ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING II GROUP 2

SEWERAGE REPORT
 Introduction:
This is the Abu-Bakar Block of Bismilliah Housing Scheme Situated in Lahore.
 ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING II GROUP 2

In this scheme,

No. of Plots 438

No. of parks 2

No. of schools 0

No. of mosques 1

No. of flats 0

No. of commercial areas 1

Scale 1cm=10m

 Related Theory:
 Sewerage System:
Sewerage is a term applied for the collection, treatment and disposal of the
sewage. A sewerage system refers to the total system of the town consisting of sewers
for carrying of liquid and solid sewage.

 Essential Components of Sewerage system:

 Collection works
 Treatment works
 Disposal works
 Collection works:
It is a network of sewer pipes that conveys sewage from point of
generation to the disposal point.
A network of tunnels, pumping stations is also used.

Treatment Work:
Three processes involve in the treatment of sewage

Primary Treatment: In it screening chambers are provided to remove the solid particles and
floating matter.

Secondary treatment: Biological treatment is done in this phase and pathogens are removed
from the sewage.

Tertiary treatment: Waste water is further treated for the removal of nitrogen and other gases.
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Disposal Works: It is a group of engineering works by which the treated, partially

treated or untreated sewage is finally disposed of either on land or on water.

Sources of Savage:
Sewage is the waste water which is produced by residences, hotels, institutions, public places,
storm, industrial areas etc.
Depending upon different type of sources, sewage can be classified as,

 Sanitary sewage
 Industrial sewage
 Storm sewage
 Sanitary Sewage:
Also known as domestic sewage, is that which is produced by houses, institutions, offices,
other buildings and hotels etc.
 Industrial Sewage:
This type of sewage is produced by different industrial processes dyeing or papermaking.
 Storm sewage:
It includes surface runoff generated by rainfall and the street wash.

 Sewer System:

Most of sewers are designed to flow as an open channel under gravity. A sewer
system is classified as:
 ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING II GROUP 2

 Combined sewer system

 Separate sewer system
 Partially combined sewer system

 Combined Sewer System:

In this system same sewer carries both commercial-industrial, domestic as well as storm
sewage.
 Separate Sewer System:
In this sanitary sewage is carried in one set of sewer whereas surface and storm sewage is
carried in another set of sewer.
 Partially Combined Sewer System:
This system is modification of separate sewer system, in which separate sewer carries
domestic, industrial and a portion of surface water drained from backyard and roofs of houses.
 Types of Sewers:
Depending upon different type of sewage carried, sewers have
following types:
 Storm sewer
 Combined sewer
 House sewer
 Common sewer
 Lateral sewer
 Sub-main sewer
 Main or trunk sewer
 Outfall sewer
 Relief sewer
 Sanitary Sewer

 Sanitary Sewer:
It carries sanitary sewage like waste from municipalities including domestic and
industrial waste water.
 Storm Sewer:
It carries storm sewage including surface runoff and street wash.
 ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING II GROUP 2

 Combined Sewer
It is designed to carry domestic, industrial and storm sewage.

 House Sewer:
It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system of a building to common
municipal system.
 Common Sewer:
It is one in which all the abutting properties have equal rights of use.

 Lateral Sewer:
It has no other common sewer discharging into it.

 Sub-main Sewer:
This sewer receives discharge from two or more lateral sewer.

 Main or Trunk Sewer:

It receives discharge from one or more than one sub-main sewer.

 Outfall Sewer:
It receives discharge from the collecting system and conducts it to the treatment plant or point
of final disposal.
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 Relief Sewer:
It is one that has been built to relieve an existing sewer of inadequate capacity.

 Sewer Appurtenances
Devices which are used in addition to the pipes and conduits, that all essential for the
proper operation of sewer system. Most numerous are the manholes and, for combined and storm
sewers, the inlets. Special conditions may necessitate the use of pumping stations.

 Manholes:
Manholes are used as a means of access for inspection, cleaning and for house
connections. Every time whenever there is a change in size, direction, slope of the sewer;
manholes are required there.
Spacing is controlled by the size of plot, generally not more than 100ft.

 Inlets:
An inlet is an opening into a storm or combined sewer for entrance of surface
runoff. It is designed to permit the passage of water from street surface into sewer.
Inlets are placed at the gutters usually at street intersections but occasionally at mid-points of the
blocks.

Two types of inlets are usually used:

 Curb inlet
 Gutter inlet

DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM

Most of sewers are designed to flow as an open channel under gravity. For the design of sewer
following requirements are necessary:

 Size
 Slope
 Velocity

Given steps should be followed by a designer for the design of sewer system:

 Preliminary investigation
 Design considerations
 Basic design data and criteria
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 Design of sewers
 Preparation of contract drawings & specifications

Preliminary Investigation: A certain area is marked first and by MAPs and Drawings that furnish
the information about topography of the area, type of soil, water table depth.
Moreover, permanent bench marks are established and they should not be disturbed. Leveling of
the area is much important during survey. Important features and final disposal point is marked.

 Design Considerations:
Major design considerations are

 Design Flow:
Find out the avg. sewage flow on the basis of water consumption and the population at
the end of design period
(a) Sanitary Sewer
Q design = Peak sewage flow + Infiltration
(b) Partially Combined Sewer
Q design = 2x Peak sewage flow + Infiltration

 Manning’s Formula:
Manning’s formula is used for sewer flowing under gravity.
V=(1/n)*(R^3/2)*(S^1/2)

R = Hydraulics mean depth = A/Perimeter

S= Slope of sewer
n=0.013 or 0.015
V= Velocity of flow m/sec

 Minimum Self Cleansing Velocity:

Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent
settlement of solid matter in the sewer. Self-cleansing velocity is minimum
velocity that ensures non-settlement of suspended matter in the sewer
 Sanitary sewer = 0.6m/s

 Storm sewer= 1m/s

 Partially combined = 0.7m/s

 ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING II GROUP 2

 Maximum Velocity:

It can not be greater than 2.4m/s

 To avoid excessive sewer abrasion
 To avoid steep slopes (slopes should not be too steep that can damage a pipe).

 Minimum Sewer Size:

 225mm for lateral WASA

 To avoid chocking of sewer with bigger size objects throw through manholes (bricks,
shrubs etc.)
 Minimum Cover:
 1m earth cover on sewer crown to avoid damage from live loads.

 Manholes:

 Purpose: Cleaning, Inspection, House connection

 Provision at: change in sewer- direction, diameter and slope (one manhole for2-4plots)
 Spacing not more than100m.

 Direction of Sewer lines:

Sewers should follow as far as possible the natural slope

 Qd/Qf Ratio:

 Qd = Design Flow
 Qf = Flow when sewer is flowing full
 In order to provide air space in the upper portion of sewers for ventilation purposes
WASA recommends to maintain the following ratios:
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Sewer size (mm) Ratio

225-375 0.7

450-1200 0.75

1350 or larger 0.8

 Actual Design:

 For the size of Sewer we use equation Q=AV to determine diameter of sewer.
 For slope of sewer we use Manning’s equation.

 Preparation of Drawings & BOQ:

Typical drawing includes:

1. Sewer joints
2. Manholes
3. Disposal stations
4. Sewer profile
BOQ include all costs regarding all components of sewer system.

 Design Criteria & Values Used:

 Design Period:
It is the number of years in future for which the excess capacity is provided. Period of
design is indefinite as the system is designed to care for the maximum development of area.

 Use of Qmax(maximum flow) for sewer design

 Use of Qmin(minimum flow) to check velocities during low flow.

 Design of sewage pumping station:

Design period is usually 10 years. We consider average daily flow, peak and minimum
flow including infiltration.

 In our scheme we take design period is of 30 years.

 ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING II GROUP 2

 Per Capita Water Consumption:

Estimation of the water requirement is very essential. Water that is supplied to
community, a portion of it becomes waste water, that portion of consumed water must be carefully
handled that reaches sewerage system. 70% - 130% waste water goes into sewerage system after
consumption.

 Design Sewage Flow:

Our designed system is partially combined sewer system. For this, the design flow is
equal to the summation of peak sewage, storm sewage and infiltration.
Design sewage flow = 2(peak sewage flow) + infiltration

 Peak Factor Criteria:

Like water Supply the sewage flow varies from time to time since the sewers must be
able to accommodate the maximum rate of flow the variation in sewage flow need to study.
Herman Formula: is used to estimate the ratio of maximum to average flow.

𝐌 = 𝟏 + (14/ 𝟒 + √𝐏)
P= Population in 1000
M=Peak Factor
WASA, Lahore consider the following relationship for sewer design:

Average Flow (m3/d) Peak Factor

< 2500 4

2500-5000 3.4

5000-10000 3.1

10000-25000 2.7

25000-50000 2.5

50000-100000 2.3

100000-250000 2.15

>500000 2
 ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING II GROUP 2

 Design Equation:
Manning’s equation is used as a design equation for the calculation of slope.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏

𝑽 = . 𝑹𝟑 . 𝑺𝟐
𝒏

And Equation of Continuity for the calculation of flow

𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
It is used to calculate the diameter of pipe.

 Minimum and Maximum Velocities:

The minimum velocity in Sewer System is “Self Cleansing Velocity” which is defined as the
minimum velocity that ensures non-settlement of suspended matter in the sewer. Sewage
should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent settlement of solid matter in the
sewer.
Self-Cleansing Velocity:

 Sanitary sewer = 0.6m/s

 Storm sewer= 1m/s
 Partially combined = 0.7m/s

 Maximum Velocity:
It should not be greater than 2.4m/s

 To avoid excessive sewer abrasion

 To avoid steep slopes (slopes should not be too
 steep that can damage a pipe)

 Direction of Sewer Line:

Sewer should flow, as far as possible the Natural Slope.

 Invert Level:

 The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as Invert Level at that
Cross-section.
 Invert Level = NGSL/Road Level – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer – Dia. of Sewer.
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 Sewer Material:
Sewers used are mostly of low quality. In its construction different type of material is
used which are as follows:

 Reinforced concrete cement

 Asbestos cement
 Cast iron
 Steel
 PVC

Cast iron and steel pipes are only used under unusual loading conditions or where sewage has to
flow under pressure.

 Sewer Size:
Sewers are available in different sizes:
 225-375 mm
 450-1200mm
 1350mm or larger

Sewers of 310-1830mm are manufactured according to ASTM specifications and less than
310mm are manufactured according to BS specifications.

 Infiltration:

It is the wastewater that enters sewers through joints, cracked pipes, walls and covers of
the manholes. Infiltration is almost non-existent in dry weather but increases during rainy season.
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Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses the following infiltration rates for the design of
sewer system.

Pipe dia. Up to 600mm 5% avg. sewage

flow For greater than 600mm 10% avg. sewage

In this design

Infiltration = 10% avg sewage flow

Comments:

In this design report we took Abu-Bakar block of Bismillah Housing scheme for design of sewerage
system that is situated in Lahore.

The criterion for self-cleansing was defined as the minimum velocity needed to prevent the formation
of separated dunes in the pipes. For a given sediment concentration the self-cleansing velocity was
found to be a maximum at pipe slopes between about 30° and 37.5°

Our results was taken from table and every man whole serves 4 to 8 house and we design in on the
recommended by the international standards.