ist of presidents of the Philippines

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Malacañang Palace in Manila is the official

residence of the president. [note 1]
Built in 1750, it has become a prominent symbol of
and metonym for the office.
Under the Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the
Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and government,
and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.[4][5] The president
is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be "a natural-born
citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least forty years
of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years
immediately preceding such election". Any person who has served as president for
more than six years is barred from eligibility. Upon resignation, or removal from office,
the vice president assumes the post.[6]

History[edit]
Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos
Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.[7][note 2] He held that office until 1901
when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American
War (1899–1902).[4] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First
Republic,[12] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.[19]

In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty,
[20]
established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935
Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential
election was held,[note 3] and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term,
with no provision for re-election,[5] as the second Philippine president and the first
Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow
re-election but shortened the term to four years.[4] A change in government occurred
three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the
enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the
Philippines in 1942 during World War II.[23] José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of
the new Japanese-sponsored government;[24] his de facto presidency,[25] not legally
recognized until the 1960s,[11] overlapped with that of the president of the
Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan
surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in
the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president.[4]

Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in
1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the
Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and
would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which
was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86),[4] who performed a self-coup by imposing martial
law in 1972.[26] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New
Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986
when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came
into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.[4]

Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes
(Manuel L. Quezon[27] and Manuel Roxas[28]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon
Magsaysay, 1953–57[29]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with
20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two
terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.

In the list of presidents, three of them were not elected (Aguinaldo in 1899, Laurel in
1943, and Osmeña in 1944). All of them sought to be elected as a full-term presidents,
but all lost (Aguinaldo in 1935, Laurel in 1949, and Osmeña in 1946).

Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the
presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon
Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.

Presidents[edit]
No Name Electi Vice
Portrait Party Term Era
. (Lifespan) on president

March
22, 1897
Emilio F.
–
Aguinald First
1 None March - None[b]
o Republic
(1869–
23,
1964) 1901[a]
(4 years,
1 day)
 1935
Novemb
er 15,
Manuel
1935
L. Nacionali Sergio Commonwea
2 –
Quezon sta Osmeña lth
(1878–
August
1944) 1, 1944[c] 1941
(8 years,
260 days)

October
14, 1943
Jose P. –
Laurel KALIBA August Second
3 - None[e]
(1891– PI 17, Republic
1959) 1945[d]
(1 year,
307 days)

August
1, 1944
Sergio S.
Nacionali –
4 Osmeña - Vacant[f]
(1878– sta May 28,
1961) 1946
(1 year, Commonwea
300 days) lth

5 Manuel Liberal May 28, 1946 Elpidio

A. Roxas 1946 Quirino
(1892– –
1948) April
15,
1948[c] Third
(1 year, Republic
323 days)
 Vacant[f]

April
17, 1948
Elpidio
–
R.
6 Liberal Decemb
Quirino
(1890–
er 30,
1953 Fernando
1956) 1949
(5 years, Lopez[g]
257 days)

Decemb
er 30,
Ramon
1953
D.
Nacionali – Carlos P.
7 Magsays
sta March Garcia
ay
(1907–
17,
1957[c] 1953
1957)
(3 years,
77 days)

8 Carlos P. Nacionali March None[f]

Garcia sta 18, 1957
(1896– –
1971) Decemb
1957 Diosdado
er 30,
Macapaga
1961
l[h]
(4 years,
287 days)
 Decemb
er 30,
Diosdad
1961
o P.
– Emmanue
9 Macapag Liberal 1961
Decemb l Pelaez[i]
al
(1910–
er 30,
1997) 1965
(4 years,
0 days)

1965

Fernando
Lopez

1969
Nacionali
sta
(until 1978) Decemb
er 30,
Ferdinan 1965
d E. –
10 Marcos Februar 1973[l] Martial Law
(1917– y 25,
1989) 1986[j]
(20 years, None[k]
57 days)
1977[l]

KBL
(from 1978)
Fourth
1981
Republic
Vacant[m]

Februar Provisional
y 25, Government
Corazon UNIDO
(until 1988) 1986
C. Salvador
11 – 1986[n]
Aquino Laurel[o]
(1933–
June 30,
2009) 1992 Fifth
(6 years, Republic
Independe 126 days)
nt
 (from 1988)

June 30,
1992
Fidel V.
Lakas– – Joseph
12 Ramos 1992
(1928– NUCD June 30, Estrada[p]
2022) 1998
(6 years,
0 days)

1998
June 30,
1998
Joseph
– Gloria
E.
13 LAMMP January Macapaga
Estrada
(born
20, l Arroyo[r]
1937) 2001[q]
(2 years,
204 days)

14 Gloria Lakas– January Vacant[s]

Macapag CMD 20, 2001
al –
Arroyo June 30,
Teofisto
(born 2010
1947) Guingona
(9 years,
Jr.[t]
 Noli de
2004
Castro[u]
161 days)

June 30,
Benigno
2010
Simeon
– Jejomar
15 Aquino Liberal 2010
June 30, Binay[v]
III
(1960–
2016
2021) (6 years,
0 days)

16 Rodrigo PDP– June 30, 2016 Leni

R. Laban 2016 Robredo[h]
Duterte –
(born June 30,
1945) 2022
(6 years,
0 days)
 Ferdinan June 30,
d 2022
Marcos – Sara
17 PFP 2022
Jr. present Duterte[w]
(born (1 year,
1957) 229 days)

See also: List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office

Unofficial presidents[edit]
Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the
Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente
Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its
Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district
councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of
Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as
president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known
as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica
Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to
denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial
origins.)[31][32][33][34][35]

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply
that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included.[36] Miguel
Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine
Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived
the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both
considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar
and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government.[37][38]

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this
is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First
Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several
revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine
republics.

Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José A