Spring 2023-2024

Transform Calculus
(MA20202)

Solutions-2

1. We do this by induction.
 t  t
(1 ∗ 1)(t) = 1(τ )1(t − τ )dτ = dτ = t We assume that 1 ∗ · · · ∗
0 0
tn−2
1(n − 1 times ) =
(n − 2)!
tn−2
∴ 1 ∗ · · · ∗ 1(n times ) = ∗1
(n − 2)!
 t
τ n−2
= (t − τ )dτ
0 (n − 2)!
 t
τ n−2
= dτ
0 (n − 2)!
tn−1
= 
(n − 1)!

2. We have  
t
L sin u cos(t − u)du = L(sin t ∗ cos t)
0
= L(sin t) · L(cos t)( by Convolution theorem)
1 s
= 2 ·
s + 1 s2 + 1
s
= 2
(s2 + 1)

On the other hand,

 
1 1
L t sin t = − (L(sin t))′
2 2
 ′
1 1
=−
2 s2 + 1
1 2s
=
2 (s + 1)2
s
= 2
2
(s + 1)
t
By uniqueness of inverse Laplace transform, 0
sin u cos(t − u)du = 12 t sin t.

3. i) We have a partial fraction representation

s−1 A Bs + C
= +
(s + 3) (s2 + 2s + 2) s + 3 s2 + 2s + 2
 
∴ s − 1 = A s2 + 2s + 2 + (Bs + C)(s + 3)
∴ s − 1 = (A + B)s2 + (2A + 3B + C)s + (2A + 3C)

Equating the coecients of each power of s on both sides gives the three equations
(a) A + B = 0, (b) 2A + 3B + C = 1, (c) 2A + 3C = −1.

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∴ A = − 45, B = 45, C = 15

s−1 − 45 4
s + 15
∴ 2
= + 25
(s + 3) (s + 2s + 2) s + 3 s + 2s + 2
   4 
s−1 −5 1 4s + 1
∴L −1
=L −1
+ ·
(s + 3) (s2 + 2s + 2) s + 3 5 s2 + 2s + 2
   
4 −1 1 4 −1 s + 14
=− L + ·L
5 s+3 5 (s + 1)2 + 1)
   
4 −3t 4 −1 s+1 4 3 −1 1
=− e + L − · L
5 5 (s + 1)2 + 1 5 4 (s + 1)2 + 1
4 4 3
= − e−3t + e−t cos t − e−t sin t
5 5 5
ii)
se−2s s
= e−2s 
s2 + 3s + 2 (s + 2)(s + 1)
s A B
We have a partial fraction representation (s+2)(s+1) = s+2 + s+1
(A+B)s+(A+2B)
∴ s
(s+2)(s+1) = (s+2)(s+1)
Equating the coecients of each power of s on both sides gives the two equations
A + B = 1, A + 2B = 0.
∴ A = 2, B = −1.
∴ s
(s+2)(s+1) = 2
s+2 − 1
s+1 .
   
se−2s 2 1
L−1 = L−1 s+2
(s+2)(s+1) e−2s − s+1 e
−2s

   
2 1
= L−1 s+2 e−2s − L−1 s+1 e−2s

= 2u(t − 2)e−2(t−2) − u(t − 2)e−1(t−2)

= 2e−2t+4 u(t − 2) − e−t+2 u(t − 2)
 −2t+4
2e − e−t+2 , if t > 2
∴ f (t) =
0, if t < 2
iii) We have
1 1
 
s2 +6s+10 = (s+3)2 +1 = L e−3t sin t ( by First Shifting Theorem ).
The,  
2s + 6 d 1
2 = − ds − s2 + 6s + 10
(s2 + 6s + 10)
 
= L te−3t sin t

So, the inverse Laplace transform is te−3t sin t.

 
iv) Let F (s) = ln s+2
s+1 = ln(s + 2) − ln(s + 1).

∴ F ′ (s) = 1
s+2 − 1
s+1 .

∴ L−1 (F ′ (s)) = e −2t

− e−t
−t
−e−2t
∴ L−1 (F ′ (s)) = −t e t
e−t −e−2t
∴ L−1 (F (s)) = t .

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v) We have      
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
L =L ·L
(s + 3)(s − 1) s+3 s−1
= e−3t ∗ et
 t
= e−3τ et−τ dτ
0
 t
= et−4τ dτ
0
et  −4τ t
= e 0
−4

1 t 
= e − e−3t 
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vi) We have
   
−1 s 1
−1 2s
L 2 =L ·
(s2 − a2 ) 2 (s2 − a2 )2
 
1 d 1
=−
2 ds (s2 − a2 )
1 d
=− (L(sinh at))
2a ds
  
d sinh at
=− L
ds 2a
 
s t sinh at
∴ L−1 2 = 
(s2 − a2 ) 2a

4. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

i) We have  t     t1 
t1
1
L f (τ )dτ dt1 L = f (τ )dτ
0 0 s
 0 
1 1
= L(f (t))
s s
1
= 2 F (s)
s
F (s)  t  t 
Therefore the inverse Laplace transform of s2 is 0 0 1 f (τ )dτ dt1 .
ii) We have
  ′
L t2 f ′′ (t) = −L (tf ′′ )
′′
= L (f ′′ (t))
 ′′
= s2 L(f ) − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
 ′′
= s2 F (s) − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
  ′
= 2sF (s) + s2 F ′ (s) − f (0)
= 2F (s) + 4sF ′ (s) + s2 F ′′ (s)
= s2 F ′′ (s) + 4sF ′ (s) + 2F (s)

5. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

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i) We have  
t2 t4 t6
L (J0 (t)) = L 1 − 2 + 2 2 − 2 2 2 + · · · · · ·
2 2 4 2 4 6
 2  4   
t t t6
= L(1) − L +L −L + ···
22 22 42 22 42 62
1 2! 4! 6!
= − 2 3 + 2 2 5 − 2 2 2 7 + ······
s 2 s 2 4 s5 2 4 6 s
 
1 1 1 13 1 135 1
= · 1− + − + ······
s 2 s2 24 s4 246 s6
 − 12
1 1
= 1+ 2
s s
1
= √ 
s2 + 1
1 1 √ 1
Then by Problem 2, the Laplace transform of J0 (at) is a · 
2
= s2 +a2
.
( as ) +1

ii) Using series, we have

3 5 7
√ 1 t2 t2 t2
sin t = t2 − + − + ··· 
3! 5! 7!
The Laplace transform is
√  1 1  3 1  5 1  7
L(sin t) = L t 2 − L t 2 + L t 2 − L t 2 + · · ·
  3!   5!   7!
Γ 32 Γ 52 Γ 72 Γ 92
= 3 − 5 + 7 − + ···
s2 3!s 2 5!s 2 7!s
√  
π 1 ( 12 )2 ( 12 )3
= 3 1− 2 + 2 s − 2 s
2s 2 2 s 2! 3!
√
π 1
= 3 e − 22 s
2s 2
6. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).
i) We have
 ∞
te−st cos tdt = L(t cos t)
0
d
=−
(L(cos t))
ds  
d s
=−
ds s2 + 1
s2 − 1
= 2
(s2 + 1)
 ∞  
2
s − 1 3
∴ te−2t cos tdt = 2 = 
0
2
(s + 1) s=2 25

ii) We have     −3t 

∞
e−3t − e−6t e − e−6t
e−st =L
0 t t
 ∞
 −3t 
= L e − e−6t ds̃
s ∞  
1 1
= − ds̃
s s̃ + 3 s̃ + 6
= [ln(s̃ + 3)]∞ ∞
s − [ln(s̃ + 6)]s
 
s+6
= ln
s+3
∞ e−3t −e−6t
Taking the limit as s → 0+, we get 0 t = ln 2.