GENERAL

LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

Sample Problems (LAS)

TOPIC OUTLINE
I. Calculating Molar Mass from Colligative Sample Problem 1.
Property
II. Laboratory Solution Preparation The Δtf of Camphor is 179.80°C and its kf is 39.7°C/m.
III. The First Law of Thermodynamics When 0.2000g of a compound X is added to 100g of
IV. The Enthalpy of Reaction camphor, its freezing piont drops to 179.29°C. what is
V. Enthalpy the molar mass of compound X?
Calculating Molar Mass (LAS and Additional Infos.) a) Find the molality, m = Δtf /kf
Freezing Point /Boiling Point Data m = Δtf /kf
-can be used to determine the molar mass of an
unknown solute. m = (179.8°C – 179.29°C) / 39.7°C/m

Factors needed in solving: m = 0.013mol/kg

1. kf and kb of the solvent must be known b) Calculate the number of moles X
2. We need to determine if the solute is either
electrolyte or nonelectrolyte m = mol (X) / kg (camphor)
- If the solute is an electrolyte, you would need to
m = 0.013mol/kg x 0.1000kg
know the number of ions that will be produced
when it dissociates m = 0.0013mol
Example of Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutes:
c) Find the molar mass
Electrolyte
Molar mass = grams (X) / mol (X)
- A substance that dissolves in water to give a
solution that conducts electric current Molar mass = 0.2000g / 0.0013mol
- Examples: NaCl, HCl
Molar mass = 153.85g/mol
Nonelectrolyte
- Poor electrical conductors and don't readily
dissociate into ions when dissolved Sample Problem 2.
- A common example of a nonelectrolyte is
glucose, or C6H12O6. Glucose (sugar) readily A solution prepared by dissolving 0.300g of an unknown
dissolves in water, but because it does not volatile solute in 30g of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has a
dissociate into ions in solution, it is considered a boiling point that is 0.392°C higher than that of pure
nonelectrolyte CCl4. What is the molecular weight of the solute? kb =
5.03°C/m
Steps of Finding Molar Mass from a Colligative
Property Data (LAS) a) Find the molality, m = Δtb /kb
Steps in finding for the molar mass from colligative m = Δtb /kb
property data:
m = 0.392°C / 5.03°C/m
1. List the known quantities from the given problem. m = 0.078 mol/kg
2. Find the molality of the solution using the freezing b) Calculate the number of moles X
point depression (Δtf) or boiling point elevation (Δtb).
m = mol (X) / kg (CCl4)
m = Δtf /kf
m = 0.078mol/kg x 0.03kg
3. Use the molality equation to calculate the moles of m = 0.0023mol
solute.
c) Find the molar mass
Molar mass = grams (X) / mol (X)
mol solute = m x kg H2O
Molar mass = 0.300g / 0.0023mol
4. Divide the mass solute by the moles solute to Molar mass = 130.43g/mol
determine the molar mass.
Problem Solving (LAS)
Molar mass = mass solute/moles solute

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

A. Calculating Molar Mass from Freezing Point molar mass of the mystery compound? kb of water =
Depression 0.51°C/m
1. A solution is prepared by dissolving 38.7g of
nonelectrolyte into 218g of water. The freezing point of
the solution is measured to be -5.53°C. Calculate the
molar mass of the solute. kf of water = 1.86°C/m

2. 5g of an organic solid is dissolved in 100g of benzene.

The boiling temperature of this solution is 82.42°C. The
boiling temperature of pure benzene is 80.10°C; kb =
2.53°C/m. What is the molecular weight of the unknown
2. When 36g of a nonvolatile, molecular substance is
compound?
dissolved in 100g of water, the solution begins to freeze
at -37.2°C. What is the molar mass of the solute? kf of
water = 1.86°C/m

Molarity (LAS)
B. Calculating Molar Mass from Boiling Point - The number of moles of solute in every one liter
Elevation of a solution.
1. 97.30g of a mystery compound is added to 500g of
water, raising its boiling point to 100.78°C. What is the

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

- The volume of Molarity is in Liters, not milliliters 3. Mass-Volume percent solution are indicated by w/v
or some other unit. % and defined as the grams of solute per 100 milliliters
of solution
- Note that one liter contains both solute and
solvent. Ex. 1g of phenolphthalein in 100mL of 95% ethylalcohol
is a 1w/v% solution.
Solid Solute (LAS)
1. Determine the mass in grams of one mole of solute. 4. Conversion Between Percent Solutions

2. decide the volume of solution required, in liters, V. If you want to convert mass percent to volume percent or
vice versa, follow this procedure.
3. Decide molarity of the solution required, M.
A 10% by mass solution of ethyl alcohol in water
4. Calculate grams of solute (gs) required using equation contains 10g of ethyl alcohol and 90g of water.\
1. Eq. 1. Gs = MMs x M
- The formula for determining the volume of the
Ex. Prepare 800mL of 2M sodium chloride. component (ethyl alcohol) is
MM NaCl = 58.45g/mol mass of ethyl alcohol
Volume=
g NaCl = 58.45g/mol x 2 mol/L x 0.8 L density of ethyl alcohol
g NaCl = 98.52 g NaCl - Determine the volume of the total solution by
Dissolve 93.2 g of NaCl in about 400mL of dividing the mass of the solution by the density
distilled water, then add more water until final of the solution.
volume is 800 mL
- Determine the percent by volume by dividing the
volume of the component by the volume of the
solution
Solution or Liquid Reagent (LAS)
1. When diluting more concentrated solutions, decide the
volume(V2) and molarity(M2) the final solution should be. 1. Mass of ethyl alcohol = 10g (given)
Volume can be expressed in liters or milliliters.
Density of ethyl alcohol = 0.794g/mL
2. Determine molarity(M1) of starting, more concentration
solution mass
volume=
3. Calculate volume of starting solution (V1) required density
using equation 2. Note that V1 is equal to V2
10 g
M1V1 = M2V2
Volume of ethyl alcohol= =12.6 mL
g
0.794
mL
Ex. Prepare 100mL of 1M hydrochloric acid
from concentrated (12.1 M) hydrochloric 2. Mass of the solution 100g (given)
acid. Density of solution (10% ethyl alcohol) = 0.983g/mL
M1V1 = M2V2
100 g
(12.1M)(V1) = (1.0M)(100mL) Volume of solution= =101.8 mL∗¿
0.983 g
V1 = 8.26 mL conc. HCL
mL
3. Volume percent of solution
Percent Solutions (LAS)
volume of ethyl alcohol 12.6
Percent= = =12.4 %
1. Mass percent solutions are defined based on te total vol ume of solution 101.8
grams of solute per 100 grams of solution *reverse the procedure to convert vol. percent to mass
ex. 20 g of Sodium chloride in 100 g of solution is a 20% percent*
by mass solution
2. Volume percent solutions are defined as milliliters of
Calculating Molarity from Percent Solutions (LAS)
solute per 100 mL of solution
1. Determine the mass of solution by multiplying the
Ex. 10mL of ethyl alcohol plus 90mL oh H2O is 10% by volume of the solution by the density of the solution
volume solution Mass = volume x density

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

2. Determine concentration in percent by mass of the Molality- the number of moles of solute divided by the
solute in solution. Change to the decimal equivalent. number of kilograms solvent
3. Calculate the molar mass of the compound, MM. Molar mass- mass of a mole of any element or
compound
4. Multiply mass (step1) mass% (step2) and divide by
molecular mass (step3) to find the number of moles Molarity- the number of moles of solute divided by liters
present in the whole solution. of solution
5. Divide the number of moles (step4) by the volume in
liters of the solution to find the molarity of the solution
TERMS TO REMEMBER (LAS)
Example: determine the molarity of 37.2% hydrochloric
acid (density 1.19g/mL
1. mass of solution
= 1000mL x 1.19g/mL = 1190g
2. mass %
= 37.2% = 0.372
3.molar mass of HCl = 36.4 g/mol
mass x mass % 1190 g x 0.372
= =12.1 moles
4. MMHCl 36.4 g
mol
5. Molarity = moles/liters = 12.1 moles/1liter = 12.1 M

Buffer- a solution that tends to maintain a constant pH

when excess acid or base is added
Concentrated- the maximum solubility in an aqueous
solution or as a pure liquid
Concentration- the relative amount of solute and solvent
in a solution
Hydrates- compounds containing water chemically
combined in a definite ration
Miscible- the ability of two liquids to be completely
soluble to one another
Normality- defined as the number of equivalents of
solute per liter of a solution
Saturated solution- solution that contains the maximum
amount of a particular solute that will dissolve at that
temperature.
Solute- the substance which is dissolved
Solution- a uniform homogenous mixture of two or more
substances.
Solvent- the substance that dissolves
Standard solution- a precise solution, usually 3-4
significant figures.
Supersaturated solution- solution that contains more
solute than equilibrium conditions

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

system. Therefore, q and w are positive in the equation

ΔU=q+w because the system gains heat and gets work
THERMODYNAMICS
done on itself.
o Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between ΔU=(62J) + (474J) = 536J
two bodies that are at different temperatures and
is not equal to thermal energy. o The internal energy of a system would decrease
o Work is the force used to transfer energy if the system gives off heat or does work.
between a system and its surroundings and is o The internal energy of a system would increase
needed to create heat and the transfer of when: 1. when the heat increases (this would be
thermal energy. Both work and heat together done by adding heat into a system) 2. work was
allow systems to exchange energy. done onto a system
o Thermodynamics is the scientific study of the o Any work or heat that goes into or out of a
interaction of heat and other types of energy. system changes the internal energy.
o The change in internal energy always equals to
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
zero (energy is never created nor destroyed)
o This law states that “energy cannot be created o If energy is lost by the system, then it is
nor destroyed. It can be transformed into absorbed by the surroundings. If energy is
another form but the total amount of energy absorbed into a system, then that energy was
remains the same. released by the surroundings.
o Energy conservation is shown when you eat
your meal. The chemical energy in the food will ΔUsystem=−ΔUsurroundings
be converted into mechanical energy that
enables you to perform your daily task. But not Where:
all the chemical energy from the food you take
will be  ΔUsystem is the total internal energy in
transformed into mechanical energy. Some of it a system
will be released from your body as heat when  ΔUsurroundings is the total energy of
you sweat or feel warm. the surroundings.
o This law talks about work and heat.
Table 1: Visual example of the First Law of Thermodynamics
o In this Law, the energy added to a system is
Process Sign of heat Sign of Work
equal to the sum of increase in internal energy (q) (w)
and the external work done by the system.
Work done by N/A -
the system
Heat Input= increase in internal energy + work output
Work done N/A +
Mathematically the relationship among the three is onto the
expressed as: system
Heat released - N/A
ΔU=q+w
from the
Where: system-
exothermic
 ΔU is the total change in internal energy of a (absorbed by
system surroundings)
 q is the heat exchanged between a system and
its surroundings The table symbolizes how energy lost by a
 w is the work done by or on the system. system is gained by the surroundings. The
effects of different surroundings and changes on
Example: A gas in a system has constant pressure. The a system help determine the increase or
surroundings around the system lose 62 J of heat and decrease of internal energy, heat and work.
does 474 J of work onto the system. What is the internal
energy of the system? Example: A system has constant volume
(ΔV=0) and the heat around the system
To find internal energy, ΔU, we must consider the increases by 45 J.
relationship between the system and the surroundings.
Since the First Law of Thermodynamics states that a. What is the sign for heat (q) for the system?
energy is not created nor destroyed we know that b. What is ΔU equal to?
anything lost by the surroundings is gained by the c. What is the value of internal energy of the
system. The surrounding area loses heat and does work system in Joules?
onto the

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

Since the system has constant volume (ΔV=0) its components. It is the change in internal
the term -PΔV=0 and work is equal to zero. energy that produces heat plus work.
Thus, in the equation ΔU=q+w, w=0 and ΔU=q. o To measure the energy changes that occur in
The internal energy is equal to the heat of the chemical reactions, chemists usually use a
system. The surrounding heat increases, so the related thermodynamic quantity called enthalpy
heat of the system decreases because heat is (H) (from the Greek enthalpein, meaning “to
not created nor destroyed. Therefore, heat is warm”).
taken away from the system making it o The enthalpy of a system is defined as the sum
exothermic and negative. The value of Internal of its internal energy U plus the product of its
Energy will be the negative value of the heat pressure P and volume V
absorbed by the surroundings. o H=U+PV
o Because internal energy, pressure, and
a. negative (q<0) volume are all state functions, enthalpy is also
b. ΔU=q + (-PΔV) = q+ 0 = q a state function.
c. ΔU = -45J o So we can define a change in enthalpy (ΔH)
accordingly
THE ENTHALPY OF REACTION o ΔH=Hfinal−Hinitial
o If a chemical change occurs at constant
o We have stated that the change in energy (ΔU) pressure (i.e., for a given P, ΔP=0), the change
is equal to the sum of the heat produced and in enthalpy (ΔH) is
the work performed. o ΔH=Δ(U+PV) =ΔU+ΔPV =ΔU+PΔV
o Work done by an expanding gas is called o Substituting q+w for ΔU (First Law of
pressure volume work, (or just PV work). Thermodynamics) and −w for PΔV , we obtain
o Consider, for example, a reaction that produces o ΔH=ΔU+PΔV =qp+w−w =qp
a gas, such as dissolving a piece of copper in
 The subscript p is used here to
concentrated nitric acid. The chemical equation
emphasize that this equation is true only
for this reaction is as follows:
for a process that occurs at constant
o Cu(s)+4HNO3(aq)→Cu(NO3)2(aq)+2H2O(l)
pressure.
+2NO2
 From Equation above we see that at
o If the reaction is carried out in a closed system
constant pressure the change in
that is maintained at constant pressure by a enthalpy, ΔH of the system, is equal to
movable piston, the piston will rise as nitrogen the heat gained or lost.
dioxide gas is formed. ΔH=Hfinal−Hinitial=qp
 The system is performing work by lifting o The most important quantity is usually the
the piston against the downward force enthalpy of reaction (ΔHrxn), the change in
exerted by the atmosphere (i.e., enthalpy that occurs during a reaction (such as
atmospheric pressure). the dissolution of a piece of copper in nitric acid).
 We find the amount of PV work done by o If heat flows from a system to its
multiplying the external pressure P by surroundings, the enthalpy of the system
the change in volume caused by decreases, so ΔHrxn is negative.
movement of the piston (ΔV). o If heat flows from the surroundings to a
o At a constant external pressure (here,
system, the enthalpy of the system increases,
atmospheric pressure), w=−PΔV so ΔHrxn is positive.
o The negative sign associated with PV work
 ΔHrxn < 0 for an exothermic reaction
done indicates that the system loses energy
 ΔHrxn > 0 for an endothermic
when the volume increases.
reaction.
o If the volume increases at constant pressure
(ΔV>0), the work done by the system is
negative, indicating that a system has lost
energy by performing work on its surroundings.
o Conversely, if the volume decreases (ΔV<0),
the work done by the system is positive,
which means that the surroundings have
performed work on the system, thereby
increasing its energy.
o The internal energy U of a system is the sum
of the kinetic energy and potential energy of all

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

o In chemical reactions, bond breaking requires sample of water from 35.0∘C to 70.0∘C , you
an input of energy and is therefore an need to know the value of water's specific heat.
endothermic process, whereas bond making o As you know, a substance's specific heat tells
releases energy, which is an exothermic you how much heat is required to increase the
process. temperature of 1.0 g of that substance by 1∘C.
Reaction Q ΔHrxn o Water has a specific heat of about 4.18 J /g
> 0 (heat flows ∘C .
Endothermic >0
from the  This tells you that in order to increase the
surroundings to a temperature of 1 g of water by 1∘C , you
system) need to provide it with 4.18 J of heat.
Exothermic <0 < 0 (heat flows  Therefore, in order to increase the
from a system to temperature of 4.18 g of water by 1 ∘C , you
its surroundings) would need 4.18 times more heat than
water's specific heat value.
o Bond breaking ALWAYS requires an input of o Also, in order to increase the temperature of
energy; bond making ALWAYS releases 4.18 g of water by 4.18∘C , you will need
energy (4.18×4.18) times more heat than water's
specific heat value.
o The problem above wants you to increase 15.2
grams of water by 35.0∘C. This means that you
will be needing (15.2 x 35) times more heat than
water’s specific heat value
o Mathematically, this is expressed as:
o q = (m)(c) ( ΔT)
 where:
 q is the heat absorbed
 m is the mass of the sample
 c is the specific heat of the substance
 Figure: The Enthalpy of Reaction. Energy  ΔT is the change in temperature
changes in chemical reactions are usually (defined as final temperature minus
measured as changes in enthalpy. (a) If heat initial temperature
flows from a system to its surroundings, the o Substitute the equation with the given values:
enthalpy of the system decreases, ΔHrxn is o q = (15.2 g) (4.18 J/ g ∘C) (70.0-35.0) ∘C
negative, and the reaction is exothermic; it is
o = 2,223.76 J
energetically downhill. (b) Conversely, if
heat flows from the surroundings to a
system, the enthalpy of the system ANSWERS
increases, ΔHrxn is positive, and the
reaction is endothermic; it is energetically 1. Melting ice - ENDOTHERMIC
uphill. 2. Sublimation of naphthalene balls - ENDOTHERMIC
o Reversing a reaction or a process changes 3. Thermal decomposition - ENDOTHERMIC
4. Dissolving ammonium chloride in water -
the sign of ΔH. Ice absorbs heat when it melts
ENDOTHERMIC
(electrostatic interactions are broken), so liquid
5. Photosynthesis - ENDOTHERMIC
water must release heat when it freezes
6. Cellular Respiration - EXOTHERMIC
(electrostatic interactions are formed):
7. Water freezes into ice cube - EXOTHERMIC
o heat+H2O(s)→H2O(l)ΔH>0
8. Rusting Iron - EXOTHERMIC
o H2O(l)→H2O(s)+heatΔH
9. Burning of candles - EXOTHERMIC
 In both cases, the magnitude of the 10.Setting of cements and concrete – EXOTHERMIC
enthalpy change is the same; only the
sign is different.

EXAMPLE
Problem no.1
How many joules are required to heat 15.2 g of water at
35.0°C to 70.0°C?
o In order to be able to determine how much heat
is required to increase the temperature of your

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

ENTHALPY o Another resemblance from the equation of interest

(Eq. 1) to equation 3.
Enthalpy
 or enthalpy change 2 CO(g) + O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) Eq. 1
 how much energy (in the form of heat) has been C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g); ΔHf = -393.5 kJ/mol Eq. 3
transferred out or taken in during a chemical
reaction o Both resemblance are on the product side but their
coefficients are not the same, therefore multiple the
Enthalpy Change (∆H °f) whole equation 3 to have a coefficient of 2. Applying
 can be determined by an indirect approach rule #2, this will become:
 based on Hess’s Law of Heat Summation (or
2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g); ΔHf = -787 kJ/mol Eq. 5
simply Hess’s Law)
 states that the total enthalpy of a chemical
reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes Step 2: Add new reactions together.
for the steps of the reaction o Add equation 4 and equation 5 together with their
 named after Swiss chemist Germain Henri ΔHf. This will become:
Hess
2 CO(g) → 2 C(s) + O2(g); ΔHf = +221.0 kJ/mol Eq. 4
You can find enthalpy change by breaking a reaction into 2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g); ΔHf = -787 kJ/mol Eq. 5
component steps that have known enthalpy values.
2 CO(g) + 2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 2 C(s) + O2(g)
This example problem demonstrates strategies for how ΔHf = -566 kJ/mol
to use Hess's Law to find the enthalpy change of a
reaction using enthalpy data from similar reactions:
Step 3: Cancel out any compounds that are the same
Example: on both sides of the reaction arrow.
What is the value of ΔH for the following reaction? o Anything that are the same on both of the reaction
arrows can be cancelled out.
2 CO ( g ) +O2 ( g ) → 2 CO2 ( g ) Eq .1
2 CO(g) → 2 C(s) + O2(g); ΔHf = +221.0 kJ/mol Eq. 4
Given: 2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g); ΔHf = -787 kJ/mol Eq. 5
2 C ( s ) +O2 ( g ) → 2CO (g); ΔHf =−221.0 kJ /mol Eq . 2 2 CO(g) + 2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 2 C(s) + O2(g)
ΔHf = -566 kJ/mol
C (s )+O 2(g)→CO 2 (g); ΔHf =−393.5 kJ /mol Eq . 3
Solution: Step 4: Write the new equation and double check to
Hess's Law says the total enthalpy change does not rely make sure it matches the equation of interest.
on the path taken from beginning to end. Enthalpy can 2 CO(g) + O2(g) → 2 CO2(g); ΔHf = -566 kJ/mol
be calculated in one grand step or multiple smaller steps.
Step 1: Manipulate given equations to most closely  Therefore the value of ΔH for the following reaction 2
resemble equation of interest. CO(g) + O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) is -566 kJ/mol.
 Organize the given chemical reactions where the
total effect yields the reaction needed. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (net)
 There are a few rules that you must follow when Enthalpy and Internal Energy
manipulating a reaction:  H or ΔH is used to symbolize enthalpy.
1) The reaction can be reversed. This will  The mathematical expression of the First Law of
change the sign of ΔHf. Thermodynamics is: ΔE = q + w, where ΔE is
2) The reaction can be multiplied by a the change in internal energy, q is heat, and w is
constant. The value of ΔHf must be work.
multiplied by the same constant.  Work can be defines in terms of an expanding
o We see resemblance of value from the equation of gas and has the formula: w = -PΔV, where P is
interest (Eq. 1) to equation 2. pressure in Pascal (N/m2), and V is volume in
m3.
2 CO(g) + O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) Eq. 1  Enthalpy (H) is related to energy.
2 C(s) + O2(g) → 2 CO(g); ΔHf = -221.0 kJ/mol Eq. 2 H = E + PV
o Flip equation 2 so that 2 CO(g) will be on the  However, absolute energies and enthalpies are
rarely measured. Instead, we measure
reactant side as reflected by the equation of interest.
CHANGES in these quantities. Reconsider the
Applying rule #1, this will become:
equations (at constant pressure):
2 CO(g) → 2 C(s) + O2(g); ΔHf = +221.0 kJ/mol Eq. 4 ΔH = ΔE + PΔV

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

recall: w = PΔV 4.
q sol =( 100.0 g water +6.50 g NaOH ) × ( 37.8 ° C−21.6 ° C ) ×
therefore: ΔH = ΔE – w g
substituting: ΔH = q + w – w −7.211kJ 39.90 g NaOH
ΔH = × =44.3 kJ /mol
ΔH = q (at constant pressure) 6.50 g 1 mol NaOH
 Therefore, at constant pressure, enthalpy is
heat. ACTIVITIES

State Functions Activity 1: JUSTIFY ME

 Enthalpy and Internal Energy are both STATE Directions: Explain your answer comprehensively. Limit
functions. your justification in 3-5 sentences. Refer to the scoring
 A state function in path independent. rubric below the questions.
 Heat and Work are both NON-STATE functions. 1. All Hess's Law says is that if a reaction is the
 A non-state function is path sum of two or more other reactions, then the
dependent. change in enthalpy of this reaction is going to
 Consider: be? Explain.
 Location (position)  The sum of the change in enthalpies of
 Distance travelled those reactions
 Change in position 2. What does it mean to have a lower enthalpy?
Does the energy be released or absorbed?
ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES (net) Explain.
1. Determine the specific heat of a sample of Cu  Because there's now less energy in the
from the fact that 64.0J are needed to raise the system which means Energy was
temperature of 15.0 g of Cu metal from 22.0°C released.
to 33.0°C. [0.388 J/g°C]
Activity 2: FACT OR BLUFF
 The reaction is exothermic. The ΔH is negative.
Directions: Write FACT if the statement is correct and
1mol Mg
2.4 g Mg × =0.10 mol Mg BLUFF if the statement is wrong.
24.0 g Mg
−1204 kJ FACT 1. The enthalpy change accompanying a
0.10 mol Mg × =−60.2 kJ chemical change is independent of the route
2 mol Mg
by which the chemical change occurs.
2 mol MgO +1204 kJ
96 kJ × × =6.4 MgO BLUFF 2. Hess's Law is saying that if you convert
40.0 g MgO 2 mol MgO reactants A into products B, the overall
1 mol MgO +1204 kJ enthalpy change will be exactly different
7.50 g MgO× × =113 kJ whether you do it in one step or two steps or
40.0 g MgO 2 mol MgO
however many steps.
2. The specific heat of a sample of copper is 0.385
J/g-K. How many joules of heat are necessary to FACT 3. The enthalpy change is the heat evolved
raise the temperature of a 1.42 kg block of or absorbed during a reaction happening at
copper from 25.0 °C to 88.5°C? constant pressure.
0.385 J 3 1K FACT 4. All steps in enthalpy change have to
q= ×1.42 x 10 g Cu× ( 88.5 ° C−25.0 ° C ) ×
g−K 1° C proceed at the same temperature and the
3
¿ 3.47 x 10 J equations for the individual steps must
balance out.
3. When a 6.50 g sample of solid NaOH dissolves
in 100.0g of water in a coffee-cup calorimeter, FACT 5. Enthalpy is a state function that the
the temperature rises from 21.6°C to 37.8°C. magnitude of ΔH does not depend on the
Calculate the ΔH (in kJ/mol NaOH) for the path.
solution process. (Assume the specific heat of
the solution formed is 4.18 J/g-K)
Activity 3: LET’S CALCULATE!
NaOH(s) → Na+ (aq)+ OH– (aq)
Directions: Solve the following problems completely.
 First, find the energy that the solution either
1. Calculate the heat of hydrogenation of ethane
absorbed or released. Then relate that amount
(C2H6) given the following thermochemical
of energy to the moles of NaOH.
equations:

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 GENERAL
LORESA J. TUMANGUIL
CHEMISTRY 2 GRADE 12 DA VINCI
WEEK 6-7

a.2 C (graphite) + 3 H2(g) → C2H6(g)

ΔHfo = - 84.5 kJ/mol
b.2 C (graphite) + 2 H2(g) → C2H4(g)
ΔHfo = 52.3 kJ/mol
2. Find the ΔH for the reaction below, given the
following reactions and subsequent ΔH values:
2 C2(g) + H2O(g) → C2H2(g) + ⁵/₂ O2(g)
C2H2(g) + 2 H2(g) → C2H6(g) ΔH = –94.5 kJ
H2O(g) → H2(g) + ½ O2 (g) ΔH = 71.2 kJ
C2H6(g) + ⁷/₂ O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g) ΔH = –283 kJ

Activity 4: THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX!

Directions: Study and analyze the given situstions, think
of a possible outcome or consequences of the situations
basing from the concept of enthalpy and Hess law.
SITUATION CONSEQUENCE/OUTCOME
A reaction is allowed to The temperature of the water
take place in an goes down.
insulated container
containing 100 mL of
water. If the reaction is
exothermic, what
happens to the
temperature of water?
The thermochemical Lost to the surroundings
equation showing the when 2 moles of ammonia is
formation of ammonia, formed.
NH3 from its elements
is: N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2
NH3(g) ΔH = - 92 kJ.
This equation shows
that 92 kJ of heat is __.
If heat is released by a Absorbed by the
chemical system, an surroundings
equal amount of heat
will be?
The heat of reaction is equal
At constant pressure,
to the enthalpy change of the
enthalpy is?
system.
If ΔH is positive then it The reaction is endothermic.
is?

Activity 5: ANALOGY
Directions: Cite an example or analogy that best interpret
Enthalpy or Hess Law.
EXAMPLE: Suppose you go from the first floor to the
sixth floor of a building by elevator. The gain in your
gravitational potential energy (which corresponds to the
enthalpy change for the overall process) is the same
whether you go directly there or stop at each floor on
your way up (breaking the trip into a series of steps).

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