ROUGH TERRAIN BEETLE ROBOT

By
Ali Raza 2019-GCUF-070826
Hamza Ayub 2019-GCUF-070829

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

Government College University Faisalabad
2023
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Contents
Revision History....................................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................5
1.1. General Information...............................................................................................................5
1.2. Purpose..................................................................................................................................5
1.3. Document Conventions..........................................................................................................5
1.4. Project Objective...................................................................................................................6
1.5. Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions........................................................................6
1.6. Project Scope.........................................................................................................................7
2. Overall Description........................................................................................................................7
2.1. Product Perspective...............................................................................................................7
2.2. Product Features....................................................................................................................7
2.3. User Classes and Characteristics............................................................................................8
2.4. Operation Environment..........................................................................................................9
2.5. Design and Implementation Constraints................................................................................9
2.6. Dependencies.........................................................................................................................9
2.7. User Documentation............................................................................................................10
3. System Features...........................................................................................................................10
3.1. Mobile Friendly Use............................................................................................................10
3.2. Unique recognizable Design................................................................................................10
4. External Interface Requirements..................................................................................................11
4.1. User Interfaces.....................................................................................................................11
4.2. Hardware Interfaces.............................................................................................................11
4.3. Software Interfaces..............................................................................................................12
4.4. Communications Interfaces.................................................................................................12
5. External Interface Requirements..................................................................................................13
5.1. Performance Requirements..................................................................................................13
5.2. Safety Requirements............................................................................................................14
5.3. Security Requirements.........................................................................................................14
5.4. Software Quality Attributes.................................................................................................14
6. Tools & Technologies...............................................................................................................14
6.1. Programming Languages.....................................................................................................14
6.2. Database/Data Storages.......................................................................................................14
6.3. Operating System.................................................................................................................14
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7. Diagrams.....................................................................................................................................15
7.1. WBS.....................................................................................................................................15
7.2. Sequence.............................................................................................................................15
7.3. Collaboration.......................................................................................................................16
7.4. Use Case..............................................................................................................................16
7.5. Object..................................................................................................................................16
7.6. Class.....................................................................................................................................17
7.7. E-R Diagram.........................................................................................................................17
7.8. Dataflow..............................................................................................................................18
8. Appendix A: Glossary.................................................................................................................18
9. Appendix B: Check List..............................................................................................................20
10. Appendix C: Supervisory Committee......................................................................................21
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Revision History

Name Date Reason for Changes Version

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1. Introduction
1.1. General Information

Project Name: Rough Terrain Beetle Robot Starting Date: 07-20-2023_

Controlling Agency: _______________________ Final Date: _____________

Prepared By: Ali Raza , Hamza Ayub Authorized by: __________

1.2. Purpose

Essentially, there are as many different types of robots as there are tasks for them to perform.
Robots can perform some tasks better than humans, but others are best left to people and not
machines.

The following are things robots do better than humans:

 Automate manual or repetitive activities in corporate or industrial settings.

 Work in unpredictable or hazardous environments to spot hazards like gas leaks.

 Process and deliver reports for enterprise security.

 Fill out pharmaceutical prescriptions and prep IVs.

 Deliver online orders, room service and even food packets during emergencies.

 Assist during surgeries.

 Robots can also make music, monitor shorelines for dangerous predators, help with
search and rescue and even assist with food preparation.
1.3. Document Conventions

This is the most advanced kind of robot. The smart robot has a built-in AI system that learns
from its environment and experiences to build knowledge and enhance capabilities to
continuously improve. A smart robot can collaborate with humans and help solve problems in
areas like the following:

 agricultural labor shortages;

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 food waste;

 study of marine ecosystems;

 product organization in warehouses; and

 clearing of debris from disaster zones.

1.4. Project Objective

 Education: The main goal is to teach students the value of robot and how
technology may be incorporated into farming practices to increase productivity,
sustainability, and efficiency.
 Raise students: Understandings of the issues facing the agricultural sector, such as
water scarcity, soil degradation, and food security, as well as the ways in which
smart robot solutions can assist solve these issues.
 Practical Learning: Enable students to set up and manage simple smart farm
systems firsthand. This can entail undertaking tasks like setting up modest sensor
networks, keeping an eye on plant development, gathering and analyzing data, and
basing decisions on the findings.
 Encourage students: Critical thinking and problem-solving abilities by identifying
agricultural issues or inefficiencies that can be resolved by the usage of technology.
 Environmental Awareness: Encourage knowledge of the value of environmentally
friendly farming methods and how technology can help reduce negative
environmental effects. Precision robot, effective fertilizer management, and reducing
the usage of pesticides through observation and data-driven decision-making are a
few examples of what this can cover.
 Encourage student: Cooperation and teamwork by giving them clever robot-related
group projects to work on. This can entail planning projects, carrying out
experiments, and presenting results to colleagues in order to build a sense of
cooperative learning. Prepare students for the future by introducing them to cutting-
edge agricultural technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT).

1.5. Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions

The robot inspired a new era of robotics, accelerating the development of more advanced,
autonomous machines that now help in areas such as the following:

 disaster management

 law enforcement
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 weather forecasts

 residential hygiene

 military reconnaissance

Later, household robots like Roomba and AI-based robots like Siri and Alexa paved the way
for robots in people's everyday lives, furthering their potential.

Today's robots can carry out a number of complex tasks that would have been written off as
science fiction even half a century ago. Smart, intelligent robots are now collaborating with
humans and helping to solve problems that looked unsolvable in the past.

1.6. Project Scope

For modern robot, a smart robot system is one of the best techniques that give more
production in minimum duration. To many extend, this smart robot system is designed and
fully automated to minimize manual handling in robot. And one of the good things is that it is
very comfortable for users (or farmers) to understand the concept of IoT and sensors for
smart robot.
It can help you to learn how various sensors can be deployed and utilization of their data to
generate events and control robot systems.

2. Overall Description

2.1. Product Perspective

The smart robot system is user friendly platform to learn and enhance your skill about
smart watering system. It can provide high accuracy water supply and avoid water from
wastage. Due to automatically handling, user requires less man power. With the help of the
sensors, it can accurately determine the soil moisture levels. It can easily detect and control
the temperature, humidity, solar radiation using sensors. This system automatically provides
water supply to the field. User can manually operate (turn ON or OFF) valve. This system
helps to produce good quality of crops and improves economic condition.
This IoT-based smart robot monitoring and controlling system are very easy to increase crop
production at any season with less time, less effort, and more profitable.

2.2. Product Features

The following are some essential characteristics of smart robot systems:

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 Sensor Technology: Smart agricultural systems make use of a range of sensors to

gather data in real-time on environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil
moisture, pH levels, and light intensity. These sensors aid in resource management
optimization and offer insightful information about crop conditions.
 Connectivity over the Internet of Things (IoT): IoT connectivity enables
frictionless communication across sensors, gadgets, and systems in the agricultural
ecosystem. It makes it possible to remotely monitor, transmit data, and control
different smart robot system components.
 Control and automation systems: Automation is important in smart robot. It entails
using machinery to automate processes like fertilization, robot, and even harvesting.
Automated control systems guarantee accurate and efficient resource use.
 Utilizing computers or mobile devices: Smart robot solutions enable farmers to
remotely monitor and manage their activities. Even if they are not physically on the
farm, they can still access real-time data, get alerts and notifications, and make wise
decisions.
 Sustainability and Environmental Monitoring: Smart robot systems encourage
sustainable agricultural practices by maximizing resource consumption, minimizing
waste, and minimizing environmental effect. They make it possible to monitor water
use, nutrient management, and pesticide application to make sure that farming
practices are environmentally benign.

2.3. User Classes and Characteristics

Ancient civilizations in many parts of the world practiced robot. In fact, civilization
would probably not be possible without some form of robot. The earliest form of robot
probably involved people carrying buckets of water from wells or rivers to pour on their
crops. As better techniques developed, societies in Egypt and China built robot canals, dams,
dikes, and water storage facilities. Ancient Rome built structures called aqueducts to carry
water from snowmelt in the Alps to cities and towns in the valleys below. This water was
used for drinking, washing, and robot.

Modern robot systems use reservoirs, tanks, and wells to supply water for crops.
Reservoirs include aquifers, basins that collect snowmelt, lakes, and basins created by dams.
Canals or pipelines carry the water from reservoirs to fields. Canals and pipelines, just like
the ancient Roman aqueducts, often rely on the force of gravity. Pumps may also move water
from reservoirs to fields.

Crops are irrigated by several methods: flooding an entire field, channeling water
between rows of plants, spraying water through large sprinklers, or letting water drop onto
plants through holes in pipes.

Letting water drop onto plants through holes in pipes, known as drip robot, is
considered one of the most efficient methods of robot. Drip robot focuses the water onto the
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plant itself. Other methods can waste water by letting it absorb into the ground where there
are no plants. Water can also evaporate into the air when sprayed through sprinklers.

2.4. Operation Environment

The environment in which smart robot operates is dynamic and linked, including a
variety of stakeholders and elements. Here is an example of a junior level explanation of the
smart agricultural operational environment:

Farmers, technological firms, and the natural environment all play a part in the
complicated context that smart robot functions in. The primary users of smart agricultural
methods and technologies are farmers, who implement these developments on their fields.
They rely on the assistance of tech firms who create and offer the systems and technologies
required for smart robot. The natural environment, which includes soil, water, the weather,
and ecosystems, is also very important. Farmers must be aware of their local conditions in
order to apply sensible agricultural practices. Governmental organizations and agencies also
contribute by offering rules, regulations, and assistance.

2.5. Design and Implementation Constraints

 Technology accessibility: It is assumed that the infrastructure and tools required for
smart robot, including sensors, IoT devices, and data analytics tools, are easily
accessible and widely available. Reliable internet connectivity is assumed to be
available in farming communities in order to facilitate real-time data gathering,
communication, and access to cloud-based technologies.
 Data reliability: The assumption that the data gathered from sensors and other
sources is trustworthy and accurate for decision-making.
 Scalability: The idea that smart robot technologies may be expanded to handle larger
farms or agricultural businesses.
 Farmer adoption: The presumption that farmers are open to learning and adjusting to
new techniques as well as willing to adopt and embrace the use of technology in their
farming practices.

2.6. Dependencies

 Dependency on qualified professionals or technical experts who can help with the
setup, upkeep, and troubleshooting of smart robot systems. Technical expertise and
support.
 Financial resources: Investment in the necessary infrastructure, training programmers,
and technologies for smart robot will depend on having the money to do so.
 Dependence on government initiatives, financial incentives, and laws that foster the
implementation of smart agricultural practices.
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 Dependence on continuing research and development projects to improve current

technology, provide novel solutions, and handle particular issues in smart robot.
 Dependence on strong data privacy and security measures to safeguard sensitive
information gathered from farms and guarantee compliance with laws.

2.7. User Documentation

What is user documentation? User documentation is the content that you provide the
end user in order for them to be more successful with your product or service. Also known as
user guides, instruction manuals, or user manuals, user documentation is there to hold your
customer's hand as they learn about your product.

3. System Features

3.1. Mobile Friendly Use

In order to assist farmers in improving their agricultural techniques, a smart robot

system must to incorporate a few elements. It must be able to measure critical parameters
including temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light levels using a variety of sensors.
These sensors will provide information so that farmers can choose their crops wisely.
Additionally, the system should be able to manage and examine the sensor data. This
implies that it should contain capabilities for processing and comprehending the data, as well
as secure storage for the data. Farmers can learn more about the health and requirements of
their crops by analyzing the data.

A smart robot system must have automation and control. It should be able to automate
processes like watering, fertilizing.

3.2. Unique recognizable Design

In order to guarantee a smart robot system's overall effectiveness and usability,

several non-functional needs must be met.

First and foremost, it must have an intuitive user interface that is simple to use and
comprehend, especially for farmers with little technical knowledge. Users should be able to
engage with the system easily thanks to its intuitive design, clear instructions, and visual
representations.

 Another crucial non-functional criterion is reliability: The system must be planned

to run consistently and precisely, offering trustworthy data and functionality. To
maintain continuous operation and reduce downtime, it should be resilient to
environmental conditions like as power fluctuations or signal disturbances.
 Scalability: Is a crucial factor to take into account since as a farm grows; the smart
agricultural system may need to accommodate an increasing number of sensors,
devices, and data.
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 To safeguard sensitive data and maintain the system's integrity: Security is

essential. The right security safeguards, such as user authentication, data encryption,
and protection against unauthorized access, should be in place for the smart farm
system. Farmers must have faith in the security of their operations and data.
 Another non-functional need is performance: Which refers to how quickly and
effectively the system reacts to input. Users should receive real-time or almost real-
time feedback from the system as it processes and analyses data. It needs to be tuned
to handle a lot of data and produce effective results.
 An essential non-functional need for a smart robot system is compatibility. It
ought to be able to interact and integrate with a range of sensors, gadgets, and current
farm management systems.

4. External Interface Requirements

4.1. User Interfaces

The Language we use in the system is C Language. The widely used C programming
language offers a disciplined and effective methodology for software development. It is
renowned for being easy to use, portable, and capable of low-level programming. C is a
programming language that enables hardware-direct code interaction, making it suited for
embedded systems and systems programming. Its extensive feature set, which includes
control structures, data types, and functions, enables the creation of sophisticated programs
with high productivity. A sizable library of functions is provided in C, which is also used as
the basis for many other programming languages.

4.2. Hardware Interfaces

To effectively store, manage, and retrieve agricultural data, databases can be

employed in smart robot projects. Here are some applications for databases. Agricultural data
collection from sensors, weather stations, and other sources can be stored in databases in a
systematic and organized manner. Data on soil moisture, temperature, crop health, pest
incidence, yield, and other factors are included. Farmers can effectively store and access vast
volumes of data over time by employing databases.

Integration of data: Databases make it possible to combine data from several sources,
giving farmers a complete picture of their farming activities. Consolidating and analyzing
several data streams, such as meteorological information, robot records, and market prices,
might yield insightful results.

Data reporting and analysis: By allowing for querying and analysis functions,
databases enable farmers to derive useful information from the gathered data. Farmers may
run complicated analyses, prepare reports, and visualize patterns with the aid of database
management systems and suitable querying languages, assisting them in making educated
decisions regarding crop management, resource allocation, and planning.
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Databases make it possible to save historical data, which allows farmers to keep track
of patterns and trends over time. Farmers can determine long-term trends, evaluate the
efficacy of various farming techniques, and make improvements to improve future results by
studying historical data.

4.3. Software Interfaces

Yes, a smart robot project can use an operating system. In fact, operating systems are
essential for the many parts and technologies in a smart robot system to work. A few
instances of how operating systems can be used are as follows:

Data management and collection: Operating systems are able to offer the software
architecture required for data collecting devices, such as sensors and IoT devices, to
communicate and send data to a centralized system. The operating system manages storage,
communication protocols, and data input and output activities.

Processing and analysis of data: Operating systems enable the use of software
programs that process and evaluate the gathered agricultural data.

Automation and management: In a smart robot setup, automated systems like robotics
or actuators can be controlled and managed by operating systems. The operating system
makes sure that hardware parts and the software that controls them work together smoothly,
enabling precise automation of processes like robot, fertilization, and harvesting.

User interface and interaction: Operating systems can offer farmers a simple way to
communicate with the smart robot system. In order to monitor data, make educated decisions,
and modify system parameters, farmers can use mobile applications, control panels, and
visual dashboards.

Network connectivity is made possible by operating systems in the smart robot

ecosystem, allowing for communication between various systems, sensors, and devices. They
manage communication protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular.

4.4. Communications Interfaces

 Arduino UNO Board x 1

The Arduino UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding.

 Soil Moisture Sensor x 1

The output of the soil moisture sensor fluctuates between 0 and 1023 on the ADC scale. This
can be expressed as a % moisture value using the formula below. The 10-bit ADC's
highest value with zero moisture is 1023. This results in 0% moisture.

 Relay Module x 1
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Because a 1-channel relay only has one switch or channel, it can only be used to regulate one
load or circuit at once.

 LCD Display x 1

A 16x2 LCD can display up to 16 characters per line on each of its two lines.

 I2C Module x 1

I2C_LCD is a simple-to-use display module that can simplify display.

 Battery Holder x 1

Open Battery Holder Box With 150mm Wires Leads.

 Jumper Wires

They used for connection.

 Foam Board

They used to connect wires for further processing.

 12-Volt Water Pump

They used for controlling the pressure of water.

 NPK Sensor

NPK sensors that can gauge how much fertilizer should be applied to the soil.

5. External Interface Requirements

5.1. Performance Requirements

Management of robot systems should be based on the desired objectives or outcomes
consistent with economic, energy, environmental, labor, water, and resource constraints.
Goals can vary from maximizing profit, producing a contracted yield, optimizing water
resource use, maintaining the quality of produce, or assuring an attractive landscape.
Managers cannot achieve these goals without considering the performance of the robot
system. This chapter discusses the basic characteristics of various robot systems, defines
terms that quantify performance, describes basic requirements all systems must provide,
gives a range of attributes for systems, and discusses how water supply requirements are
governed by ET and system characteristics. Detailed characteristics of specific systems are
presented in later chapters. The key here is to understand the basic systems and their relative
performance.
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5.2. Safety Requirements

Smoke detectors save lives by providing an early warning of a smoke or fire incident,
but can do nothing to extinguish a growing fire or protect those physically unable to escape
on their own, such as the elderly or small children. Too often, battery-operated smoke
detectors fail to function because the batteries are dead or have been removed. As the percent
of homes in America that were "protected" with smoke detectors increased from zero to more
than 70%, the number of fire deaths in homes did not significantly decrease.

5.3. Security Requirements

Security in robot system is based on many things. The types of system, the hardware
design of the system, the software used in the system and its structured and how the system
itself is prepared, used and deployed, this latter point includes not only the election day use
but the pre and post-election process as well.

5.4. Software Quality Attributes

The quality of water and its characteristics influence the plant’s growth, the soil
structure, and also the robot system itself. The quality of robot water refers mainly to its
physical and chemical composition, or more in details to the mineral composition of water
and to the presence of solid and organic substances in it. Both chemical and physical
properties (murkiness, presence of seaweed etc.) determine the suitability of water for robot.
The parameters for robot water widely differ from the drinking water ones; moreover, quality
parameters can vary depending on the crop: they react differently to specific minerals or
water properties. To observe the characteristics of the water it is necessary to use laboratory
chemical analysis. The parameters for robot water widely differ from the drinking water ones;
moreover, quality parameters can vary depending on the crop: they react differently to
specific minerals or water properties. To observe the characteristics of the water it is
necessary to use laboratory chemical analysis.

6. Tools & Technologies

6.1. Programming Languages

C Language

6.2. Database/Data Storages

Here are some applications for databases. Agricultural data collection from sensors,
weather stations, and other sources can be stored in databases in a systematic and organized
manner. Data on soil moisture, temperature, crop health, pest incidence, yield, and other
factors are included. Farmers can effectively store and access vast volumes of data over time
by employing databases.

6.3. Operating System

Data management and collection: Operating systems are able to offer the software
architecture required for data collecting devices, such as sensors and IoT devices, to
communicate and send data to a centralized system. The operating system manages storage,
communication protocols, and data input and output activities.
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7. Diagrams

7.1. WBS

7.2. Sequence

7.3. Collaboration
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7.4. Use Case

7.5. Object
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7.6. Class

7.7. E-R Diagram

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7.8. Dataflow

8. Appendix A: Glossary

 Purpose:
You need to identify a suitable water source for your robot system. This could
be a nearby river, well, pond, or access to a municipal water supply. It's essential to
ensure that the water quality is suitable for robot purposes.

 Project Scope:
An initiative called "smart robot" makes use of modern technology to assist
farmers in improving agricultural growth and environmental protection. It consists
of things like sensors and equipment that gather data on the soil, temperature, and
other crucial variables.
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 Features:
Sensor Technology, Connectivity over the internet of things (LOT), Control
and automation systems, Utilizing computers or mobile devices, Sustainability and
Environment Monitoring.

 Assumptions:
Technology accessibility, Data reliability, Scalability, Farmer adoption.

 Tools:
Arduino UNO board x 1, Relay module x 1, LCD display x 1, I2C module x 1,
Battery holder x 1, Jumper wires, Foam board, 12 volt water pump, NPK sensor.

 Programming Language:
C Language.
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9. Appendix B: Check List

Check List Yes No

Starting/Ending Dates

Purpose

Project Scope

Features

Assumptions

Tools

Programming Language
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10. Appendix C: Supervisory Committee

For approval of any two consultant Teachers

Name: Name:

Designation: Designation:

Comments: Comments:

Signature: Signature:

(For Office Use Only)

Date:
Approved Time: ________ Group ID:
Meeting Required Date:
Rejected Place:_______

Remarks

Project Title (If revised):

Project Coordinator __________________________