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    2 Lecture Notes

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    ankit.chandra.eee21
    The document discusses various types of controlled rectifiers and compensators used in power systems, including: 1) Half-controlled bridge rectifiers that can use a common cathode or common anode configuration or have SCRs in a single AC line. 2) Thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) and thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) that can vary reactive power compensation in a transmission line. 3) Static VAR compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs) that maintain transmission line voltage through adjustable reactive power exchange.

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    2 Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    ankit.chandra.eee21
    16 views15 pages
    The document discusses various types of controlled rectifiers and compensators used in power systems, including: 1) Half-controlled bridge rectifiers that can use a common cathode or common anode configuration or have SCRs in a single AC line. 2) Thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) and thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) that can vary reactive power compensation in a transmission line. 3) Static VAR compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs) that maintain transmission line voltage through adjustable reactive power exchange.

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    Lecture notes of IIT

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    The document discusses various types of controlled rectifiers and compensators used in power systems, including: 1) Half-controlled bridge rectifiers that can use a common cathode or common anode configuration or have SCRs in a single AC line. 2) Thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) and thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) that can vary reactive power compensation in a transmission line. 3) Static VAR compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs) that maintain transmission line voltage through adjustable reactive power exchange.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views15 pages

    2 Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    ankit.chandra.eee21
    The document discusses various types of controlled rectifiers and compensators used in power systems, including: 1) Half-controlled bridge rectifiers that can use a common cathode or common anode configuration or have SCRs in a single AC line. 2) Thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) and thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) that can vary reactive power compensation in a transmission line. 3) Static VAR compensators (SVCs) and static compensators (STATCOMs) that maintain transmission line voltage through adjustable reactive power exchange.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15

    Half controlled Bridge Rectifier

    (a) Common cathode (b) Common anode (c) SCRs in single AC line

     Common cathode is the most common which require single triggering sources to fire both the SCRs
    without isolation
     Common cathode and common anode can lose control for inductive load for improper triggering
    pulses
     SCRs in single AC line acts as half-controlled bridge with flywheel diode
    Controlled Rectifier with Source Inductance

    During the commutation angle µ all


    the four thyristors conduct
    Controlled Rectifier with Source Inductance

    During the commutation angle µ all


    the four thyristors conduct
    Two-machine power system

    For lossless line Active power is same throughout the line


    Two-machine power system

    Power flow can be controlled by

    - Varying line impedance X

    - Varying δ

    - Varying voltage difference (Vs-Vr) by injecting series voltage that changes current

    - Applying a voltage in the midpoint can also change power flow


    Shunt Compensation

    - Able to minimize overvoltage under light load condition


    - Maintain voltage level under heavy load condition
    Shunt Compensation

    - Able to minimize overvoltage under light load condition


    - Maintain voltage level under heavy load condition

    Applying a voltage at the midpoint and in quadrature with


    the line current can increase the transmittable power, but
    at the expense of increasing the reactive power demand
    Thyristor-controlled Reactor (TCR)
    As long as the injected current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the
    shunt compensator only supplies or consumes variable reactive power

    If the gating of the switch is delayed by angle α with


    respect to crest (or peak) Vm of the supply voltage

    - Harmonic currents of low order appear.


    - Passive filters are necessary to eliminate these
    harmonics.
    -Transformers with Y–delta connections are normally
    the compensator can vary the impedance, used at the sending end to avoid harmonic injection
    and hence the compensating current to the ac supply line.
    Thyristor-controlled Reactor (TCR)
    Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)

    • Switch is operated to turn-on/off


    the capacitor

    • TSC should be switched when


    voltage across it is zero (ZVS) else
    non-zero dv/dt results in current
    spikes, for which L is required
    For

    For transient-free switching, Negative terms of i(t) should be zero

    Or

    Capacitor must be charged to a voltage slightly higher than Vm prior to gating


    Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)
    Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

    • The reactive elements of SVC are


    connected to the transmission line
    through a transformer to prevent the
    elements to withstand full system
    voltage
    • Controller strategy aims to maintain the
    TL voltage at a fixed level by adjusting
    conduction angle
    • Modular arrangement
    • Lower controller burden
    • Increased redundancy hence fault
    tolerant
    • Auxiliary input communication for
    coordinated control
    • Parameter setting
    Static Compensator (STATCOM)

    • Line voltage V in phase with


    converter output voltage Vo and
    equal, No exchange of reactive
    power as current is zero
    • Vo>V, the voltage drop across XL
    results in leading current with
    respect to voltage hence
    capacitive effect
    • Vo<V, the compensator draws a
    lagging current and absorbs VARs
    • Wide operating range, low rating
    than SVC, superior capability to
    handle system disturbances
    Resonant Converters
    Switch mode Inductive current switching

    Hard Switching Waveforms One Inverter Leg

     Higher losses
     Device stress
     Thermal management
     EMI due to high dv/dt and di/dt
    Turn-on and Turn-off Snubbers

     Reduces switch stress

     Shifts the power loss from switch to snubber

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