Muhammad Ali, Peshawa & Faraj, Rezhna. (2013).

Traffic Congestion Problem and

Solutions, the Road between Sawz Square and Shahidan Square in Koya City as a
Case Study. 10.2495/ISUD130151.

 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2011. Techniques

for Effective Highway Construction Projects in Congested Urban Areas.
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/14485

Construction projects in highly congested urban areas have been a challenge for many
years. High-traffic volume is just one of many concerns that need to be resolved. This
study focused on techniques used by transportation agencies to deal effectively with
these and other challenges. This study is in three parts, First, a literature review was
conducted to examine published works relevant to this subject. Next, 21 states and the
city of Chicago and San Francisco Country responded to a survey consisting of 68
questions aimed at illuminating the impacts and strategies associated with these urban
projects. Finally, four case studies were examined and specific strategies described as
used on those projects that would be interesting to the industry. No single strategy will
fit every project; however, the available choices offer solutions for many different needs.
Early involvement is an important attribute of any mitigating strategy. Agencies use
proven tools and modify them to meet the current project need. Innovation has paid off
in significant benefits where agencies have moved to implement new ideas. Ultimately,
the challenge for agencies is to find the right combination of new and old strategies to
meet the project's requirements.

 Harinder Kaur, “The Social Impact Assessment of Road Widening “, 2016

https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?
q=cache:PVmy7o5f_0YJ:scholar.google.com/
&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&scioq=SOCIAL+IMPACT+IMPACT+ASSESSMENT+OF+
road+widening

“This study presents the social impacts that most often occur due to proposed road
widening. The study focuses to assess the social impact on local people residing near
Punjabi University Patiala. The result implies that the project will be highly beneficial for
the surrounding area and the commuters of the road. The project resolves perpetual
traffic problems and risks of accidents.

 Abejuela, Henmark A. Coronacion, Rizza L.
Ajos, Vicente III C. Fernandez, Edward JosephAlea, Cyril A. Inopequez, AndreaA
guilar, Jean Lei T. Masilang, MildredChavez, Romani Noel S. Murillo, NikkoSan
Juan, Irish Noemi L, “An Assessment on The Effects of Road Widening on Lopez
Maharlika Highway from Brgy. Del Pilar To Brgy. Magsaysay, 2017
https://www.scribd.com/document/353215750/Road-Widening-Rtp-
Autosaved?
fbclid=IwAR2HxCtrFTnTeVRtgOwn5eG9NPUeeVKeiyy9mWcjih5OFHIZyogW
TAYx6rg

“It is established from descriptive research conducted to make inferences about the
effects of road widening in Lopez Daang Maharlika in the future. The study was
conducted at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines and used interviews and
survey questio0nnaires with a total population of 68 respondents clustered between
drivers and passengers (also students, residents, and workers) who were randomly
selected to gather information for the completion of this study. They also conducted
physical observations in the impacted locations. This study suggests that the road
widening along Lopez Maharlika Highway has both positive and negative effects on
local inhabitants, students, drivers, and passengers.

 Breeten Singh Konthoujam, “ A Study on Urban Road Widening Project based on

Prediction of Level of Service (LOS) – A Case Study in Banerghatta Road
Banagalore”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
(IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 IJERTV4IS060439 www.ijert.org Vol. 4 Issue 06, June-
2015 https://www.ijert.org/research/a-study-on-urban-road-widening-project-
based-on-prediction-of-level-of-service-los-a-case-study-in-banerghatta-road-
banagalore-IJERTV4IS060439.pdf?
 fbclid=IwAR2wqItKByFmcoZ65eAKMALjazXhf3dtPKYSKI6M_ttzD5I34m0kyuf7R
g8

" A city's road network is its lifeline, and assessing its performance is critical for future
traffic planning, design, operation, and maintenance, among other things. In most Indian
cities, traffic flow is mixed, and traffic congestion is a common problem in most of the
country's main cities. The goal of this study is to improve the performance of the
metropolitan road network by suggesting appropriate solutions for increasing traffic
capacity. To attain this goal, a thorough approach for assessing mixed traffic flow along
a 2 km stretch of the Bannerghatta Road in Bangalore city, from Koli Farm Gate to Jalli
Machine Bus-stop, is selected and evaluated. Before the road was widened, traffic
studies were conducted in the form of volume and speed, and a speed flow relationship
was constructed to understand LOS and traffic volume for future years forecast to
determine the LOS decrease."

 Ali J. Kadhim, Qais Sahib Banyhussan, Abeer K. Jameel, “Cost-effectiveness

analysis of a road improvement proposal based on sustainability Indicators: Case
study Al-Nebai-Baghdad highway”, 2020
http://pen.ius.edu.ba/index.php/pen/article/view/1354

Involving the sustainability assessment in the phases of road development projects has
become necessary to avoid unforeseen consequences. In Iraq, there is a noticeable
lack of the environmental and social assessment of the development project. The
economic assessment also needs to consider the project life cycle. The unavailability of
validated and comprehensive methodologies of assessment is the main obstacle.
Therefore, this study aims to outline a methodology of environmental, social, and
economic (ESE) assessment during pre-construction stages. The rehabilitation and
upgrading project of Al-Nebai-Baghdad Highway is selected for this study. The ESE
indicators are selected based on the available data and techniques. The needed data;
traffic volume, pavement condition, and geometric design characteristics; are collected
to process the engineering and the ESE assessment through aggregating several
methodologies and analyzing the results using the cost-effectiveness technique. The
results of the engineering assessment showed upgrading the traffic level of service to D
due to adding a lane when the pavement condition was upgraded to good condition due
to a new overlay. The results of the environmental assessment in terms of vehicle
emission stated that the new pavement reduced the emission by1831967 tons but the
emission due to widening increased by 1046100 tons. The social assessment indicated
that the road casualties reduced by 38.5% but it boosted over the service life. The
economical assessment demonstrated the worthiness of the project; the Net Present
Value is 76,153,580$, the B/C is 3.45 and the IRR is 35.04. It can be concluded that the
ESE assessment is applicable and effective in figuring out the negative and positive
consequences over the service life. However, improving the data collection system can
enhance the comprehensiveness of the adopted methodologies and consider more
indicators.

 Samuli Tikkanen, “ROAD WIDENING: LITERATURE REVIEW AND

QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES”, August 2010

https://www.roadex.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/
Road_Widening_review_and_questionnaire-2010.pdf

This report is a part output of ROADEX IV project task D 2 “Widening of Roads”. The
project aims to provide information on the reasons why road widenings fail, the critical
parameters that the road engineer needs to know when designing a road widening, and
the information on how to deal with a widened road that is showing problems. The cost-
effective widening of roads is a major issue facing the ROADEX Partners and new
design guidelines specifically tailored to the harsh conditions of the Northern Periphery
are required to meet the demands of modern traffic. Road widening is normally carried
out when the road width is inadequate for the traffic using it, or when extra lanes are
needed. Road widening can improve traffic safety and capacity. This report starts by
considering the existing national guidelines in the ROADEX countries and discussing
their differences and similarities. The second part reviews road widening tests and
research. A road-widening-related questionnaire was created and sent to experts in the
ROADEX countries to collect experience and knowledge of road widening. Their
responses to the questionnaire are examined and discussed in the third part of the
report. Road widening on soft soils is a highly challenging operation and to be effective
the settlement of the old embankment and the widening part has to be equal. Usually,
the old embankment will have already partially settled into the soft soil before the
widening is added. Adding the widening portion, and possibly upgrading the road, can
increase or restart the settlement of the existing embankment again and this has to be
borne in mind. The construction of a durable pavement joint can help in the short term,
however, the underlying vertical interface at the widening can still cause reflective
cracking through to the surface. This type of crack can cause surface water to infiltrate
into the embankment. This can weaken the embankment and cause frost problems. It is
important therefore to seal any cracks to limit water absorption into the embankment.

 Andrean Maulana, Muhammad Farda, “Improving the Accessibility of the West

Java Southern Area through Collector Road Widening”, International Journal of
Sustainable Transportation Technology Volume 3, Issue 1, Apr 2020, Pages 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.31427/IJSTT.2020.3.1.1

“This study assesses the impact of the road segment widening in the southern area of
West Java Island. The resulting network performance is measured by volume capacity
ratio, network average speed, aggregate travel distance, and time. The network 4-step
modeling approach was used for the analysis and data on traffic counts and average
speed are used to validate the model. The study proceeds two scenarios for the
analysis, namely the do-nothing scenario, in which no road widening occurs, and the
do-something scenario where the road widening is carried out. The result shows that
widening the road segments will contribute to improving accessibility in the area, which
is reflected by a lower volume capacity ratio and higher average network speed. This
study also triggers a research question on alternative transport modes to improve
accessibility in the southern area of West Java.”