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    Orata - Arc222 - Cement and Concrete

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    Anthony Orata
    Cement is a binding substance made from limestone and clay that is used to produce concrete and mortar. Joseph Aspdin first created cement in 1824 by heating limestone and clay, calling his invention Portland cement due to its resemblance to stone from Portland. There are two main types of cement: hydraulic cement, which hardens when mixed with water, and non-hydraulic cement, which hardens through exposure to carbon dioxide. Common cements used in construction include ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, and rapid hardening cement. Concrete is made by combining cement, aggregate like sand and gravel, and water. The most common concrete mix ratio is four parts aggregate, two parts sand, and one part

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    Orata - Arc222 - Cement and Concrete

    Uploaded by

    Anthony Orata
    11 views5 pages
    Cement is a binding substance made from limestone and clay that is used to produce concrete and mortar. Joseph Aspdin first created cement in 1824 by heating limestone and clay, calling his invention Portland cement due to its resemblance to stone from Portland. There are two main types of cement: hydraulic cement, which hardens when mixed with water, and non-hydraulic cement, which hardens through exposure to carbon dioxide. Common cements used in construction include ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, and rapid hardening cement. Concrete is made by combining cement, aggregate like sand and gravel, and water. The most common concrete mix ratio is four parts aggregate, two parts sand, and one part

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    ORATA_ARC222_CEMENT AND CONCRETE

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    Cement is a binding substance made from limestone and clay that is used to produce concrete and mortar. Joseph Aspdin first created cement in 1824 by heating limestone and clay, calling his invention Portland cement due to its resemblance to stone from Portland. There are two main types of cement: hydraulic cement, which hardens when mixed with water, and non-hydraulic cement, which hardens through exposure to carbon dioxide. Common cements used in construction include ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, and rapid hardening cement. Concrete is made by combining cement, aggregate like sand and gravel, and water. The most common concrete mix ratio is four parts aggregate, two parts sand, and one part

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    11 views5 pages

    Orata - Arc222 - Cement and Concrete

    Uploaded by

    Anthony Orata
    Cement is a binding substance made from limestone and clay that is used to produce concrete and mortar. Joseph Aspdin first created cement in 1824 by heating limestone and clay, calling his invention Portland cement due to its resemblance to stone from Portland. There are two main types of cement: hydraulic cement, which hardens when mixed with water, and non-hydraulic cement, which hardens through exposure to carbon dioxide. Common cements used in construction include ordinary Portland cement, Portland pozzolana cement, and rapid hardening cement. Concrete is made by combining cement, aggregate like sand and gravel, and water. The most common concrete mix ratio is four parts aggregate, two parts sand, and one part

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    of 5

    Orata, Anthony R.

    ABTECN01
    ARC222

    CEMENT

    Cement is a binding substance that hardens and sets to stick to building materials like
    stones, bricks, and tiles, among others. It is a gray powder made up of limestone, and sand that is
    mixed with water and sand to produce mortar or with water, sand, and small stones to make
    concrete.

    Ingenious British stonemason Joseph Aspdin first created cement by heating a mixture of
    ground limestone and clay in his kitchen stove and then grinding the mixture into a fine powder.
    Aspdin's invention is credited with the invention of cement as we know it today.

    As a result, the first hydraulic cement, which hardens when water is added, was created.
    Because of the resemblance between his invention and a stone quarried on the Isle of Portland,
    off the coast of Britain, Aspdin named his creation Portland cement. This talented craftsman
    obtained a patent in 1824 for what would turn out to be the most widely used building material in
    the world, creating the basis for the current global Portland cement industry.

    Chemical Composition

    Based on how it is formed and hardened, there are primarily two types of cement:
    hydraulic cement, which hardens as a result of the addition of water, and non-hydraulic cement,
    which hardens by carbonation with the carbon in the air, making it unsuitable for usage
    underwater.

    Non-hydraulic cement is produced through the following steps (lime cycle):

    1. Calcination: Lime is produced from limestone at over 825°C for about 10 hours.
    (CaCO3 → CaO + CO2)

    2. Slaking: Calcium oxide is mixed with water to make slaked lime. (CaO + H 2O →
    Ca(OH)2)

    3. Setting: Water is completely evaporated.

    4. The cement is exposed to dry air and it hardens after time-consuming reactions.
    (Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O)

    On the other hand, hydraulic cement is mainly made up of silicates and oxides:

    1. Belite (2CaO·SiO2);

    2. Alite (3CaO·SiO2);
    3. Tricalcium aluminate/ Celite (3CaO·Al2O3)

    4. Brownmillerite (4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3)

    The ingredients are processed in the kiln in cement plants. The complete chemistry of the
    reactions is still a subject of research.

    Types of Cement Used in the Construction Industry

    1. OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) is the most common cement used worldwide

    Mainly used for:

     Concrete: When OPC is mixed with aggregates and water, it makes concrete, which is
    widely used in the construction of buildings

     Mortar: For joining masonry

     Plaster: To give a perfect finish to the walls

    2. PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement) has a high resistance to different chemical assaults
    on concrete

    Mainly used for:

     Marine structures

     Sewage works

     Bridges

     Piers

     Dams

     Mass concrete works

    3. Rapid Hardening Cement – it is used in concrete if formwork is removed early,


    achieves great strength in the early stages, and is comparable to regular Portland cement
    (OPC).
    4. Quick Setting Cement - it increases strength quickly, and the rate of strength gain is
    comparable to that of ordinary Portland cement. In both situations, the formwork can be
    taken out early.
    5. White Cement
    It is a white variety of regular Portland cement made from raw materials free of iron
    oxide. It is more expensive and used for architectural purposes, including precast curtain
    walls, facing panels, terrazzo surfaces, etc. It is also used for interior and exterior
    decorative work, including exterior renderings of buildings, facing slabs, flooring,
    ornamental concrete products, garden paths, swimming pools, etc.

    CONCRETE

    Concrete is a composite material that is made by proportionally combining


    aggregate(sand, gravel, stone, brick chips, etc.), binding ingredients (cement or lime), water, and
    other additives to create an artificial stone-like mass. The mixing ratios determine the strength
    and quality.

    Ingredients of Concrete

    Cement

    The main component of cement is calcium oxide, which is an adhesive. Superheated limestone
    produces calcium oxide. Additionally, silicon, aluminum, iron, and several other secondary
    components are found in cement. After curing, cement serves as the binding agent that keeps the
    sand and aggregate in the concrete together.

    Aggregate

    Aggregate, often known as washed, crushed rock, or gravel, is what provides concrete its
    compressive structural strength.

    Sand

    It is used with coarse aggregates to create structural concrete, but it can also be used on its own
    with cement to make mortar and plaster.

    Water

    In addition to causing the chemical shift in cement's quicklime that enables it to stick to sand and
    rock, water also makes concrete workable. It is impossible to mix, mold, and finish concrete
    without water.

    Proportions of Concrete

    Four parts crushed rock, two parts sand, and one part cement are the safest bet for any concrete
    mix. Of course, the four-two-one mix comprises seven components. Conveniently, any variety of
    scales can be used to mix the ratio when mixing concrete. This can be translated as four
    shovelfuls of rock, two sand buckets, and one bucket of cement; four 5-gallon buckets, two sand
    buckets, and one bucket of cement; or four front-end loader buckets, two sand buckets, and one
    cement bucket.
    TYPES OF CONCRETE (Based on materials and purposes)

    Lime Concrete

    Lime is used as the binding component in lime concrete. Lime is typically combined with suki,
    khoa, or stones in the ratio 1:2:5. Before combining, the khoa or stones are submerged in water.
    The principal applications for lime concrete are terrace roofing and foundations.

    Cement Concrete

    Cement concrete contains cement, sand, brick chips, or stone chips of desired size. The common
    ratio used in cement concrete is 1:2:4 and 1:3:6.

    This type of concrete is adaptable construction material, which can be used for structural
    applications such as beams, columns, slabs, and foundations; non-structural applications such as
    paving, curbing, and landscaping; and precast applications such as pipes, paving stones, and sewer
    systems.

    The key benefits of cement concrete are its longevity, fire resistance, and strength. Additionally,
    it requires little maintenance and may be quickly fixed if it is broken. But working with cement
    concrete might be challenging because it is a pretty hefty substance. In addition, it is crack-prone
    and vulnerable to damage from severe weather.

    Reinforced Cement Concrete

    Steel reinforcements are applied to concrete to increase its tensile strength. To minimize or
    reduce tensile stresses, RCC may occasionally be prestressed under compression. Prestressed
    Concrete is the name given to the final product.

    Steel rods, bars, wires, meshes, and other materials can be utilized as steel reinforcement in
    RCC. To create the desired shape, the steel reinforcing bars or rods are cast into the concrete. The
    steel reinforcing bars are positioned so that they will adequately support the concrete against the
    anticipated loads.

    REFERENCES:
    Admin. (2021). What are the Proper Concrete Mix Proportions? BN Products.
    https://www.bnproducts.com/blog/what-are-the-proper-concrete-mix-proportions/
    #:~:text=The%20safest%20bet%20for%20any,on%20any%20range%20of%20scales.

    cement. (2023). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cement

    History of Cement | Construction Materials - CEMEX USA - CEMEX. (n.d.).


    https://www.cemexusa.com/products-and-services/cement/history-facts#:~:text=Cement
    %20as%20we%20know%20it,hardens%20when%20water%20is%20added.

    The Constructor. (n.d.). What is Concrete? How to Make Concrete?


    https://theconstructor.org/concrete/

    What is Cement? History- Chemistry- Industries. (n.d.). Civil Engineering.


    https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/81-cement-definition-and-full-details

    What is Concrete? Composition & Types of Concrete. (n.d.). Civil Engineering.


    https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/270-concrete-definition-
    components-types

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