DESIGN OF WATER RETICULATION

What is water reticulation?

• Water reticulation is water distribution network
which is delivered to the consumers. The distribution
came from the pressure created from the source and
delivered to its destination.

• The basic principles in the design of a water

reticulation system are reliability, redundancy, utility
and economy.

• The water distribution system consists of transmission,

distribution and reticulation pipelines, balancing and
service reservoirs and, where required, booster
pumping stations
What is water reticulation?
• Water reticulation is water distribution network
which is delivered to the consumers. The distribution
came from the pressure created from the source and
delivered to its destination.

• The basic principles in the design of a water

reticulation system are reliability, redundancy, utility
and economy.

• The water distribution system consists of transmission,

distribution and reticulation pipelines, balancing and
service reservoirs and, where required, booster
pumping stations

• The objective of water distribution system is to supply

potable water, at sufficient pressure
and quantity, to the consumers.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
5

MALAYSIAN WATER AUTHORITY WATER SUPPLY

MINISTRY OF FINANCE (MOF) KEMENTERIAN TENAGA, TEKNOLOGI HIJAU DAN AIR (KeTTHA)
Ministry of Power, Green Technology And Water

SURUHANJAYA PERKHIDMATAN AIR NEGARA (SPAN)

National Water Services Commission
Regulator

WSIA 2006
PENGURUSAN ASET AIR BHD (PAAB)
Water Asset Management Company (WAMCO)

Facilities Licensee SPAN’s Representatives

WATER SUPPLY SERVICES SEWERAGE SERVICES

ALL STATES
PERLIS KEDAH P.PINANG PERAK SELANGOR PAHANG
IWK
JKR SADA PBA LAP SYABAS PAI
P Service Licensee
T’GANU N.SEMBILAN MELAKA JOHOR K’TAN

SATU SAINS SAMB SAJ AK

Design Guidelines
SPAN as the technical and economic regulator and set out the function and powers of SPAN
WSIA provides the legal framework required for the regulation of the water and sewerage service industry
PAAB Water asset owner
6

TYPICAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

WATER SUPPLY
 SOURCE OF WATER SUPPY WATER SUPPLY

Hydrological Cycle
1 SOURCE OF WATER SUPPY WATER SUPPLY

Suitable raw water source Non-Suitable raw water source

(low contamination) (high contamination)

Concept of Raw Water Source

9

1 IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR
HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY
TYPICAL WATER TREATMENT
SYSTEM
WATER TREATMENT WATER SUPPLY

Aerator
TYPICAL WATER TREATMENT
SYSTEM

1
3

Aerator 2

5
3 2 1
 TYPICAL WATER TREATMENT
SYSTEM
Supply of potable water

1
3

Aerator 2

5
3 2 1

Incoming raw water

WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
The basic formula for water demand estimation to be
used is as follows:-

W Dn = ( Pn × C × F ) + Dn

W Dn = total water demand at the end of year n

Pn = projected population at the end of year n
C = per capita consumption at the end of year n
F = service factor at the end of year n
Dn = additional demand at the end of year n
WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Projected population

Pn = P0 (1 + r )n

Pn = projected population at the enr of the year n

P0 = population at the beginning of the year zero

n = number of year

r = population growth rate

 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Example 1

Identify P design (Pn) for District A and District B for

year 2050 using design period of 8, 13 , 18 and 23 year
using the following data:
District Growth rate Growth rate Population at the
( upper limit) ( low limit) beginning of the year
zero, Po
A 3.5% 1.5 % 70000 in year of 2000
B 2.5% Pn = P01.3%
(1 + r )n 34000 in the year of 2000
 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Solution :
Calculate Pn for design period n of 8, 13, 18, and 23.

District A

Po r ( upper limit ) r ( lower limit ) n (1 + r)^ n - upper (1 + r)^ n - lower

limit limit
70000 0.035 0.015 8 1.3168 1.1265
13 1.5640 1.2136
18 1.8575 1.3073
23 2.2061 1.4084
Pn ( upper limit ) Pn ( lower limit) Pn (median) year
92176.63 78854.48 85515.56 2008
109476.9 84948.67 97212.8 2021
130024.2 91513.84 110769 2039
154428 98586.4 126507.2 2062
 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000 Pn (upper limit)

Pn (average)
80000
Pn (lower limit)
60000

40000

20000

0
2008 2021 2039 2062
WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Per capita consumption (C)

Per capita consumption should be classified under three

categories. The guideline below gives a range of per
capita consumption for each of the three categories:-

• urban - 230 to 320 litres/head/day,

• semi-urban - 180 to 230 litres/head/day,
• rural- 135 to 180 litres/head/day.
 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Per capita consumption (C)

The guideline given under this paragraph on per capita

consumption is deemed to include normal commercial
and industrial use, domestic use and unaccounted-for-
water losses.

If there is provision in the development plans for specific

industrial areas, additional water demand for such use
should be added to the estimation.

Light industries = 22,000 litres/hectare/day

Heavy industries = 45,000 litres /hectare /day
WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Service factor

Represent percentage of population that will receive

water supply service

Example: 0.8 service factor, means distribution system

reaches 80% of population

**Engineers also adopt F equals to 1.0 considering that

water is supplied to all the houses/building
 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Provision for additional water demand (Dn)

The term "Dn" for additional water demand in the basic

formula for estimating of water demand outline. The Dn
is to cater for new developments such as an industrial
estate to be set up in the district, army camp, institution
of higher learning and resettlement scheme or a new
town expected to-be populated by migrants into the
district It is also to cater for extension of supply outside
the original study area
 WATER DEMAND ANALYSIS
Provision for additional water demand (Dn)

The most considered is the fire follow requirement as in

JKR Standard
Average Total Spanning Maximum No. Of.
Flow Hydrant Outlets Used
(Meters )
(L/min) Simultaneously
Class A Risk
Large buildings, shopping complexes, high rise
4100 90 3@ 1370 L/min
buildings, large industrial estate, warehouse
and ports.

Class B Risk
2700 90 2 @ 1370 L/min
Congested areas with buildings up to 5 storeys.
Class C Risk
1370 90 1
Shophouse up to 3 storey, light industry
Class D Risk 120-terrace
150-detached
Residential terrace house, detached, semi detached 1140 1
/ semi
detached

Class E Risk
680 180 1
Others
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Type of water distribution system

Gravity system
• Higher ground level to low ground level
• Pressure need supervision
• Head loss will reduce water pressure at end point.
Improve by increasing the water quantity.
• The most preferred type of distribun
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Direct pump system

• User location higher than water sources

• Suitable to accommodate user needs
• Water supply disconnected if energy supply is off.
• No need to have service reservoir
• Suitable for same level of land topography
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Gravity and pump combination system

• Water being pump to the water storage at high

level tank and distributed through gravity
• Users location is lower than the water storage/ tank
level
• Need only small pump with flat rate performance.
• The most commonly used system
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

System Advantages Disadvantages

1. Gravity • Most reliable

• Low
operational
costs
2. Pumped and • Least cost option • Problems
Gravity under associated with
Combinati certain operation and
on topograp maintenance of
hical pumping
condition systems
s
3. Direct pumped • Pressure and flow can • Problems
be easily regulated associated with
• Remedial action can operation and
speedily taken maintenance of
pumping
systems
 SCOPE OF WORK (WATER SUPPLY
/RETICULATION)

➢ Water reticulation is divided into several categories:

▪Domestic
▪Commercial
▪Industrial
➢ Internal reticulation (architects & m&e engineers)
➢ External reticulation (c&s, m&e engineers)
➢ External reticulation referring to area outside boundary of a building
➢ Covers area from water reservoir, external meter, external distribution piping, and
supply to individual buildings
➢ Architects responsibilities;
❖ Liaise/coordinate with other consultants
❖ Providing information
❖ Ccc
➢ Authorities coordination
 ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMAND

• Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) 2018

Uniform Technical Guideline for Water Reticulation
and Plumbing
2
9
Typical Design Criteria DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

• Water Distribution Max Pressure Zones ≤ 40 m (S’gor)

Max Pressure Zones ≤ 60 m (JKR)

• Transmission Pipeline Residual Pressure ≥ 1 bar

Velocity ≤ 1.0 m/sec
Max Test Pressure = 15 bars

• Water Storage Minimum ; 1-day

Maximum ; 3-day
Suction Tank ; 1/3 x Demand
Service Tank ; 2/3 x Demand

• Pumping System Velocity ≤ 1.0 m/sec

Max head ; Pump curves

• Reticulation Pipelines Head loss ≤ 2m / km

Velocity ≤ 0.6 m/sec
Residual Pressure ≥ 7.5m above HSL
Hydrants Pressure ≥ 1.0 bar

• Minimum pressure in a 5 psi (0.35 bar)

system
3

TYPICAL WATER SUPPLY

0

WATER SUPPLY

SYSTEM
TREATMENT STAGE
DISTRIBUTION STAGE
CONSUMPTION STAGE

Rp ≈ 3m
Rp ≈ 3m
Pressure
Zone ≤ 40m
Balancing
Reservoir Max Pressure Zone = 40m
Rp ≥10m

Rp ≥7.5m
Rp ≥10m
Velocity ≤1m/s Break
Tank
P
Service Rp ≥7.5m
Suction Tank
Tank
Rp ≈ 3m Service area Rp ≥10m
P Hydrants
Treatment Work Velocity ≤2.5m/s
TRANS. Velocity ≤1m/s
PIPELINE Velocity ≤0.6m/s Velocity ≤0.6m/s
PUMPING
(Inter-resv) TRANSMISSION PIPELINE MAIN RETICULATION PIPES
Intake

Rp = residual pressure
 TYPICAL WATER SUPPLY WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY

Balancing Tank
SYSTEM
Residual
Pressure
Service Tank Residual
Pressure Residual
Service Tank Pressure
Service Tank

Supply Zone 1 Supply Zone 2 Supply Zone 3

Service coverage Service coverage Service coverage

46
 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER
RETICULATION ANALYSIS

• Pipeline to be designed for fire mode (average flow + fire fighting demand) or peak demand
mode, whichever is greater.
• Peak factor of 1.0 is adopted for fire flow demand, 1.2 for peak flow demand of main supply and
2.5 for peak flow demand of external water reticulation.
• Maximum no of hydrant operational will be based on Fire Risk; 1 nos. @ 1370 Litre per minute.
• Residual pressure of 7.5m above the respective supply levels must be available under worst
condition of flow.
• Constant Flow Valves may be installed on a service pipe whenever the residual head exceeds
15 meters.
• Pressure Reducing Valves shall be provided where the residual pressure exceeds 30m in a
pipeline.
• Convey peak flows in external reticulation networks (i.e. 2.5 times the average daily demand
flow) and supply mains (i.e. 1.2 times the average daily demand flow) without incurring head
losses greater than 2m/1000m for gravity flow.
 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER
RETICULATION ANALYSIS

• Convey a combination of average and fire flows without incurring head losses of greater than 15
m/1000m within external reticulation networks.
• The basic Hazen Williams equation is used to determine the friction head loss along a pipe. The
formula in metric units is:
Hf = 10.7LQ1.852
C 1.852 D 4.87
where
Hf = Friction head loss (m)
L = Length of line (m)
Q = Flow (m³/s)
C = Hazen Williams coefficient; a value of 100 for steel pipe is to be used.
D = Internal Diameter (m)