95-126 Electromagnetic Waves
95-126 Electromagnetic Waves
95-126 Electromagnetic Waves
d
• B dl 0ic 0 0 dtE (Ampere-Maxwell law)
0 ( ic id )
where ic = conduction current and id = displacement current. The other symbols have their usual
meaning.
Ampere–Maxwell’s Circuital Law,
Need For Displacement Current
• Ampere-Maxwell’s law : The line integral of magnetic field B over a closed path in vaccum is
equal to u0 times the sum of the conduction current (I) and displacement current (ID).
d
dt u0 1 0 dtE
B
dE dE
dl u0 IC 0 dt
B I D 0
dt
This equation is known as Ampere-Maxwell’s circuital law or modified Ampere’s circuital law.
• The conduction and displacement currents are individually discontinuous, but the two currents
together possess the property of continuity through any closed electric circuit.
• The displacement current is precisely equal to the conduction current, when the two are present in
different parts of the circuit.
• Like conduction current, the displacement current is also a source of magnetic field.
Speed Of Electromagnetic Waves
• For an electromagnetic wave propagating in the positive x-direction, the values of electric and
magnetic fields at a distance x from the origin are represented by the equation,
x
E( x) E0 sin t
c
x
B( x) B0 sin t
c
where, c = the velocity of the electromagnetic waves.
B0 and E0 = amplitude of magnetic and electric field respectively.
• The speed of electromagnetic waves in free space is given as,
1
c
0 0
where, u0 = absolute permeability of free space,
0 = absolute permittivity of free space.
• For free space,
u0 = 1.257 × 10–6 T mA–1 and
0 8.854 10 12 C2 N 1m -2
1
c
1.257 10 6 8.854 10 12
c = 3 × 108 ms–1
Thus, speed of electromagnetic waves in free space is equal to the speed of light in vacuum
• The velocity of electromagnetic wave in a material medium is given by,
1
v
x-z plane
Y
E
E
O X O X
B
Z B
x-y plane (b) Electromagnetic waves
Z (a) Electromagnetic waves
propagating alongX–axis
• If the accelerated charge is oscillating, both the electric and magnetic fields vary with time and they
travel outwards from the charge in the form of electromagnetic waves.
• If E is along the Y-axis and B is along the Z-axis the direction of propagation is along E B i.e. along
the X-axis as shown in fig. (b). (The fields are shown as functions of x co-ordinate at given time t.)
• A single electromagnetic wave propagating perpendicular to both electric and magnetic fields in
magnified form is as shown in fig. (b).
• The magnetic field and electric field both vary sinusoidally with x. We can write Ey and Bz as follows.
Ey E0 sin( kx t ) .........(i)
Bz B0 sin( kx t ) .........(ii)
where E0 is the amplitude of the electric intensity E, B0 is the amplitude of the magnetic induction
2 is propagation constant and is the wavelength of oscillations, 2 v is the angular
B, k
frequency of oscillations.
• Both the electric and magnetic fields attain their maximum (and minimum) values at the same
time and at the same point in space i.e. they oscillate in same phase with same frequency.
• From fig. (a), it can be seen that propagation of electromagnetic field is in the direction of E B . As
the electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
wave propagation, the electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
Infrared Rays
Infrared rays were discovered by Herschell. Infra red rays are heat radiation and therefore all hot
bodies are the sources of infra red rays. About 60% of solar radiation is infra red in nature. The
frequency of infra red rays in the range of 4 × 1014 Hz to 1 × 1013 Hz and the wavelength of infra red
rays lies in the range of 8 × 10–7 m to 3 × 10–5 m.
Properties of infrared rays :
• Infra red rays are electromagnetic waves and travel with a speed of 3 × 108 m/s.
• Infra red rays obeys laws of reflection and refraction.
• Infra red rays can produce interference and can be polarised.
• When allowed to fall on matter, infra red rays produce an increase in temperature.
• Infra red rays affects a photographic plate.
• When absorbed by molecules, the energy of infra red rays gets converted into molecular vibrations.
• They can scattered less as compared to the visible light by the atmosphere. Hence infra red can
travel through longer distances through atmosphere under the conditions of smoke, fog etc.
Microwaves
The microwaves are produced by oscillating electronic circuits. The frequency of microwaves
lies between 3 × 1011 Hz to 1 × 109 Hz. The wavelength of microwaves lies in the range of 10–3 m to
3 × 10–1 m. The microwaves are used in radar and other communication systems.
Properties of microwaves:
• They obey the laws of reflection and refraction.
• They heat an object on which they are incident.
Uses of microwaves:
• Microwaves are used for the transmission of TV signals.
• They are used for long distance telephone communication.
• Microwave ovens are used for cooking.
• They are used in radar systems for the location of distant objects like ships, aeroplanes etc.
• They are used in the study of atomic and molecular structure.
Radiowaves
Like microwaves, radiowaves are also produced by oscillating electronic circuits. The frequency of
radiowaves varies from a few Hz to 109 Hz. The wavelength of radiowaves lies in the range of 1 m
to 10 km. The radio waves are used as carrier waves in radio broadcasting and T.V. transmission.
The following table gives a brief account of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Properties of radiowaves:
• They obey laws of reflection and refraction.
• Radio waves get diffracted from obstacles coming in their path. The size of the obstacle should be
large as radio waves are having quite larger wavelengths.
Uses of radiowaves:
• Radio waves are used for wireless communication purposes.
• They are used for radio broadcasting and transmission of TV signals.
• Cellular phones use radio waves to transmit voice communication in the ultra high frequency (UHF)
band.
13. The range of wavelength of the visible light is b) power is transmited along the electric and
magnetic fields
a) 10Å to 100Å
b) 4,000Å to 8,000Å c) power is equally transferred along the
electric and magnetic fields
c) 8,000Å to 10,000Å
d) power is transmitted in a direction
d) 10,000Å to 15,000Å
perpendicular to both the fields
14. Which of the following law asserts that the electric
field lines cannot form closed loops ? 20. Electromagnetic waves travel in a medium
a) Gauss’ law which has relative permeability 1.3 and
relative permittivity 2.14. Then the speed
b) Faraday’s law of the electromagnetic wave in the
c) Unmodified Ampere’s law medium will be
b) Cosmic rays and sound waves 22. Which of the following waves have the
maximum wavelength
c) Beta rays and sound waves
a) X-rays b) I.R. rays
d) Alpha rays and sound waves
17. The magnetic field in a travelling c) UV rays d) Radio waves
electromagnetic wave has a peak value of 23. All components of the electromagnetic
20 nT. The peak value of electric field spectrum in vacuum have the same
strength is
a) energy b) velocity
a) 3 V/m b) 6 V/m
c) wavelength d) frequency
c) 9 V/m d) 12 V/m
B0 c b) Magnetism only
c) E 0 d) E 0 B
c 0
c) Machanics only
25. Electromagnetic radiation of highest d) Both (a) and (b)
frequency is
31. Which radiation in sunlight, causes heating
a) infrared radiations
effect?
b) visible radiation
a) Ultraviolet b) Infrared
c) radio waves
c) Visible light d) All of these
d) -rays
32. Electromagnetic waves are produced by
26. If E and B are the electric and magnetic
field vectors of E.M. waves then the a) charged particle varying both in space &
direction of propagation of E.M. wave is along time
the direction of
b) accelerated charged particles varying both
in space and time
a) E b) B
c) accelerated particles varying in time
c) E B d) None of these
b) Average electric density and average 43. If v , r and m represent the wavelength
magnetic energy density are equal of visible light x-rays and microwaves
c) Average electric density and average respectively, then
magnetic energy density have different
values a) m x v b) v m y
d) Average electric density and average
magnetic energy density do not exist c) m v x d) v x m
Reason : A pulsar is a rotating neutron star. 27. Assertion : Static crashes are heard on radio,
when lightning flash occurs in the sky. (2014)
(1996, 1998) Reason : Electromagnetic waves having
21. Assertion : Quasar emits radiowaves more frequency of radio wave range interfere with
than radio galaxy. radio waves.
28. Assertion : UV radiation causes photo
Reason : Quasar has very small size. (2002)
dissociation of ozone into O 2 and O, thus
22. Assertion : Microwave communication is causing damage to the stratospheric ozone
preferred over optical communication. (2003) layer. (2015)
Reason : Ozone hole is resulting in global
Reason : Microwaves provide large number
warming and climate change.
of channels and bandwidth compared to
optical signals. 29. Assertion : The electromagnetic waves are
transverse in nature. (2016)
23. Assertion : Dipole oscillations produce
Reason : Waves of wavelength 10 mm are
electromagnetic waves. (2007)
radiowave and microwave.
Reason : Accelerated charge produces 30. Assertion : When a charged particle moves in
electromagnetic waves. a circular path. It produces electromagnetic
wave. (2016)
24. Assertion : Electromagnetic waves are
transverse in nature. (2010) Reason : Charged particle has acceleration.
31. Assertion : When a charged particle moves in
Reason : The electric and magnetic fields of
a circular path. It produces electromagnetic
an e.m. wave are perpendicular to each other
and also perpendicular to the direction of wave. (2016)
wave propagation. Reason : Charged particle has acceleration.