01-39 Dual Nature of Radiation Matter

Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & MATTER SYNOPSIS

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
• Some phenomena like Black body radiation, photo electric effect, Compton effect etc. can not be
explained by wave theory of light.
• Max Planck proposed quantum theory of light, according to which light is emitted in the form of
photons or quanta.
hc
• The energy of each photon E  h  where v is frequency and  is wavelength of light.

• A photon at rest has no mass. But when it moves with the speed of light c, its dynamic or kinetic
hv
c2 
mass m= ( By Einstein’s mass energy relation E  mc 2  h ).
• The momentum of a photon
h h h
p  mc  2
c   . ( c   )
c c 
• The number of photons n emitted by a source of monochromatic radiation of frequency v and
n n
power P in t seconds is p =   h , where is the number of photons emitted per second.
t t
12400
• Energy of a photon in electron volt can be found by using the formula, E (in eV) 
 (in Å)
nE
• Intensity = (A = Area of the surface)
At
nh nhc
  , (c   )
At At
Power P
Also Intesity  
Area 4r 2
1
I 
r2
• Photoelectric emission is the phenomenon in which a good number of substances, photosensitive
metals under the influence of a radiation such as  -rays, X - rays, ultraviolet and even visible light
emit electrons.
• These electrons are called photoelectrons and the current so formed is photoelectric current. The
photoelectric current is of the order of microampere.
• Einstein explained it extending the Planck’s quantum theory by assuming that the photons emitted
by a source of light travel through space in the form of photons and are incident on a metal surface
in the form of photons.
• When the photon of a radiation is incident on a metal surface, during a collision between a photon
and a semi free electron of the metal (an electron in the metallic bond) the electron comes out of
the metal taking all the energy of the photon. It uses some of the energy to do work in coming out
of the emitter.
• Einstein expressed the maximum K.E. of the liberated electron by an equation called Einstein’s
photoelectric equation. It is given by K.Emax= h v –w, where h v is the energy of the photon absorbed
by the emitter and w is the work function which is the work done by an electron to come out of
the emitter. In deriving this formula, only the principle of conservation of energy is used.
VELOCITY INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS 1

• Work function is different for different metals. It is small for Alkali metals. Work function of sodium
is 2.30 eV, potassium is 2.18 eV and ceasium is 1.88 eV.
• As the electrons are to be liberated from a metal the minimum energy w, required is obtained by
substituting K.Emax= 0 and the minimum frequency of radiation required to liberate it as v = vo
called threshold frequency in K.Emax = h v – w
0 = h vo – w,
hc
w = h vo =
0
12400
w (in eV) 
0 (in Å)
• Photoelectric emission from a metal is possible when light of certain minimum frequency called
threshold frequency ( vo ) is incident. The corresponding wavelength is called threshold wavelength
or cut-off wavelength ( 0 ).
• As work function is different for different metals, the threshold frequency is different for different
metals.
• For a given metal surface, the K.Emax of the photoelectrons liberated is linearly dependent on the
frequency of the incident light provided it is  v0 .
• The K.Emax is independent of the intensity of the incident radiation.
• If the frequency of incident light v  v0 , even if the intensity of light is made very large there is no
photoelectric emission. If the frequency of incident light v  v0 , there is photoelectric emission
however small the intensity of incident light may be.
• For a given metal surface, if the light of frequency  v0 is incident, the number of photoelectrons
liberated per second or photoelectric current increases with the intensity of incident light. This is
possible as more number of photons correspond to more intensity of incident light.
• The photoelectric current does not depend upon the frequency of the incident light provided
v  v0 .
• As the photoelectric effect is a collision effect, it is an instantaneous process.
• The time interval between the incidence of light and emission of electrons is about 3 × 10–9 s. So it
is taken as an instantaneous process.
• The photoelectrons liberated from a metal have Kinetic energies between 0 to K.Emax as some of the
collisions between the photons and electrons may take place inside the metal surface.
• In the photoelectric emission caused by high frequency radiations such as X-rays,  -rays etc.,
electrons from K, L, M shells are emitted.
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation in terms of  and 0 :
1 1 
K.Emax = h v – w = h v – h v 0 = hc   
  0 
1
h  mv 2
• Threshold frequency   0  2
h
hc
• Threshold wave length  0 
1
h  mv 2
2

•KE = E – ω
kE1 E1  
• 
kE2 E2   ( for the same surface ) Type Wavelength Frequency
range (m ) range (Hz)
• kE = h   0 
(i) Gamma rays < 10–3m 3×1018 m to 5×10 23
–3 17 20
kE1 1  0 (ii) X-rays 1 nm to 10 nm 3×10 to 5×10
• 
kE2  2   0 (iii) Ultraviolet 400 nm to 1 nm 8×1014 to 3×1017
14 14
(iv) Visible light 700 nm to 400 nm 4×10 to 8×10
1 1  (v) Infra red 1 mm to 700 nm 3×1011 to 4×10 14
• kE  hc   
  0 
9 11
(vi) Micro waves 0.1 m to 1 mm 3×10 to 3×10
5 9
(vii) Radio waves > 0.1 m 5×10 to 3×10
1 1

kE1 1 0

• kE2 1 1

2 0
v12 E1  
• 
v 2 2 E2  
v12 1   0
• 
v 2 2  2  0
• kE  eV0  E  
V0 = stoping potential
1 1

V01 1  0 1 0
•  
V02  2  0 1 1

2 0
1
• h  mv 2 /   0 
2
1 2
mv 0
1 2 1 1 
 h  mv /    c  2
2   0  c  0   
• Graphs between Vs and v for two different metal blocks will be parallel as the slopes are same.
Vs
A
B
tal
tal
me
me
v0 v

• It is clear from the graph that for   o there is no photoelectric emission for a given metal.
Maximum
K.E. of
Photo Electrons
v0
O M v
• It is clear from graph that different metals possess different values of threshold frequencies as well
as work functions.
Na K
Em ax
v
• The graph shows photoelectric current as a function of p.d. for light of different intensities I1, I2, I3.
We observe that Vo remains the same when the frequency (  ) of incident light is same for a given
metal and it is independent of incident intensity. But photo electric current is directly proportional
to intensity
Photo electric current
V0 Potential
• Different sources, having same intensity but of different wavelengths correspond to different values
of stopping potentials V01 , V0 2 , V0 3 for a given metal. It can be seen that V01  V0 2  V03 if 1   2   3
Photo electric
current
V0 1 V0 2 V03 Potential
PHOTO CELL (ELECTRIC EYE)
• It is a technological application of the photo electric effect.
• It is a device whose electrical properties are affected by light:
• It consists of a semi-cylindrical photosensitive metal plate (emitter) and a wire loop (collector).
• when light of suitable wavelength falls on the emitter ,photoelectrons are emitted and enters into
the circuit giving a few amperes of current.
• It converts a change in intensity of illumination into a change in photocurrent.
• These are the devices used to convert light energy into electrical energy.
• In the outer photoelectric effect photo electrons liberated are emitted out of the metal surface.
• In the inner photoelectric effect photoelectrons liberated are in the metal surface.
• There are three types of photo cells.
1) Photo emissive cells
2) Photo voltaic cells
3) Photo conductive cells.
• Photo emissive cells depend upon outer photoelectric effect whereas photo voltaic and photo
conductive cells depend upon inner photoelectric effect.
• Photo emissive cells are of two types.
1. Vacuum type and 2. Gas filled type
• In the Vacuum type of photo emissive cell, an evacuated glass tube has its inner surface coated
with an alkali metal.
To study stellar spectra potassium hydride photosensitive surface is used.
In the vacuum type, current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
• In a gas filled emissive cell, an inert gas such as He, Ar or Ne at a low pressure, some tenths of mm
of Hg, is filled. Gas filled cells produce much more intense photoelectric current due to ionization
by collision in the gas. But there is no propor-tionality between the current and intensity of incident
radiation.
• Photovoltaic cell is a true cell as it generates e.m.f. without the application of any external potential.
When light is incident on a semi conductor coated on a metallic plate covered by a semi transparent
film electrons are emitted and travel in the direction opposite to the light rays.
The semi conductors used are cuprous oxide, selenium.
The metal plates used are copper plate, iron plate.
The semi transparent films used are silver, gold, platinum.
For small load resistances the current is nearly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
• In a photo conductive cell, conductivity of a semi conductor is increased when light falls on it. But
the response is slow. The current is not proportional to the i ntensity of light. Photo electric cells are
used–
1. In exposure meters
2. To compare intensities of illuminations of two light sources.
3. In recording and reproduction of sound in films
4. In video cameras
5. To study stellar spectra
6. In electronic relay circuits such as Burglar’s alarm, counting devices, switching on and off street
lights, etc.
DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT (THE PHOTON)
• Photoelectric effect gave evidence to the fact that a light was made of quanta(or) packets of energy,
each of energy h .
• Einstein arrived at the result ,that the light quantum can also be associated with momentum ( h / c ).
It is shown that light quantum can be associated with a particle named photon.
• In interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as if it is made up of particles called
photons.
• Each photon has energy and momentum ( p  h / c ) , and speed c (the speed of light)
hc
 Energy, E  h  ;

h h
momentum, p   ;
c 
• photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
• In a photon -particle collision ,the total energy and total momentum are conserved. However, the
number of photons may not be conserved in a collision.

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

• In 1924, the French physicist Louis Victor de-Broglie put forward the hypothes that”moving particles
of matter should exhibit wave-like properties.
• As radiation shows dual aspects.the matter also shows dual nature
• The wave length  associated with a material particle of momentum p is
h h
  : m  mass of particle
p m
v  speed of particle, h  planck’s contstant
de-BROGLIE WAVES OR MATTER WAVES
• deBroglie hypothesis for dual nature of matter.
i) The entire universe consists of only matter and radiation.
ii) As radiation has dual nature, matter should also have dual nature, since nature loves symmetry.
h
• Wavelength of matter waves :  
mv
• If a body is at rest, v = 0 and    i.e., matter waves are not associated with bodies at rest.
• As velocity increases wavelength decreases.
• Matter waves do not depend upon the nature of the material.
• Matter waves are formed by the superposition of infinitely large number of waves of slightly different
frequencies.
• Matter waves are in the form of a wave packet.
de-Broglie driven by Einstein’s theory of mass energy equivalence and the fact that photons
(electromagnetic radition) have both wave and particle like properties proposed that material
particles also have both wave and particle properties. de-Broglie used Einstein’s special theory of
relativity together with Planck’s quantum theory to establish the wave properties of particles.
His fundamental relationship is
h

p
i.e., wave length to be associated with a particle is given by Planck’s constant divided by the
particle’s momentum.For a photon , E = pc
h
But E  h , so that h  pc and  
p
This relation for photons was extended to all particles by de-Broglie. Particle waves are called
matter waves, and the wavelength expressed is called the de Broglie wave length of a particle.
• For definite sized objects like a tennis ball the corresponding wavelength is very small to detect
their wave properties .Even a slit as narrow as 10–34 m cannot demonstrate interference or diffraction
but the deBroglie wavelength of the electron is large enough to observed. Because of their small
 h
mass, electrons can have a small momentum and in turn a large wavelength     . Diffraction
 p
effects have been obtained with streams of protons, neutrons and alpha particles .It is evident
from deBroglie’s equation that greater the mass of the moving patricle hence detection is difficult
.Ordinary objects have extremely small wavelengths .

• If m is the mass and V the velocity of the material particle, then p = mV
h

m
m0
as, m 
v2
1 2
c
v2
h 1
  c2
m0 v
• If E is the kinetic energy of the material particle then
1 p2
E m 2  , p  2mE
2 2m
Therefore ,the deBroglie wavelength is given by
h

2mE
• If a charged particle carrying charge q is accelerated through a potential difference of V volt, then
Kinetic energy, K.E. = qV
In that case ,   h
2mqV
• When the material particles like neutrons are in thremal equilibrium at absolute temperature T,
then they posseses Maxwellian distribution of velocities and so their average kinetic energy is
3
given by E  1 mv 2 ave  kT
2 2
Where k is Boltzmann’s constant whose value is 1.38 × 10–23 joule/K so that
h

3mkT
de-BROGLIE WAVELENGTH ASSOCIATED
WITH CHARGED PARTICLES
(1) For electrons (me  9.1 1031 kg )   h
2mqV
6.62  10 34 12.27
= m Å
31 19
2  9.1  10  1.6  10 V V
Note : The potential difference requried to have an electron of wave length  (Å) is
150.6
V (from the above equation)
2
27 0.286
(2) For protons (m p  1.67  10 kg) ,   Å
V
(3) For deuterons ( md  2  1.67  1027 kg)
0.202
 Å
V
(4) For   particles (m  4  1.67  1027 kg)
0.101
 Å
V

de-BROGLIE WAVELENGTH ASSOCIATED

WITH UNCHARGED PARTICLES
For neutrons
( mn  1.67 1027 kg) ,
h 6.62  1034
 
2mE 2  1.67  1027 E
0.286
 Å
E (eV )
h
• For gas molecules,  
m  Crms
3
 For gas molecules at Tk, E  kT
2
h
 
3mkT
DAVISON AND GERMER EXPERIMENT
• This demonstrated that electron beams are diffracted by regular atomic arrays of crystals:
• The wave nature of electrons was first experimentally verified by it.
• In this experiment ,the electrons are produced accelertated and then bombarded into the target .
They are scattered at an angle  into a detector. Hence the distribution of electrons is measured as
a function of angle  .
• Here Nickel was taken as example. It was found that high intensity of electrons were identified at
  50 & V0  54V ; The debroglie’s wavelength is
0
h
  h/ p  1.67 A  (1).....(1)
2meV0
• According to wave theory of light (interference) :
The constructive interference takes place when the path differences between two adjacent rays is
an integral numbers of wavelengths (or) From Bragg’s law d sin   n
d sin 
  :
n
where d  interatomic distance   scattering angle.
n  order :(=1,for maximum)
For nickel : d=0.215 nm:
d sin  0
  1.65 A _____ (2).....(2)
n
From 1 & 2 it is clear that:
“This experiment verified that de-Broglie’s hypothesis of the wave nature of moving material
particles”.

CLASSWORK
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 7. The photo electric work function for a metal
surface is 4.125 eV. The cut-off wavelength
1. The frequency of a photon associated with
an energy of 3.31 eV is (h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js) for this surface
a) 0.8 x 1015 Hz b) 1.6 x 1015 Hz a) 4125 Å b) 2062.5 Å
c) 3.2 x 1015 Hz d) 8.0 x 1015 Hz
c) 3006.06 Å d) 6000 Å
2. The photoelectric threshold wavelength for
silver is 0 . The energy of the electron 8. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV.
ejected from the surface of silver by an The longest wavelength of light that can
incident wavelength  (   0 ) will be cause photoelectric emission from this
substance is approximately
hc
a) hc(0   ) b)
0   a) 220 nm b) 310 nm
h  0     0    c) 540 nm d) 400 nm
c)   d) hc 
c  0   0  9. The energy of emitted photoelectrons from
3. The threshold wavelength for a surface a metal is 0.9 eV. The work function of the
having a threshold frequency of metal is 2.2 eV. Then the energy of the
0.6 × 1015 Hz is (given c = 3 × 108 m/s) incident photon is
a) 4000 Å b) 6000 Å a) 0.9 eV b) 2.2 eV
c) 5000 Å d) 3500 Å
c) 4. 4 eV d) 3.1 eV
4. The photoelectric threshold frequency of a
metal is v0. When light of frequency 3v0 is 10. The figure shows stopping
incident on the metal, the maximum kinetic potential Vs, and frequency
energy of emitted photoelectrons will be
 for two different metallic
a) hv0 b) 2hv0
surfaces A and B. The work
1
c) 3hv0 d) hv 0 function of A, as compared to that of B is
2
5. Two photons of energies twice and thrice a) less
the work function of a metal are incident b) more
on the metal surface. Then the ratio of
c) equal
maximum velocities of the photoelectrons
emitted in the two cases respectively, is d) nothing can be said
a) b) 3 :1 11. The threshold wavelength for emission of

2 :1
photoelectrons from a metal surface is
c) 3: 2 d) 1 : 2
6 × 10–7 m. The work function of the material
6. Light of wavelength  falls on a metal of the metal surface is .
hc
having work function a) 3.3 × 10–19 J
0 . Photoelectric
effect will take place only if b) 6.67×10–19 J
a)   0 b)   20 c) 1.23 × 10–19 J
c)   0 d)   40 d) 2.37 ×10–19 J

12. The maximum velocity of an electron 17. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 300 nm and
emitted by light of wavelength λ incident intensity 1.0 W/m2 falls on the surface of a
on the surface of a metal of workfunction photoelectric material. If one percent of the
 is where h = Planck’s constant,
incident photons produce photoelectrons,
m = mass of electron and c = speed of light
1/ 2
then the number of photoelectrons emitted
 2( hc   )  2( hc   ) from an area of 1.0 cm2 of the surface is nearly
a)   b)
 m m
1/ 2 1/ 2 a) 9.61 × 1014 per second
 2( hc   )   2( hc   ) 
c)   d)  
 m   m b) 4.12 × 1013 per second
13. Threshold wavelength for a metal having
work function 0 is λ . Then the threshold c) 1.51 × 1012 per second
wavelength for the metal having work
d) 2.13 × 1011 per second
function 2 0 is
a) 4 b) 2  18. In a photoelectric effect experiment, photons
c)  / 2 d)  / 4 of energy 5 eV are incident on a metal
14. Light of frequency  falls on material of surface. They liberate photoelectrons which
threshold frequency 0 . Maxiimum kinetic are just stopped by an electrode at a
energy of emitted electron is proportional to potential of –3.5 V with respect to the metal.
The work function of the metal is
a)    0 b) 
a) 1.5 eV b) 3.5 eV
c)   0 d) 0
15. When a metal surface is illuminated by a c) 5. 0 eV d) 8.5 eV
monochromatic light of wave - length λ ,
19. Light of wavelength 4000 Å is incident on
then the potential difference required to stop
a metal surface of work function 2.5 eV.
the ejection of electrons is 3V. When the
Given h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js, c = 3 × 108 m/s, the
same surface is illuminated by the light of
maximum KE of photoelectrons emitted and
wavelength 2λ , then the potential
the corresponding stopping potential are
difference required to stop the ejection of
respectively
electrons is V. Then for photoelectric effect,
the threshold wavelength for the metal a) 0.6 eV, 0.6 V b) 2.5 eV, 2.5 V
surface will be
a) 6 b) 4 / 3 c) 3.1 eV, 3.1 V d) 0.6 eV, 0.3 V
c) 4 d) 8 20. If in a photoelectric cell, the wavelength of
16. The figure shows incident light is changed from 4000Å to
the variation of 3000Å then change in stopping potential
photocurrent will be
with anode
potential for a a) 0.66 V b) 1.03 V
photo-sensitive
surface for c) 0.33 V d) 0.49 V
three different 21. The number of photons emitted per second
radiations. Let Ia, Ib and Ic be the intensities by a 62 W source of monochromatic light of
and  a , b and c be the frequencies for the wavelength 4800 Å is
curves a, b and c respectively. Then,
a) 1.5 × 1019 b) 1.5 × 1020
a)  a   b and I a  I b b)  a   c and I a  I c
c) 2.5 × 1020 d) 4 × 1020
c)  a   b and I a  I b d)  b   b and I b  I c

22. The K.E of the electron is E when the 26. Kinetic energy with which the electrons are
incident wavelength is λ . To increase the emitted from
K.E of the electron to 2E, the incident a) Independent of the intensity of illumination
wavelength must be
b) Independent of the frequency of light
 c) Inversely proportional to the intensity of
a) 2 b)
2 illumination
hc 2 hc d) Directly proportional to the intensity of

c) d) illumination
E  hc E  hc
27. The work function of aluminium is 4.2 eV.
23. Photons of frequencies 2.2 × 10 15 Hz and If two photons, each of energy 3.5 eV strike
4.6 × 1015 Hz are incident on a metal surface. an electron of aluminium, then emission of
The corresponding stopping potentials electrons will be
were found to be 6.6 V and 16.5 V
respectively. Given, e = 1.6 × 10 –19 c, the a) Possible
value of universal planck’s constant is b) Not possible
a) 6.6 × 10–34 Js b) 6.7 × 10–34 Js c) Data is incomplete

d) Depend upon the density of the surface
c) 6.5 × 10–34 Js d) 6.8 × 10–34 Js
28. In photoelectric emission process from a
24. A radiation of wave length 2500 Å is metal of work function 1.8 eV, the kinetic
incident on a metal plate whose work energy of most energetic electrons is 0.5 eV.
function is 3.5 eV. Then the potential The corresponding stopping potential is
required to stop the fastest photo electrons
a) 1.8 V b) 1.3 V
emitted by the surface is
c) 0.5 V d) 2.3 V
(h = 6.63 × 10–34Js and c = 3 × 108 m/s)
29. A source S 1 is producing, 1015 photons per
a) 1.86V b) 3.00 V second of wavelength 5000 Å. Another
source S 2 is producing 1.02 × 10 15 photons
c) 1.46V d) 2.15 V per second of wavelength 5100 Å.
25. According to Einstein’s photoelectric Then, (power of S2)/(power of S1) is equal to

equation, the graph between the kinetic a) 1.00 b) 1.02
energy of photoelectrons ejected and the
c) 1.04 d) 0.98
frequency of incident radiation is
30. A photoelectric cell is illuminated by a point
source of light 1 m away. When the source
is shifted to 2 m then
a) b) a) each emitted electron carries one quarter
of the initial energy
b) number of electrons emitted is half the
initial number
c) each emitted electron carries half the initial
energy
c) d)
d) number of electrons emitted is a quarter of
the initial number

31. The maximum velocity of an electron emitted PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
by light of wavelength  incident on the
surface of a metal of work function  , is 35. If h is Planck’s constant, the momentum of
a photon of wavelength 0.01 Å is
 2 h      2 h c      a) 10 –2 h b) h
a)  m
 b)  m

    c) 10 2 h d) 10 12 h
36. Which one among the following shows
 2 h c      2  hc    particle nature of light ?
c)  m
 d)
  m
a) Photoelectric effect
32. For a photocell, the work function is  and b) Interference

t h e st op p i n g p ot en t i al i s Vs. The c) Refraction
wavelength of the incident radiation is
d) Polarization
hc hc 37. The energy of a photon of wavelength
a) b)
   eVs 390 nm is nearly
a) 6.6 eV b) 3.2 eV
hc hc
c) d) c) 5.5 eV d) 1.2 eV
  eVs e  Vs
38. The rest mass of photon is
33. There are N1 photons of frequency v1 in a
beam of light.In another light beam of equal h h
energy there are N2 photons of frequency a) b)
c c2
v2 .Then N1 and N1 are related
h
N1 N1 v1 c) d) zero

a) =1 b) =
N2 N2 v2
39. What is the momentum of a photon having
frequency 1.5 × 1013 Hz ?
N1 v2 N1 v2
c) = d) = a) 3.3 × 10–29 kg m/s
N2 v1 N2 v1
b) 3.3 × 10–34 kg m/s
34. In a photoelectric experiment, a graph of c) 6.6 × 10–34 kg m/s
maximum K.E. against the frequency of
incident radiation is plotted. If A and B are d) 6.6 × 10–32 kg m/s
the intercepts on the X and Y axis, then the 40. The wavelength of a 1 keV photon is
planck’s constant is given by 1.24 nm. The frequency of 1 MeV photon is
a) 1.24 × 1015 Hz
A
a) A × B b)
B b) 2.4 × 1020 Hz
c) 1.24 × 1018 Hz
B
c) d) A + B d) 2.4 × 1024 Hz
A

41. Photon of frequency  has a momentum 46. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron
associ ated w i th i t. I f c is the velocity of light, having 80 eV of energy is nearly (1 eV =
the momentum is 1.6 × 10–19 J, Mass of electron = 9 × 10–31 kg,
Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10–34 Js)(nearly)
h 
a) b) a) 140 Å b) 0.14 Å
c c
c) 14 Å d) 1.4 Å
h
c) hc d) 2
c 47. The de-broglie wavelength of an electron
and the wavelength of a photon are same.
MATTER WAVES The ratio between the energy of the photon
and the momentum of the electron is
42. What is the de Broglie wavelength
a) h b) c
associated with an electron, accelerated
through a potential difference of 100 volts? c) 1 / h d) 1 / c
a) 0.123 nm b) 0.133 nm 48. If a proton and an electron have same de

Broglie wavelength, then
c) 0.143 nm d) 0.153 nm
a) both have same kinetic energies
43. A particle having a de Broglie wavelength
of 1.0 Å is associated with a momentum of b) proton has more kinetic energy than
(Given, h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s) electron
a) 6.6 × 10–26 kg m/s
c) electron has more kinetic energy than
proton
b) 6.6 × 10–25 kg m/s
c) 6.6 × 10–24 kg m/s d) both have same velocity
d) 6.6 × 10–22 kg m/s 49. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated
through the same potential difference. The
44. Proton and  -particles have the same de ratio of wavelengths associated with proton
Broglie wavelength. What is the same for and alpha particle respectively is
both of them ?
a) 1 : 2 2 b) 2 : 1
a) Time period b) Energy
c) Frequency d) Momentum c) 2 2 : 1 d) 4 : 1
45. If an electron and a proton have the 50. The de Broglie wavelength of a proton
same KE, the ratio of the de Broglie (charge = 1.6 × 10–19 C, mass = 1.6 × 10–27 kg)
wavelengths of proton and electron would acceerated through a potential difference of
approximately be 1 kV is (Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s)
a) 1 : 1837 b) 43 : 1 a) 600 Å b) 0.9 pm
c) 1837 : 1 d) 1 : 43 c) 7 Å d) 0.9 Å

51. Electrons are accelerated through a p.d. of 55. The de Brogie waveelngth and kinetic
150 V. Given m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg, e =1.6 × 10–19 c, energy of a particle is 2000Å and 1 eV
h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js, the de Broglie wavelength respectively. If its kinetic energy becomes
associated with it is 1 MeV, then its de Broglie wavelength
becomes
a) 1.5 Å b) 1.0 Å
a) 1 Å b) 2 Å
c) 3.0 Å d) 0.5 Å
c) 5 Å d) 10 Å
52.  p and  be the wavelengths of proton and 3

56. An electron moves with a speed of c.
 -particle of equal kinetic energy, then 2
Then its mass becomes....times its rest mass.
 
a) p  b) p  a) 2 b) 3
4 2
c) 3 / 2 d) 4
c) p   d) p  2
57. If K be the kinetic energy and m the mass of
a moving particle then the de Broglie
53. An electron of mass m when accelerated wavelength of the particle is
through a potential difference V, has de
Broglie waveength  . The de Brogie h 2h
a)   b)  
wavelength associated with a proton of mK mK
mass M acceerated through the same
h h
potential difference, will be c)   d)  
2 mK 2mK
m m 58. The ratio of wavelengths of proton and

a) b)  deuteron acceleratedd through the same
M M
potential difference will be
M M a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1
c) d) 
m m
c) 2 :1 d) 1 : 2
54. If accelerating potential of an alpha particle 59. Which of the following figure represents
is doubled than its new debrolgie the variation of particle momentum (p) and
wavelength becomes associated de Broglie wavelength (  ) ?
1
a) times of initial
2
a) b)
b) 2 times of initial
1
c) times of initial
2
c) d)
d) 2 times of initial

60. A proton when accelerated through a p.d 62. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two
of V volt has wavelength λ associated with masses m1 and m2 with non-zero velocities.
it. An electron to have the same λ must be The ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of
accelerated through a p.d of the particles 1 / 2 is
V m1 m2
a) volt b) 4V volt a) m b) m
8 2 1
c) 2V volt d) 1838V volt m1

c) 1 : 1 d)
61. The de Broglie wavelength  of an electron m2
accelerated through a potential V (in volts)
is 63. The wavelength  e of an electron and  p
of a photon of same energy E are related by
1.227 0.1227
a) nm b) nm 1
V V a)  p   e b)  p 
e
0.01227 0.1227 c)  p  2e d)  p   e
c) nm d) Å
V V

ASSIGNMENT
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 5. Figure represents a graph
of kinetic energy of most
1. Photoelectric effect experiments are energetic photoelectrons
performed using three different metal plates Kmax (in eV) and frequency
p, q and r having work function,  p  2.0eV ,  for a metal used as
q  2.5eV and r  3.0 eV respectively. A cathode in photoelectric
light beam containing wavelengths of experiment. The threshold frequency of
550 nm, 450 nm and 350 nm with equal light for the photoelectric emission from the
intensities illuminates each of the plates. metal is
The correct I-V graph for the experiment is a) 1 × 1014 Hz b) 1.5 × 1014 Hz
(Take hc = 1240 eV nm) c) 2.1 × 1014 Hz d) 2.7 × 1014 Hz
6. When a metal surface is illuminated by light
of wavelengths 400 nm and 250 nm, the
a) b) maximum velocities of the photoelectrons
ejected are V and 2V respectively. The work
function of the metal is
a) 2hc × 106 J b) 1.5hc × 106 J
c) d) c) hc × 106 J d) 0.5hc × 106 J
7. Radiation of wavelength  is incident on a
2. When a surface 1 cm thick is illuminated photocell. The fastest emitted electron has
with light of wave lenght λ the stopping 3
speed v. If the wavelength is charged to ,
potential is v0 ,but when the same surface 4
is illuminated by light of wavelength 3 λ , the speed of the fastest emitted electron is
1/ 2 1/ 2
the stopping potential is v0/6 . The threshold 4 3
a)  V   b)  V  
wavelength for metallic surface is  3 4
1/ 2 1/ 2
a) 4 b) 5 c) 3 d) 2 4 4
c)  V   d)  V  
3. In a photoelectric 3 3
8. According to Einstein’s photoelectric
experiment, the
equation, the graph of K.E. of the
graph of frequency
photoelectron emitted from the metal versus
 of incident light (in the frequency of the incident radiation gives
Hz) and stopping a straight line graph, whose slope
potential V (in V) is as a) depends on the intensity radiation.
shown in the figure. From figure, the value b) depends on the nature of the metal and also
of the Planck’s constant is (e is the on the intensity of incident radiation.
elementary charge) c) is same for all metals and independent of
ab cb ac ac the intensity of the incident radiation.
a) e b) e c) e d) e d) depends on the nature of the metal.
cb ab bc ab
9. When a certain metallic surface is
4. A photon of energy 2.5 eV and wavelength
illuminated with monochromatic light of
λ falls on a metal surface and the ejected
wavelength λ , the stopping potential for
electrons have velocity ‘v’. If the λ of the
photoelectric current is 3 v0. when the same
incident light is decreased by 20%, the surface is illuminated with light of
maximum velocity of the emitted electrons is wavelength 2 λ , the stopping potential is
doubled. The work function of the metal is v 0 . The threshold wavelength for this
a) 2.6 eV b) 2.23 eV surface for photoelectric effect is
c) 2.5 eV d) 2.29 eV a) 6 b) 4 c)  / 4 d) 8

10. I f K1 and K2 are maximum kinetic energies 15. Ultraviolet radiations of 6.2 eV falls on an
of photoelectrons emitted when lights of aluminium surface. Kinetic energy of fastest
wavelength 1 and 2 respectively incident electron emitted is (work function = 4.2 eV)
on a metallic surface. If 1  32 , then a) 3.2 × 10–21 J b) 3.2 × 10–19 J
a) K1  ( K 2 / 3) b) K1  ( K 2 / 3) c) 7 × 10–25 J d) 9 × 10–32 J
16. The threshold frequency for photoelectric
c) K1  3K 2 d) K 2  3K1 effect on sodium corresponds to a wavelength
11. Photons of energy 2.0 eV fall on a metal plate of 5000 Å. Its work function is
and release photoelectrons with a maximum a) 4 × 10–19 J b) 1 J
velocity V. By decreasing λ by 25% the –19
c) 2 × 10 J d) 3 × 10–19 J
maximum velocity of photoelectrons is 17. Photoelectric work function of a metal is
doubled. The work function of the metal of
1 eV. Light of wavelength  = 3000 Å falls
the material plate in eV is nearly
on it. The photo electrons come out with a
a) 2.22 b) 1.985 maximum velocity
c) 2.35 d) 1.80 a) 10 metres/sec b) 102 metres/sec
12. If stopping potentials corresponding to c) 104 metres/sec d) 106 metres/sec
wavelengths 4000 Å and 4500 Å are 1.3 V
18. A photosensitive metallic surface has work
and 0.9 V respec tively, then the work
function, hv0. If photons of energy 2hv0 fall
function of the metal is
on this surface, the electrons come out with
a) 0.3 eV b) 1.3 eV a maximum velocity of 4 × 10 6 m/s. When
c) 1.8 eV d) 5 eV the photon energy is increased to 5hv0, then
13. The graphs show the maximum velocity of photoelectrons will be
variation of current I a) 2 × 107 m/s b) 2 × 106 m/s
(y-axis) in two c) 8 × 106 m/s d) 8 × 105 m/s.
photocell A and B as a 19. When photons of energy hv fall on an
aluminium plate (of work function E 0 ),
function of the applied voltage V (x-axis)
photoelectrons of maximum kinetic energy
when light is incident on the cell. Which of
K are ejected. If the frequency of radiation
the following is the correct conclusion
is doubled, the maximum kinetic energy of
drawn from the data ?
the ejected photoelectrons will be
a) Cathodes of the two cells are made from
a) K + hv b) K + E0
the same substance, the intensity of light
used are different. c) 2K d) K.
20. The potential difference that must be
b) Cathodes are made from different
applied to stop the fastest photoelectrons
substances and the intensity of light is the
emitted by a nickel surface, having work
same
function 5.01 eV, when ultraviolet light of
c) Cathode susbtances as well as intensity of 200 nm falls on it, must be
light are different.
a) 2.4 V b) –1.2 v
d) No conclusion can be drawn.
c) –2.4 V d) 1.2 V
14. For certain photosensitive material, a
21. The threshold frequency for a
stopping potential of 3.0 V is required for photosensitive metal is 3.3 × 1014 Hz. If light
light of wavelength 300 nm, 2.0 V for
of frequency 8.2 × 1014 Hz is incident on this
400 nm and 1.0V for 600nm. The work metal, the cut-off voltage for the
function of the material is
photoelectron emission is nearly
a) 2.5 e b) 1.5 ev
a) 1 V b) 2 V
c) 2.0 ev d) 1.0 ev c) 3 V d) 5 V
22. Light of two different frequencies whose 27. When a metallic surface is illuminated with
photons have energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV radiation of wavelength  , the stopping
respectively illuminate a metallic surface potential is V. If the same surface is
whose work function is 0.5 eV successively. illuminated with radiation of wavelength
Ratio of maximum speeds of emitted
V
electrons will be 2  , the stopping potential is. The
4
a) 1 : 4 b) 1 : 2
threshold wavelength for the metallic
c) 1 : 1 d) 1 : 5 surface is
23. Two radiations of photons energies 1 eV
5
and 2.5eV, successively illuminate a a)  b) 3
photosensitive metallic surface of work 2
function 0.5 eV. The ratio of the maximum c) 4 d) 5
speeds of the emitted electrons is 28. Photons with energy 5 eV are incident on a
a) 1 : 4 b) 1 : 2 cathode C in a photoelectric cell. The
c) 1 : 1 d) 1 : 5 maximum energy of emitted photoelectrons
24. Monochromatic radiation emitted when is 2 eV. When photons of energy 6 eV are
electron on hydrogen atom jumps from first incident on C, no photoelectrons will reach
excited to the ground state irradiates a the anode A, if the stopping potential of A
photosensitive material. The stopping relative to C is
potential is measured to be 3.57 V. The a) +3 V b) +4 V
threshold frequency of the material is c) –1 V d) –3 V
15 15
a) 4 × 10 Hz b) 5 × 10 Hz 29. The photoelectric threshold wavelength of
c) 1.6 × 10 Hz 15
d) 2.5 × 10 Hz 15 silver is 3250 × 10–10 m. The velocity of the
25. For photoelectric emission from certain metal electron ejected from a silver surface by
th e cut of f f requ ency i s v. If radiation of ultraviolet light of wavelength 2536 × 10–10 m
frequency 2v impinges on the metal plate, is [Given h = 4.14 × 10–15 eV s and
the maximum possible velocity of the emitted c = 3 × 108 ms–1]
electron will be (m is the electron mass)
a)  0.6  10 6 ms 1 b)  61  10 3 ms 1
2hv hv c)  0.3  106 ms1 d)  6  10 5 ms1
a) b) 2
m m 30. Light of wavelength 500 nm is incident on
a metal with work function 2.28 eV. The de
hv hv
c) d) Broglie wavelength of the emitted electron
2 m  m
is
26. A photoelectric surface is illuminated
successively by monochromatic light of a)  2.8  10 9 m b)  2.8  1012 m
9
wavelength  and If the maximum kinetic c)  2.8  10 10 m d)  2.8  10 m
energy of the emitted photoelectrons in the 31. When monochromatic radiation of intensity
second case is 3 times that in the first case, I falls on a metal surface, the number of
the work function of the surface of the photoelectrons and their maximum kinetic
material is
energy are N and T respectively. If the
(h = Planck’s constant, c = speed of light) intensity of radiation is 2I, the number of
2 hc hc emitted electrons and their maximum
a) b)
 3 kinetic energy are respectively
hc hc a) N and 2T b) 2N and T
c) d)
2  c) 2N and 2T d) N and T

32. The work function of a surface of a PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
photosensitive material is 6.2 eV. The
wavelength of the incident radiation for which 38. The minimum light intensity that can be
the stopping potential is 5 V lies in the perceived by eye is about 10 –10 W m –2 .
The number of photons of wavelength
a) Infrared region b) X-ray region
5.6 ×10–7 m that must enter the pupil of area
c) Ultraviolet region d) Visible region 10 –6 m 2 per second for vision is
33. A 5 watt source emits monochromatic light approximately (Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s–1)
of wavelength 5000 Å. When placed 0.5 m a) 3 × 102 b) 3 × 103
away, it liberates photoelectrons from a
c) 3 × 104 d) 3 × 105
photosensitive metallic surface. When the
source is moved to a distance of 1.0 m, the 39. The number of photons of wavelength of
540 nm emitted per second by an electric
number of photoelectrons liberated will be
bulb of power 100 W is
reduced by a factor of
(Given, h = 6 × 10–34 J s)
a) 8 b) 16
a) 100 b) 1000
c) 2 d) 4
20
34. An electron beam has a kinetic energy c) 3 × 10 d) 3 × 1018
equal to 100 eV. Find its wavelength 40. A photon of wavelength 4400 Å is passing
associated with a beam, if mass of electron through vacuum. The effective mass and
= 9.1 × 10–31 kg and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J/eV. momentum of the photon are respectively
(Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10–34 Js) a) 5  10 36 kg ,1.5  10 27 kg m/s
a) 24.6 Å b) 0.12 Å b) 5  10 35 kg,1.5  10 26 kg m/s
c) 1.2 Å d) 6.3 Å.
35. When light of wavelength 300 nm c) zero, 1.5  10 26 kg m/s
(nanometer) falls on a photoelectric emitter, d) 5  10 36 kg ,1.67  10 43 kg m/s
photoelectrons are liberated. For another
41. A small metal plate (work function
emitter, however, light of 600 nm
wavelength is sufficient for creating = 1.17 eV) is placed at a distance of 2 m from
photoemission. What is the ratio of the a monochromatic light source of
work functions of the two emitters? wavelength 4.8 × 10–7 m and power 20 watt.
a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1 The light falls normally on the plate. The
c) 4 : 1 d) 1 : 4 number of photons striking the metal plate
36. Radiation of energy 6.5 eV is incident on a per second per sq metre area will be
metal surface whose work function is 4.2 eV. a) 9.65 × 1018 b) 9.65 × 1017
What is the potential difference that should
be applied to stop the fastest photoelectrons c) 9.65 × 1016 d) 9.65 × 1015
emitted by the metal surface ? 42. n photons of wavelength  are absorbed by
a) 1.3 V b) 2.3 V a black body of mass ‘m’. The momentum
c) 3.5 V d) 5.5 V gained by the body is
37. In the experimental arrangement of h mnh nh nh
photoelectric effect, the metal surface is first a) b) c) d)
m  m 
illuminated with ultraviolet light and
stopping potential is determined in each 43. A monochromatic source of light emits
photons of frequency 6 × 10 14 Hz. The
case. The stopping potential will
power emitted by the source is 8 × 10–3 W.
a) be more with violet light Calculate the number of photons emitted per
b) be more with ultraviolet light second. (Take h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s)
c) be equal in both cases a) 6 × 1014 b) 4 × 1015
d) depend upon the current c) 2 × 1016 d) 1 × 1017
52. The ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths of
MATTER WAVES
proton and  -particle which have been
44. The kinetic energy of an electron gets tripled, accelerated through same potential
then the de Broglie wavelength associated difference is
with it changes by a factor
a) 2 3 b) 3 2
1 1
a) b) 3 c) d) 3 c) 2 2 d) 3 3
3 3
45. If the velocity of a particle is increased three 53. If electron is having a wavelength of
times, then the percentage decrease in its 100 Å, then momentum is (gm cm s–a) units
de Broglie wavelength will be a) 6.6 × 10–32 b) 6.6 × 10–29
–25
a) 33.3% b) 66.6% c) 99.9% d) 22.2% c) 6.6 × 10 d) 6.6 × 10–21
46. If the kinetic energy of the particle is 54. Electrons of mass m with de-Broglie
increased by 16 times, the percentage wavelength  fall on the target in an X-ray
change in the de Broglie wavelength of the tube. The cutoff wavelength (  0 ) of the
particle is emitted X-ray is
a) 25% b) 75% c) 60% d) 50%
47. If the momentum of an electron is changed 2mc2 2h
a)  0  b)  0 
by p m , then the de Broglie wavelength h mc
associated with it changes by 0.5%. The 2m 2 c 2 3
initial momentum of electron will be c)  0  d)  0  
h2
a) p m/200 b) p m/100
55. If the kinetic energy of the particle is
c) 200p m d) 100p m
increased to 16 times its previous value, the
48. The de Broglie wavelength associated with
an electron of velocity 0.3 c and rest mass percentage change in the de Broglie
9.1 x 10–31 kg is wavelength of the particle is
a) 7.68 × 10–10 m b) 7.68 × 10–12 m a) 25 b) 75
c) 5.7 × 10 m–12
d) 9.1 × 10–12 m c) 60 d) 50
49. A particle is moving three times as fast as 56. If particles are moving with same velocity,
an electron. The ratio of the de Broglie then which has maximum de Broglie
wavelength of the particle to that of the wavelength?
electron is 1.813 × 10 –4 . The mass of the a) proton b)  -particle
particle is (Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg) c) neutron d)  -particle.
a) 1.67  10 27 kg b) 1.67  10 31 kg 57. An electron of mass m, when accelerated
through a potential difference V, has de
c) 1.67  10 30 kg d) 1.67  10 32 kg
Broglie wavelength  . The de Broglie
50. When the mass of an electron becomes equal
wavelength associated with a proton of
to thrice its rest mass, its speed is
mass M accelerated through the same
2 2 2 1 1
a) c b) c c) c d) c potential difference, will be
3 3 3 4
51. An electron with speed v and a photon with M m M m
a)  b)  c)  d)  .
speed c have the same de Broglie m M m M
wavlength. If kinetic energy and 58. An electron of mass m and charge e is
momentum of electrons is Ee and pe and that accelerated from rest through a potential
of photon is Eph and Pph respectively, then difference V in vacuum. Its final velocity
the correct statement is will be
Ee 2c Ee v 2 eV eV
a) E  v b) E  2 c a) b)
ph ph m m
pe 2c pe v eV eV
c) p  v d) p  2c c) d) .
ph ph 2m m
PREVIOUS YEAR NEET MCQS
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 6. When a metallic surface is illuminated with
radiation of wavelength λ , the stopping
1. Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold potential is V. If the same surface is
frequency is incident on a photosensitive illuminated with radiation of wavelength
material. What will be the photoelectric
2λ , the stopping potential is V/4. The
current if the frequency is halved and
threshold wavelength for the metallic
intensity is doubled? (2020)
surface is (I-2016)
a) Doubled b) Four times
5
c) One-Fourth d) Zero a)  b) 3
2
2. The work function of a photosensitive c) 4 d) 5
material is 4.0 eV. The longest wavelength 7. A photoelectric surface is illuminated
of light that can cause photon emission from
successively by monochromatic light of
the substance is (approximately) (2019)
wavelength λ and if the maximum kinetic
a) 3100 nm b) 966 nm energy of the emitted photoelectrons in the
c) 31 nm d) 310 nm second case is 3 times that in the first case,
3. When the lighto f frequency 2v0 (where v 0 the work function of the surface of the
is threshold frequency), is incident on a material is (h = Planck’s constant, c = speed
metal plate, the maximum velocity of of light) (2015)
electrons emitted is v1. When frequency of 2 hc hc
the incident radiation is increased to 5v0, the a) b)
 3
maximum velocity of electrons emitted from
the same plate is v2. The ratio of v1 to v2 is hc hc
c) d)
a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : 4 (2018) 2 
8. Light of wavelength 500 nm is incident
c) 4 : 1 d) 2 : 1
on a metal with work function 2.28 eV. The
4. The photoelectric threshold wavelength de–Broglie wavelength of the emitted
of silver is 3250 × 10 –10 m. The velocity of electron is (2015)
the electron ejected from a silver surface
by ultraviolet light of wavelength a)  2.8  10 9 m b)  2.8  10 12 m
2536 × 10–10 m is (2017)
c)  2.8  10 10 m d)  2.8  10 9 m
–15 8 –1
[Given, h = 4.14 × 10 eV & c = 3 × 10 ms ]
9. Which of the following figures represent
6
a)  0.6  10 m s 1 3
b)  61  10 m s 1 the variation of particle momentum and the
associated de–Broglie wavelength?
c)  0.3  10 6 m s 1 d)  6  10 5 m s 1 (2015 Cancelled)
5. Photons with energy 5 eV are incident on a

cathode C in a photoelectric cell. The
maximum energy of emitted photoelectrons a) b)
is 2 eV. When photons of energy 6 eV are
incident on C, no photoelectrons will reach
the anode A, if the stopping potential of A
relative to C is (II-2016)
c) d)
a) +3 V b) +4 V
c) –1 V d) –3 V

10. A certain metallic surface is illuminated 15. Two radiations of photons energies 1 eV and
with monochromatic light of wavelength 2.5 eV, successively illuminate a
λ . The stopping potential for photo-electric photosensitive metallic surface of work
cu rr en t f or t hi s l i gh t i s 3V 0 . If the same function 0.5 eV. The ratio of the maximum
surface is illuminated with light of speeds of the emitted electrons is (Mains 2012)
wavelength 2λ , the stopping potential is V0. a) 1 : 4 b) 1 : 2
The threshold wavelength for this surface c) 1 : 1 d) 1 : 5
for photo-electric effect is (2015 Cancelled) 16. Photoelectric emission occurs only when
the incident light has more than a certain
a)  / 4 b)  / 6
minimum (2011)
c) 6 d) 4 a) power b) wavelength
11. When the energy of the incident radiation c) intensity d) frequency
is increased by 20%, the kinetic energy of 17. Light of two different frequencies whose
the photoelectrons emitted from a metal photons has energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV
surface increased from 0.5 eV to 0.8 eV. The respectively illuminate a metallic surface
work function of the metal is (2014) whose work function is 0.5 eV successively.
Ratio of maximum speeds of emitted
a) 0.65 eV b) 1.0 eV
electrons will be (2011)
c) 1.3 eV d) 1.5 eV a) 1 : 4 b) 1 : 2
12. For photoelectric emission from certain metal c) 1 : 1 d) 1 : 5
the cutoff frequency is υ . If radiation of 18. In photoelectric emission process from a metal
frequency 2υ impinges on the metal plate, the of work function 1.8 eV, the kinetic energy of
maximum possible velocity of the emitted most energetic electrons is 0.5 eV. The
electron will be (m is the electron mass) (2013) corresponding stopping potential is (2011)
a) 1.8 V b) 1.3 V
2h h c) 0.5 V d) 2.3 V
a) b) 2 19. The threshold frequency for a photosensitive
m m
metal is 3.3 × 1014 Hz. If light of frequency
8.2 × 1014 Hz is incident on this metal, the
h h
c) d) cut-off voltage for the photoelectron emission
( 2 m) m is nearly (Mains 2011)
a) 1 V b) 2 V c) 3 V d) 5 V
13. A source of light is placed at a distance of
20. The potential difference that must be
50 cm from a photo cell and the stopping
applied to stop the fastest photoelectrons
potential is found to be V0. If the distance
emitted by a nickel surface, having work
between light source & photo cell is made
function 5.01 eV, when ultraviolet light of
25 cm, the new stopping potential will be
200 nm falls on it, must be (2010)
a) V0 / 2 b) V0 (2013) a) 2.4 V b) –1.2 V
c) 4V 0 d) 2V 0 c) –2.4 V d) 1.2 V
21. When monochromatic radiation of intensity
14. Monochromatic radiation emitted when
I falls on a metal surface, the number of
electron on hydrogen atom jumps from first
photoelectrons and their maximum kinetic
excited to the ground state irradiates a
energy are N and T respectively. If the
photosensitive material. The stopping intensity of radiation is 2I, the number of
potential is measured to be 3.57 V. The emitted electrons and their maximum
threshold frequency of the material is (2012) kinetic energy are respectively (Mains 2010)
a) 4 × 1015 Hz b) 5 × 1015 Hz a) N and 2T b) 2N and T
c) 1.6 × 1015 Hz d) 2.5 × 1015 Hz c) 2N and 2T d) N and T

22. The electron in the hydrogen atom jumps 26. A 5 watt source emits monochromatic light
from excited state (n = 3) to its ground state of wavelength 5000 Å. When placed 0.5 m
(n = 1) & the photons thus emitted irradiate a away, it liberates photoelectrons from a
photosensitive material. If the work function
photosensitive metallic surface. When the
of the material is 5.1 eV, the stopping potential
source is moved to a distance of 1.0 m, the
is estimated to be (energy of the electron in nth
number of photoelectrons liberated will be
13.6
state En  eV ) (Mains 2010) reduced by a factor of (2007)
n2
a) 5.1 V b) 12.1 V a) 8 b) 16
c) 17.2 V d) 7 V c) 2 d) 4
23. The number of photo electrons emitted for 27. A photocell employs photoelectric effect to
light of a frequency υ (higher than the convert (2006)
threshold frequency υ0 ) is proportional to
a) change in the frequency of light into a
a) threshold frequency ( 0 ) (2009) change in the electric current
b) intensity of light b) change in the frequency of light into a
c) frequency of light ( ) change in electric voltage
d)    0 c) change in the intensity of illumination into
24. The figure shows a change in photoelectric current
a plot of photo d) change in the intensity of illumination into
current versus a change in the work function of the
anode potential for photocathode
a photo sensitive 28. When photons of energy h υ falls on an
surface for three aluminium plate (of work function E 0 ),
photoelectrons of maximum kinetic energy
different radiations. Which one of the
K are ejected. If the frequency of radiation
following is a correct statement? (2009) is doubled, the maximum kinetic energy of
a) Curves (a) and (b) represent incident the ejected photoelectrons will be (2006)
radi ations of same frequency but of a) K  h b) K  E0 c) 2K d) K
different intensities
29. The work functions for metals A, B and C
b) Curves (b) and (c) represent incident are respectively 1.92 eV, 2.0 eV and 5 eV.
radiations of different frequencies and According to Einstein’s equation the metal
different intensities which will emit photoelectrons for a
c) Curves (b) and (c) represent incident radiation of wavelength 4100 Å is/are (2005)
radiations of same frequency having same a) A only b) A and B only
intensity c) all the three metals d) none
d) Curves (a) and (b) represent incident 30. A photosensitive metallic surface has work
radiations of different frequencies and function, h υ0 . If photons of energy 2h υ0
different intensities fall on this surface, the electrons come out
25. Work function of a surface of a photosensitive with a maximum velocity of 4 × 10 6 m/s.
material is 6.2 eV. The wavelength of the When the photon energy is increased to
incident radiation for which the stopping 5h υ0 , then maximum velocity of
potential is 5 V lies in the (2008) photoelectrons will be (2005)
a) Infrared region b) X–ray region a) 2 × 107 m/s b) 2 × 106 m/s
c) Ultraviolet region d) Visible region c) 8 × 106 m/s d) 8 × 105 m/s

31. According to Einstein’s photoelectric 36. A photo-cell is illuminated by a source of
equation, the graph between the kinetic light, which is placed at a distance d from the
energy of photoelectrons ejected and the cell. If the distance become d/2, then number
frequency of incident radiation is (2004, 1996) of electrons emitted per second will be (2001)
a) remain same b) four times
c) two times d) one-fourth
37. By photoelectric effect, Einstein proved (2000)
a) b)
1
a) E  h b) K . E .  mv 2
2
 Rhc 2
c) E  mc 2 d) E 
n2
c) d)
38. The photoelectric work function for a metal
surface is 4.125 eV. The cut-off wavelength
32. A photoelectric cell is illuminated by a point for this surface is (1999)
source of light 1 m away. When the source
a) 3000 Å b) 2062.5 Å
is shifted to 2 m then (2003)
a) each emitted electron carries one quarter c) 4125 Å d) 6000 Å
of the initial energy 39. As the intensity of incident light increases
b) number of electrons emitted is half the
a) kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
initial number
c) each emitted electron carries half the initial increases (1999)
energy b) photoelectric current decreases
d) number of electrons emitted is a quarter of c) photoelectric current increases
the initial number
33. J.J. Thomson’s cathode-ray tube experiment d) kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons
demonstrated that (2003) decreases
a) cathode rays are streams of negatively 40. In a photo-emissive cell, with exciting
charged ions wavelength λ , the fastest electron has
b) all the mass of an atom is essentially in the speed v. If the exciting wavelength is
nucleus 3λ
changed to , the speed of the fastest
c) the e/m of electrons is much greater than 4
the e/m of protons emitted electron will be (1998)
1/2
d) the e/m ratio of the cathode-ray particles a) less than v(4/3)
changes when a different gas is placed in b) v(4/3)1/2
the discharge tube c) v(3/4)1/2
34. When ultraviolet rays incident on metal d) greater than v(4/3)1/2
plate then photoelectric effect does not
41. Which of the following statement is correct?
occur, it occurs by incidence of (2002)
a) infrared rays b) X-rays a) The photocurrent increases with intensity
c) radio wave d) micro wave of light (1997)
35. Which of the following is not the property b) The stopping potential increases with
of cathode rays? (2002) increase of incident light
a) it produces heating effect c) The current in photocell increases with
b) It does not deflect in electric field increasing frequency
c) It casts shadow d) The photocurrent is proportional to the
d) It produces fluorescence applied voltage

42. When light of wavelength 300 nm 47. Monochromatic light of wavelength 667 nm
(nanometer) falls on a photoelectric emitter, is produced by a helium neon laser. The
power emitted is 9 mW. The number of
photoelectrons are liberated. For another
photons arriving per sec. on the average at
emitter, however, light of 600 nm
a target irradiated by this beam is (2009)
wavelength is sufficient for creating a) 3 × 10 16
b) 9 × 10 15
photoemission. What is the ratio of the c) 3 × 10 19

d) 9 × 1017
work functions of the two emitters? (1993) 48. Monochromatic light of frequency
6.0 × 1014 Hz is produced by a laser. The
a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1
power emitted is 2 × 10–3 W. The number of
c) 4 : 1 d) 1 : 4 photons emitted, on the average, by the
source per second is (2007)
43. The cathode of a photoelectric cell is 16 17
a) 5 × 10 b) 5 × 10
changed such that the work function 14
c) 5 × 10 d) 5 × 1015
changes from W 1 to W2 (W2 > W1 ). If the
49. The momentum of a photon of energy
current before and after changes are I1 and
1 MeV in kg m/s will be (2006)
I 2 , all other conditions remaining
a) 5 × 10–22 b) 0.33 × 106
unchanged, then (assuming h υ >W2) (1992)
c) 7 × 10–24 d) 10 –22
a) I 1  I 2 b) I 1  I 2 50. Which one among the following shows
particle nature of light? (2001)
c) I 1  I 2 d) I 1  I 2  2I 1
a) photo electric effect b) interference
44. Photoelectric work function of a metal is c) refraction d) polarization
1 eV. Light of wavelength λ = 3000 Å falls 51. If a photon has velocity c and frequency υ ,
on it. The photo electrons come out with a then which of the following represents its
maximum velocity (1991) wavelength? (1996)
a) 10 metres/sec b) 102 metres/sec h
a) b) h
c) 104 metres/sec d) 106 metres/sec c2
hc h
PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT c) d)
E c
52. The velocity of photons is proportional to
45. A 200 W sodium street lamp emits yellow
(where υ = frequency) (1996)
light of wavelength 0.6 µm. Assuming it to
a) 1 /  b)  2 (*)
be 25% efficient in converting electrical
energy to light, the number of photons of c)  d) 
yellow light it emits per second is (2012) 53. Number of ejected photoelectrons increases
with increase (1993)
a) 1.5 × 1020 b) 6 × 1018
a) in intensity of light
c) 62 × 1020 d) 3 × 1019 b) in wavelength of light
46. A source S 1 is producing, 1015 photons per c) in frequency of light
second of wavelength 5000 Å. Another d) never
source S 2 is producing 1.02 × 10 15 photons 54. The wavelength of a 1 keV photon is
per second of wavelength 5100 Å. Then, 1.24 × 10–9 m. What is the frequency of 1 MeV
(power of S2) / (power of S1) is equal to (2010) photon? (1991)
15 20
a) 1.00 b) 1.02 a) 1.24 × 10 b) 2.4 × 10
c) 1.24 × 1018 d) 2.4 × 1023
c) 1.04 d) 0.98

60. An electron of mass m and a photon have same
MATTER WAVES
energy E. The ratio of de–Broglie wavelengths
55. An electron is accelerated from rest associated with them is (I-2016)
through a potential difference of V volt. If 1
1
the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron 1  2m  2
a) c( 2mE) 2 b)  
is 1.227 × 10–2 nm, the potential difference c E 
is (2020)
1 1
a) 10 V b) 102 V 1  E 2  E 2
c)   d)  
c) 103 V d) 104 V c  2m   2m 
56. An electron is accelerated through a potential
(c being velocity of light)
difference of 10,000 V. Its de Broglie wavelength
is, (nearly) (me = 9 × 10–31 kg) (2019) 61. If the kinetic energy of the particle is
a) 12.2 nm b) 12.2 × 10–13 m increased to 16 times its previous value, the
c) 12.2 × 10–12 m d) 12.2 × 10–14 m percentage change in the de–Broglie
57. An electron of mass m with an initial wavelength of the particle is (2014)
 a) 25 b) 75
velocity v  v 0 iˆ( v 0  0) enters an electric field
c) 60 d) 50
 
E   E0 iˆ( E0  constant  0) at t = 0. If 0 is its 62. The wavelength λ e of an electron and λ p
de-Broglie wavelength initially, then its of a photon of same energy E are released
de-Broglie wavelength at time t is (2018) by (2013)
0  1
eE  a) p  e b) p  
a) b) 0  1  0 t 
 eE   mv0  e
 1  0 t 
 mv0  c) p  2e d) p  e
63. The de–Broglie wavelength of neutrons in
c) 0t d) 0 thermal equilibrium at temperature T is
58. The de–Broglie wavelength of a neutron in 3.08 0.308
a) Å b) Å (2013)
thermal equilibrium with heavy water at a T T
temperature T (kelvin) and mass m, is (2017)
0.0308 30.8
c) Å d) Å
h 2h T T
a) b)
3mkT 3mkT 64. An α  particle moves in a circular path of
radius 0.83 cm in the presence of a magnetic
2h h field of 0.25 Wb/m 2 . The de–Broglie
c) d)
mkT mkT wavelength associated with the particle
59. Electrons of mass m with de–Broglie will be (2012)
wavelength λ fall on the target in an X-ray a) 1 Å b) 0.1 Å
c) 10 Å d) 0.01 Å
tube. The cutoff wavelength (λ 0 ) of the
65. If the momentum of an electron is changed
emitted X–ray is (II-2016)
by P, then the de–Broglie wavelength
2mc2 2h associated with it changes by 0.5%. The initial
a) 0  b) 0  momentum of electron will be (Mains 2012)
h mc
a) 200P b) 400P
2 m2 c 2 3 c) P/200 d) 100P
c) 0  d) 0  
h2

66. In the Davisson and Germer experiment, 71. The value of Planck’s constant is (2002)
the velocity of electrons emitted from the
a) 6.63 × 10–34 J/sec
electron gun can be increased by (2011)
a) increasing the potential difference between b) 6.63 × 10–34 kg-m2/sec
the anode and filament c) 6.63 × 10–34 kg-m2
b) increasing the filament current d) 6.63 × 10–34 J-sec
c) decreasing the filament current
72. If particles are moving with same velocity,
d) decreasing the potential difference between
then which has maximum de–Broglie
the anode and filament wavelength? (2002)
67. Electrons used in an electron imcroscope
a) proton b)   particle
are accelerated by a voltage of 25 kV. If the
voltage is increased to 100 kV then the c) neutron d)   particle
de–Broglie wavelength associated with the
electrons would (2011) 73. An electron beam has a kinetic energy
equal to 100 eV. Find its wavelength
a) increase by 2 times
associated with a beam, if mass of electron
b) decrease by 2 times
= 9.1 × 10–31 kg and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J/eV.
c) decrease by 4 times
(Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10–34 Js) (1996)
d) increase by 4 times
68. A beam of cathode rays is subjected to a) 24.6 Å b) 0.12 Å
crossed electric (E) and magnetic fields (B). c) 1.2 Å d) 6.3 Å
The fields are adjusted such that the beam
74. An electron of mass m, when accelerated
is not deflected. The specific charge of the
through a potential difference V, has
cathode rays is given by (2010)
de–Broglie wavelength λ . The de–Broglie
B2 2VB 2 wavelength associated with a proton of
a) b)
2VE 2 E2 mass M accelerated through the same
potential difference, will be (1995)
2VE 2 E2
c) d)
B2 2VB 2 M m
a)  b) 
(Where, V is the potential difference between m M
cathode and anode)
69. A particle of mass 1 mg has the same M m
c)  d) 
wavelength as an electron moving with a m M
velocity of 3 × 106 m s–1. The velocity of the 75. If we consider electrons and photons of
particle is (2008) same wavelength, then they will have same
–31 –1
a) 3 × 10 ms b) 2.7 × 10 ms–1
–21
a) momentum (1995)
c) 2.7 × 10–18 ms–1 d) 9 × 10–2 ms–1
b) angular momentum
70. A beam of electron passes undeflected
through mutually perpendicular electric c) energy
and magnetic fields. If the electric field is d) velocity
switched off, and the same magnetic field
76. Momentum of photon wavelength λ is
is maintained, the electrons move (2007)
a) in a circular orbit h
a) b) zero (1993)
b) along a parabolic path c
c) along a straight line h h
d) in an elliptical orbit c) d)
c2 c

PREVIOUS YEAR AIIMS MCQS
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 6. Which of the following is dependent on the
intensity of incident radiation in a
1. The dual nature of l ight i s exhi bited by (1994) photoelectric experiment? (1998)
a) photoelectric effect
a) Stopping potential
b) diffraction and reflection
b) Amount of photoelectric current
c) diffraction and photoelectric effect
d) refraction and interference c) Work function of the surface
2. Which of the following is not true for the d) Maximum K.E. of photoelectrons
given statement : Photoelectric effect supports
the quantum nature of light? (1994) 7. The work function of a metal is 3.4 eV, if
the frequency of incident radiation is
a) If metal surface is faintly illuminated, then
increased to twice, then the work function
photoelectrons leave the surface.
of the metal becomes (2001)
b) There is a minimum frequency of light
below which no photoelectrons are emitted. a) 3.4 eV b) 7.2 eV
c) Electric charge of the photoelectrons is c) 6.8 eV d) 1.7 eV

quantized.
8. A photon of energy 4 eV is incident on a metal
d) None of these surface whose work function is 2 eV. The
3. The photoelectrons emitted from a given minimum reverse potential to be applied for
cathode on the incidence of a given stopping the emission of electrons is (2004)
monochromatic beam of light, have a/an
a) 2 V b) 4 V
a) energy spread with no sharp limits (1995)
c) 6 V d) 8 V
b) energy spread with a lower limit
c) difinite energy only 9. In photoelectric effect, the electrons are
ejected from metals if the incident light has
d) energy spread with an upper limit
a certain minimum (2006)
4. Photoelectric effect of light is due to (1996)
a) wavelength
a) photons b) protons
c) electric effect d) quanta b) frequency
5. Threshold frequency for a metal is 1015 Hz. c) amplitude

If the light of wavelength 4000 Å falls on
its surface, then which of the following d) angle of incidence
statement is correct? (1996) 10. If K1 and K2 are maximum kinetic energies
a) Photoelectrons come out with a velocity of of photoelectrons emitted when light of
100 m/sec wavelengths 1 and 2 respectively incident
b) No photoelectrons emission takes place on a metallic surface. (2010)
c) Photoelectrons come out with a velocity of a) K1  K 2 / 3 b) K1  K 2 / 3

124 m/sec
d) Photoelectrons come out with a velocity of c) K1  2K 2 d) K 2  2K1
9.8 m/sec

11. A photon is incident having frequency 16. A deutron has an energy of 4 MeV when
1 × 1014 sec–1. Threshold frequency of metal accelerated through a potential difference
is 5 × 1013 sec–1. Find the kinetic energy of V. What will be the energy of an α  particle
the ejected electron. (2012) accelerated by source V ? (2018)
a) 3.3 × 10–21 J b) 6.6 × 10–21 J a) 4 MeV b) 8 MeV

c) 12 MeV d) 20 MeV
c) 3.3 × 10–20 J d) 6.6 × 10–20 J
17. An electron moving with speed v 1 has
12. The light of wavelength 4000 Å falls on a wavelength λ 1 and another electron
photosensitive substance whose work moving with speed v2 has wavelength λ2 ,
function is 2 eV. Its stopping potential is
find ( v12  v22 ). (me = mass of electron) (2018)
a) 1.1 V b) 1.8 V (2014)
2
2h  1 1 2h  1 1
c) 1.26 V d) 0.8 V a)    b)   
me  2 1  m e  2 1 
13. Photoelectric effect supports quantum
nature of light because (2015) h2  1 1 h2  1 1 
c)    d)  2  2 
me  2 1  2me  1 2 
a) there is minimum frequency of light below
which no photoelectrons are emitted 18. Maximum velocity of the photoelectron
emitted by a metal is 1.8 × 106 m s–1 . Take
b) the maximum energy of photoelectron the value of specific charge of the electron
depends only on the frequency of light and is 1.8 × 10 11 C kg –1 . Then the stopping
not on its intensity potential in volt is (2018)
c) photoelectric effect is an instantaneous a) 1 b) 3
process c) 9 d) 6
d) all the above choices are correct
PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
14. Light of two different frequencies whose
19. What is the energy of photon whose
photons have energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV
wavelength is 6840 Å? (2007)
respectively, successively illuminate a
metallic surface whose work function is a) 1.81 eV b) 3.6 eV
0.5 eV, Ratio of maximum speeds of emitted c) –13.6 eV d) 12.1 eV
electrons will be (2017)
MATTER WAVES
a) 1 : 4 b) 1 : 1
20. The speed of an electron having a
c) 1 : 5 d) 1 : 2
wavelength of 10–10 m is (2002)
15. If the maximum kinetic energy of emitted a) 7.25 × 106 m/s b) 5.25 × 106 m/s
photo electrons from a metal surface of work
c) 6.26 × 106 m/s d) 4.24 × 106 m/s
function 2.5 eV, is 1.7 eV. If wavelength of
incident radiation is halved, then stopping 21. If an electron and a photon propagate in the
potential will be (2018) form of waves having the same wavelength,
it implies that they have the same (2003)
a) 2.5 V b) 6.7 V
a) energy b) momentum
c) 5 V d) 1.1 V
c) velocity d)angular momentum

22. If alpha, beta and gamma rays carry same 29. If velocity of a particle is three times of that
momentum, which has the longest of electron and ratio of de Broglie
wavelength (2006) wavelength of particle to that to that of
a) alpha rays electron is 1.814 × 10–4. The particle will be
b) beta rays a) Neutron b) Deutron (2013)
c) gamma rays c) Alpha d) Tritium
d) none, all have same wavelength 30. de-Broglie wavelength associated with a
23. Which of the following is matched wrongly? ball of mass 1 kg having K.E. 0.5 J is (2015)
a) oil drop experiment  Millikan (2008) a) 6.63 × 10–30 m b) 6.63 × 10–34 m
b) dual nature of light  de Broglie c) 1.32 × 10–33 m d) 1.32 × 10–34 m
c) uncertainty principle  Heisenberg 31. Which of the following has the longest de
d) none of these Broglie wavelength if they are moving with
24. de Broglie wavelength  associated with the same velocity? (2016)
neutrons is related with absolute a) Neutron b) Proton
temperature T as (2009)
c)  -particle d)  -particle
1
a)   T b)   Assertion And Reason
T
1 32. Assertion : The relative velocity of two photons

c)   d)   T 2
travelling in opposite direction is the velocity
T
of light. (1996)
25. If the kinetic energy of a particle is increased
Reason : The rest mass of a photon is zero.
by 16 times, the percentage change in the de
Broglie wavelength of the particle is (2009) 33. Assertion : The second postulate of special
a) 25% b) 75% relativity refers to the velocity of light in
vacuum. (1999)
c) 60% d) 50%
Reason : Cerenkov radiation results when
26. Whenever a stream of electrons collides with
particles move through transparent matter at
a stream of photons, in this collision, which
a speed greater than the speed of light in that
of the following is not conserved? (2010)
medium. It does not violate the second
a) Linear momentum b) Total energy
postulate of special relativity.
c) No. of photons d) No. of electrons
34. Assertion : The kinetic energy of the emitted
27. If we assume kinetic energy of a proton is photo-electrons changes only with a change in
equal to energy of the photon, the ratio of the frequency of the incident radiations. (1999)
de Broglie wavelength of proton to photon
is proportional to (2011) Reason : The kinetic energy of photoelectrons
emitted by a photo-sensitive surface depends
a) E b) E 1 / 2
upon the intensity of the incident radiation.
c) E1 / 2 d) E 3 / 2 35. Assertion : On increasing the frequency of
28. Calculate the kinetic energy of the electron light, larger number of photoelectrons are
having wavelength 1 nm. (2012) emitted. (2001)
a) 2.1 eV b) 3.1 eV Reason : The number of electrons emitted is
directly proportional to the intensity of incident
c) 1.5 eV d) 4.2 eV
light.
36. Assertion : Photoelectric effect demonstrates 42. Assertion : There is a physical significance of
the wave nature of light. (2004) matter waves. (2011)
Reason : Both interference and diffraction
Reason : The number of photoelectrons is
occurs in it.
proportional to the frequency of light.
43. Assertion : An electron microscope is based
37. Assertion : The energy E  & momentum P  on de Broglie hypothesis. (2014)
of a photon are related by p  E / c . (2005) Reason : A beam of electrons behaves as a wave
which can be converged by electric and
Reason : The photon behaves like a particle. magnetic lenses.
38. Asseration : The photoelectrons produced by 44. (Assertion : When a certain wavelength of
light fall o n a metal surface it ejects
a monochromatic light beam incident on a
electron.(2016)
metal surface, have a spread in their kinetic
Reason : Light has wave nature.
energies. (2006)
45. Asseration : As work function of a material
Reason : The work function of the metal varies increases by some mechanism, it requires
as a function of depth from the surface. greater energy to excite the electrons from its
surface. (2017)
39. Assertion : Stopping potential depends upon
the frequency of incident light but is independent Reason : A plot of stopping potential (Vs) versus
of the intensity of the light. (2008) frequency   for different metals, has greater
slope for metals with greater work functions.
Reason : The maximum kinetic energy of the
46. Assertion : The de–Broglie wavelength of a
photoelectrons is proportional to stopping
molecule varies inversely as the square root of
potential.
temperature. (2018)
40. Asseration : A photon has no rest mass, yet it Reason : The root mean square velocity of the
carries definite momentum. (2009) molecule depends on the temperature.
Reason : Momentum of photon is due to its 47. Assertion : The energy of X–ray photon is greater
energy and hence its equivalent mass. than that of light (visible) photon. (2018)
41. Assertion : The de Broglie equation has Reason : X–ray photon in vacuum travels
significance for any microscopic or sub faster than light photon.
microscopic particles. (2010) 48. Assertion : Photoelectric effect demonstrates
the wave nature of light. (2018)
Reason : The de Bro glie wavelength is
inversely proportional to the mass of the object Reason : The number of photoelectrons is
if velocity is constant. proportional to the frequency of light.

PREVIOUS YEAR JIPMER MCQS
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 7. The maximum wavelength of a beam of
1. The work function of a substance is 4.0 eV. light that can be used to produce
photoelectric effect on a metal is 250 nm. The
Then longest wavelength of light that can
energy of the electrons (in joule) emitted
cause photoelectron emission from this
from the surface of the metal when a beam
substance approximately is (2018)
of light of wavelength 200 nm is used (2012)
a) 540 nm b) 400 nm
a) 89.61 × 10–22 b) 69.81 × 10–22
c) 310 nm d) 220 nm c) 18.96 × 10–20 d) 19.86 × 10–20
2. If in a photoelectric cell, the wavelength of 8. In photoelectric effect, the electrons are
incident light is changed from 4000 Å to ejected from metals if the incident light has
3000 Å then change in stopping potential a certain minimum (2011)
will be (2015) a) wavelength b) frequency
a) 0.66 V b) 1.03 V c) amplitude d) angle of incidence
c) 0.33 V d) 0.49 V
PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT
3. For a certain metal, incident frequency υ
is five times of threshold frequency υ0 and 9. The number of photons of wavelength of
the maximum velocity of coming out 540 nm emitted per second by an electric
photoelectrons is 8 × 106 m s–1. If υ  2υ0 , the bulb of power 100 W is
maximum velocity of photoelectrons will be (Given, h = 6 × 10–34 J s) (2012)
20
a) 4 × 106 m s–1 b) 6 × 106 m s–1 (2015) a) 100 b) 1000 c) 3 × 10 d) 3 × 1018
c) 8 × 106 m s–1 d) 1 × 106 m s–1 MATTER WAVES
4. The incident light has intensity I and the 10. What is de–Broglie wavelength associated
number of electrons emitted per second is with an electron accelerated through a
N. Then the maximum kinetic energy of potential difference of 900 volts? (2017)
emitted electrons per second is K. If the a) 0.123 nm b) 0.0409 nm
intensity of the incident light is doubled, c) 0.345 nm d) 0.456 nm
then the number of electrons emitted per 11. If the kinetic energy of a particle is increased
second and the maximum kinetic energy by 16 times, percentage change in the de–
respectively are (2014) Broglie wavelength of the particle is (2016)
a) N, K b) 2N and K a) 75% b) 60% c) 50% d) 25%
c) N and 2K d) 2N and 2K 12. If e/m of electron is 1.76 × 10 C kg –1 and
11
5. In a photoelectric experiment, the stopping the stopping potential is 0.71 V, then the
potential for the incident light of maximum velocity of the photoelectron is
wavelength 4000 Å is 2 V. If the wavelength a) 150 km s–1 b) 200 km s–1 (2014)
be changed to 3000 Å, the stopping potential c) 500 km s–1 d) 250 km s–1
will be (2014) 13. When a microgram of matter is converted to
a) 2 V b) zero energy, amount of energy released will be
c) less than 2 V d) more than 2 V a) 9 × 1014 joule b) 9 × 1010 joule (2013)
6. When the electromagnetic radiations of c) 9 × 107 joule d) 9 × 104 joule
frequencies 4 × 1015 Hz and 6 × 1015 Hz fall 14. An α particle moves in a circular path of
on the same metal, in different experiments, radius 0.83 cm in presence of a magnetic
the ratio of maximum kinetic energy of field of 0.25 Wb m –2 . The de–Broglie
electrons liberated is 1 : 3. The threshold wavelength associated with the particle will
frequency for the metal is (2013) be (Take, h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
15
a) 2 × 10 Hz 15
b) 1 × 10 Hz a) 0.1 Å b) 0.01 Å (2012)
15
c) 3 × 10 Hz d) 1.67 × 1015 Hz c) 1 Å d) 10 Å

NCERT UNSOLVED
1. Find the : 7. A 100 W sodium lamp radi ates energy
uniformly in all directions. The lamp is located
(a) maximum frequency, and
at the centre of a large sphere that absorbs all
(b) minimum wavelength of X-rays produced the sodium light which is incident on it. The
by 30 kV electrons. wavelength of the sodium light is 589 nm.
2. The work function of caesium metal is (a) What is the energy per photon associated
2.14 eV. When light of frequency 6 × 1014 Hz with the sodium light ?
is incident on the metal surface, photoemission
(b) At what rate are the photons delivered to
of electrons occurs. What is the :
the sphere ?
(a) maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
8. The thresho ld frequency fo r a certain
electrons
metal is 3.3 × 1014 Hz. If light of frequency
(b) stopping potential, and 8.2 × 1014 Hz is incident on the metal, predict
the cut off voltage for the photoelectric
(c) maxi mum speed of the emi tted
photoelectrons ? emission.
9. The work function for a certain metal is
3. The photoelectric cut-off voltage in a certain
4.2 eV. Will this metal give photoelectric emission
experiment is 1.5 V. What is the maximum
kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted? for incident radiation of wavelength 330 nm?
10. Light of frequency 7.21 × 1014 Hz is incident
4. Monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm
is produced by a helium-neon laser. The power on a metal surface. Electrons with a maximum
emitted is 9.42 mW. speed of 6.0 × 105 m s–1 are ejected from the
surface. What is the threshold frequency for
(a) Find the energy and momentum of each photoemission of electrons?
photon in the light beam.
11. Light of wavelength 488 nm is produced by an
(b) How many photons per second, on average, argon laser which is used in photoelectric effect.
arrive at a target irradiated by this beam? When light from this spectral line is incident on
( Assume beam to have uniform cross-section
the emitter, the stopping (cut-off) potential of
which is less than the target area)
photoelectrons is 0.38 V. Find the work function
(c) How fast does a hydrogen atom have to of the material from which the emitter is made.
travel in order to have the same
12. Calculate the
momentum as that of the photon ?
(a) momentum, and
5. The energy flux of sunlight reaching the
surface of the earth is 1.388 × 103 W m–2. How (b) de Broglie wavelength of the electrons
many photons (nearly) per square metre are accelerated through a potential difference
incident on the earth per second ? Assume that of 56 V.
the photons in the sunlight have an average 13. What is the
wavelength of 550 nm.
(a) momentum,
6. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the
(b) speed, and
slope of the cut-off voltage versus frequency of
incident light is found to be 4.14 × 10–15 V s. (c) de Broglie wavelength of an electron with
Calculate the value of Planck’s constant. kinetic energy of 120 eV.
14. The wavelength of light from the spectral 20. (a) Estimate the speed with which electrons
emission line of sodium is 589 nm. Find the emitted from a heated cathode of an
kinetic energy at which evacuated tube impinge on the anode
maintained at a potential difference of
(a) an electron, and
500 V with respect to the cathode. Ignore
(b) a neutron, would have the same de Broglie the small initial speeds of the electrons. The
wavelength. ‘specific charge’ of the electron i.e., its e/m
is given to be 1.76 × 1011 C kg–1.
15. What is the de Broglie wavelength of
(b) Use the same formula you employ in (a) to
(a) a bullet of mass 0.040 kg travelling at the obtain electron speed for an anode potential
speed of 1.0 km s–1 of 10 MV. Do you see what is wrong ? in
what way is the formula to be modified?
(b) a ball of mass 0.060 kg moving at a speed
of 1.0 m s–1 , and 21. (a) A monoenergetic electron beam with
electron speed of 5.20 × 106 m s–1 is subjected
(c) a dust particle of mass 1.0 × 10–9 kg drifting to a magnetic field of 1.30 × 10–4 T, normal
with a speed of 2.2 m s–1 ? to the beam velocity. What is the radius of
the circle traced by the beam, given e/m for
16. An electron and a photon each have a
electron equals 1.76 × 1011 C kg–1.
wavelength of 1.00 nm. Find
(b) Is the formula you employ in (a) valid for
(a) their momenta, calculating radius of the path of a 20 MeV
(b) the energy of the photon, and electron beam? If not, in what way is it
modified?
(c) the kinetic energy of electron.
22. An electron gun with its collector at a potential
17. (a) For what kinetic energy of a neutron will of 100 V fires out electrons in a spherical bulb
the associated de Broglie wavelength be containing hydrogen gas at low pressure
1.40 10–10 m? (10 –2 mm of Hg). A magnetic field of
2.83 × 10–4 T curves the path of the electrons
(b) Also find the de Broglie wavelength of a in a circular orbit of radius 12.0 cm. Determine
neutron, in thermal equilibrium with e/m from the data.
matter having an average kinetic energy
23. (a) An X-ray tube produces a continuous spectru
3
of kT at 300 K. mof radiation with its short wavelength end
2
at 0.45 Å. What is the maximum energy of a
18. Show that the wavelength of electromagnetic photon in the radiation?
radiation is equal to the de Broglie wavelength
(b) From your answer to (a), guess what order
of its quantum (photon).
of accelerating voltage (for electrons) is
19. What is the de Broglie wavelength of a required in such a tube?
nitrogen molecule in air at 300 K ? Assume
24. In an accelerator experiment on high energy
that the mo lecule is movi ng with the collisions of electrons with positrons, a certain
root-mean-square speed of molecules at this event is interpreted as annihilation of an electron
temperature. positron pair of total energy 10.2 BeV into two
(Ato mic mass of nitrogen = 14.0076 u,  -rays of equal energy. What is the wavelength
K = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1) associated with eacy  -ray? (1 BeV = 109 eV).

25. Estimating the following two numbers should V01 = 1.28 V, V02 = 0.95 V, V03 = 0.74 V,
be interesting. The first number will tell you
V04 = 0.16 V, V05 = 0 V
why radio engineers do not need to worry
much about ‘photons’. The second number Determine the value of Planck’s constant h,
tells you why our eye can ever ‘count photons’ the threshold frequency and work function
even barely detectable light. for the material.
(a) The number of photons emitted per second 29. The work function for the following metals is
by a MW transmitter of 10 kW power given :
emitting radio waves of length 500 m. Na : 2.75 eV; K : 2.30 eV; Mo : 4.17 eV; Ni :
(b) The number of photons entering the pupil 5.15 eV.
of our eye per second corresponding to the Which of these metals wi ll not give
minimum intensity of white light that we photoelectric emission for a radiation of
humans can perceive (~ 10–10 W m–2). Take wavlenegth 3300Å from a He-Cd laser placed
the area of the pupil to be about 0.4 cm2, 1 m away from the photocell ? What happens
and the average frequency of white light if the laser is brought nearer and placed 50
to be about 6 × 1014 Hz. cm away ?
26. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271 Å from a 30. Light of intensity 10–5 W m–2 falls on a sodium
100 W mercury source irradiates a photo-cell photo-cell of surface area 2 cm2. Assuming that
made of molybdenum metal. If the stopping the top 5 layers of sodium absorb the incident
potential is –1.3 V, estimate the work function energy, estimate time required for
of the metal. How would the photo-cell respond photoelectric emission in the wave-picture of
to a high intensity (~ 105 W m–2) red light of radiation. The work function for the metal is
wavelength 6328Å produced by a He-Ne laser? given to be about 2 eV. What is the implication
27. Monochromatic radiation of wavelength of your answer ?
640.2 nm (1 nm = 10–9 m) from a neon lamp 31. Crystal diffraction experiments can be
irradiates photosensitive material made of performed using X-rays, or electrons accelerated
caesium on tungsten. The stopping voltage is through appropriate voltage. Which probe has
measured to be 0.54V. The source is replaced greater energy ? An X-ray photon or the
by an iron source and its 427.2 nm line electron ? (For quantitative comparison, take
irradiates the same photo-cell. Predict the new the wavelength of the probe equal to 1Å, which
stopping voltage. is of the order of inter-atomic spacing in the
lattice) (me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg).
28. A mercury lamp is a convenient source for
studying frequency dependence of 32. (a) Obtain the de Broglie wavelength of a
photoelectric emission, since it gives a number neutron of kientic energy 150 eV. An electron
of spectral lines ranging from the UV to the beam of this energy is suitable for crystal
red end of the visible spectrum. In our diffraction experiments. Would a neutron
experiment with rubidium photo-cell, the beam of the same energy be equally suitable?
following lines from a mercury source were Explain. (mn = 1.675 × 10–27 kg).
used :
(b) Obtain the de Brogli e wavelength
1 = 3650Å, 2 = 4047Å, 3 = 4358Å, associated with thermal neutrons at room
temperature (27°C). Hence explain why a
4 = 5461Å, 5 = 6907Å,
fast neutron beam needs to be thermalised
The stopping votages, respectively, were with the environment before it can be used
measured to be : for neutron diffraction experiments.

33. An electron microscope uses electrons 37. Answer the following questions :
accelrated by a voltage of 50 kV. Determine
(a) Quarks inside protons and neutrons are
the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the
throught to carry fractional charges
electrons. If other factors (such as numerical
aperture etc.) are taken to be roughly the same, [(+ 2/3) e ; (–1/3)e]. Why do they not show
how does the resolving power of an electron up in Millikan’s oil-drop experiment ?
microscope compare with that of an opticla (b) What is so special about the combination
microscope which uses yellow light? e/m? Why do we not simply talk of e and
34. The wavelength of a probe is roughly a measre m separately ?
of the size of a structure that it can probe in (c) Why should gases be insulators at ordinary
some detail. The quark structure of protons and
pressures and start conducting at very low
neutrons appears at the minute length scale of
pressure ?
10–15 m or less. This structure was first probed
in early 1970’s using high energy electron beam (d) Every metal has a definite work function.
produced by a linear accelerator at standford, Why do all photoelectrons not come out
USA. Guess what might have been the order with the same energy if incident radiation
of energy of these electron beams. (Rest mass is monochromatic ? Why is there an
energy of electron = 0.511 MeV). energy distribution of photoelectrons ?
35. Find the typical de-Broglie wavelength (e) The energy and momentum of an electron
associated with a He atom in helium gas at are related to the f requency and
room temperature (27°C) and 1 atm pressure;
wavlenegth of the associated matter wave
and compare it with the mean separation
between two atoms under these conditions. by the relations : E  hv , p  h / 
36. Compute the typical de Broglie wavelength But while the value of  is physically
of an electron in a metal at 27°C and significant, the value of v (and therefore, the
compare it with the mean separation between
value of phase speed v ) has no phisical
two electrons in a metal which is given to be
significance. Why ?
about 2 × 10–10 m.

NCERT EXEMPLAR
1. A particle is dropped from a height H. The de 6. An electron is moving with an initial velocity
Broglie wavelength of the particle as a function  
v  v 0 iˆ and is in a magnetic field B  B0 ˆj . Then
of height is proportional to
it’s de Broglie wavelength
a) H b) H 1/2
0
a) remains constant
c) H d) H –1/2
b) increases with time
2. The wavelength of a photon needed to remove
c) decreases with time
a proton from a nucleus which is bound to
d) increases and decreases periodically
the nucleus with 1 MeV energy is nearly
7. An electron (mass m) with an initial velocity
a) 1.2 nm b) 1.2 × 10–3 nm  
–6
c) 1.2 × 10 nm d) 1.2 × 101 nm v  v 0 iˆ (v0 > 0) is in an electric field E   E0 iˆ
3. Consider a beam of electrons (each electron (E0 = constant > 0). It’s de Broglie wavelength
wit henergy E0) incident on a metal surface at time t is given by
kept in an evacuated chamber. Then 0  eE t 
a) no electrons will be emitted as only photons a) b)  1  0 
 eE t   mv0 
can emit electrons.  1  0  
b) electrons can be emitted but all with an  mv0 
energy E0. c) 0 d) 0t
c) electrons can be emitted with any energy,
8. An electron (mass m) with an initial velocity
with a maximum of E0   ( is the work 

function). v  v 0 iˆ is in an electric field E  E0 ˆj . If
d) electrons can be emitted with any energy, h
with a maximum of E0. 0 
mv 0 , it’s de Broglie wavelength at time t
4. Consider figure. Suppose the voltage applied
to A increased. The diffracted beam will have is given by
the maximum at a value of  that
e 2 E02 t 2
a) 0 b) 0 1 
m 2 v02
0 0
c) d)
e 2 E02t 2  e 2 E2t 2 
1  1  2 0 2 
m 2 v02  m v0 
9. Relativistic corrections become necessary

when the expression for the kinetic energy
1
mv 2 becomes comparable with mc2, where
2
m is the mass of the particle. At what de Broglie
wavelength will relativistic corrections become
Fig. : Davisson - Germer electron diffraction important for an electron ?
arrangement
a) will be larger than the earlier value a)   10 nm b)   10 1 nm
b) will be the same as the earlier value
c)   10 4 nm d)   10 6 nm
c) will be less than the earlier value
d) will depend on the target 10. Two particles A1 and A 2 of masses m1 , m 2
5. A proton a neutron, an electron and an (m1 > m2 ) have the same de Broglie wavelength.
 -particle have same energy. Then their Then
de–Broglie wavelengths compare as a) their momenta are the same.
b) their energies are the same.
a) p  n  e   b)   p  n  e c) energy of A1 is less than the energy of A2 .
c) e   p  n   d) e  p  n   d) energy of A1 is more than the energy of A2
11. The de Broglie wavelength of a photon is twice 15. (i) In the explanation of photoelectric effect,
the de Broglie wavelength of an electron. The we assume one photon of frequency
c  collides with an electron and transfers its
speed of the electron is ve  . Then energy. This leads to the equation for the
100
maximum energy
Ee 4 Ee 2 Emax of the emitted electron as
a) E  10 b) E  10
p p
Emax  h  0
pe 12 pe 4 where 0 is the work function of the metal.
c) m c  10 d) m c  10
e e If an electron absorbs 2 photons (each of
12. Photons absorbed in matter are converted to frequency  ) what will be the maximum
heat. A source emitting n photon sec –1 of energy for the emitted electron?
frequency  is used to convert 1 kg of ice at (ii) Why is this fact (two photon absorption)
0°C to water at 0°C. Then, the time T taken not taken i nto consideration in our
for the conversion discussion of the stopping potential ?
a) decreases with increasing n, with  fixed. 16. There are materials which absorb photons of
b) decreases with n fixed,  increasing. shorter wavelength and emit photons of
longer wavelength. Can there be stable
c) remains constant with n and  changing
susbtances which absorb photons of larger
such that n  = constant
wavelength and emi t light of sho rter
d) increases when the product n  increases. wavelength.
13. A particle moves in a closed orbit around the 17. Do all the electrons that absorb a photon come
origin, due to a force which is directed towards out as photoelectrons?
the origin. The de Broglie wavelength of the
particle varies cyclically between two values 18. There are two sources of light, each emitting
with a power of 100 W. One emits X-rays of
1 , 2 with 1  2 . Which of the following
wavelength 1 nm and the other visible light at
statement are true ?
500 nm. Find the ratio of number of photons
a) The particle could be moving in a circular of X-rays to the photons of visible light of the
orbit with origin as centre. given wavelength?
19. Consider figure for photoemission. How
b) The particle could be moving in a elliptic
would you reconcile with
orbit with origin as centre.
momentum-conservation?
c) When the de Broglie wavelength is 1 , the
Note light (photons) have
particle is nearer the origin than when its
momentum in a different
value is 2 .
direction than the emitted
d) When the de Broglie wavelength is 2 , the
particle is nearer the origin than when its electrons.
value is 1 . 20. Consider a metal exposed to light of
14. A proton and an  -particle are accelerated, wavelength 600 nm. The maximum energy
using the same potential difference. How are of the electron doubles when light of
the de Broglie wavelengths  p and  related wavelength 400 nm is used. Find the work
to each other ? function in eV.

21. Assuming an electron is confined to a 1 nm 27. A student performs
wide region, find the uncertainty in an experiment on
momentum using Heisenberg Uncertainty
photoelectric effect,
principle. You can assume the uncertainty in
using two materials
position x as 1 nm. Assuming p ~ p , find
A and B. A plot of
the energy of the electron in electron volts.
Vstop vs  is given
22. Two monochromatic beams A and B of equal
in figure.
intensity I, hit a screen. The number of
photons hitting the screen by beam A is twice (i) Which material A
that by beam B. Then what inference can you or B has a higher work function?
make about their frequencies? (ii)Given the electric charge of an electron =
23. Two particl es A and B of de–Bro glie 1.6 × 10–19 C, find the value of h obtainined
wavelengths 1 and 2 combine to form a from the experiment for both A and B.
particle C. The process conserves momentum. Comment on whether it is consistent with
Find the de–Broglie wavelength of the particle Einstein’s theory.
C. (The motion is one dimensional). 28. A particle A with a mass mA is moving with a
velocity v and hits a particle B (mass mB) at
24. A neutron beam of energy E scatters from
rest (one dimensional motion). Find the
atoms on a surface with a spacing d = 0.1 nm.
change in the de–Broglie wavelength of the
The first maximum of intensity in the reflected
particle A. Treat the collision as elastic.
beam occurs at   30 . What is the kinetic
energy E of the beam in eV? 29. Consider a 20 W bulb emitting light of
wavelength of 5000 Å and shining on a metal
25. Consider a thin target (10–2 m square, 10–3 m surface kept at a distance 2 m. Assume that
thickness) of sodium, which produces a the metal surface has work function of 2 eV
photocurrent of 100 µA when a light of and that each atom on the metal surface can
intensity 100 W m–2 (  = 660 nm) falls on it. be treated as a circular disk of radius 1.5 Å.
Find the probability that a photoelectron is (i) Estimate number of photons emitted by
produced when a photon strikes a sodium
the bulb per second. [Assume no other
atom. [Take, density of Na = 0.97 kg m–3]
losses]
26. Consider an electron in front of metallic (ii) Will there be photoelectric emission?
surface at a distance d (treated as an infinite
(iii) How much time would be required by the
plane surface). Assume the force of attraction
atomic disk to receive energy equal to
1 q2 work function (2 eV)?
by the plate is given as .
4 4 0 d 2 (iv) How many photons would atomic disk
receive within time duration calculated in
Calculate work in taking the charge to an infinite (iii) above?
distance from the plate. Taking d = 0.1 nm, find
(v) Can you explain how photoelectric effect
the work done in electron volts. [Such a force
was observed instantaneously?
law is not valid for d < 0.1 nm].

01-39 Dual Nature of Radiation Matter

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Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & MATTER SYNOPSIS

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DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

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de-BROGLIE WAVELENGTH ASSOCIATED

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a) b) 3 :1 11. The threshold wavelength for emission of

a)   0 b)   20 c) 1.23 × 10–19 J

c)   0 d)   40 d) 2.37 ×10–19 J

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hc 2 hc d) Directly proportional to the intensity of

a) 6.6 × 10–34 Js b) 6.7 × 10–34 Js c) Data is incomplete

25. According to Einstein’s photoelectric Then, (power of S2)/(power of S1) is equal to

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32. For a photocell, the work function is  and b) Interference

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a) 0.123 nm b) 0.133 nm 48. If a proton and an electron have same de

c) 6.6 × 10–24 kg m/s d) both have same velocity

a) 1 : 1837 b) 43 : 1 a) 600 Å b) 0.9 pm

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52.  p and  be the wavelengths of proton and 3

m m 58. The ratio of wavelengths of proton and

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c) 2V volt d) 1838V volt m1

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5. Photons with energy 5 eV are incident on a

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photoemission. What is the ratio of the c) 3 × 10 19

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c) Electric charge of the photoelectrons is c) 6.8 eV d) 1.7 eV

5. Threshold frequency for a metal is 1015 Hz. c) amplitude

c) Photoelectrons come out with a velocity of a) K1  K 2 / 3 b) K1  K 2 / 3

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a) 3.3 × 10–21 J b) 6.6 × 10–21 J a) 4 MeV b) 8 MeV

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1 32. Assertion : The relative velocity of two photons

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9. Relativistic corrections become necessary

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