Population and Flow

Sanitary Sewer Design
Sanitary Sewers, Page 1

Sanitary Sewer Design
 sanitary sewers collect and transport domestic and industrial wastes via gravity
flow
• the ultimate destination of all transported waste is a treatment facility
 wastewater collection systems are different than water distribution systems.
Sanitary sewer conduits:
• do not flow under pressure
• flow is unsteady and non-uniform
• transport substantial loads of floating, suspended and soluble wastes
 as a result, it is important to size sanitary sewer conduits to flow under open
channel flow conditions while transporting water-borne wastes with minimal
deposition
• domestic or sanitary wastewater refers to waste discharged from
residential, business, commercial and institutional uses
• the volume of waste discharged from residential areas varies
considerably (225 – 450 litres per person per day)
• industrial wastewater generally refers to waste discharged from
manufacturing sites
• industrial discharge significantly different from sanitary waste
typically requires some level of on-site pretreatment

Extraneous flows (infiltration and inflow)
 infiltration refers to groundwater entering the sanitary sewer network

• through defective joints, cracked pipes, manholes connections, etc.
• depends on:
• the soil permeability
• quality of construction
• condition (age) of the conduits and joints
• level of local groundwater, etc.
 inflow refers to water discharged to the sewer pipes from sources other than
sanitary or industrial waste
• discharge from foundation drains, roof leaders, etc.
• note: the connection of foundation drains to new sanitary sewers is
discouraged by the MOE.
• in Ontario, all new sewer construction must be of the “separate” type
• to the greatest extent possible, all forms of storm and groundwater flows
should be excluded
• “combined” sewer systems will not be permitted

Region of Waterloo Design Guidelines for Municipal Services
Design flows
• sanitary sewer flows are to be determined using the following design
criteria:
Residential
• average flow:
0.35 m3/c/d or
0.004 l/s per capita
• population density varies with land use
• use actual or projected populations (based on zoning or otherwise)
• for preliminary design use:
Single family lot 3.4 people/unit

Semi-detached lot 3.1 people/unit
Town house 3.1 people/unit
Apartments 2.1 people/unit
Single family lot 7 units/ha

Semi-detached lot 14 units/ha
Town house 30 units/ha
Apartments 62 units/ha

Peaking Factors
• peaking factors are to be

used to establish the peak
design flow
• common peaking formula
include the Babbitt and
Harmon formulae source: Waste and
• in Waterloo, peak the average flow using the Harmon Formula Waste-Water
Technology, M.J.
Hammer, (1977)
14
M  1
4 P
where P = population in 1000’s
• the minimum allowable peaking factor is 2

population
contributing
area (ha)

Industrial
• average flow = 0.50 l/s/ha
• use actual flows for large known discharges
• use peaking factor of 1.8
Commercial
• average flow core = 1.16 l/s/ha
shopping mall = 0.3 l/s/ha
general = 0.6 l/s/ha
• use higher design flows for point sources known to have significantly greater
flows than the average design allowance
• use actual flows for known discharges
• use a peaking factor of 2.5
Other Flow Rates

• schools
86.4 m3/ha·d
1.0 l/s/ha
use peaking factor of 2.5

Infiltration
• incorporate an infiltration allowance of 0.15 l/s/ha
Domestic Sewage Flows

• the peak domestic sewage flow can be computed using:
PqM
Q IA
86.4
where Q = peak design flow (l/s)

P = population in 1000’s
q = average daily per capita domestic flow (l/c/d)
M = peaking factor
I = extraneous flows (l/ha·s)
A = gross tributary area (ha)

Design Sheets
• design flow calculations for sanitary sewers shall be completed on sanitary sewer
design sheets.
source: Guidelines for the Design of Sanitary Sewer Works, MOE, (1985)
Minimum Pipe Size
• the minimum pipe size diameter is 200 mm.
Manning’s n
• the value of Manning’s n shall be 0.013 for all pipe materials
Pipe Gradient
• the minimum gradient for 200mm sanitary sewer pipe shall be 0.50 %
• the minimum gradient for the first reach of permanent dead-end sewers shall be
1.0 %
Pipe Depth
• sanitary sewers should be located at sufficient depth to receive sewage from
basements by gravity drainage (ie inverts are normally 0.9-1.5 m below basement
floor levels
• the pipe obvert should be a minimum of 2.8 metres below the final road grade
Clearance to Sewers
• the clear separation between watermains and sewers shall be as per MOE
requirements
• 0.5 m vertical separation
• 2.5 m horizontal separation

Pipe Velocities
• the minimum velocity allowed for sanitary sewer mains is 0.6 m/s
• in the case where the flow depth is less than 30 % of the pipe diameter, the
actual flow velocity should be calculated using a hydraulic elements chart
and the pipe slope increased in order to achieve adequate self-cleaning
velocities
source: Guidelines for the

Design of Sanitary Sewer
Works, MOE, (1985)
• the maximum allowable velocity is 3.0 m/s under peak theoretical flows

Maintenance Holes
• shall be located at all junctions, changes in grade, material, size or alignment
• the maximum spacing for maintenance holes is based on the sewer diameter
• less than or equal to 450 mm 90m

• less than or equal to 900 mm 120m
• greater than 900 mm at the approval of the Chief
Municipal Engineer
• a drop inlet maintenance hole must be provided if a drop in excess of 0.9 m
occurs between any invert and the lowest invert
Inlet Drops
• where pipes enter and leave inline
or at angles between 0º and 45º,
the minimum drop from invert to
invert across the maintenance hole
shall be 0.030 m
• where pipes enter and leave at
angles between 45º and 90º, the
minimum drop from invert to invert
across the maintenance hole shall
be 0.060 m
source: Waste and Waste-Water

Technology, M.J. Hammer, (1977)
 let’s return to our existing development located north of our study area

 we could adopt the following sanitary sewer pipe network
MH #9
MH #7 MH #8
MH #2
MH #1
MH #6
MH #3
MH #5
MH #4

In order to account for the extraneous
flows and allocate the proper sewage to
each length of pipe, we would define the
“contributing” drainage areas. It is typical
to idealize the contributing areas
according to the property boundaries.

we could then assign a
drainage area and
population to each
contributing area.
and finally…a 22
0.75
spreadsheet design
19
approach could be used
0.61
to establish the size and 18
grade of each sanitary 0.55
sewer pipe.
25
0.99
29
1.13
32
1.24

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Sanitary Sewer Design

Sanitary Sewers, Page 1

Sanitary Sewers, Page 3

 infiltration refers to groundwater entering the sanitary sewer network

Sanitary Sewers, Page 4

Single family lot 3.4 people/unit

Single family lot 7 units/ha

Sanitary Sewers, Page 5

• peaking factors are to be

• the minimum allowable peaking factor is 2

Sanitary Sewers, Page 6

Sanitary Sewers, Page 7

Other Flow Rates

Sanitary Sewers, Page 8

Domestic Sewage Flows

where Q = peak design flow (l/s)

Sanitary Sewers, Page 9

Sanitary Sewers, Page 11

source: Guidelines for the

Sanitary Sewers, Page 12

• less than or equal to 450 mm 90m

source: Waste and Waste-Water

Sanitary Sewers, Page 14

Sanitary Sewers, Page 15

Sanitary Sewers, Page 16

grade of each sanitary 0.55

Sanitary Sewers, Page 17

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