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    2.1 First-Order Differential Equations. Definition 2.1 Separable Equation

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    nadersh019
    This document discusses separable first-order differential equations and provides examples of solving separable differential equations using integration. Some key steps include dividing both sides of the equation by the function of y, multiplying both sides by dx, and then integrating both sides. This results in an equation relating the integrals of the functions with respect to x and y that can be solved for the solution y(x). Examples provided solve separable differential equations and initial value problems.

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    2.1 First-Order Differential Equations. Definition 2.1 Separable Equation

    Uploaded by

    nadersh019
    24 views4 pages
    This document discusses separable first-order differential equations and provides examples of solving separable differential equations using integration. Some key steps include dividing both sides of the equation by the function of y, multiplying both sides by dx, and then integrating both sides. This results in an equation relating the integrals of the functions with respect to x and y that can be solved for the solution y(x). Examples provided solve separable differential equations and initial value problems.

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    This document discusses separable first-order differential equations and provides examples of solving separable differential equations using integration. Some key steps include dividing both sides of the equation by the function of y, multiplying both sides by dx, and then integrating both sides. This results in an equation relating the integrals of the functions with respect to x and y that can be solved for the solution y(x). Examples provided solve separable differential equations and initial value problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views4 pages

    2.1 First-Order Differential Equations. Definition 2.1 Separable Equation

    Uploaded by

    nadersh019
    This document discusses separable first-order differential equations and provides examples of solving separable differential equations using integration. Some key steps include dividing both sides of the equation by the function of y, multiplying both sides by dx, and then integrating both sides. This results in an equation relating the integrals of the functions with respect to x and y that can be solved for the solution y(x). Examples provided solve separable differential equations and initial value problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    2.1 First-order Differential Equations.

    Definition 2.1 Separable Equation

    A first-order differential equation of the form


    𝑑𝑦
    = 𝑔(𝑥 ) ℎ(𝑦)
    𝑑𝑥
    is said to be separable or to have separable variables.
    By dividing by the function ℎ(𝑦) and multiplying by 𝑑𝑥 we obtain
    1
    𝑑𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
    ℎ(𝑦)
    By integration

    1
    ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝐺 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
    ℎ(𝑦)
    1
    Where 𝐻 (𝑦) & 𝐺(𝑥 ) are anti derivatives of & 𝑔(𝑥 ), respectively
    ℎ(𝑦)
    Example 1:
    Solve (1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
    Solution:
    Dividing by (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦, we can write
    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
    = (1+𝑥)
    𝑦

    By integration
    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
    ∫ =∫
    𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 )
    𝑙𝑛|1+𝑥|+𝑐1
    𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑥| + 𝑐1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|1+𝑥| . 𝑒 𝑐1 = |1 + 𝑥|𝑒 𝑐1
    = ±𝑐(1 + 𝑥 )
    Example 2:
    Solve the initial-value problem
    𝑑𝑦 𝑥
    = − , 𝑦(4) = 3.
    𝑑𝑥 𝑦

    Solution:
    𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥 we get
    𝑦2 𝑥2
    ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = − + 𝑐1
    2 2
    2 2 2
    𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑐
    1
    Where 𝑐 2 = 2𝑐1
    When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 3 so that 16 + 9 = 𝑐 2
    Thus the initial-value problem
    𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
    Example 3:
    Solve 𝑥 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 + 2)𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
    Solution:
    Dividing by 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 4 , we obtain
    3𝑥
    (𝑦 2 + 2)
    𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
    𝑦4
    Using integration by parts on the first term yields
    ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦 −2 + 2𝑦 −4 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
    1
    𝑢 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 & 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥
    3
    ∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 ⟹
    1 1 1 1
    ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥
    3 3 3 9
    Then
    1 3𝑥 1 3𝑥 2
    𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 𝑦 −1 − 𝑦 −3 = 𝑐
    3 9 3
    Or
    1 1 2
    (𝑥 ) ( 𝑒 3𝑥 ) − (1) ( 𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 𝑦 −1 − 𝑦 −3 = 𝑐
    3 9 3

    Examples
    Solve the given differential equation by separation of variables
    𝑑𝑦
    𝟏. = sin 5𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    Solution
    𝑑𝑦 = sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    By integration
    1
    ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = − cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐
    5
    1
    𝑦 + cos 5𝑥 = 𝑐
    5
    2
    𝟑. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
    Dividing by 𝑒 3𝑥 , we obtain
    𝑑𝑥
    ∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
    𝑒 3𝑥
    By integration
    1
    − 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
    3
    𝑑𝑦
    𝟓. (𝑥 + 1) =𝑥+6
    𝑑𝑥
    Dividing by (𝑥 + 1) and multiplying the equation by dx we obtain
    𝑥+6
    𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
    (𝑥 + 1)
    By integration
    𝑥+6 (𝑥 + 1) + 5 ( 𝑥 + 1) 5
    ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
    (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)
    5
    = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹
    (𝑥 + 1)
    𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
    3
    𝑑𝑦 𝑦
    𝟗. =
    𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
    Dividing by 𝑦 3 and multiplying the equation by 𝑑𝑥 we obtain
    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
    =
    𝑦3 𝑥 2
    By integration
    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 −2 1 1
    ∫ 3=∫ 2 ⟹− = −𝑥 −1 + 𝑐 ⟹ − 2=𝑐
    𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑦

    3
    Home work
    ′
    𝟕. 𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑦
    𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
    𝟏𝟏. =
    𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥
    𝑑𝑥 𝑦+1 2
    𝟏𝟗. 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥 =( )
    𝑑𝑦 𝑥
    𝑑𝑦
    𝟑𝟏. (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 ) = (𝑦 + 1)2
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑦
    𝟑𝟗. (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑦2
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑦
    𝟓𝟓. = (𝑦 − 1)2 + 0.01, 𝑦(0) = 1
    𝑑𝑥

    Solve the given previous differential equation by separation of variables.

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