Highway and Railroad Engineering 2024

NATIONAL UNIVERSIRY - FAIRVIEW

SM FAIRVIEW COMPLEX, QUEZON CITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

HIGHWAY AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

CEHWRE – CE31-1

FINAL REQUIREMENT
FINAL PAPER

“ENHANCING PEDESTRIAN SAFETY: DESIGNING TO RAISED PEDESTRIAN

CROSSWALKS TO ENCOURAGE CAR DECELERATION”

SUBMITTED TO:
__________________________
ENGR. ERIC JOHN L. LARON

January 2024

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FINAL EXPERIMENT
TITLE: “ENHANCING PEDESTRIAN SAFETY: DESIGNING TO RAISED PEDESTRIAN
CROSSWALKS TO ENCOURAGE CAR DECELERATION”
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
In conducting this final experiment, the students shall be able to:
 Determine the raised crosswalk dimensions depending on the vehicle's speed, showing the
ability to critically evaluate design elements in accordance with international standards.

 Apply analytical thinking to the effectiveness of raised crosswalks in reducing vehicle speed
to develop evidence-based safety improvements.

 Build efficient participants engagement skills to involve local communities, governmental

organizations, and other participants in decision-making processes related to improved
pedestrian implementation.

 Utilise statistical methods to assess the significance of observed changes in vehicle speed
and pedestrian safety outcomes.
 Will explore and understand the use of innovative materials in the design of raised
crosswalks. This includes learning about materials that enhance durability, skid resistance,
and visibility, contributing to the overall effectiveness of the design in encouraging car
deceleration.

;Abstract
Raised pedestrian crosswalks are a combination of road humps and pedestrian crosswalks. It
is a traffic-calming system used to reduce the speed of vehicles and yield to pedestrians. However, to
fully utilise the effectiveness of crosswalks, researchers aim to improve the geometrical design and
dimensions of crosswalks. This study focuses on the effect of raised crosswalks on the deceleration of
the car and pedestrian safety. The study's desired outcome is to identify a suitable design for the raised
crosswalk. The main objective is to assess the impact of this design of a raised crosswalk on the
deceleration of the car and the overall safety of the pedestrian. The study's conclusions are intended to
provide important new information for the improvement of pedestrian safety.

Discussion:

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Chapter One:

The Problem and its Background

Introduction:

This research focuses on pedestrian safety engineering challenges such as cars failing to
decelerate as they approach a pedestrian crossing. Its goal is to identify suitable locations, estimate
appropriate elevation levels, and determine appropriate pathway width, with a focus on elevating
pedestrian crossings. The study intends to provide significant insights to improve pedestrian safety in
metropolitan areas through thorough research.

England was the first country to seek to assure pedestrian safety. Pedestrian crossings and
safety have been a major concern for centuries. Originally, foot traffic competed with horses and
carriages on the route. The original signals were created by railway sign manufacturers and had a
lever that was lifted and lowered by a police officer. The first pedestrian crosswalks were developed
in 1929. Pedestrian crossings were permitted the right way if they followed traffic signals. For the
first time in history, pedestrian safety was mandated.

In 1955, signals with the words "walk" and "don't walk" were erected at junctions. Additional
signs were placed near schools and residential areas to increase safety. In 1978, legislation was
implemented to require automobiles to yield to pedestrians. This, in turn, forbade jaywalking to
guarantee the safety of all road users. Unfortunately, around 70,000 pedestrians are murdered every
year to this day. As a result, clear regulations and good signage remain critical. Young boys from 5
to 9 years old are particularly vulnerable to pedestrian collisions. Remember this the next time you're
behind the wheel near an intersection. To protect everyone's safety, both as pedestrians and as
drivers, we must pay attention to traffic signs.

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The conventional methods of pedestrian crosswalks often fall short in providing an effective
barrier between pedestrians and vehicular traffic, leading to potential hazards and accidents. This
research addresses this issue by exploring the concept of raised crosswalks, which hold the promise
of not only elevating pedestrian visibility but also actively promoting car deceleration as vehicles
approach designated crossing zones.

A raised crosswalk is constructed by placing a trapezoidal speed hump on the crosswalk area,
followed by a circular speed hump in each travel direction, and adding traffic signs. Two settings of
raised crosswalks were applied at the study sites: a 15 cm high trapezoidal hump combined with 8–
10 cm high circular humps, and a 10–12 cm high trapezoidal hump combined with 6–8 cm high
circular humps.

The primary objective of this study is to assess the impact of raised crosswalks on car
deceleration rates and subsequently evaluate their effectiveness in fostering a safer environment for
pedestrians. By strategically implementing raised crosswalks at selected locations, the aim is to
create a tangible and measurable improvement in overall pedestrian safety while also considering the
implications on traffic flow and driver behavior.

This research endeavors to contribute valuable insights to urban planners, traffic engineers,
and policymakers seeking evidence-based solutions to enhance pedestrian safety. The findings from
this study have the potential to inform the development of urban infrastructure that not only
accommodates increasing traffic demands but also prioritizes the well-being of pedestrians, fostering
a harmonious coexistence between different modes of transportation.

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Statement of the Problem:

This study aims to explain, observe, and analyze the problem in pedestrian design to lessen
the misdemeanor of vehicles to provide safety for pedestrians. For the reason that many of the
vehicles are not decelerating when approaching a pedestrian crossing. So, researchers conducted an
experiment to raise crosswalks to encourage vehicles to slow down. The following questions below
will be answered as stated by data and results of the test that the researchers conducted.

1. Where exactly should the pedestrian crossing be elevated?

2. What is the projected raised measurement of pedestrian crossing?

3. What is the projected width of the raised pedestrian crossing?

Objectives:

The experiment's focus is to study the design of raised pedestrian lanes and find effective
measurements that will help decrease the speed of vehicles that approach pedestrian crossings. This
investigation aims to achieve the following:

 To analyse on what dimension we will use based on the speed of the vehicles.
 To determine if raised crosswalks helps reduces the speed of a vehicle
 To enhance visibility of crosswalks to drivers
 And to reduce the distance of vehicle to pedestrians
 To provide safety crossing of pedestrian

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Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be purposeful and valuable to the following persons:

Commuters: This study will provide daily commuters who rely on walking. The introduction
of a slightly elevated pedestrian crossing ensures a safer journey for those on foot, contributing to
overall pedestrian well-being.

Drivers: This study gives indirectly because automobile slowdown near pedestrian crossing
is encouraged. The slightly elevated shape encourages cars to slow down, improving overall road
safety and preventing them from committing accidents. This not only protects pedestrians but also
helps cars have more controlled and orderly traffic.

Elderly: This study helps elderly to pass through a safer pedestrian crossing as they are more
likely to pass a pedestrian crossing slower than the others. The design establishes a secure zone for
them to crossroads, promoting an urban environment.

Tourist / Visitors: Tourists and Visitors benefit from a more pedestrian-friendly

environment, which makes exploring the area safer and easy. The improved pedestrian safety
measures add to a nice and memorable experience for people who are unfamiliar with the area.

Families with kids: This study will put parents at ease than before, allowing them to
navigate streets without as much concern for potential accidents for the kids. And with a more
enhanced pedestrian crossing that is slightly elevated.

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Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on the outcome of the design and measurements of raised or elevated
pedestrian crosswalks. A raised pedestrian lane has a trapezoidal shape and is made of concrete and
asphalt. However, raised pedestrian crosswalks are not applicable on some types of roads with a
higher limit than 30 km/h, such as highways and expressways. The result of the study in designing
and defining proper measurements of raised pedestrian crosswalks can be used to install them in
local streets, local roads, and between two intersections of roads to reduce the speed of vehicles and
yield to pedestrians.

Conceptual Framework

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
This chapter includes some related literature and studies of foreign and local.

Local Studies and Literature

Metro manila is prone to many traffic accidents, according to 2017 data provided by the
metropolitan manila development authority (MMDA), there were over 19,400 injuries and
approximately 450 fatalities in metro manila alone as a result of traffic accidents.

The pedestrian without a stoplight is the most dangerous pedestrian in metro manila; it causes
accidents when people walking in many vehicles pass. It needs a lot of observation and care before
you walk into it. The risk of children using pedestrians without protection can lead to accidents, fatal
or injury. The MMDA reported the highway is always involved at the place where many accidents
happen; the only solution is having a traffic enforcer to ensure the safety of people. (Rey, 2018).

Pedestrians are considered as one of the most vulnerable road users in less developed
countries (LDCs). Yet, pedestrian safety remains poorly addressed in both urban and rural
transportation plans in most LDCs. Since most pedestrian injury severity studies are conducted in
developed countries, this study fills the gap with an inquiry focused on a highly urbanized region of
an LDC that faces a rapid increase in car ownership and increasing pedestrian-related traffic injuries,
documenting specific pedestrian safety issues and providing guidance for injury prevention measures
in such places. Using the Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System (MMARAS) data
from 2008 to 2011, this study combines binomial logistic regression and street level analysis that
further explores the statistical results and examines other factors that contribute to collisions and
increase the potential for serious injury or death in three cities in Metro Manila: Makati, Manila, and
Quezon. The results of the binomial regression analysis show that traffic crashes that involve heavy
and multiple vehicles, and an elderly pedestrian (60 years old and above), as well as those that
occurred during the evening (7 pm to midnight) and late at night (1 am to 5 am) have significantly
higher odds of resulting in a fatal outcome; when the crash involves a female pedestrian and when

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the road surface is wet the odds of a fatal outcome are lower. Moreover, by closely examining the
environment of these roadways, the study finds that most pedestrian fatalities occur on high-speed,
high-traffic-volume, multilane roadways, that are surrounded by land uses that generate a particularly
problematic mix of heavy vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The street level analysis also finds that
fatal pedestrian crashes occur close to different types of transit stations. The results of this study of
three cities in Metro Manila, reflect the twofold challenge to pedestrian safety in rapidly urbanizing
areas in countries such as the Philippines that are classified as lower-middle-income: they face some
of the same pedestrian safety issues as more developed areas, but with a much larger number of
pedestrians using the streets, and a built environment that was not planned for the high volume and
speed of motor vehicle traffic on today’s roadways. Policies and planning that support increased
pedestrian safety therefore need to address this dual challenge in the contexts where they are most
needed. (Verzosa, N., & Miles, R. 2016)

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users, and understanding the factors that contribute
to pedestrian crashes is crucial for road safety. Limited studies have evaluated the comprehensive
characteristics of pedestrian crashes, particularly on different road types, due to the limitations of
crash data in developing countries. This study aims to develop models for pedestrian crash frequency
and severity on national roads in Metro Manila, Philippines, using road characteristics and built
environment parameters. The study findings highlight several factors associated with pedestrian
crashes, including primary roads, presence of footbridges, road sections with bad surface conditions,
and increased fractions of commercial, residential, and industrial roads. Factors such as crashes
involving elderly pedestrians, heavier vehicles, late-night hours, fair surface conditions, and open
spaces are associated with increased likelihoods of fatal outcomes. (Obinguar, D. D., & Iryo-
Asano, M. 2021)

The accessibility of pedestrian crossings was held to substantiate the concerns that MMDA had
received. All of the wheelchair using participants in the FGDs were from Tahanang walang hagdan.
This research is to develop a wheelchair-accessible pedestrian crossing design. An experiment was
carried out to determine the best layout for the pedestrian crossing’s components to optimize
accessibility. Three aspects of accessibility that these metrics center on is: (1) Safety; (2) Comfort;
and (3) Convenience. Following analysis of the data, the only factors that significantly affected how

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wheelchair users could traverse pedestrian crossings were safety and comfort. (Sun, J.M.,
Tumaneng, P.L., & Yam, C.C. 2015)

The system must determine which of the four road conditions the traffic scenario now belongs
to. This is intended to provide a high rate of vehicle and pedestrian detection in the specified driving
conditions. Using samples photos, road context recognition achieves 98.64% training accuracy and
100% correctness for validation using 1200 sample images. Following the identification of the road
context, each condition was used to train the vehicle and pedestrians detection system. This research
conducts a road condition due to high rate of accidents and for monitoring using this algorithm it
results a 100% accuracy of the images that collected a data of road condition (Billones, R.K.,
Bandala, A.A., Gan Lim, L.A, Culaba, A.B., Vicerra, R.R.P,. Sybingco, E. Fillone, A.M., 2018)

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users; thus, understanding the primary factors that
lead to pedestrian crashes is a chief concern in road safety. However, owing to the limitations of
crash data in developing countries, only a few studies have evaluated the comprehensive
characteristics of pedestrian crashes, specifically on different road types. This study attempted to
develop pedestrian crash frequency and severity models on national roads by using the road
characteristics and built environment parameters, based on the road crash data (2016–2018) that
involved pedestrians in Metro Manila, Philippines. Remarkable findings included primary roads,
presence of footbridges, road sections with bad surface conditions, and increased fractions of
commercial, residential, and industrial roads, which exhibited a greater likelihood of pedestrian
crashes. Crashes involving elderly pedestrians, heavier vehicles, late-night hours, fair surface
conditions, and open spaces were associated with increased likelihoods of fatal outcomes.
Essentially, this study provides a macroscopic perspective in understanding the factors associated
with the severity and frequency of pedestrian crashes, and it would aid the authorities in identifying
proper countermeasures. ( Domer Dacles Obinguar , Miho Iryo-Asano,2021)

Accidents are unexpected and undesirable events resulting in harm and damage. This study
explored the accidents that happened in the San Marcelino St. and Ayala Boulevard Intersection in
the span of ten years. This paper presented the frequency of accidents that occur every month and
every year and analyzed which of the pedestrian and motorist is the main cause of accidents. The
researchers aim to prove that both the pedestrian and motorist are equally responsible for the
accidents that happen. Using the data from the Metro Manila Development Authority and Manila
Traffic Bureau, this study evaluated the frequency of accidents that happen in the intersection and

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determined which year and month the highest number of accidents occurred. A survey was
conducted to evaluate a person’s awareness of the traffic rules and their behavior when on the road.
The respondents, motorist and pedestrian, were chosen through Simple Random Sampling. The
selected respondents filled in the necessary information and rated their awareness and behavior
through a series of questions regarding road safety and traffic rules. The data gathered were analyzed
using the measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and Mann-Whitney U Test. The
study done showed that both the pedestrian and motorist are equally responsible for the accidents.
(Abayari, R. M., Dematera, K. A., Ilas, G., Paeste, R. M., Taveso, D., Valenzuela, I., &
Tolentino, L. K. S. 2015)

Foreign Studies and Literature

A study about “A Series of Vertical Deflections, a Promising Traffic Calming Measure:

Analysis and Recommendations for Spacing “Highway crashes are said to be a consequence of
multiple factors, which are usually grouped in relation to the infrastructure (highway condition), the
vehicle and the driver (human condition). However, in urban areas, but also in rural areas, one of the
main problems in terms of road safety remains the excessive speed and speeding drivers. Moreover,
with higher speeds, there is a higher probability of pedestrian death, and it is not proportional.
Consequently, aiming to improve road safety in urban areas, traffic calming measures (TCM) are
being introduced. They can be defined as the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce
the negative effect of motor vehicles use, alter driver behaviour and improve conditions for non-
motorized streets users (Pérez-Acebo, H., Ziolkowski, R., Linares-Unamunzaga, A., & Gonzalo-
Orden, H. 2020)

A raised intersection is a speed table for an entire intersection. Construction involves providing
ramps on each intersection approach and elevating the entire intersection to the level of the sidewalk.
They can be built with a variety of materials, including asphalt, concrete, or pavers. The crosswalks
on each approach are also elevated as a part of the treatment, to enable pedestrians to cross the road
at the same level as the sidewalk. This is good for mobility impaired pedestrians but may cause
problems for the sight impaired if they cannot detect the curb edge.

A raised pedestrian crossing is also essentially a speed table, with a flat portion the width of
a crosswalk, usually 10-15 feet. Raised intersections and crosswalks encourage motorists to yield. On
one street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, motorists yielding to pedestrians crossing at the raised

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devices went from approximately 10% before installation of the project to 55% after installation.
(Safety DOT, 2018).

A study about “Evaluation of Setback Crosswalks to Mitigate Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflicts at

Intersections” It is considered best practice when designing pedestrian access at intersections to
provide two curb ramps at each street corner. In Oregon, there are many locations where long ramp
runs cause curb ramps to be set back a significant distance from the apex of the intersection corner to
meet this standard. Debate exists in the transportation community related to the safety of setback
crosswalks. However, assumptions that setback crosswalks are less safe or safer are not based on
empirical evidence. Previous research has focused on the impacts of intersection characteristics on
intersection safety but there is a clear gap on the safety effects of setback crosswalks. (Eileen Pei
Ying Chai, 2022)

A study about "The optimization of the geometric cross-section dimensions of raised

pedestrian crosswalks: A case study in Qazvin” This study attempts to optimize the geometric cross-
section dimensions of raised pedestrian crosswalks (RPC), employing safety and comfort measures
which reflect environmental conditions and drivers' behavioral patterns in Qazvin, Iran. Geometric
characteristics including street width, ramp lengths, top flat crown length and height, and 4672 spot
speed observations of 23 implemented RPCs were considered. The authors established geometric and
analytical equations to satisfactorily express the discomfort that vehicle occupants experience while
traversing an RPC and the crossing risk to pedestrians. (Amir H. Mohammadi pour a, ∗, Seyed
Hafez Alavi, 2012)

A study about “Raised crosswalks efficacy on the lowering of vehicle speeds "A road hump, or
speed hump, is a traffic calming device used to reduce vehicle speed and volume on residential
streets. Road humps are placed across the road to slow traffic and are often installed in a series of
several humps in order to prevent cars from speeding before and after the hump. Speed humps are
used in locations where very low speeds are desired and reasonable. Speed humps are typically
placed on residential roads and are not used on major roads, bus routes, or primary emergency
response routes. In Italy, the road humps are often built in the shape of raised crosswalks, or RCWs,
and they are generally placed both close and between intersections. Their design is intended to
compel drivers to reduce speed by introducing a ramp-like structure on the roadway. Research
suggests that raised crosswalks with similar geometries and increased heights (approximately 15 cm)

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exhibit comparable effects in reducing vehicle speeds, regardless of local conditions. Furthermore,
the effectiveness of raised crosswalks in reducing vehicle speeds is heightened when installed in a
series, as opposed to isolated implementations. (A. Pratelli, R. Pratali & M. Rossi,2011)
Raised crosswalks or raised intersections are ramped speed tables spanning the entire width of
the roadway or intersection. Raised crosswalks are often placed at mid block crossing locations and
only the width of a crosswalk. The crosswalk is demarcated with paint and/or special paving
materials, and curb ramps are eliminated because the pedestrians cross the road at the same level as
the sidewalk. Raised crossings make the pedestrian more prominent in the driver’s field of vision.
Additionally, approach ramps may reduce vehicle speeds and improve motorist yielding. This
countermeasure can reduce pedestrian crashes by 45%.

The crosswalk table is typically at least 10 feet wide and designed to allow the front and rear
wheels of a passenger vehicle to be on top of the table at the same time. Detectable warnings
(truncated domes) and curb ramps are installed at the street edge for pedestrians with impaired
vision. In addition to their use on local and collector streets, raised crosswalks can be installed in
campus settings, shopping centers, and pick-up/drop-off zones (e.g., airports, schools, transit
centers). On one street in Cambridge, MA, motorists yielding to pedestrians crossing at the raised
devices increased from approximately 10 percent before installation of the project to 55 percent after
installation. (PEDSAFE, 2019)

A web-based repository (www.cmfclearinghouse.org) was developed and launched by the

FHWA in 2009 to provide an online archive of CMFs as well as a forum to share data about the
development of new CMFs. The online repository also provides a star quality rating system to assess
the quality of the research endeavor that resulted in a new CMF. The criteria for the star rating
include study design, sample size, standard error, potential bias, and data source quality. The scale of
the rating ranges between 1-5, with 1 being the lowest rating and 5 the best rating possible. The star
rating is based on study quality and sample size.

An extensive review of this database was undertaken by the research team to categorize
pedestrian treatments with and without developed CMFs. Table 2-1 lists CMFs for pedestrian
treatments along with their corresponding star ratings. Only two of the countermeasures – raised

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medians and pedestrian hybrid beacons (HAWK signal) – have CMFs with a four- or higher-star
rating. Only raised medians have been extensively studied, with 126 documented studies; the
remaining treatments have at most seven documented studies. Also, in practice multiple
countermeasures are often applied at a specific location, which adds to the challenge of isolating the
safety effects of a single treatment. Currently, there is limited research on the impacts of multiple
countermeasures at one location. It is a common practice to multiply the CMFs for each treatment.
However, the multiplication of CMFs can overestimate the benefits because it is unlikely that the full
safety improvements of individual treatments will be obtained when multiple treatments are
implemented concurrently. (Gross et al., 2010).

A study about "The Effects of Traffic Calming Measures on Pedestrian and Motorist
Behaviour,” Raised crosswalks are intended to slow vehicles down by forcing drivers to go up,
across the crosswalk, and then back down again. The effect on vehicles is similar to that of a speed
hump. It was hypothesized that raised crosswalks would lower vehicle speeds. At the two raised
crosswalks in Durham, automated traffic counters were used to measure the speeds of all vehicles, in
both directions, at the crossing and about 30 m (100 ft) upstream from the crossing. The sample sizes
at each site ranged from about 1,800 to 2,600. A laser speed measurement gun was used in
Montgomery County to measure the speeds of vehicles, in one direction, at the crossing. The sample
sizes were 42 vehicles at the raised crosswalk and 38 vehicles at the control site. The 50th percentile
speeds were calculated at all study sites. For both study sites in Durham, the 50th percentile speed
was Lower at the treatment site than at the control site, by 6.5 to 19.3 km/h (4.0 to 12.4 mi/h) as
shown in Table 8. These results are consistent with the hypothesis. In Montgomery County, the 50th
percentile speeds were 4.0 km/h (2.5 mi/h) Lower at the treatment site than at the corresponding
control site, but the increase was not statistically significant at the 0.10 level (Huang, H. F., &
Cynecki, M. J.)

A study about “Traffic calming. 'Speed tables are raised platforms of pavement placed within
a traffic lane. They are typically used in mid-block locations and work well as raised crosswalks in
those areas. Dynamic painting and textured paving help to increase visibility and driver awareness of
pedestrians. Speed tables that are 22 feet in length have been effective at reducing speed by an
average of 18% (from an average of 36.7 to 30.1 miles per hour) and reducing accidents by an
average of 45% (from an average of 6.7 to 3.7 accidents per year). (2016)

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A study about” Evaluation of the Benefits of Traffic Calming on Vehicle Speed Reduction",
Analysis of fatal and injury accident data on the road sections, where the speed tables were placed,
showed that the number of fatal and injury accidents decreased by about 44%, the number of people
killed – by 100%, the number of people injured – by about 38%. On the section where the chicane
has been realized the number of fatal and injury accidents decreased by about 36%, the number of
people killed – by 100%, and the number of people injured – by 50%. On the road section where the
road narrowing was placed the number of fatal and injured accidents decreased by about 33%, the
number of people injured – by about 32%. Table 1 clearly shows that speed tables are particularly
effective in reducing accidents involving pedestrians. Indeed, in the five-year period following the
installation of the speed tables, there were no longer any pedestrians' dead in road accidents (in the
previous five years there had been 2 dead pedestrians) and, moreover, the number pedestrians injured
in accidents decreased by 50%. (Distefano, N., & Leonardi, S. ,2019)

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Pedestrians - are usually accompanied by signs indicating that the area is intended for pedestrians,
and drivers should yield to people walking in these designated spaces, often including crosswalks at
intersections or points, allowing pedestrians to safely cross the road

Ramps - is a short roadway section that provides access to or from a major road or highway. On-
ramps allow vehicles to enter the main road from a side road or entrance, while off-ramps allow
vehicles to exit the main road onto a side road or exit. It is designed to allow people, vehicles, or
equipment to move smoothly between different elevations.

Decelerate - a decrease in velocity or a reduction in its rate of motion dynamics to describe a change
in speed or the opposite of acceleration.

Pathway - a way that provides a passage for people or object to travel from one place to another,
pathways can be physical, such as sidewalks, trails, or road the guide movement on the ground

Misdemeanour - traffic violations and penalties for misdemeanours can vary between authorities, as
each legal system may have its statutes and regulations defining and punishing these offences.

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Yield - is a traffic control measure that instructs drivers to give the right of way to other road users.
Yield sign signal for to slow down, or be prepared to stop and allow other vehicles or pedestrians to
proceed before you do

Barrier - these barriers serve various purposes related to traffic management, safety, and
infrastructure protection. It can be concrete barriers or traffic barriers made of plastic or metal in
construction zones for dedicated events to redirect traffic.
Vehicular Traffic - refers to the movement of vehicles on roads or other transportation routes. It
encompasses all types of vehicles; motorised and non motorised, it subject to traffic laws signals and
road designed to regulate and control the flow of vehicles

Accidents - refer to incidents that occur on roadways involving vehicles and, sometimes, pedestrians
or cyclists, these accidents can result in a range of outcomes, including injuries, fatalities, road
accidents are a significant concern for public safety.

Trapezoidal Speed Hump - a traffic calming device designed to slow down vehicle speeds in a
specific area. The hump is typically elevated from the road surface and is placed across the width of
the roadway

Fostering - an implies effort to encourage positive development and support for individuals or
entities to expand, improve, and reach the full potential

Endeavours - activities made with the intention of achieving a goal or undertaking a particular task
and determined attempt to accomplish something, often requiring hard work, dedication, and
perseverance.

Augment - make something larger, greater, or more extensive. It involves increasing the size, value,
intensity, or something. That idea is about to making something better
Disparities - is crucial for fostering fairness, inclusivity, and social justice. Efforts to reduce
disparities may involve changes and social programs aimed at creating more equitable conditions for
everyone.

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Chapter 3:
Methodology

This chapter presents the research methodologies used in the study. This includes the
Materials and methods, experimental/technical design, treatment of data and the decision criteria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1. Site Selection - This study focuses on identifying a suitable location for the implementation
of raised Pedestrian Crosswalks to encourage cars to decelerate.
2. Traffic Analysis - Traffic analysis will be conducted to assess the current flow of vehicular
traffic in a selected area. This involves the collection of data to traffic volume, speed, and
patterns during the peak and off-peak hours.
3. Design Concept Development - These concepts incorporated elements to encourage car
deceleration, such as elevated pedestrian crossing, gradual inclines, and visually distinctive
markings. Various materials and configurations were considered during the conceptual design
phase.
4. Material Selection

4.1 Asphalt Mixture- Different asphalt mixtures were considered for the construction of the
raised pedestrian crossing. The selection criteria included durability, skid resistance, and
compatibility with the surrounding road surface.

4.2 Concrete Components - Concrete elements were utilised for specific features of the raised
pedestrian crossing, such as curbs, ramps, and tactile paving. The concrete mix design was tailored to
meet the structural requirements and enhance the longevity of these components. Strength,
durability, and slip resistance were key considerations in the selection of concrete materials.

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TECHNICAL/EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The main focus of the experiment is to analyse and define the best geometrical design and
measurements of raised crosswalks that will allow vehicles to slow down when approaching
pedestrian crossings.

FORMULAS AND ANALYSIS:

1. Deceleration Rate:
Calculating the deceleration rate of vehicles approaching the raised pedestrian crosswalks
using this formula:

Where: a = deceleration
Vf = final velocity of the vehicle
Vi = initial velocity of the vehicle
T = Time taken
2. Speed Reduction Percentage:
Determining the percentage reduction in vehicle speed with the slightly
elevated pedestrian crosswalks using:

3. Pedestrian Exposure Index:

Evaluating the safety of pedestrians using the Pedestrian Exposure Index:

4. Traffic Flow Impact:

Assessing the impact on Traffic Flow Index:

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RAISED CROSSWALKS INSTALLATION:

Upon researching, the Philippines do not have certain guidelines and criteria for raised
crosswalks. Therefore, there are no specific details for technical design.
However, raised crosswalks are a combination of road humps with pedestrian crosswalks. The
Philippine department of public works and highways provides the following
description for a raised area like speed humps. It is stated that a raised area in the road pavement
surface with a height of 76 to 100 MM and travel length of 3.70 to 4.30 meters. Humps should not be
allowed along national roads specifically on high-speed sections. However, in some cases, raised
areas may be installed on roadway functionally classified as local roads, residential local streets,
parks, and school zones intended to slow traffic speed on high pedestrians.

Existing design of Crosswalks:

Unsignalized pedestrian crossing zebra type (staggered bar)

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 Highway and Railroad Engineering 2024

Unsignalized
pedestrian crossings zebra type (Longitudinal bar)

Projected raised pedestrian crosswalk:

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