Effluent Treatment by Activated Sludge Process

R. C. Rout and M. L. Devram

JK Paper Mills, Jaykaypur, Rayagada, Orissa

U Activated Sludge treatment has become increasingly popular for treating pulp and paper industry
waste waters in Finland, Canada, European countries and Asian countries. The common problems
in ASP are too high floc load due to bulking sludge, inadequate Nutrient addition, Lack of Oxygen,
pH increase in aeration, Fatty and resin acids, Toxins & lack of essential metals such as Iron, etc. The
factors affecting the ASP efficiency are Variability in waste water flow and quality, Sludge retention
time, Hydraulic retention time, Organic loading (FfM ratio), Macronutrient levels, Mixed liquor
suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, Mixing and aeration intensity and Mixed liquor oxygen
level, Mixed liquor temperature, Mixed liquor pH value. Most of the companies worldwide are
shifting towards ECF, TCF bleaching technology by eliminating chlorine, chlorine dioxide and hypo
chlorite and also in paper making from acid sizing to alkaline sizing. Worldwide survey of ASPs is
indicating the Bulking Problem more in ECF &TCF bleaching than the Chlorine and Hypo conventional
bleaching. As JKPM moving towards ECF bleaching, alkaline sizing paper technology, low water
consumptiGn in process and close Ioopittg 01 the system, high concentration of poll1ltaftt witlt high
temperature effluent is generated. Hence, JKPM modified the existing effluent treatment system
with a New Activated Sludge Process with cooling Tower. Due to the effective control of ETP process
• parameters by Operators, JKPM achieved the best result of BOD, COD, SS and pH of out going
discharge treated effluent on a continuous basis.

INTRODUCTION water and metabolic energy, whereas in the anaerobic

treatment process, the organics are reduced to methane,
The main pollutants in the effluent are JK Paper Mills,
carbon dioxide and water. The anaerobic system is
Oxygen Demanding Substances- BOD, COD, TOC, TaD,
generally preferred where the BOD level is higher than
Disease Causing Agents, Synthetic Organic Compounds
2000mg/ltr or else aerobic system is employed. At JKPM,
- Detergents, Pesticides, Oil and grease, industrial
the incoming BOD varies from 250 / 350 mg/Itr and
chemicals, Poly chlorinated biphenyl compounds,
thus the plant has been augmented by adding activated
Chloroform, Dioxin, Adsorbable Organic Halide, Color,
sludge process with cooling tower in addition to aerated
Endocrine disruptors, plant nutrients- Low in Nitrogen
lagoon (utilized as shock load).
and phosphorous, Inorganic Chemicals and Minerals
Substances- acid, alkalis, heavy metals, Sediments- Total Treatment Process At JKPM (Fig. 1)
solids, Dissolved solids, suspended solid, Thermal
The treatment process involves the following three major
Discharges- Effluent with high temperature and Radio
steps
Active Materials - Rare use in pulp and paper industry.
They contribute to BOD, COD, suspended solids, pH • Removal of settleable solids from combined effluent.
variation in the effluent and it needs treatment before its
• Bio-degradation at activated sludge basin (ASB).
disposal. (I)
• Sedimentation to recover and maintain healthy
There are various biological treatment systems like
micro-organism at ASB.
oxidation pond, trickling filters, aerated lagoons and
activated sludge process, where the tiny micro- Removing Settleable Solids
organisms are utilized to bio-degrade (synthesis) the
The waste water (effluent) from various sections of the
carbonaceous organic materials (dissolved / mill is brought to ET Plant through channels to a
undissolved) present in the effluent. In the aerobic
collecting pit. A number of bar screens have been
treatment process the oxygen supplied is utilized by the installed in the channel to trap and remove the coarse
microorganism to oxidize organics to carbon dioxide,

IPPTA T. Vol. 16, No.4 Oct 2004 39

suspended solids like leaf, plastic pieces and uncooked take place at ASB(Table) : -
bamboo pieces etc. The pH of the effluent (contributed
Thus the activated sludge process is a complex oxidizing
by contaminants like acid & alkali) is controlled between
process where the micro-organisms are grown and
6.5 to 8.5 by dosing Hydrochloric acid / Calcium hypo-
population is maintained to synthesize the dissolve~ /
chlorite solution as required. The effluent is pumped to
undissolved carbonaceous organic / inorganic matenals
primary clarifier through grits chambers and further
present in the effluent to biological cell and the end
settleable fine solids like uncooked fibres, pulp, grits,
products. (2)
lime sludge, talcum powder etc. are removed to the tune
of90 - 95%. The recovered organics and inorganics from Sedimentation to recover micro-organism
the underflow of clarifier is screened through vibro-
The cell tissues generated during biodegration have
screens and dewatered through twine wire presses and specific gravity slightly more than water and thus they
the cake (having 35 to 40% solids & balance water) is can be removed from the treated effluent by gravity
sold to outside agency for making pulp board. settling. So after the above reaction, total mixed li~~or
Biodegradation with suspended solids is taken to secondary clarifier,
where the micro-organism and sludge are settled. As
The effluent from primary clarifier overflow containing
per experience, the new growth of cell tissu: ~s
dissolved organics / inorganics [which result into Bio-
equivalent to about 32% of BOD input hence 32 % IS
chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) & Chemical Oxygen wasted to balance desired concentration of organism at
Demand (COD)) and unsettled fine Suspended Solids
ASB. About 68% of the underflow settled sludge is
(55) is then subjected to biodegradation process. The
recirculated to balance the population of micro-
overflow of primary clarifier effluent at 38/48°C
organism in the Activated Sludge Basin. Th~excess
temperature goes to a cooling tower and where by the
sludge of secondary clarifier is discarded to drying bed,
temperature maintained at AS Basin is 34 - 37°C. At
whereas the clear treated effluent overflowing the
inlet launder of Activated Sludge Basin (ASB), the
clarifier is discharged to River Nagavali and land
cooled effluent is mixed-up with calculated dose of
Irrigation.
nutrients like Urea and DAP (Diamrnonium phosphate).
The activated sludge basin volume has been designed Design & Control parameters of Activated Sludge
for a effluent flow rate of 40000 M3/ day with BOD Process
reduction by 90% (i.e, from 200 ppm to 20 ppm) with
To design and operate activated sludge process system
MLSS of 2700-3000 mg/Jtr, and F/M ratio of 0.25. The 8 efficiently, it is utmost important to understand the
nos. 50 HP, slow speed aerators supply required oxygen
importance of the micro-organism in the syste.m.
to micro-organism. The process of conversion of Microbial waste water treatment involves consumption
dissolved organics / inorganics r;naterials to bacteria of impurities as food by the active micro-organism,
and reduction of BOD & COD to the tune of 90% and generation & growth of micro-organisms in the p~ocess.
further reduction of bacteria to gases and waste product The micro-organisms in Activated Sludge Basin are
takes place at :\SB. The following chemical reactions bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, rotifiers and viruses etc.

Table 1: Aerobic chemical reactions at ASB

1. Oxidation Process:
COHNS + 0, + Bacteria ~ CO2 + NH~+ Energy + End products (1)
(Organic matter)
2. Synthesis Process: pH 6.5 to 7.5
COHNS + 0, + Bacteria + Energy ) C,~02 (2)
(Organic matter) (New bacterial cells)
3. Auto Oxidation Process (Endogenous respiration):
••
C,H7N02 + SOl ~ 5 CO2 + 2H20 + NH3 + Energy. . (3)
(Cell tissue)
4. Formatting of Algae:
Photosynthesis through sunlight
CO2+2HP ) CHP + O2 + Hp (4)
in presence of inorganic New
compounds, nitrogen & Algae
phosphorous Cells (produce bad taste & odor)

CHP + 0, -+ CO2 + H20 .. .. (5)

New algae at night
Cells

40 IPPTA J. Vol. 16, No.4 Oct 2004

 Fig. 1 : Effluent treatment process at JKPM.

HCIIHypo chlorite Polyelectrolyte

adjust pH
10 for better settling

Waste water
(EFFLUENT) BAR GRITS PRIMARY
from Mills SCREENS
J-----.L-.
CHAMBERS f---- CLARIFIER -"-"sludgC
1
Vibro
Lea~lastic pieces
Gti\e
knots, boo I I Screens 1
wood pieces PC overflow
1
r I I
I Oxygen through
aerators
During
Twin Wire
P"", .•"",,,
I
I
COOLING ~
TOWER
SHOCK LOAD
POND
Shock
"matr +
Pulp fibre &,
inorganic cake

1!
Oiammonium phosphate Ox~ thr~ aerattrs sold for, board
Oiiii making
t ,tKm~~
I ~

ACTIVATED Treated effluent

SECONDARY
SLUDGE BASIN
WITH AERATORS
1 CLARIFIER. I •• fur disposal to r iver
and Land irrigation

Excess biomass to drying beds or to primary

Microorganism. 680/. 32"10
clarifier unde rflow sludge.

One protozoa (single cell, longer in size than bacteria) The bacteria generally fall into following three
consumes thousands of dispersed bacteria (which have . categories:
•. not flocculated) and produces improved quality
settleable biological floc and thus act as polisher. The 1. Spherical (0.5 to 1.0 micron diameter)
rotifiers (multicellular animal) consume dispersed and 2. Cylindrical (0.5 to 1.0 micron width x 1.5 to 3.0
flocculated bacteria and organic particles (which do not micron length)
settle) and improve the treatment efficiency. Hence, the
population of both protozoa and rotifiers indicate the 3. Helical (0.5 to 5.0 micron width x 6 to 15 micron
length)
Table 2: Bacterial Composition The bacteria grow from the constituents of effluent
through binary fission and their life cycle varies from
Approx. composition of 20-25%dry mass: 20/30 min to 1 day. The composition of bacteria (Table-
Carbon 50% 2) shows that it contains about 75 to 80% water. Out of
20 - 25% dry mass, about 90% mass include carbon,
Oxygen 20%
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and balance as
Nitrogen 14% phosphorous, sodium, sulphur, potassium, magnesium
and calcium etc. Hence, presence of these constituents
Hydrogen 8% in the effluent itself help to form new bacteria cell in
Phosphorous 3% presence of oxygen and energy released during
oxidation of organics by the bacteria. So initial seeding
of bacteria help in speeding up the growth. By photo-
.. Balance 5% constitutes sodium, sulphur, potassium, synthesis, in presence of nitrogen & phosphorous and
magnesium & calcium etc. sunlight, the algae is also produced which consume

Table 3: Design of Cooling Tower

maturity of system. Their population is maintained
carefully at an optimum level by avoiding shock loads Type Induced Draft, Cross Flow.
of pH, Temp & BOD and adding proper nutrients or by Designed flow 1600M3/Hr
substituting for dead micro-organisms through external Designed temp. From 50° temp. gradientto 34°C
dosing. To ensure good settling characteristics, the gradient
microbial growth in the mixed liquor is maintained in Effluent feed pump 90KW
the declining growth phase. Duel speed
Cooling Fans (2 nos.) 30KW

IPPTA J. Vol. 16, No.4 Oct 2004 41

 and acidity of incoming effluent to maintain pl l between
oxygen at night and release carbon-dioxide. Thus, the
complex Biodegradation process continues till suitable 6.5 to 8.5.
environment is maintained for their growth.(34) Table 4: Nutrient Dosing

Maintaining Healthy Bacterial growth Length x breadth x liquor depth 82M x41 M x 4.5 M
Growth of the micro-organism is delicately dependent Avg. BOD load 5040 Kg/day
Urea used 450 Kg/day
on many factors such as incoming BOD feed rate, pH,
DAPused 210 Kg/day
temperature, dissolved oxygen in ASB, addition of
nutrients like Urea and DAP, retention time at ASB
proper mixing of recirculated bacteria with incoming iii) Control of Dissolved Oxygen (D.O)
effluent and the nutrients at feed launder, and The dissolved oxygen concentration for activated sludge
desludging of dead bacteria from the system. These are process range from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/litre depending upon
very well controlled as detailed below :- the characteristic of waste water and the type of activated
i) Control of temperature at ASB sludge process. The micro-organisms need oxygen for
their survival and reproduction. Since they cannot
Typically, most biological waste water systems in the directly extract oxygen from the atmosphere either
pulp and paper industry are operated between 30 to oxygen is dispersed through diffuser or through
37°C. However, seasonal changes, the batch operation aerators. At JKPM eight nos. of slow speed 50 HPsurface
of upstream units, and overall process shut downs in aerators have been installed to supply 300 to 400 kg
the mill cause significant temperature variation in ETP. oxygen/Hr for supporting microbial growth depending
Input temperature to ETP varies from 37 to 48°C at JKPM
upon effluent processing rate.
due to high temperature at CDEopD bleaching stage.
Such temerature fluctuations are suspected to cause poor As the submergence increases due to increased flow,
solids separation in the secondary clarifier and high the oxygen transfer rate and load on to aerator also
effluent suspended solid (ESS)level. Based on optimum increases. The aerators submergence have been carefully
temperature for growth of bacteria, these are classified set for a flow variation between 900 to1200 M3/ Hr so
as psychrophilic (temp from 4 to 10°C), mesophilic (temp that aerator does not get overloaded when flow varies(5). ..
from 20 to 40°C) and thermophilic (temp from 50 to 55°C).
iv) Addition of nutrients
At low temperature the growth process slows down but
as the temperature increases from 5 to 35°C, the rate of The nutrients dosing varies based on incoming BOD3 in
biological activity gets doubled for every 10 to 15°C. temp the ratio of BOD3 : Nitrogen: Phosphorous from 100: 6
rise. The mesophilic bacteria grow efficiently at : 1 to 100 : 3 : 0.6. Excess nutrient dosing may result into
temperature between 20°C to 40°C, at constant BOD algae growth and bubbling at sec. clarifier, which affect
load, adequate nutrient dosing and pH between 6.5 to the clarity of treated effluent.
8.5. It is critical to maintain the temperature variation Hence, for better growth of bacteria, calculated amount
within ± O.5°C at ASB at all times on a consistent basis of Urea and DAP dosing in the ratio of BOD: Urea: DAP
without a cooling tower (Table-3). The temperature at as 100 : 5 : 1 is carried out at the ASB launder through
ASB is controlled by controlling outlet temperature from the dosing pumps (Table-4).
cooling tower by varying the speed of cooling tower fans.
v) Toxicants
ii) Control of pH
Toxic materials like sulphide, chloro-organics and
Most organisms cannot tolerate pH below 4.0. The metals like lead, copper, nickel and zinc may cause
filamentous fungi (multicellular protists) grow at pH toxicity and destroy bacteria (6). Hence, tests need to he
less then 6.5, deficiency of nitrogen dosing, low carried out in case the bacterial development is getting
dissolved oxygen and excessive sludge sugar. These
affected.
fungi are lighter than water and floats in the effluent.
Once proper environment for micro-organism growth
•
So the secondary clarifier overflow becomes turbid and
increases BOD of treated effluent. If the pH is more than has been established, it is utmost important to ensure
9, the microbial activity is inhibited. Bacteria's grow effective waste stabilization by controlling the
optimally at pH just above 7 whereas the Algae and desludging and controlling the growth rate of micro-
fungi grow on acid side of neutrality. Sudden fluctuation organism.
of pH due to acid / caustic spillage to effluent, result Food/Mirco-organism ratio
into shock load and consequent death of many micro-
organisms, which indirectly affect the BOD reduction The BOD3 food (F) to micro-organism (M) ratio (F/M) is
efficiency of the system. Hence, pH of the incoming a very vital control parameter for Activated Sludge
effluent to primary clarifier is controlled by addition of Process. When the F/M ratio is brought down below
HCi or calcium hypo-chlorite depending on alkalinity 0.8, initially the bacteria growth increases and then it

42 IPPTA i.v»: 16, No.4 Oct J)004

 Table 5 : Operator check list

Input pH to ETP needs to be checked and controlled ranging from 6.5 - 8.5.
• Colour is to be monitored visually at Inlet ETP.
• Sludge of Primary Clarifier is to be removed regularly. No jamming in Primary Clarifier.
Inlet Temperature is to be recorded and communication to ASBand Cooling Tower people.
• pH and Temperature of P.e. Overflow is to be checked and cooling tower will be operated accordingly.
• Temperature, pH, BOD, COD, SS of PC Overflow is to be monitored.
Activated Sludge Basin Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid, pH, Temperature, Dissolve oxygen, settling, SVI,
MLVSSneeds to be monitored.
• Urea & DAP dosing is to be checked.
Aerator ampere load is to be controlled for better oxygen transfer.
• Secondary Clarifier underflow circulation rate to be monitered.
• Secondary Clarifier underflow consistency and its flow to ASB.
• pH, DO, BOD, COD, Temp, SS of Secondary Clarifier overflow.
• Turbidity and Clarity of Secondary Clarifier Overflow.

declines (due to oxidation) and sludge settling rate (SVI) which is expressed as volume (in ml.) occupied by
becomes faster (due to flocculation). When the F/M ratio (one gm) suspended solid when allowed to settle in 1000
is higher, the microorganism will have dispersed growth cc measuring cylinder. A value of 80 to 150 indicates a
and the unused food will be carried to secondary good settling sludge and value between 150 - 200
clarifier. As a result, the treated effluent will become indicates that process needs immediate attention. With
turbid and BOD3 of treated effluent will be high. To MLSS of 2500 mg/Itr when the clear liquor level in the
overcome this situation, the F/ M ratio is brought down measuring cylinder is 420 cc i.e. Vol. of settled sludge is
580 cc, the SVI works out to 232 ml / gm which indicates
.. by controlling following:
that MLSS has to be increased to achieve SVI value of
Incoming effluent feed, less than 150 ml/ gm by controlling the desluding
Increasing the recirculation rate of activated sludge process by controlling, sludge recirculation at ASB and
to ASB from Secondary Clarifier underflow, lor by arresting the shock load, if any. To maintain
energetic bacteria, the excess sludge to the tune of about
• Amount of desluding based on excess sludge
32 % by weight of incoming BOD3, is discarded either to
generation. primary clarifier under flow sludge or to drying beds.
The F/ M ratio is maintained around 0.2 to 0.4 day in To maintain high retention time, the consistency of
the activated sludge basin with MLSS varying from 1500 secondary clarifier underflow sludge is maintained at
to 3000 mg/ltr. about 0.8% to as high as 1.2%. Lower consistency of
underflow sludge is also an indication of high SVI. The
The high MLSS at ASB and higher sludge recirculation
desludging % is varied based on MLSS to be maintained
rate from sec. clarifier help in maintaining high BOD
at ASB and mean cell residence time. The secondary
reduction efficiency even with fluctuation in incoming
clarifier underflow consistency can be increased to 0.8
BOD load. - 1.0% by reducing sludge return ratio, reducing sludge
The process is monitored through sludge volume index wasting and raising D.O.

Table 6: Results of ET Plant

Particulars Unit Inlet Inlet to Secondary OPCB

ETP ASB Overflow Norms

pH 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 7.1-7.5 7.0-8.5

Temperature °C 38-48 33-35 31-34

Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand Mg/I 250-350 190-210 10-25 Max. 30

Chemical Oxygen Demand Mg/I 1100-1300 650-750 250-310 Max. 350

Suspended Solids Mg/I 900-1100 100-110 30-48 Max. 50

IPPTA J. Vol. 16, No.4 Oct 2004 43

1
Mean Cell Residence Time problem. (8)
As the residence time of the cells in the system is • 3 to 10 mg/ltr of chlorine in the return sludge until
increased, the settling characteristics of the biological SVI is less than 150 (9,10)
floes are enhanced, due to presence of polymers and
• Addition of 5 to 6 mg/ltr Hydrogen Peroxide in the
slimes. Which promote formation of floes, which settle ."
by grwity. aeration basin until SVI is less than 120 (11)
• Addition of calcium hypo-chlorite @ 3M3I day of 21-
The Mean Cell residence time of ASB cells at ]KPM is
25 gpl Cl2 at return sludge to basin at effluent
about 10 days, which is well within recommended
processing rate of 1000 - 1100 M3I day Hr.
standard time of 5 - 15 days for activated sludge process.
A operator checklist (Table-5) is attached for operating • 'Fe' introduced into an activated sludge system
the ETP effectively. improves the treatment efficiency in concentratious
ETP Performance up to 30 mg Fe/Itr, while overdosing decreases COD
removal. Addition of Ferrous sulphate to the tune of
The effective running of modified ASP with cooling 10 mg/ltr i.e. 240 to 260 kg/day for 1000 - 1100
Tower leads to better control of BOD at 10 - 25 ppm, M3/Hr effluent at inlet to ASB flow rate also help in
Temperature 31 to 34°C and suspended solid 30 - 48 eliminating sludge bulking.
ppm of discharge treated effluent. The details are given
in Table - 6. Modern ECF & TCF Bleaching system experiences
bulking problem throughout the world. In UK 60 % of
General Problem Occurs during the ASB Process the ASP experiences high value of SVI ie >200 and 50 %
Foaming of ASP experience loss of solids. In Germany more than
27% of ASP plant experiencing bulking problem more
Due to increase in pH due to spillage of black liquor than six months.' 2'1 3' 14' 15 '1 6
and increase in fines due to spillage of pulp, a thick
Turbidity of secondary clarifier overflow
layer of foam develop at ASBafter the aeration, at cooling
tower as well as at ASS. This foam offset the 0.0 in the The secondary clarifier settling area is considered based
treated effluent and increases in load of Aerators.

Table 7 : Elimination bulking problem by FeS04 and Cl2

Particulars MLSS (gpl) Settled Sludge Vol. SVI Discharge

in 30 minutes (ml) SS (gpl)
Activated Sludge with bulking 2700 980 360 74
Ferrous sulphate 2700 750 280 45
Chlorine I Hypo I Bleaching Powder 2800 425 150 30

Addition of defoaming agent and or addition of alum on 50 to 150 kg Solids (MLSS) loading per day 1M2,
helps to reduce foam. Sprinkling of water will also based on average and peak flow respectively.
reduce foam. If pH is maintained at 7.2 to 7.4, the
As per literature available, toxic shock loading may
foaming tendency gets reduced. At higher MLSS (above
cause turbid effluent, which may be due to inactive
3500ppm) at basin, the foaming tendency of effluent
protozoa. Reseeding from another plant may be
gets minimized.
necessary to overcome the situation. In case
Sludge Bulking: denitrification occur at secondary clarifier (nitrogen
bubbling) and sludge is found to be rising in clumps,
As the SVI value increases above 150 mIl gm, the
this problem can be overcome by
activated sludge does not settling fast. Microscopic
examination may show filamentous growth. This a. Increasing sludge return rate
condition is known as sludge bulking(7). There is no
b. Increasing DO in the aeration basin and I or
firm rule for controlling the bulking of sludge either by
excess dosing of nitrogen or by variation of Dissolved c. By reducing the sludge age.
Oxygen (DO) at the basin or by controlling input BOD.
Often floc rising occur due to temperature difference
As per literature available, treatment of bio-sludge by between liquid temperature at secondary clarifier at base
dosing any of following chemicals along with reducing and the underground temperature which result into
food to micro-organism ratio will set-right the bulking convection current. High rate of recirculation of activated

44 IPPTA t.v»: 16, NoA Oct 2004

 sludge along with consistent desludging may help to Co Ltd, 2nd Ed., Chap. (9), p-393-467, (1979)
overcome the situation.
5 G. Mattock, New processes of waste water treatment
However, once the bacteria gets acclimatized to the new and recovery, Chap-I, 17-31, Soc. Chern. Ind. and
environment having uniform food to micro-organism Elish Horwood Ltd, Chichester, (1978)
ratio, a consistent BOD reduction efficiency of90% (BOD
from 200 mg/ltr to 20 mg/ltr) and above can be achieved 6 Yan Zhang, Pertti Hynninew, Metal concentration
with good floc settling rate by maintaining following :_ in some Pulp and Paper Mill effluents before and
after activated sludge treatmen, Helsinkin Univ.
• Uniform pH, Tech., Dept. Forest Products Tech., Fin-02150,
• Uniform temperature, Finland, Papri ja pun, V. 82 (5) (2000).

• Uniform dosing of nutrients, 7 B. Chambers and E.J, Tomlinson, Bulking of

Activated Sludge: Preventive and Remedial methods,
• Consistent supply of adequate quantity of oxygen Process Eng., WRCSLH. Ellis Horwood Ltd.,
by maintaining submergence of aerators (by Chichester, England, (1987).
maintaining uniform flow (17) of effluent) and
8 C.B. Waller and B.J.E. Hurley, Thames Water
• Uniform rate of desludging by calculating excess Authority, some experiences in the control of bulking
sludge generation per day. activated sludge, Chap.-12, 211-242, (1987).
Color enhanced 9 D. [enkim, J.B. Neethling, H. Bode and M.e. Richard,
Due to redox reaction at ASB, the colour of input to ASB University of California, Berkeley, USA, Chap-Tl,
effluent is lower than the Secondary clarifier overflow Part-4, Control strategy - The use of Chlorination for
treated effluent. control of activated sludge bulking, (1987)

CONCLUSION 10 Palm, J.H. Junkins, Dand Parker, D.5. The relationship

between organic loading, dissolved oxygen
Worldwide survey of ASPs is indicating the Bulking concentration and sludge satiability in the
.'"
Problem more in ECF &TCF bleaching than the Chlorine completely mixed activated sludge process,]. Water
and Hypo conventional bleaching. To achieve and Poll. Control Fede., ,52, 2482-2506, (1980)
maintain above conditions with varying seasons and
varying quality of incoming effluent (w.r.t BOD, COD, 11 Caropreso, F.E. Raleign, e.W and Warner, [.C. Attack
55, dissolved solids, temp. & pH etc.), the role of the bulking sludge with H202 and a microscope.
operating and process controlling crew is very vital. Bulletin, California water pollution control ass., N-
Definitely improved control makes ASP more viable in 44, (1974).
ECF and TCF bleaching technology in pulp and paper 12Tomlinson, E.J, Bulking - A survey of Activated
industry where bulking problem occurs. Our new ET Sludge Plants, Tech. rep. TR 35, WRC, 1976, 32PP.
Plant deigned with foresight, installed with care and
operated with precision will easily meet our 13Pasreer, A. A case of filamentous activated sludge,
environmental needs of coming decade. Journal of the Water Poll. Control Fed., 41, (7),1341-
1352, (1969).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
14 Pipes, W.O, Bulking of Activated sludge, Adv. in
The authors express their heartfelt gratitude to the appl. Microbiology, 9, 285-239 , (1967).
Management of M/s. J.K. Paper Mills.
15 F. Wagner, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany, Study of the
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IPPTA ]. Vol. 16, No.4 Oct 2004 45