate
began fragmenting in the Middle East, where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-Muslim
nomadic Turks from the Central Asian steppes, and raising many of them to become loyal military slaves
called Mamluks. Soon, Turks were migrating to Muslim lands and becoming Islamized. Many of the Turkic
Mamluk slaves eventually rose up to become rulers, and conquered large parts of the Muslim world,
establishing Mamluk Sultanates from Egypt to Afghanistan, before turning their attention to the Indian
subcontinent.
It is also part of a longer trend predating the spread of Islam. Like other settled, agrarian societies in history,
those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In
evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the north-western subcontinent was a
frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions
and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.
It is also part of a longer trend predating the spread of Islam. Like other settled, agrarian societies in history,
those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In
evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the north-western subcontinent was a
frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions
and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.

By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies
from Central Asia. Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave, who
raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river
seventeen times between 997 and 1030.
Ghori was assassinated in 1206, by Islamic Shia Muslims in some accounts or by Hindu Khokhars in others.
After the assassination, one of Ghori's slaves, the Turkic Qutb al-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming the
first Sultan of Delhi.6

4
CoreSub_His_Att_13SultanateDelhiArt&Archi
5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate
6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate
Powers and functions of Sultan
The Administration of the Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate was administrated and governed as per the laws stated in the holy Quran. This Quranic
law was the supreme law of the empire. The Caliph was the supreme leader according to the Islamic theory.
And all the Muslim rulers in the world were to be his subordinates.7
The Sultan
The Sultan was the head of the state and government who enjoyed unlimited power. His office was the most
important in the Sultanate. Political, legal and military authority vested in him. He was the head of the
administration and was commander-in- chief of the army. Though there were judges to hear the people in the
matters of law and justice, the Sultan acted as a court of appeal against the judges.8
The Sultan was embodied with all the powers in his will and his will would be the law of the country. Since
there was no principle of hereditary succession the Sultan had the power to nominate the heirs of his choice
and they would be recognized by all other nobles.9
He was the highest dispenser of justice. He could hear a direct appeal against the high handedness of any of
his officials. Everybody knows the stern manner in which Balban dispensed justice, not sparing even the
high officials and their relations. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq applied the same to the ulemas in the early period
of his reign. Therefore, the dispensation of justice was a very important function of the Delhi Sultans. But
the amount of Justice was doubtful as very often it was done to crush the rivals of the Sultan.
All the Muslims were allowed in the Sultan’s office but that was only theoretically, in reality, the Sultanate
was open only for the immigrant Turks. In the later period, the Sultanate became even more restricted
allowing only the members of the royal family.
Following the Islamic theory, the Sultans of Delhi were considered to be the messengers of Allah, i.e. God
and it was their duty to enforce the laws stated in the Holy Quran.
Regarding the Law of Successes ion, there was no such clear-cut law among the Muslim rulers. Therefore,
all the sons of a ruler had equal claim to the throne. The idea of primogeniture was also not acceptable to
them. Some rulers had nominated one of their sons, but not necessarily the eldest, as the successor. Iltutmish
even nominated a daughter in preference to his sons.
Besides usurpation of throne during the Sultanate period had happened more than once. Even among the
sons of a ruler, the throne had gone to the person who had better display of sword. Thus, military strength
was the main factor in succession to the throne. However, public opinion and noble’s approval could not be
ignored. Iltutmish no doubt was a great military leader, but he had the support of the Delhi nobles against
Aibak’s nomination of his son Aram Shah to the throne of Delhi. Similarly, the Khilzis, for fear of public
opinion, could not dare to enter Delhi for a long time after deposing the successors of Balban.10

Ministers and Other Officers:

The Sultan was assisted by a number of ministers and officers who were chosen by him and remained in
office at his pleasure.

7
https://www.toppr.com/guides/history/the-delhi-sultans/the-delhi-sultanate/
8
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/function-of-the-central-government-during-the-delhi-sultanate-period/3050
9
https://www.toppr.com/guides/history/the-delhi-sultans/the-delhi-sultanate/
10
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/function-of-the-central-government-during-the-delhi-sultanate-period/
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 Sultan
Head of state

Diwan-i-Qaza or
Wazir Diwan-i-Ariz Diwan-i-risalt Sadr-us-Sudur Diwan-i-insha the Chief Qazi

1. Wazir or The Prime Minister

The Wazir exercised the Sultan’s power and rules and regulations laid down by him. The Wazir
appointed all the important officers of the state under the name of the Sultan. In the absence of the
Sultan, it’s the Wazir who took care of everything.
He advised the Sultan in the matters of administration and always kept him updated about the sentiments
and needs of his people. The Wazir handled all the financial matters; he was also the superintendent of
the civil servants and commanded the military establishment. All the requirements of the army were to
go through him. His office was called Diwan-i-Wizarat which mainly looked into income and
expenditure of the state. An Auditor General for scrutinizing expenditure and an Accountant General for
inspecting income worked under the Wazir.
Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq appointed Khawaja Jahan as his Wazir. He was a widely respected man and
the Sultan gave him the charge when he went out of the capital. Therefore, Wazir was the most trusted
person of the Sultan.11
2. Diwan-i-Ariz (The Army Master)
Diwan-i-Ariz controlled the military establishment. Diwan-i-Ariz recruited the troops for the army.
The Sultan was the commander-in-chief of the army. He mostly looked after the discipline of the
army and their equipment and their requirements on the battlefield that were then informed to the
Wazir. Ariz-i-Mamalik or the minister in-charge of the army was next to wazir. The department he
held was called diwan-i-ariz. The ariz was not the commander-in- chief of the army, since the Sultan
himself commanded all the armed forces. His special responsibility was to recruit, equip and pay the
army.
3. Diwan-i-risalt (The minister for foreign affairs)
He was the minister responsible for the foreign affairs and handled the diplomatic correspondences,
the ambassadors, and the envoys received from the other rulers. There is, however, a controversy about
the function of this officer. Dr. I.H. Qureshi told us that the minister used to deal with the religious matters
and also look after grant and stipends to scholars and pious men. Dr. A. B. M. Habibullah, on the other hand,
said that he was the minister for foreign affairs and was the in-charge of diplomatic correspondences and the
ambassadors and envoys sent to and received from the foreign rulers. It seems that Dr. Habibullaha’s view
was correct. The diwan–i–rasalat was an important officer as all the Sultans of Delhi were always eager to
maintain diplomatic relations with the Central Asian powers and other powers of the country.
4. Sadr-us-Sudur (Minister of the department of religions)
The Sadr-us-Sudur was the minister who handled the religious department, endowment, and charity.
He was to enforce the Islamic rules and regulations and it was his duty to ensure that all Muslims
strictly followed these rules and regulations. Sadr-us-Sudur was the department who dealt with
religious matters, pious foundations and stipends to deserving scholars and men of piety. The
minister in-charge of this department was called Sadr-us-Sadur.
5. Diwan-i-insha (local correspondence)

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 Diwan-i-insha was the third important minister. He was in charge of the royal correspondence. A
member of Dabir (writers) assisted him. They were all masters of style. This department used to
make all correspondences, even of the confidential matters made between the Sultan and the rulers of
other states or of the important vassals and officials of the kingdom. They drafted the important royal
orders and sent to the Sultan for his sanction. They were then copied, registered and dispatched.
Thus, the department performed very confidential nature of work. Naturally the head of the
department was always a very trusted person of the Sultan.
6. Diwan-i-Qaza or the Chief Qazi
The chief Qazi was the head of the judicial department. He supervised the administration of justice in
the kingdom. Very often, only one man was appointed to carry on the works of both the departments
of the religious endowment and charity and the department of justice.
All these ministers were not of the same rank or importance. Only the Wazir enjoyed higher status and
privileges. The other ministers were like secretaries to the Sultan and very ordinary in status. There was no
council of ministers. The Sultans often appointed and dismissed the ministers at his own sweet will. The
Sultan had a large number of non-official advisers. This circle of advisors was known as Majlis–i–Khalwat.
They consisted of the Sultan’s personal friends, trusted officials and ulemas. Though the Sultan was not
bound to accept their advices yet often they exerted great influence on him. There were some other
departmental heads as well like – barid–i–mamalik (head of the intelligence and posts department) diwan–i–
amir kohi (department of agriculture), diwan–i–mustakhraj, diwan–i-khairat (department of charity), diwan–
i–istihqak (department of pension), Sar–i–jandar (Chief of the royal bodyguards) and diwan-i-bandagan
(chief of the slaves). The latter two chiefs had great influences on the Sultans. 12

Provincial Administration
Provincial administration was run by Muqti, Iqtadars and other government officials. Iqtadars were the
landholders. It was the responsibility of the Muqtis and Iqtadars to provide the Sultans with troops. Each
province was divided into a number of parganas. Each parganas was further divided into several villagers.
The Sultanate of Delhi was never divided into homogeneous provinces with uniform administrative system.
The Sultanate of Delhi was a centralized monarchy and no Sultan of Delhi ever thought of rearranging the
provinces on a uniform basis.
During the thirteenth century, the entire Sultanate was consisted of military commands. These were known
as the Iqtas. Iqta means part or share of a land and land revenue given to a person by the ruler, the Sultan.
The system was introduced by Sultan Iltutmish who had distributed Iqtas in a wide scale among his Turkish
followers. Each Iqta was under a powerful military officer known as Muqti.
Like the Sultan at the center, they performed the duties such as collection of revenue, maintenance of law
and order, control of army and exercise of judicial function in their respective provinces. All the ministers
and high officials at the center had their corresponding subordinates at the provinces. Similarly, the central
departments had their corresponding departments at the provinces.13
The government enjoyed greater autonomy in administrative affairs. It had no authority to interfere in
judicial affairs. Department of intelligence was also under center. Provincial head was primarily concerned
with military and revenue departments. The province was sub-divided into ‘Shiqs’ which was equal to
modern commissioner’s division. The Shiqs were under Shiqdars. Head of the each ‘Parghnah’ was
Chaudhry while Muqaddam was the head of village.
The most important feature of Muslim administration in India was the local autonomy enjoyed by the rural
areas. This was introduced by Mohammad bin Qasim and was maintained by Sultans of Delhi. The Hindu

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http://pune.gen.in/india/administration-delhi-sultanate/63/
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http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/function-of-the-central-government-during-the-delhi-sultanate-period/
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chiefs enjoyed such an important position in rural life that too many felt as they were personally governing,
where the Sultan was almost a mythical figure.14

Local Government:
The iqtas or Provinces were further divided into smaller units called Shiqs. The officer who was in the
charge of a Shiq was called Shiqqdar. And again, every Shiq jvas divided into still smaller units called
parganas. The officers of a pargana were the Amil, Who collected revenues, the Mushrif who kept the
accounts, the Khazandar who safeguarded the treasury and the Qazi, who decided judicial cases. Every
pargana was divided into several villages.
The village was the smallest unit of administration which was administered by some hereditary officers and
the village panchayat. The hereditary officers appointed in the villages were the Chaudhuri, the Patwari, the
Khut, the Muqaddam and the Chaukidar. The panchayat of the villages looked after education, sanitation
and acted as a judicial body. 15

Revenue Administration:
For the smooth running of administration, the Sultans of Delhi, used to collect revenue from its subjects.
The sources of revenue mainly were as follows:
1. Ushr:
It was a land tax which was collected from Muslim subjects. It was 5 to 10 percent of the total
produce
2. Kharaj:
It was a land-tax collected from non-Muslims and its range was 1/3 to 1/2 of the produce.
3. Khams:
It was a tax charged from captured body and produces of mines or buried treasure. The amount of
this tax was almost 1/5th of the body or buried wealth.
4. Jizya:
It was a religious tax collected from non-Muslims. It was charged from 12 dirhams to 48 dirhams on
the basis of the economic condition of the non-Muslim subjects. Hindus were the worst-hit class of
this tax.
5. Zakat:
It was a religious tax which was imposed on rich Muslims and consisted of 2 ½ percent of their
income. Besides above taxes, there were other taxes such as trade tax, house-tax, grazing tax etc. All
the taxes were the sources of revenue of the Sultanate of Delhi. These taxes were collected both in
cash and in kind.
The government had appointed officers under the Department of Revenue to collect taxes smoothly. From
wazir to village Choudhary all were connected with the process of collection of revenue. Some rulers like
Alu-ud-din khilizi, Firoz Tughlaq had introduced land-measurement system. Though it was not done in the
full scale, still it was confined to Delhi and some provinces.16

The Army:
The power of the Sultan depended on the army. During the entire period of the Delhi Sultanate, there
remained conflict of power between the Muslims and the Hindus. While every Sultan desired to establish
and extend his power, the Hindu kings resisted them and the Hindu subjects engaged themselves in revolts.
Besides, the Muslims were also not united.
14
https://atiqqta.wordpress.com/2010/07/30/administrative-structure-of-the-delhi-sultanate/
15
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/function-of-the-central-government-during-the-delhi-sultanate-period/
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16
http://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/function-of-the-central-government-during-the-delhi-sultanate-period/
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The provincial Muslim governors also attempted to establish independent kingdoms and different Muslim
rulers also fought against the Sultan. Most of the Sultans faced the challenge of invasions of the Mongols as
well from the north-west.

Therefore, every Sultan was forced to keep a large army at the center. Different Sultans improved the
organization of their army and methods of warfare though failed to come up to the mark with pace of time as
compared to other rulers in foreign lands.

The army consisted of four types of soldiers:

1. The soldiers were recruited by the Centre as soldiers of the army of the Sultan. The army which was
constituted by these soldiers was called Khasah- khail. Ala-ud-din Khalji kept a large standing army
at the Centre which included 4,75,000 horsemen besides the infantry. Ghiyas-ud-din and Muhammad
Tughluq also kept large standing armies at the Centre. But, the rest of Sultans, prior or after them,
failed to keep such standing armies at the Centre.

This army was looked after by the Diwan-i-ariz who was responsible for its recruitment,
organization, maintenance, salary, etc. There was no regular course of training for these soldiers.
Every soldier was responsible to improve his talents as he desired. However, Sultans like Balban
trained them in hardship by carrying them on their hunting parties or like occasions.
2. Those soldiers who were employed on permanent basis by nobles and provincial governors and who
themselves were responsible for their recruitment, maintenance, training, etc. The nobles were
assigned jagirs by the Sultan to maintain them while provincial governors met their expenses out of
income of their Iqtas.

Arizs were appointed in provinces to look after this part of the army but the primary responsibility
was that of nobles and governors themselves. It was expected that nobles and governors would place
their armies before the Sultan for inspection every year but the rule was normally not observed. The
nobles and governors brought their armies to the service of the Sultan only when ordered.

3. Those soldiers which were recruited only in times of war on temporary basis and were paid only for
that period, and
4. Those Muslim soldiers who joined the army as volunteers at times of war against the infidels
(Hindus). They regarded such war as a holy war, that is jihad. They received no pay but were given
share out of the booty captured in the war.

The army consisted primarily of cavalry, infantry and elephants. The cavalry formed the backbone of the
army. The cavalry-men were of two types, one, the Sawar who kept only one horse and the other, the do-
aspa who kept two horses.

Justice and Police:

The Sultan was the highest judicial authority within the empire. He used to hold his judicial court twice a
week and decided all types of cases. He was helped in dispensation of justice by the chief Sadr (Sadr-us-
Sudur) regarding cases of religious nature and by the chief Qazi (Qazi-ul-qazat) in all other cases. But, as the
chief Sadr or the chief Qazi was mostly one person, he remained the chief adviser of the Sultan in judicial
matters.

The chief Sadr, the chief Qazi and provincial Sadrs and Qazis were appointed by the Sultan himself. Most
Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate were just. But as they were advised by the chief Sadr who was a religious man
and as he had to follow Islamic principles while dispensing justice, it is doubtful that the non-Muslims
received justice in the real sense from them.

The chief Sadr or the chief Qazi stood next to the Sultan in the judiciary and then were Sadrs and Qazis in
provincial capitals and all-important cities within the empire and they decided cases falling within their
jurisdiction. The village-assemblies (Panchayats) decided cases of their respective villages.

The penal law was severe during the period of the Sultanate. Normally, the culprits were punished with
seizure of their property and wealth, mutilation or death. Islamic laws were enforced not only in criminal
cases but also in civil cases.

Thus, the judicial system during the period of the Sultanate was typical of medieval age and no Sultan had
brought about any significant change in it. The nature of justice mostly depended on the personality and
religious views of the Sultan. If the Sultan was justice-loving, the system worked well.

Otherwise, it was a duty imposed on the Sultan which was taken indifferently. The system suffered from a
serious defect. No Sultan of the Sultanate attempted to enforce justice based on secular principles even when
the majority of the subjects belonged to a different faith.

The Sultans did not establish a separate police department. The duties of police officials were carried on by
military officers posted in their respective areas. The city-kotwal was also not a police official but was an
official of the army.17

Conclusion

Hence, we can decipher that the establishment and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate led to the evolution of a
powerful and efficient administrative system. At its zenith the authority of Delhi Sultans had extended as far
south as Madurai. They are even today remembered for their very systematic administrative capabilities.
Although the Delhi Sultanate had disintegrated, their administrative system made a powerful impact on the
Indian provincial kingdoms and later on the Mughal system of administration.

Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people
and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my project. All that I have done is
only due to such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank them.
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I respect and thank Dr. Mohinder, for providing me an opportunity to do the project work on Topic-
Powers and Functions of sultan and giving all support and guidance, which made me complete the project
duly. I am extremely thankful to you for providing such a nice support and guidance.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from my family
and friends which helped me in successfully completing my project work.

Index
S.no. Particulars Page no.
1 Introduction 1
2 Ruling Dynasties 1-2
3 Background 2
 4 Powers and Functions of Sultan 3
5 The Sultan 3
6 Ministers and other Officers 3-5
7 Provincial Administration 5-6
8 Local Administration 6
9 Revenue Administration 6-7
10 The Army 7-8
11 Justice and Police 8-9
12 Conclusion 9

Bibliography
PPT Files
1. CoreSub_His_Att_13SultanateDelhiArt&Archi
Websites
1. http://en.wikipedia.org
2. www.historydiscussion.net
3. www.toppr.com
4. http://pune.gen.in
5. http://atiqqta.wordpress.com