MODULE 5: DIGITAL TEACHNOLOGY

AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Overview

The internet and telecommunication industry in the 1990s changed the way we connect and
exchange information. Digital technology impacted people in many ways. By the way people live,
work, learn, and socialize. Digital technology comprises of electronic tools, devices and systems
that generate, store and process data. It enables us to experience the benefits of advanced
information technology systems. Such as efficiency and productivity, improved communication and
collaboration and faster acquisition of information. In this lesson, we will discuss the digital age and
its effect in society, the two-essential theory in technology, and how technological change takes
place.

Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

• Explain the role of ICT in social change.

• Identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and imminent threats of the digital age.
• Articulate basic, but fundamental definitions of complex issues and dynamics that humans
encounter every day, such as technology, social progress, development, and
digitalization.

Lesson 1: Introduction to the Digital Age

Digital age, also known as Information age, is a period when the computer and internet were
introduced. It is caused by rapid shift from traditional industry to computerization all the way to
artificial intelligence which brought by Industrial Revolution. These technologies enabled people to
communicate information easily and rapidly. Digital Technology became prevalent and widely used
around the world. Information can be accessed easily specially with the use of the internet. House
chores and jobs are getting automated with the help of machines and equipment. Mobile phones
became very useful in every areas of life --- in education, entertainment, jobs, etc. Digital
technologies have radically changed the way people work, consume, and communicate over a short
period of time.

The ICT and its role in Social Change

Information Communications Technology (ICT) has the power to transform society. ICT is defined
as a group of interrelated technologies (electronic devices) for accessing, processing, and
disseminating information. It is a system of electronic network activated through a complex hardware
and software systems linked by a vast array of technical protocols. ICTs are indisputably important
part of our social setting today. The term ICTs has been used to embrace technological innovation
and merging in information and communication transforming our world into information or knowledge
societies. The rapid development of these technologies has fainted the boundaries between
information, communication, and various types of media.

The development of a society mostly depends on the access to information. The Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) greatly ease the flow of information and knowledge offering the
socially marginalized community an extraordinary chance to attain their own rights socially,
economically, educationally, and politically. Despite ICT’s massive potential, the current global
information outburst has had surprisingly little impact on development activities and access to
practical information for rural communities, local people, and forefront development workers in
developing countries. The emergence of Internet, World Wide Web, mobile cell phones, digital
television, and several other new electronic devices pertaining information and communication
technologies (ICTs) are opening a fresh passageways for transforming the way we live, work, learn,
communicate and also provides a strategic opportunities of diverse and significant social and
economic benefits to people across the globe. It also enables financial inclusion through
mcommerce and allows people to connect with millions instantaneously.

Social change refers to a transformation of culture and social organizations/structures over time. We
are aware that in a modern world, a society is never static and that of social, political, economic, and
cultural changes occurs constantly. The social transformations that could result from the increasing
use of ICTs depend strangely on verdicts made by organizations and individuals outside our
household, many of whom have great economic leverage, political power or technical expertise. To
increase the consent potential of ICTs, it is important to understand some of their basic features,
which make them a unique kind of technologies.

Entertainment

With the advent of new technologies, the world of entertainment is constantly evolving. Digital
broadcasting has completely changed the way we experience television and radio. Cinema
can now be found at the comfort of your home through application such as Netflix, iFlix, etc.
We get entertained by the content that we see in Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram.
Computer gaming has also been an important influence in the development of graphical
interfaces. Technology has been at the forefront of changes in production and distribution of
music. We can now listen to music and podcast using Spotify. These are some of the many
technologies we use for entertainment that arise in the Digital Age.

Business

The impact of ICT on business is particularly significant. It empowers people to share

knowledge and advice instantaneously and set up an online shop or website at a low cost,
dramatically lowering the barriers to starting a business. As such, ICT maturity is closely
linked to economic growth.

Businesses in today’s life have promoted a lot with the coming of ICT. Its impact cannot be
over emphasized. For example, ICT helps to increase productivity in business with the use
of social Media platforms for marketing and promotion. The use of websites now allowed
companies to develop new and cheaper ways of offering customers with opportunities of
buying goods and services at their convenient time and enhance the level of customer
service. Online platform has been the marketplace where people can transact and
communicate.

The impact of ICT infrastructure on social businesses cannot be understated. It has made
social impact affordable, social impact scalable, and enables new ways to connect to and
engage with local communities.

Education

The impact of ICT on teachers, trainers, learners, researchers and the entire education
society is tremendous. It is changing the way of the education delivery system in the world
by enhancing access to information for all. It also ensures effective and inclusive education.
ICT supports the concept of open learning where the thrust is upon enhanced student access
and the development of student autonomy.

ICT can play varied roles in developing an effective learning environment. It assists teachers
and helps explain core content concepts and addresses misconceptions. It acts as a
stimulant and fosters analytical thinking and interdisciplinary studies. It networks a learner
with the peers and experts and develops collaborative atmosphere. It plays the role of a guide
and mentor by providing tailor made instructions to meet individual needs. Online learning
facilitates learning through digital mode. With the help of multimedia, it enhances
effectiveness of teaching-learning and hence proves crucial for early learners, slow learners
and differently abled learners. Modern ICT tools not only deliver the content but also replicate
formal learning experience via virtual learning. The intention of virtual classrooms is to extend
the structure and services that accompany formal education programs from the physical
environment to learners.

ICT also addresses the need of mobile learning. It offers independent space and flexibility
that comes from working away from the learning institute or tutor. It makes education
accessible to all, irrespective of geographical barriers or resource constraints. Learners from
remote areas, working people who want to learn further and update their knowledge and
differently abled students who find travelling an issue of concern - benefit from the mobile
learning mode.

Digital resources in classrooms can help prepare students for a digital society and economy

Digital technologies can unlock new learning opportunities in the classroom by giving
students access to a wider range of resources, by complementing the teacher in learning
processes (computer-assisted learning) and by providing other advantages to students, such
as access to motivational and informational resources associated with access to tertiary
education programs.. Access to technology is quite certainly beneficial to students’ digital
skills and provide a clear advantage to students in that area. But the effects on other learning
outcomes are generally considered limited or potentially negative. Some studies find that
computer-assisted learning has some positive effects, especially in science and
mathematics, because it provides students with personalized learning modules that are
adapted to their level.

Jobs and earnings

Beyond income security, employment fulfils a number of important roles for human wellbeing,
such as time structure, social contact, a sense of purpose, a valued social position as well as
an opportunity for skill use. For this reason, the labor market effects of the digital
transformation are among the most significant for people’s well-being. The digital
transformation has the potential to generate substantial changes in the composition of the
labor market as jobs that require certain skillsets are replaced by a combination of technology
and higher skilled labor, or even completely automated. At the same time, digitalization yields
opportunities by creating employment in new and existing industries, with greater job-to-job
mobility facilitated by online job search tools. The digital economy also fundamentally
changes the nature of work for many people, with fewer jobs exerting physical demands on
workers but more jobs placing an emotional strain on desk-workers. New jobs in ICT and in
other sectors become available.

Despite fears for the automation, there is little evidence so far that technological change has
led to a net loss of jobs. There are theoretical reasons for which technological progress may
contribute to job creation. Efficiency gains and cost-savings may induce job creation within
industries by expanding the market and therefore increasing demand. Increased productivity
in one sector can also have positive spillovers in other sectors, if this translates into lower
prices and higher demand across the economy. While these processes may imply short-term
unemployment among displaced workers, they have the potential to generate economy-wide
employment gains.

Digital technologies may destroy jobs at risk of automation.

While the previous section has pointed to the lack of evidence of the negative effects of
technological change on total employment so far, a number of authors have argued that ICT
based technological change will be more profound than previous instances of great
technological change. This argument is mainly supported by the observation that the
laborsaving potential of digital technologies is far greater than in the case of previous
technological changes. As a result, automation may, in the future, have much more impactful
consequences on the need for human labor than it has so far. For the moment, while a shift
away from manufacturing jobs has been observed, this has not translated to overall losses in
employment, as middle-skill jobs have been replaced by new high-skill and low-skill jobs.

Concerns of the automation of jobs are warranted, however, at least in order to make the
case for the need to invest in the most appropriate skills for the future digital economy. Thus
far, estimates of the impact of automation mainly rely on expert’s predictions of the types of
tasks that are likely to be replaced by machines. Previous estimates by Autor, Levy and
Murnane (2003) quickly proved to be too cautious: tasks that Autor et al. considered to be
out of reach for machines, such as truck driving, are already being threatened by rapid
advances in machine learning and AI. More recent estimates of the potential job displacement
effects of automation have looked at job tasks rather than entire job categories. Food
preparation assistants, cleaners and helpers, laborers in mining, construction, manufacturing
and transport, and assemblers are the most likely to see their job tasks automated, while
teaching professionals, health professionals and personal care workers are among the least
likely to lose their job to a machine. Similarly, Schwab (2016) and Susskind and Susskind
(2015) consider that the work of lawyers, financial analysts, journalists, doctors or librarians
could be partially or totally automated. Schwab (2016) emphasizes that algorithms made
available by AI are able to successfully replace human actions, even creative ones. The
author presents the example of automated narrative generation, in which algorithms can
conceive written texts for particular types of audience.
Teleworking (Work from Home) allows people to save time and combine their work and
personal lives

Teleworking (Work from Home), on the other hand, may present an opportunity for work-life
balance as it improves time management and may reduce time spent commuting. A variety
of studies have found that employees who engage in telework have higher job satisfaction.
Among positive effects, teleworkers report reduced commuting times, more flexibility in
organizing their working time, and better overall work-life balance. Evidence from the
American Time Use Survey shows that reductions in the time spent commuting and in-home
production due to Internet increase labor force participation.

Health

Digitalization can affect people’s health status through the emergence of new physical and
mental health risks and through its impact on the health-care delivery system. Health risks
associated with the digital transformations include mental health problems associated with
the extreme use of digital technologies, especially among children and teenagers and the
crowding out of other activities such as physical exercise. Health-care delivery is also affected
by new digital technologies, such as electronic records, new treatment options, telecare, and
teleconsultation. An important aspect of digitalization concerns the production and use of
medical data to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of health systems. As a caveat, the
exchange and use of medical and health data must meet high data protection and data
security standards, considering its sensitivity. How and where care is delivered is also
affected by digital innovations, which challenges the traditional role of care providers, with
implications for interactions among care providers and between providers and patients. The
effects of these changes in healthcare delivery of health inequalities are potentially large, but
also less well documented.

Extreme use of digital technologies may have negative mental health effects

The effects of mobile phones, video games, and the pervasiveness of ubiquitous screens on
the mental health of children and teenagers have drawn significant attention in the public
debate because they may present risks of addiction. Extreme Internet use, defined as
children who spend more than 6 hours on the Internet outside of school, is becoming more
common among children and teenagers, with time spent online by 15-year-olds increasing
by about 40 minutes between 2012 and 2015 on average. A study also found that the
iGeneration members (the generation grown up in an environment where technology is
ubiquitous) check their social media accounts on average every 15 minutes. While video
games used to be the primary source of extreme use of digital technologies, the smartphone
has extended this risk to a wider range of applications. A recent study found that 39% of 18-
to 29-year-olds in the United States are online “almost constantly”

Research suggests that the Internet triggers neurological processes similar to other addictive
substances and activities, i.e. experiences of short-term pleasure in the brain’s “reward
center”. This area releases a combination of dopamine, opiates and other neurochemicals
when activated, a mechanism that can be compromised over time due to the deterioration of
associated receptors, requiring even more stimulation to get a similar response. Children and
teenagers, for biological reasons, are more susceptible to addiction because their brain is still
in development. For example, a study among 14-year-olds in Belgium found that frequent
 gamers had brain abnormalities compared to other teens, potentially resulting from dopamine
releases associated with video games.

There is evidence of a direct link between extreme Internet use and depression and anxiety,
but the nature of this relationship is disputed and is likely to be bi-directional, as people with
anxiety, depression and other mental health problems are also potentially more likely to
spend time online. A longitudinal study run on 3 000 children in Singapore found that extreme
video game use and problems such as social phobia, attention deficit disorder, anxiety and
depression often occur together and are likely to be mutually reinforcing.

Theories in Technology

Technological Determinism

It is the theory which strongly believe that technology shapes the culture, values, social
structures of a society. The main reason why society progresses is because of the kind
technology the society has. Technological innovation is the cause of the social progress.
The technology has the control over the society --- over human actions, culture and values.
Technology greatly influences human thought and action. In other words the society is
changing because of technology.

According to Winner, technology is not the slave of the human being but rather humans are
slaves to technology as they are forced to adapt to the technological environment that
surrounds them.

Example. The Medium is the Message by Marshall McLuhan. The technology which is used
as a channel of communication matter more than the content.

Example. The invention of the stirrup. It is the foot support for horse-riders. Before its
invention, riders were not able to use swords while riding in a horse because they may lose
balance. When the stirrup was invented, it enabled armored knights to fight on horseback.
Because of this, it brought the development of feudal societies --- a military rule by nobles or
lords

Example. The invention of gun. Before, the weapons used were swords and archery ---
soldiers had to be skilled and trained in using these weapons. But a new invention in
technology changed it all. A gun was invented which require a less effort and can be used
even from far distances. This technology changed the way soldiers are trained. It also
changed how soldiers fight in a war.

Social Constructivism

Social Constructivism is the opposite of the Technological Determinism. Social

Constructivism believes that humans play a main role in shaping technology rather than
technology shaping society. It believes that technology does not determine human action,
but rather, human action shapes the technology. Our curiosity, the hunger to expand, and
the need to do things efficiently drive us to create these technologies.
Technological Change

Technological change means the technical knowledge used in the production of capital and
machinery. The various changes in technology leads to an increase in the productivity of
labor, capital and other production factors. Technological progress comprises of creation of
skill, new means of production, new uses of raw materials and the widespread use of
machinery.

The technology is the most powerful means of wresting power from nature in all possible
ways. It strengthens the facilities of man. Prof. Frankel assumes that the, “Technological
change is not a mere improvement in the technical know-how. It means much more than this.
It should be preceded by sociological change also, a willingness and desire on the part of
community to modify their social, political and administrative institutions so as to make them
fit with new techniques of production and faster tempo of economic activity.” Technology,
according to J. P. Dewhurts, in fact, can be thought of as the change in the production process
of material and human skills.
Process of Technological Change

Technological changes devise new goods and techniques of production. The development of
new technical knowledge can be defined as the growth of the new technique that can produce
goods and services at lesser cost of production.

The process of growth of technical knowledge can be divided into following stages:

(a) Formulation of scientific principles

(b) Application of these principles to give technical problems
(c) Development of technical inventions to the point of commercial exploitation.

The first stage is the advancement in scientific knowledge, the second is that of the
application of this knowledge to some useful purposes and third is the commercialization of
invention which is called innovation. This has a great significance in the process of
development. Schumpeter has distinguished between invention and innovation. Invention
implies the discovery of new technique while innovation is practical application of invention
in production for market.

It may be called commercialization that originates from scientific advancement. Invention is

scientific fact while innovation is economic fact. Inventions are carried on by the inventors
large capital investments at every stage as it needs not only a scientific attitude but an attitude
of the community and an entrepreneurial skill of high order with the ability to understand the
possibilities of employing scientific incentives for commercial purposes.
 MODULE 6: IT CULTURE AND THE
SOCIETY
Overview
Technology is changing every aspect of our lives. The benefits provided by new digital approaches
are having a huge impact on our societies. However, one of the greatest business challenges is not
about the devices, software or solutions – it is about how we manage the process of cultural change
and its effect to our society. In this module we will learn what are the different technological
advancements and future trends in technology that could potentially change and shaped the way we
live our lives.

Objectives
At the end of this module, learners are expected to:
• Identify what are the current and emerging trends in technology;
• Understand how technology affects culture and society trough through the different
advancements in technology;
• Asses the positive and negative effects of said advancement.

Lesson 1: Internet of Things

The "Internet of things" (IoT) is becoming an increasingly growing topic of conversation both in the
workplace and outside of it. It's a concept that not only has the potential to impact how we live but
also how we work. But what exactly is the "Internet of things" and what impact is it going to have on
you, if any?

Lightbulbs, along with refrigerators, coffee makers, microwave ovens, baby monitors, security
cameras, speakers, televisions, and thermostats have, in the past few decades, transformed from
ordinary objects into conduits for the future. Embedded with sensors that see, hear, and touch the
world around them, they can turn physical information into digital data. Collectively, these devices—
and there are billions of them around the world—make up the “internet of things.”

Figure 1.1 Internet of Things

Just about anything with network connectivity belongs to the internet of things, from security cameras
and speakers to smart watches and denim jackets. In the “smart home,” these internet enabled
gadgets liberate us from our chores, give us back some of our time, and add a dash of novelty to
ordinary experiences. (“Alexa, turn on the disco lights.”) But the internet of things is about more than
just using your voice to preheat the oven or using your phone to turn off the lights.

The real promise of the internet of things is making our physical surroundings accessible to our digital
computers, putting sensors on everything in the world and translating it into a digital format. Internet-
connected objects could be the key to unlocking predictions about everything from consumer
behavior to climate events, but those same objects could invite hackers into personal spaces and
leak intimate data. Depending on who you ask, the growing internet of things either represents the
promise of technology—the thing that will reinvent modern life as we know it—or that which will be
our technological undoing.

How IoT works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as
processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire
from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed
locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information
they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although
people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access
the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices
largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.
IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data
collecting processes easier and more dynamic.

Why IoT is important?

The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their
lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT
provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering insights into
everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.

IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down on waste
and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods, as well
as offering transparency into customer transactions.

As such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will continue to pick
up steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to keep them competitive.

How Does This Impact You?

The new rule for the future is going to be, "Anything that can be connected, will be connected." But
why on earth would you want so many connected devices talking to each other? There are many
examples for what this might look like or what the potential value might be. Say for example you are
on your way to a meeting; your car could have access to your calendar and already know the best
route to take. If the traffic is heavy your car might send a text to the other party notifying them that
you will be late. What if your alarm clock wakes up you at 6 a.m. and then notifies your coffee maker
to start brewing coffee for you? What if your office equipment knew when it was running low on
supplies and automatically re-ordered more? What if the wearable device you used in the workplace
could tell you when and where you were most active and productive and shared that information with
other devices that you used while working?

On a broader scale, the IoT can be applied to things like transportation networks: "smart cities" which
can help us reduce waste and improve efficiency for things such as energy use; this helping us
understand and improve how we work and live. The reality is that the IoT allows for virtually endless
opportunities and connections to take place, many of which we can't even think of or fully understand
the impact of today.

IoT Through the Years

1990
John Romkey creates the first IoT device: a toaster that he controls with his computer

1999
Kevin Ashton coins the term “internet of things” to describe the eyes and ears of a computer

2000
LG introduces its first connected refrigerator with a $20,000 pricetag

2008
The world’s first IoT conference is held in Zurich, Switzerland

2010
Tony Fadell founds Nest, maker of the smart thermostat

2013
Oxford Dictionary adds the term “internet of things”

2014
Amazon introduces the Echo speaker, along with the Alexa voice assistant—a new way to
control the smart home

2016
The Mirai botnet infects over 600,000 IoT devices with malware

2020
The number of internet-connected devices, by some estimates, exceeds 20 billion
The first internet-connected “thing” to make use of this new protocol was a toaster. John Romkey, a
software engineer and early internet evangelist, had built one for the 1990 showfloor of Interop, a
trade show for computers. Romkey dropped a few slices of bread into the toaster and, using a clunky
computer, turned the toaster on. It would still be a decade before anyone used the phrase “internet
of things,” but Romkey’s magic little toaster showed what a world of internet-connected things might
be like. (Of course, it wasn’t fully automated; a person still had to introduce the bread.) It was part
gimmick, part proof of concept—and fully a preview of what was to come.

The term “internet of things” itself was coined in 1999, when Kevin Ashton put it in a PowerPoint
presentation for Procter & Gamble. Ashton, who was then working in supply chain optimization,
described a system where sensors acted like the eyes and ears of a computer—an entirely new way
for computers to see, hear, touch, and interpret their surroundings.

As home internet became ubiquitous and Wi-Fi sped up, the dream of the smart home started to look
more like a reality. Companies began to introduce more and more of these inventions: “smart” coffee
makers to brew the perfect cup, ovens that bake cookies with precision timing, and refrigerators that
automatically restocked expired milk. The first of these, LG’s internet-connected refrigerator, hit the
market in 2000. It could take stock of shelf contents, mind expiration dates, and for some reason,
came with an MP3 player. It also cost $20,000. As sensors became cheaper, these internet-
connected devices became more affordable for more consumers. And the invention of smart plugs,
like those made by Belkin, meant that even ordinary objects could become “smart”—or, at least, you
could turn them on and off with your phone.

Any IoT system today contains a few basic components. First, there’s the thing outfitted with sensors.
These sensors could be anything that collects data, like a camera inside a smart refrigerator or an
accelerometer that tracks speed in a smart running shoe. In some cases, sensors are bundled
together to gather multiple data points: a Nest thermostat contains a thermometer, but also a motion
sensor; it can adjust the temperature of a room when it senses that nobody’s in it. To make sense of
this data, the device has some kind of network connectivity (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, or satellite)
and a processor where it can be stored and analyzed. From there, the data can be used to trigger
an action—like ordering more milk when the carton in the smart refrigerator runs out, or adjusting
the temperature automatically given a set of rules.

Most people didn’t start building an ecosystem of “smart” devices in their homes until the mass
adoption of voice controls. In 2014, Amazon introduced the Echo, a speaker with a helpful voice
assistant named Alexa built in. Apple had introduced Siri, its own voice assistant, four years prior—
but Siri lived on your phone, while Alexa lived inside the speaker and could control all of the “smart”
devices in your house. Positioning a voice assistant as the centerpiece of the smart home had
several effects: It demystified the internet of things for consumers, encouraged them to buy more
internet-enabled gadgets, and encouraged developers to create more “skills,” or IoT commands, for
these voice assistants to learn

The same year that Amazon debuted Alexa, Apple came out with HomeKit, a system designed to
facilitate interactions between Apple-made smart devices, sending data back and forth to create a
network. These unifying voices have shifted the landscape away from single-purpose automations
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“goodnight,” for example, and the command can dim the lights, lock the front door, set the alarm
system, and turn on your alarm clock. LG’s SmartThinQ platform connects many home appliances,
so you can select a chocolate chip cookie recipe from the screen of your smart fridge and it’ll
automatically preheat the oven. Manufacturers bill this as the future, but it’s also a convenient way
to sell more IoT devices. If you already have an Amazon Echo, you might as well get some stuff for
Alexa to control.

By 2014, the number of internet-connected devices would surpass the number of people in the world.
David Evans, the former chief futurist at Cisco, estimated in 2015 that “an average 127 new things
are connected to the internet” every second. Today, there are over 20 billion connected things in the
world, according to estimates from Gartner. The excitement around the brave new internetconnected
world has been matched with concern. All of these objects, brought to life like Pinocchio, have made
the world easier to control: You can let the delivery man in the front door, or change the temperature
inside the house, all with a few taps on a smartphone.

IoT benefits to organizations

The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are industry-specific,
and some are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the common benefits of IoT enable
businesses to:

• monitor their overall business processes;

• improve the customer experience;
• save time and money;
• enhance employee productivity;
• integrate and adapt business models;
• make better business decisions; and
• generate more revenue.
IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses and gives them the
tools to improve their business strategies.

Generally, IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility organizations, making
use of sensors and other IoT devices; however, it has also found use cases for organizations within
the agriculture, infrastructure and home automation industries, leading some organizations toward
digital transformation.

IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job easier. Sensors can collect data on rainfall,
humidity, temperature and soil content, as well as other factors, that would help automate farming
techniques.

The ability to monitor operations surrounding infrastructure is also a factor that IoT can help with.

Sensors, for example, could be used to monitor events or changes within structural buildings, bridges
and other infrastructure. This brings benefits with it, such as cost saving, saved time, quality-of-life
workflow changes and paperless workflow.
A home automation business can utilize IoT to monitor and manipulate mechanical and electrical
systems in a building. On a broader scale, smart cities can help citizens reduce waste and energy
consumption.

IoT touches every industry, including businesses within healthcare, finance, retail and manufacturing.
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Pros and cons of IoT

Advantages of IoT

• ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device;

• improved communication between connected electronic devices;
• transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money; and
• automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the
need for human intervention.

Disadvantages of IoT

• As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between
devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.
• Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe even millions -- of
IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.
• If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.
• Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from
different manufacturers to communicate with each other.

Consumer and enterprise IoT applications

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from consumer IoT and
enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). IoT applications span numerous verticals,
including automotive, telecom and energy.

In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart thermostats,
smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be controlled remotely
via computers and smartphones.

Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data, sending messages
to other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives easier and more
comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for example, improving first
responders' response times during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or by
tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.

In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more closely using
an analysis of the data that's generated. Hospitals often use IoT systems to complete tasks such as
inventory management for both pharmaceuticals and medical instruments.

Smart buildings can, for instance, reduce energy costs using sensors that detect how many
occupants are in a room. The temperature can adjust automatically -- for example, turning the air
conditioner on if sensors detect a conference room is full or turning the heat down if everyone in the
office has gone home.

In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light, temperature,
humidity and soil moisture of crop fields using connected sensors. IoT is also instrumental in
automating irrigation systems.

In a smart city, IoT sensors and deployments, such as smart streetlights and smart meters, can help
SCIENCES alleviate traffic, conserve energy, monitor and address environmental concerns, and
improve sanitation.

IoT security and privacy issues

The internet of things brings all the benefits of the internet to items like lightbulbs and thermostats,
but it brings all the problems of the internet, too. Now that people have their speakers, television
sets, refrigerators, alarm clocks, toothbrushes, light bulbs, doorbells, baby monitors, and security
cameras connected to the Wi-Fi, nearly every device in the house can be compromised, or rendered
useless. Consider the whims of internet connectivity: When your Wi-Fi goes down, so do your
devices. Router problems? That means you can’t turn on the heat with your smart thermostat or
unlock your smart door lock. Things that used to be easy become potentially faulty, if not impossible,
when they require an Alexa command or a smartphone control rather than a physical button. Many
of these devices also run on proprietary software—meaning, if their manufacturer goes bunk, gets
sold, or stops issuing software updates, your clever little gadget becomes a useless hunk of plastic.

Risk of bricking aside, connecting things to the internet also leaves those objects, and everything
else on your Wi-Fi network, more vulnerable to hackers. Laura DeNardis, in her recent book The
Internet in Everything, has called this threat to cybersecurity the greatest human rights issue of our
time. The risk isn’t just that some prankster breaks into your smart washing machine and upsets the
spin cycle, or that your Nest camera gets hijacked with a message to subscribe to PewDiePie’s
YouTube channel. (Yes, that really happened.) A hacked smart lock means someone can open your
front door. Hack into enough smart water heaters and you can send a city into a massive blackout.
And one vulnerable device can compromise the whole network. As WIRED’s Lily Hay Newman points
out, “IoT devices have been conscripted into massive botnets, compromised for nation-state
reconnaissance, hacked to mine cryptocurrency, and manipulated in assaults on power grids.”

The threat to internet-connected devices comes not just because they’re connected to the internet,
but because device manufacturers have not always designed their products with security as a
priority. In 2016, malware called Mirai exploited these kinds of vulnerabilities in over 600,000 IoT
devices to create a massive distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. The following year, an attack
called Krack infected nearly every internet-connected device connected to Wi-Fi. The attack was
crippling and difficult to defend against, in part because the internet of things runs on so many
disparate operating systems. When a phone or a computer gets hit with a virus, software makers
are generally quick to issue a patch. But things like routers or internet-connected doorbells don’t
usually receive software updates needed to protect against vulnerabilities, and many of them
SCIENCES weren’t built with the same kind of security protocols as computers. After the Krack attack,
one security researcher predicted that we would stitll “find vulnerable devices 20 years from now.”

Then there’s the question of privacy. If cameras and microphones are studded around your home,
they are definitely watching and listening to you. Everything in the internet of things collects data—
and all that data has value. In a recent study, researchers found that 72 of the 81 IoT devices they
surveyed had shared data with a third party unrelated to the original manufacturer. That means the
finer details of your personal life—as depicted by your smart toothbrush, your smart TV, or your smart
speaker—can be repackaged and sold to someone else. Google and Apple both admitted, last year,
that the recordings captured by their smart speakers are reviewed by contractors, including awkward
and intimate snippets of audio. Amazon has partnerships with over 400 police departments, who use
the footage from its Ring doorbell cameras to keep watch on neighborhoods. An ever-expanding
internet of things doesn’t just have consequences for personal privacy. It can create a network of
computer eyes and ears everywhere we go.

Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one vulnerability to
manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that don't update their devices regularly
-- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to cybercriminals.

Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their personal information, including
names, ages, addresses, phone numbers and even social media accounts -- information that's
invaluable to hackers.

Hackers aren't the only threat to the internet of things; privacy is another major concern for IoT users.
For instance, companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices could use those devices to
obtain and sell users' personal data.

Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure, including electricity,
transportation and financial services.
The Future of the Internet of Things
One day, the internet of things will become the internet of everything. The objects in our world might
sense and react to us individually all the time, so that a smart thermostat automatically adjusts based
on your body temperature or the house automatically locks itself when you get into bed. Your clothes
might come with connected sensors, too, so that the things around you can respond to your
movements in real time. That’s already starting to happen: In 2017, Google SCIENCES announced
Project Jacquard, an effort to create the connected wardrobe of the future.

This vision extends far beyond your clothes, and even your home. You’ll also have smart offices,
smart buildings, smart cities. Smart hospital rooms will have sensors to ensure that doctors wash
their hands, and airborne sensors will help cities predict mudslides and other natural disasters.
Autonomous vehicles will connect to the internet and drive along roads studded with sensors, and
governments will manage the demands on their energy grids by tracking household energy
consumption through the internet of things. The growth of the internet of things could also lead to
new kinds of cyber warfare; imagine a bad actor disabling every smart thermostat in the dead of
winter, or hacking into internet-connected pacemakers and insulin pumps. It could create new class
systems: those with robot maids, and those without. Or, as Ray Bradbury described in one short
story from 1950, all the people might disappear—but the smart homes, preparing meals and
sweeping the floors, will live on.

If we’re going to get there—whether we like “there” or not—we’re going to need faster internet. (Enter:
5G.) We’ll also need to keep all those devices from mucking up the airwaves, and we’ll need to find
a better way to secure the data that’s transmitted across those airwaves. Recently, the Swiss
cryptography firm Teserakt introduced an idea for a cryptographic implant for IoT devices, which
would protect the data that streams from these devices. There are also ideas for creating a better
standard for IoT devices, and plans to help them get along with each other, regardless of which
company makes them or which voice assistant lives inside.
 Lesson 2: Current Trends and Emerging
Technologies
Overview

Information technology is an industry on the rise, and business structure, job growth, and emerging
technology will all shift in the coming years. Current trends are improving and presenting new
functions in fields like medicine, entertainment, business, education, marketing, law enforcement,
and more. Still, other much-anticipated technology is only now coming on the scene.

Innovations in IT change internal company processes, but they are also altering the way customers
experience purchasing and support — not to mention basic practices in life, like locking up your
home, visiting the doctor, and storing files. The following trends in information technology are crucial
areas to watch in 2019 and viable considerations that could influence your future career choices.

Current Trends in Information Technology

The latest technology methods and best practices of 2019 will primarily stem from current trends in
information technology. Advancements in IT systems relate to what the industry is leaning toward or
disregarding now. Information technology is advancing so rapidly that new developments are quickly
replacing current projections.

a. Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a network of resources a company can access, and this method of using a
digital drive increases the efficiency of organizations. Instead of local storage on computer hard
drives, companies will be freeing their space and conserving funds. According to Forbes, 83
percent of enterprise workloads will be in the cloud by 2020, which means 2019 will show an
increasing trend closing in on this statistic.
Cloud storage and sharing is a popular trend many companies have adopted and even
implemented for employee interaction. A company-wide network will help businesses save on
information technology infrastructure. Cloud services will also extend internal functions to gain
revenue. Organizations that offer cloud services will market these for external products and
continue their momentum.
Organizations will transfer their stored files across multiple sources using virtualization.
Companies are already using this level of virtualization, but will further embrace it in the year to
come. Less installation across company computers is another positive result of cloud computing
because the Internet allows direct access to shared technology and information. The freedom of
new products and services makes cloud computing a growing trend.

b. Mobile Computing and Applications

Mobile phones, tablets, and other devices have taken both the business world and the personal
realm by storm. Mobile usage and the number of applications generated have both skyrocketed
SCIENCES in recent years. Now, 77 percent of Americans own smartphones — a 35 percent
 increase since 2011. Pew Research Center also shows using phones for online use has
increased and fewer individuals use traditional Internet services like broadband.
Experts project mobile traffic to increase even further in 2019, and mobile applications, consumer
capabilities, and payment options will be necessary for businesses. The fastest-growing
companies have already established their mobile websites, marketing, and apps for maximized
security and user-friendliness. Cloud apps are also available for companies to use for on-the-go
capabilities.

c. Big Data Analytics

Big data is a trend that allows businesses to analyze extensive sets of information to achieve
variety in increasing volumes and growth of velocity. Big data has a high return on investment
that boosts the productivity of marketing campaigns, due to its ability to enable high-functioning
processing. Data mining is a way companies can predict growth opportunities and achieve future
success. Examination of data to understand markets and strategies is becoming more
manageable with advances in data analytic programs.
This practice in information technology can be observed for its potential in data management
positions for optimal organizations. Database maintenance is a growing sector of technology
careers. To convert various leads into paying customers, big data is an essential trend to continue
following in 2019.

d. Automation

Another current trend in the IT industry is automated processes. Automated processes can
collect information from vendors, customers, and other documentation. Automated processes
that check invoices and other accounts-payable aspects expedite customer interactions.
Machine processes can automate repetitive manual tasks, rather than assigning them to
employees. This increases organization-wide productivity, allowing employees to use their
valuable time wisely, rather than wasting it on tedious work.
Automation can even produce more job opportunities for IT professionals trained in supporting,
programming, and developing automated processes. Machine learning can enhance these
automated processes for a continually developing system. Automated processes for the future
will extend to groceries and other automatic payment methods to streamline the consumer
experience.

Emerging Trends in Information Technology

Trends in information technology emerging in 2019 are new and innovative ways for the industry to
grow. These movements in information technology are the areas expected to generate revenue and
increase demand for IT jobs. Pay attention to these technological changes and unique products that
enhance business operations.

a. Artificial Intelligence and Smart Machines

What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to Encyclopedia, Artificial intelligence (AI), is the ability of a digital computer or
computercontrolled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is
frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the SCIENCES
intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover
meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience.

Figure 1.1 Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence, or AI, has already received a lot of buzz in recent years, but it continues to be
a trend to watch because its effects on how we live, work, and play are only in the early stages. In
addition, other branches of AI have developed, including Machine Learning, which we will go into
below. AI refers to computer systems built to mimic human intelligence and perform tasks such as
recognition of images, speech or patterns, and decision making. AI can do these tasks faster and
more accurately than humans.

Five out of six Americans use AI services in one form or another every day, including navigation
apps, streaming services, smartphone personal assistants, ride-sharing apps, home personal
assistants, and smart home devices. In addition to consumer use, AI is used to schedule trains,
assess business risk, predict maintenance, and improve energy efficiency, among many other
money-saving tasks.

In fact, Artificial intelligence are already being used in different organization to help solve problems
such as AI face recognition is beginning to help with missing people reports, and it even helps identify
individuals for criminal investigations when cameras have captured their images. According to the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, face recognition is most effective when AI systems
and forensic facial recognition experts’ team up. AI will continue to promote safety for citizens in the
future as software improvements shape these applications.

Medical AI is another trend that reflects surprising success. Given patient information and risk factors,
AI systems can anticipate the outcome of treatment and even estimate the length of a hospital visit.
Deep learning is one way AI technology gets applied to health records to find the likelihood of a
patient’s recovery and even mortality. Experts evaluate data to discover patterns in the patient’s age,
condition, records, and more.

Home AI systems are also increasingly popular to expedite daily tasks like listening to tunes, asking
for restaurant hours, getting directions, and even sending messages. Many problem-solving AI tools
also help in the workplace, and the helpfulness of this technology will continue to progress in 2020.
 Figure 1.2 Ai Systems: Alexa, Google Assistant, Siri, Bixby

b. Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR), the use of computer modeling and simulation that enables a person to interact
with an artificial three-dimensional (3-D) visual or other sensory environment. VR applications
immerse the user in a computer-generated environment that simulates reality through the use of
interactive devices, which send and receive information and are worn as goggles, headsets, gloves,
or body suits. In a typical VR format, a user wearing a helmet with a stereoscopic screen views
animated images of a simulated environment. The illusion of “being there” (telepresence) is effected
by motion sensors that pick up the user’s movements and adjust the view on the screen accordingly,
usually in real time (the instant the user’s movement takes place). Thus, a user can tour a simulated
suite of rooms, experiencing changing viewpoints and perspectives that are convincingly related to
his own head turnings and steps. Wearing data gloves equipped with force-feedback devices that
provide the sensation of touch, the user can even pick up and manipulate objects that he sees in the
virtual environment.

Virtual Reality’s most immediately-recognizable component is the head-mounted display (HMD).

Human beings are visual creatures, and display technology is often the single biggest difference
between immersive Virtual Reality systems and traditional user interfaces.

Figure 1.3 CAVE automatic virtual environment

For instance, CAVE automatic virtual environments actively display virtual content onto room-sized
screens. While they are fun for people in universities and big labs, consumer and industrial
wearables are the wild west.

With a multiplicity of emerging hardware and software options, the future of wearables is unfolding
but yet unknown. Concepts such as the HTC Vive Pro Eye, Oculus Quest and Playstation VR are
leading the way, but there are also players like Google, Apple, Samsung, Lenovo and others who
may surprise the industry with new levels of immersion and usability. Whomever comes out ahead,
the simplicity of buying a helmet-sized device that can work in a living-room, office, or factory floor
has made HMDs center stage when it comes to Virtual Reality technologies.

Figure 1.4 Oculus Rift

Whilst VR is known for transforming the gaming and entertainment industry in particular, with
consoles and handhelds adapting their games for VR the gaming experience has been utterly
transformed and improved all around. The connection between game and player becomes far closer
as gamers are completely immersed into their own gaming world.

VR is also beginning to revolutionize other industries such as healthcare, retail and education, which
is already aiding tasks in the sectors, from helping patients with anxiety relax, and helping students
learn more by experiencing what they are being educated on.

c. Augmented Reality

Augmented reality is a more versatile and practical version of virtual reality, as it does not fully
immerse individuals in an experience. Augmented reality features interactive scenarios that enhance
the real world with images and sounds that create an altered experience. The most common current
applications of this overlay of digital images on the surrounding environment include the recent
Pokémon Go fad.
 Figure 1.5 Pokémon Go

As it happens, phones and tablets are the way augmented reality gets into most people's lives.
One of the most popular ways AR has infiltrated everyday life is through mobile games. In 2016,
the AR game "Pokémon Go" became a sensation worldwide, with over 100 million estimated users
at its peak, according to CNET. It ended up making more than $2 billion and counting, according
to Forbes. The game allowed users to see Pokémon characters bouncing around in their own
town. The goal was to capture these pocket monsters using your smartphone camera, and then
use them to battle others, locally, in AR gyms.

Another app called Layar uses the smartphone's GPS and its camera to collect information about
the user's surroundings. It then displays information about nearby restaurants, stores and points
of interest.

Augmented reality can impact many industries in useful ways. Airports are implementing
augmented-reality guides to help people get through their checks and terminals as quickly and
efficiently as possible. Retail and cosmetics are also using augmented reality to let customers test
products, and furniture stores are using this mode to lay out new interior design options.

This doesn't mean that phones and tablets will be the only venue for AR. Research continues
apace on including AR functionality in contact lenses, and other wearable devices. The ultimate
goal of augmented reality is to create a convenient and natural immersion, so there's a sense that
phones and tablets will get replaced, though it isn't clear what those replacements will be. Even
glasses might take on a new form, as "smart glasses" are developed for blind people.
Like any new technology, AR has a lot of political and ethical issues. Google Glass, for example,
raised privacy concerns. Some worried that conversations might be surreptitiously recorded or
pictures snapped or thought that they might be identified by face recognition software. AR glasses,
contacts and more, like the Glass - X and Google Lens, though, are moving ahead in production
and sales.

The possibilities for augmented reality in the future revolve around mobile applications and health
care solutions. Careers in mobile app development and design will be abundant, and information
technology professionals can put their expertise to use in these interactive experiences.
d. Blockchain Data

Blockchain data, like the new cryptocurrency Bitcoin, is a secure method that will continue to grow
in popularity and use in 2019. This system allows you to input additional data without changing,
replacing, or deleting anything. In the influx of shared data systems like cloud storage and resources,
protecting original data without losing important information is crucial.

Blockchain in simple terms is a system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or
impossible to change, hack, or cheat the system. A blockchain is essentially a digital ledger of
transactions that is duplicated and distributed across the entire network of computer systems on the
blockchain.

The authority of many parties keeps the data accounted for without turning over too much
responsibility to certain employees or management staff. For transaction purposes, blockchain data
offers a safe and straightforward way to do business with suppliers and customers. Private data is
particularly secure with blockchain systems, and the medical and information technology industries
can benefit equally from added protection.

e. Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging movement of products with integrated Wi-Fi
and network connectivity abilities. Cars, homes, appliances, and other products can now
connect to the Internet, making activities around the home and on the road an enhanced
experience. Use of IoT allows people to turn on music hands-free with a simple command,
or lock and unlock their doors even from a distance.

Many of these functions are helping organizations in customer interaction, responses,

confirmations, and payments. Remote collection of data assists companies the most. IoT
almost acts like a digital personal assistant. The intelligent features of some of these IoT
products can aid in many company procedures. Voice recognition and command
responses will allow you to access stored data on cloud services.

IoT enriches the IT industry, especially in job creation. Within the next few years,
IoTrelated careers will increase, and there will be a need for 200,000 additional IT
workers, according to IT Pro Today. Design, troubleshooting, and support of IoT
products need extensive training and a specific set of skills.

f. 5G

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and
4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and
everything together including machines, objects, and devices.

5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency,
more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience
to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and
connects new industries.

5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been designed with an extended capacity to enable
 lOMoAR cPSD| 14888611

next-generation user experiences, empower new deployment models and deliver new services.
SCIENCES With high speeds, superior reliability, and negligible latency, 5G will expand the mobile
ecosystem into new realms. 5G will impact every industry, making safer transportation, remote
healthcare, precision agriculture, digitized logistics — and more — a reality.

Broadly speaking, 5G is used across three main types of connected services, including enhanced
mobile broadband, mission-critical communications, and the massive IoT. A defining capability of 5G
is that it is designed for forward compatibility—the ability to flexibly support future services that are
unknown today.

Enhanced mobile broadband In addition to making our smartphones better, 5G mobile technology
can usher in new immersive experiences such as VR and AR with faster, more uniform data rates,
lower latency, and lower cost per-bit.

Mission-critical communications 5G can enable new services that can transform industries with ultra-
reliable, available, low-latency links like remote control of critical infrastructure, vehicles, and medical
procedures. Massive

IoT
5G is meant to seamlessly connect a massive number of embedded sensors in virtually everything
through the ability to scale down in data rates, power, and mobility—providing extremely lean and
low-cost connectivity solutions.