BDC Vol 1

Competency-Based Ninth
Competency-Based
B D Chaurasia's Edition Volume
Ninth
Human Anatomy
Volume 1 UPPER LIMB and THORAX
Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical

Volume
1
Volume 2 LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN and PELVIS
Volume 3 HEAD and NECK
Volume 4 BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY
1 B D Chaurasia's Edition
W
Human
idely acclaimed as a standard textbook in view of its simple language, comprehensive coverage, lucid presentation and
Competency-Based
Chaurasia's
neatly-drawn line diagrams, BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy remains the most preferred textbook in India and abroad.
This edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to make it extremely informative and much more student-friendly. Volume
The ninth edition now features diagrams adapted from the first edition, originally prepared by Dr BD Chaurasia, which have
1
been suitably redrawn, modified and colored appropriately. Many text chapters have citations to videos of osteology and soft
parts which are accessible through CBSiCentral App. Clinically oriented FAQs and MCQs, and ECE cases have been included to
make the volumes absolutely clinical in nature.
Anatomy
Salient features of the four volumes
• Text follows the CBME Guidelines and all topics are described as per the Competency Based Undergraduate
Curriculum for the Indian Medical Graduate prescribed by the National Medical Commission.
• Colour codes used consistently in the drawings of various cells, tissues and organs are given at the beginning of
Human Anatomy
each section.
• Impressive line diagrams, originally hand-drawn by Dr BD Chaurasia, adapted from the first edition of BDC Human
Anatomy, have been incorporated in this edition to make drawing of illustrations easier for the students.
• Videos of osteology and soft parts, accessible from CBSiCentral App through scratch code, have been
numbered and cited in the respective chapters in all the four volumes. The App also includes answers to FAQs. Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical
• Latest updates on various topics have been provided from standard international publications.
• Clinical orientation has been enthused by structuring many FAQs and MCQs in 'clinical mode'. Early Clinical As per the CBME Guidelines | Competency Based Undergraduate Curriculum
Exposure (ECE) has been provided in the form of signs, symptoms, investigations and treatment of a particular
case. for the Indian Medical Graduate
• Important features like viva voce questions, molecular regulation, clinicoanatomical problems, ossification,
dissection (steps) are continued from the previous editions.
• This volume features
Tables 43, Flowcharts 7, Illustrations 414, Ossification boxes 13, Dissection boxes 37, X-rays 5, Clinical Anatomy
Upper Limb
boxes 52, Facts to Remember 93, FAQs 99, MCQs 149, Viva Voce questions 259, Videos 47, Clinicoanatomical
Problems 19.
Chief Editor
Thorax
Krishna Garg MBBS, MS, PhD, FIMSA, FIAMS, FAMS, FASI is ex-Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical College (LHMC),
New Delhi. She joined LHMC where she completed her MS and PhD and taught anatomy till her retirement. She has received fellowships of the
Indian Medical Association, Academy of Medical Specialists, and the International Medical Science Academy. She was elected fellow of the
Academy of Medical Sciences (FAMS) in 2005. She was honoured with Excellence Award in Anatomy in 2004 by Delhi Medical Association. She
has received Life Time Achievement Award, Fellowship of Anatomical Society of India, and DMA Distinguished Services Award, in 2015. She is Scratch Code on Inside Front Cover
visiting faculty of DNB, MDS and a PhD examiner. for Accessing CBSiCentral App
She is author of Manual of Human Anatomy Dissection, Companion Pocketbook—BDC Human Anatomy (Vols 1–3) and BDC Human Anatomy for
Dental Students 3/e; coauthor of Textbook of Histology 5/e, Textbook of Neuroanatomy 6/e, Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses, Anatomy and Available Free on CBSiCentral App
Physiology for Allied Health Sciences, Practical Anatomy Workbook, Practical Histology Workbook and Practical Anatomy Workbook for Dental
Students; and editor of Human Embryology 2/e, Handbook of General Anatomy 6/e and BD Chaurasia's Applied Anatomy and Physiology for BSc • Original Images from First Edition of
Nursing Students. BDC Human Anatomy (Vols 1–3)
hand-drawn by Dr BD Chaurasia
Editors
PS Mittal MBBS, MS is Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, UP. • Videos on Osteology and Soft Parts
• Frequently Asked Questions & Answers
Mrudula Chandrupatla MBBS, MD is Additional Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, and Associate Dean (Research), All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana.
Wall Chart on
Edition
Arterial Tree of Human Body

Ninth
Many easily reproducible diagrams, originally hand-drawn

Dedicated to Education
by Dr BD Chaurasia, now modified and coloured suitably,

are given at the relevant locations in the text
ISBN: 978-93-5466-473-1
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Ninth Edition Volume
Competency-Based
1
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
As per the latest CBME Guidelines |
Competency based Undergraduate Curriculum for the Indian Medical Graduate
Upper Limb
Thorax
Dr BD Chaurasia (1937–1985)
was Reader in Anatomy at GR Medical College, Gwalior.
He received his MBBS in 1960, MS in 1965 and PhD in 1975.
He was elected fellow of National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) in 1982.
He was a member of the Advisory Board of the Acta Anatomica since 1981,
member of the editorial board of Bionature, and in addition
member of a number of scientific societies.
He had a large number of research papers to his credit.
Competency-Based
1
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
Upper Limb
Thorax
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
MBBS MS PhD FIMSA FIAMS FAMS FASI
Legend of Anatomy; Nation’s Who’s Who
Fellow, Anatomical Society of India
Lifetime Achievement Awardee
DMA Distinguished Service Awardee
Ex-Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy
Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi
Editors
Mrudula Chandrupatla MBBS MD Pragati Sheel Mittal MBBS MS

Additional Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Government Institute of Medical Sciences
Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana Greater Noida, UP

New Delhi • Bengaluru • Chennai • Kochi • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai
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Disclaimer
Science and technology are constantly
changing fields. New research and experi-
ence broaden the scope of information and
knowledge. The editors have tried their best
in giving information available to them while
preparing the material for this book. Although,
all efforts have been made to ensure optimum
accuracy of the material, yet it is quite possible
some errors might have been left uncorrected.
The publisher, the printer and the editors will
not be held responsible for any inadvertent
errors, omissions or inaccuracies.
ISBN: 978-93-5466-473-1
Copyright © Publisher and author
Ninth Edition: 2023

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to
my teacher
Shri Uma Shankar Nagayach
— BD Chaurasia
This human anatomy is not systemic but regional
Oh yes, it is theoretical as well as practical
Besides the gross features, it is chiefly clinical
Clinical too is very much diagrammatical.
Lots of tables for the muscles are provided

Even methods for testing are incorporated
Improved colour illustrations are added
So that right half of brain gets stimulated
Tables for muscles acting on joints are given

Tables for branches of nerves and arteries are given
Hope these volumes turn highly useful
Editors’ hardwork under Almighty’s guidance prove fruitful
Preface to the Ninth Edition
T his edition features a number of significant modifications which we have made in the light of the
wide-ranging suggestions that we received in the recent months from students, teachers and also
the well-wishers of this epic textbook. As the information explodes and knowledge multiplies, appropriate
improvements, additions and changes are also required to be made in the contemporary literature.
Latest research information sourced from the standard international publications has been selectively
incorporated in these volumes.
Numerous unique line diagrams, originally hand-drawn by late Dr BD Chaurasia and used in the first
edition of the book, after thoughtful moderation, have now been incorporated in the ninth edition. Our
criteria for the selection and manipulation of these drawings were clearly based on the simplicity and
lucidity of the anatomic description. These simply structured illustrations can be easily reproduced by
the students in multitudes of tests and examinations, including university examinations.
Diagrams form the foundation of anatomy: The drawings create imprints on the brain. Figures, artwork
and the dissection are recorded in the right half of the cerebrum while the text is learnt by using left half
of cerebrum. Thus, learning by drawing diagrams and steps of dissection help in using both the halves of
cerebrum, which is an ideal condition. This textbook lays stress on understanding anatomic structures
and details through clear, neat and crisp diagrams.
Earlier, videos of the dissection of all regions had been given free access to the readers on CBSiCentral
App. These videos are now uploaded on the App after reorganization of the sequences, numeration
and providing appropriate citations in the text. Readers can register on the App and access the
enumerated videos through the scratch code given on the inside front cover of each volume. These
videos adequately compensate the scarcity of the cadavers in medical institutions for conducting
dissection.
The videos of the dissection give three-dimensional image descriptions of tissues and organs which
get effectively registered in brain for a longer time.
Processes and steps of dissection given in blue boxes with dissection photographs have been retained
as many students and teachers appreciate the same. However, no addition in dissection photographs
has been made as a separate CBSPD publication Manual of Human Anatomy Dissection (ISBN: 978-93-
89688-00-9) with numerous dissection photographs is available to the readers who aspire to learn and
enjoy the dissection in a meticulous manner.
We have incorporated all the competencies prescribed by National Medical Commission under the
Competency Based Curriculum for the Indian Medical Graduate for spirited implementation of
Competency Based Medical Education Guidelines.
Since National Medical Commission has laid stress on teaching and learning clinical aspects from the
very beginning of the MBBS study period, the questions asked are mostly clinical. Clinical aspects have
been explicitly given in the text such that the students are able to learn, recapitulate and answer the
clinically-oriented questions in their examinations.
As NMC curriculum also lays emphasis on Early Clinical Exposure, crisply written and well-presented
ECE Cases have been given at the end of every section, which make the book clinical-savvy. These
case studies will help the budding doctors in imbibing the salient clinical features, getting appropriate
investigations done, and treating the patients satisfactorily once they are in clinical practice.
All the illustrations in the four volumes of this book have been prepared on a common colour scheme
applicable to cells, tissues and organs. Colour codes employed in the preparation of the human anatomy
illustrations are given in the beginning of each section. This characteristic feature will help the students in
identifying the anatomic components clearly and draw appropriately coloured diagram in a schematic
manner.
viii HUMAN ANATOMY—UPPER LIMB AND THORAX
Extensive research by numerous scientists has decoded the molecular control of development of
organ tissues of the body. Basics of this molecular control are given briefly in these volumes.
We have continued with the practice of giving one separate wall chart in each volume for easy
comprehension of the topics.
Sincere attempt has been made to present all facets of theory and practical anatomy to make
these volumes truly holistic. In addition to the descriptive text, the following rich features lend a high
pedestal to the book in the context of the international literature.
Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Total

Figures 414 653 462 210 1739
Flowcharts 7 4 12 9 32
Dissection Boxes 37 36 12 5 90
X-rays/MRI and CT Scans 5 5 4 16 30
Ossification Boxes 13 12 14 – 39
Tables 43 52 33 23 151
Clinical Anatomy Boxes 52 101 77 41 271
Mnemonics Boxes 22 15 8 4 49
Facts to Remember 93 229 114 67 503
FAQs 99 132 104 52 387
MCQs 149 232 135 72 588
Viva Voce Questions 259 508 227 125 1119
Clinicoanatomical Problems 19 35 20 14 88
Videos 47 50 32 9 138
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
email: [email protected]
Editors
Pragati Sheel Mittal
Mrudula Chandrupatla
Preface to the First Edition (excerpts)
T he necessity of having a simple, systematized and complete book on anatomy has long been felt.
The urgency for such a book has become all the more acute due to the shorter time now available
for teaching anatomy, and also to the falling standards of English language in the majority of our
students in India. The national symposium on ‘Anatomy in Medical Education’ held at Delhi in 1978
was a call to change the existing system of teaching the unnecessary minute details to the
undergraduate students.
This attempt has been made with an object to meet the requirements of a common medical
student. The text has been arranged in small classified parts to make it easier for the students to
remember and recall it at will. It is adequately illustrated with simple line diagrams which can be
reproduced without any difficulty, and which also help in understanding and memorizing the
anatomical facts that appear to defy memory of a common student. The monotony of describing
the individual muscles separately, one after the other, has been minimised by writing them out in
tabular form, which makes the subject interesting for a lasting memory. The relevant radiological and
surface anatomy have been treated in separate chapters. A sincere attempt has been made to
deal, wherever required, the clinical applications of the subject. The entire approach is such as to
attract and inspire the students for a deeper dive in the subject of anatomy.
The book has been intentionally split in three parts for convenience of handling. This also makes a
provision for those who cannot afford to have the whole book at a time.
It is quite possible that there are errors of omission and commission in this mostly single-handed
attempt. I would be grateful to the readers for their suggestions to improve the book from all angles.
I am very grateful to my teachers and the authors of numerous publications, whose knowledge has
been freely utilised in the preparation of this book. I am equally grateful to my professor and colleagues
for their encouragement and valuable help. My special thanks are due to my students who made
me feel their difficulties, which was a great incentive for writing this book. I have derived maximum
inspiration from Prof. Inderbir Singh (Rohtak), and learned the decency of work from Shri SC Gupta
(Jiwaji University, Gwalior).
I am deeply indebted to Shri KM Singhal (National Book House, Gwalior) and Mr SK Jain (CBS
Publishers & Distributors, Delhi), who have taken unusual pains to get the book printed in its present
form. For giving it the desired get-up, Mr VK Jain and Raj Kamal Electric Press are gratefully
acknowledged. The cover page was designed by Mr Vasant Paranjpe, the artist and photographer
of our college; my sincere thanks are due to him. I acknowledge with affection the domestic assistance
of Munne Miyan and the untiring company of my Rani, particularly during the odd hours of this work.
BD Chaurasia
Acknowledgements
The editors are thankful to Dr SN Kazi (Pune) for providing maximum updates from Gray's Anatomy,
42nd Edition.
Dr Vikas Verma (Lucknow) revised the chapters on Joints and Nerves of Limbs and gave very useful
inputs. Dr Tripta Bhagat (Ghaziabad) edited clinical anatomy portions of the volumes.
We have the blessings and good wishes of Prof NA Faruqi (Aligarh); Dr DC Naik (Rewa); Dr SD Joshi
and Dr SS Joshi (Indore); Dr (Brig) Rakesh Gupta (Greater Noida); Dr DR Singh (Lucknow); Dr M Kaul;
Dr C Anand and Dr I Bahl (Delhi); Dr Mohsin Azmi (Kanpur); Dr Medha Joshi (Ghaziabad); Dr Surbhi
Gupta (Delhi); and Dr Nitin Nagarkar (Raipur).
We are thankful to Dr Surjit Ghatak (Jodhpur); Dr Vinay Sharma (Muzzafarnagar); Dr Deepu Singh
Kataria and Dr Anup Singh Gurjar (Pali); Dr Jagmohan Sharma; Dr Deepak Sharma; Dr Rajesh Arora
and Dr Pooja Garg (Jaipur); Dr Sumit Gupta (Kota); Dr Gopal Sharma and Dr Manoj Sharma (Jhalawar);
Dr Rekha Parashar (Chittorgarh); Dr Santosh Kumar (Dholpur); Dr BK Aghera (Sirohi), Dr Isha Srivastav;
Dr Aprajita Raizada; Dr Sajan Skaria; Dr Anjali Jain and Dr Kalpana Sharma (Udaipur); for giving
feedback for various sections of the volumes.
We are grateful to Dr Hitant Vohra and Dr Anu Sharma (Ludhiana); Dr Anupma Mahajan (Amritsar);
Dr Vanita Gupta (Jammu), for editing chapters to enhance the value of the volumes.
We are grateful to Dr Ravikant (Amritsar); Dr Sangeeta and Dr Nusrat Jabeen (Jammu);
Dr Kalyan Singh and Dr Rajan Singla (Patiala); Dr Anjali Jain and Dr Aprajita Sikka (Ludhiana); Dr Bashir
(Srinagar); Dr Seema and Dr Ritu (Rajouri); Dr Mubeen (Kathua); Dr RK Srivastava (Kanpur); Dr Punita
Manik (Lucknow); Dr Binod Kumar; Dr Sunita Nayak and Dr Shambhu Prasad (Patna); Dr AK Dubey
(Ranchi); Dr Satyam Khare; Dr Shilpi Jain and Dr Alok Tripathi (Meerut), for promoting the volumes.
We have been getting constant encouragement and support from Dr Ranjana Verma,
Dr Muthukrishnan P, Dr Yogesh Yadav, Dr Pullimi Vineel and Dr Anupma Gupta (Greater Noida);
Dr Nisha Kaul (Ghaziabad); Dr Vinay Singhal (Saharanpur); Dr RK Ashoka (Mathura); Dr Vineet Guhia
(Khandwa); Dr Manisha Sinha (Raipur); Dr Jahan Shirin (Kanpur); Dr Damyanti (Manipur); Dr Daisy
Sahni (Chandigarh); and Dr MK Anand (Bhuj).
Our regards and affection to Dr Rewa Choudhry, Dr Shilpa Paul, Dr Smita Kakar, Dr Anita Tuli,
Dr Gayatri Rath, Dr Shashi Raheja, Dr Shyama Rajdan, Dr Mangala Kohli, Dr A Sheriff, Dr SB Ray,
Dr Vandana Mehta, Dr Sabita Mishra, Dr Renu Chauhan, Dr Jyoti Arora, Dr Sneh Aggarwal and Dr TS Roy
(Delhi), for going through the volumes.
We would like to thank Dr Pritha Bhuiyan (Mumbai); Dr Brijendra Singh (Rishikesh); Col. Dr Sushil
Kumar (Pune); Dr AK Srivastava (Lucknow); Dr MK Pant (Dehradun); Dr Shakuntala Pai (Manipal);
Dr Simmi Mehra (Rajkot); Dr Fatima M De Souza (Goa); Dr Mukesh Mittal (Shivpuri); Dr Priti Sinha
(Saharanpur); Dr Rakesh K Verma (Lucknow); Dr Rashmi Malhotra (Rishikesh); Dr Sandiya Kurup
(Kalanchery); Dr Simmi Soni (Aziznagar); Dr Sunita Gupta (Ahmedabad) and many-many other
teachers all over the globe, for giving us good wishes.
Videos of bones and soft parts of human body, prepared at Kathmandu University School of Medical
Sciences, have now been added with the respective chapters and are available at our mobile App
CBSiCentral. I [chief editor] am grateful to Dr R Koju, CEO of KUSMS and Dhulikhel Hospital, for his
generosity.
The moral support of my [chief editor] family members, Late Dr DP Garg, Dr Suvira Gupta, Dr JP
Gupta, Mr Manoj, Ms Rekha, Mr Sanjay, Ms Meenakshi, Dr Manish, Dr Shilpa Garg, Dr Naveen Garg,
Dr Manoj, Dr Nalini Shukla, Dr Vikas Verma and Dr Swati Gupta, is appreciated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
The magnanimity shown by Mr SK Jain (Chairman) and Mr Varun Jain (Director), CBS Publishers &
Distributors, has been always forthcoming. The unquestionable support of Mr YN Arjuna (Senior Vice
President—Publishing, Editorial and Publicity) and his entire team comprising Ms Ritu Chawla (GM—Production),
Mr Sanjay Chauhan, Mr Neeraj Prasad and Mr Rohan Prasad (Graphic Artists); Mr Surendra Jha and Mr
Prasenjit Paul (Copy Editors); Ms Jyoti Kaur and Mr Tarun Rajput (DTP Operators) has made an excellent
contribution to bring out this edition. We are really obliged to them and pray for their prosperity.
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors
Thus spoke the cadaver
Handle me with little love and care

As I had missed it in my life affair
Was too poor for cremation or burial
That is why am lying in dissection hall
You dissect me, cut me, section me

But your learning anatomy should be precise
Worry not, you would not be taken to court
As I am happy to be with the bright lot
Couldn't dream of a fridge for cold water

Now my body parts are kept in refrigerator
Young students sit around me with friends
A few dissect, rest talk, about food, family and movies
How I enjoy the dissection periods
Don't you? Unless you are interrogated by a teacher
When my parts are buried post-dissection

Bones are taken out for the skeleton
Skeleton is the crown glory of the museum
Now I am being looked up by great enthusiasm
If not as skeletons as loose bones

I am in their bags and in their hostel rooms
At times, I am on their beds as well
Oh, what a promotion to heaven from hell
I won't leave you, even if you pass anatomy

Would follow you in forensic medicine and pathology
Would be with you even in clinical teaching
Medicine line is one where dead teach the living
One humble request I'd make

Be sympathetic to persons with disease
Don't panic, you'll have enough money
And I bet, you'd be singularly happy
—Krishna Garg
Contents
Preface to the Ninth Edition vii
Preface to the First Edition (excerpts) ix
Index of Competencies xix
Section 1 UPPER LIMB
Multiple Choice Questions 34

1. Introduction 3 Viva Voce 35, 36
Parts of the Upper Limb 3
Evolution of Upper Limbs 4 3. Pectoral Region 37
Study of Anatomy 5
Frequently Asked Questions 5 Introduction 37
Surface Landmarks 37
Dissection 38
2. Bones 6 Superficial Fascia 38
Introduction 6 Mammary gland/Breast 39
Clavicle 6 Lymphatic Drainage 42
Ossification 8 Clinical Anatomy 44
Clinical Anatomy 8 Deep Fascia 46
Scapula 8 Muscles of the Pectoral Region 46
Ossification 12 Serratus Anterior 49
Clinical Anatomy 13 Dissection 50
Humerus 13 X Video 1.3 Pectoral Region
Ossification 16 Mnemonics 50
Clinical Anatomy 17 Facts to Remember 50
Radius 18 Clinicoanatomical Problem 50
Ossification 21 Further Reading 51
Clinical Anatomy 21 Frequently Asked Questions 51
Ulna 22 Multiple Choice Questions 51
Ossification 24 Viva Voce 52
Clinical Anatomy 24
Ossification of Humerus, Radius and Ulna 25
Importance of Capsular Attachments and
4. Axilla 53
Epiphyseal Lines 25 Introduction 53
Carpal Bones 26 Boundaries 54
Ossification 27 Contents of Axilla 55
Clinical Anatomy 27 Clinical Anatomy 57
Metacarpal Bones 27 Axillary Artery 57
Ossification 31 Relations of Axillary Artery 57
Clinical Anatomy 31 Axillary Vein 60
Phalanges 32 Clinical Anatomy 60
Ossification 33 Axillary Lymph Nodes 60
Sesamoid Bones 33 Spinal Nerve 61
X Video 1.2.1 Clavicle Brachial Plexus 61
X Video 1.2.2 Scapula Dissection 64
X Video 1.2.3 Humerus Clinical Anatomy 64
X Video 1.2.4 Radius X Video 1.4 Axilla
X Video 1.2.5 Ulna Mnemonics 66
X Video 1.2.6 Hand Facts to Remember 66
Mnemonics 33 Clinicoanatomical Problem 66
Facts to Remember 33 Further Reading 66
Clinicoanatomical Problem 34 Frequently Asked Questions 67
Further Reading 34 Multiple Choice Questions 67
Frequently Asked Questions 34 Viva Voce 68
xiv HUMAN ANATOMY—UPPER LIMB AND THORAX
Compartments of the Arm 99

5. Back 69 Anterior Compartment 99
Introduction 69 Muscles 99
Surface Landmarks 69 Nerves 99
Skin and Fasciae of the Back 69 Musculocutaneous Nerve 99
Dissection 70 Median Nerve 103
Muscles Connecting the Upper Limb with the Ulnar Nerve 103
Vertebral Column 70 Radial Nerve 103
Dissection 70 Dissection 103
Additional Features of Muscles of the Back 72 Clinical Anatomy 103
Trapezius 72 Brachial Artery 104
Latissimus Dorsi 73 Dissection 105
Dissection 74 Clinical Anatomy 106
Facts to Remember 74 Changes at the Level of Insertion of
Clinicoanatomical Problem 74 Coracobrachialis 106
Further Reading 74 Cubital Fossa 107
Frequently Asked Questions 75 Dissection 108
Multiple Choice Questions 75 Clinical Anatomy 109
Viva Voce 75 Posterior Compartment 109
Triceps Brachii Muscle 109
6. Scapular Region 76 Dissection 111
Clinical Anatomy 111
Introduction 76 Radial Nerve or Musculospiral Nerve 111
Surface Landmarks 76 Clinical Anatomy 113
Muscles of the Scapular Region 76 Profunda Brachii Artery 113
Deltoid 76 X Video 1.8 Arm
Dissection 80 Mnemonics 114
Rotator Cuff 81 Clinicoanatomical Problem 114
Intermuscular Spaces 81 Further Reading 114
Dissection 82
Frequently Asked Questions 115
Axillary or Circumflex Nerve 83
Anastomoses Around Scapula 84
Viva Voce 115, 116
Clinical Anatomy 84
X Video 1.6 Muscles of the Back and Scapular Region
Mnemonics 84
9. Forearm and Hand 117
Facts to Remember 84 Introduction 117
Clinicoanatomical Problem 84 Surface Landmarks of Front of Forearm 117
Further Reading 85 Muscles of Front of Forearm 118
Frequently Asked Questions 85 Superficial Muscles 119
Multiple Choice Questions 85 Deep Muscles 120
Viva Voce 86 Dissection 123
Arteries of Front of Forearm 123
7. Cutaneous Nerves, Superficial Veins and Radial Artery 123
Ulnar Artery 124
Lymphatic Drainage 87
Dissection 125
Introduction 87 Nerves of Front of Forearm 126
Cutaneous Nerves 87 Median Nerve 126
Dissection 89 Ulnar Nerve 127
Dermatomes 90 Radial Nerve 127
Superficial Veins 92 Palmar Aspect of Wrist and Hand 128
Individual Veins 92 Dissection 128
Clinical Anatomy 94 Flexor Retinaculum 129
Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic Drainage 94 Clinical Anatomy 130
Clinical Anatomy 95 Intrinsic Muscles of Hand 131
Facts to Remember 96 Testing of Some Intrinsic Muscles 136
Clinicoanatomical Problems 96 Dissection 137
Further Reading 96 Arteries of Hand 137
Frequently Asked Questions 97 Ulnar Artery 137
Viva Voce 97 Radial Artery 138
Dissection 140
8. Arm 98 Nerves of Hand 140
Ulnar Nerve 140
Introduction 98 Clinical Anatomy 141
Surface Landmarks 98 Median Nerve 142
CONTENTS xv
Clinical Anatomy 143 Joints of Hand 178

Fascial Spaces of Hand 145 Intercarpal, Carpometacarpal and
Clinical Anatomy 147 Intermetacarpal Joints 178
Back of Forearm and Hand 147 First Carpometacarpal Joint 178
Surface Landmarks 147 Dissection 180
Dorsum of Hand 148 Clinical Anatomy 180
Anatomical Snuffbox 149 Metacarpophalangeal Joints 180
Extensor Retinaculum 149 Interphalangeal Joints 181
Dissection 149 X Video 1.10 Joints of Upper Limb
Muscles of Back of Forearm 150 Mnemonics 182
Superficial Muscles 150 Facts to Remember 182
Deep Muscles 152 Clinicoanatomical Problem 182
Dorsal Digital Expansion/Extensor Expansion 152 Further Reading 182
Dissection 153 Frequently Asked Questions 183
Posterior Interosseous Nerve 153 Multiple Choice Questions 183
Dissection 155 Viva Voce 184
Posterior Interosseous Artery 155
Arches of Hand 155
11. Surface Marking, Radiological Anatomy
X Video 1.9.1 Forearm
X Video 1.9.2 Palm
and Comparison of Upper and Lower
Mnemonics 156 Limbs 185
Facts to Remember 156 Introduction 185
Clinicoanatomical Problems 157 Surface Marking 185
Further Reading 157 Mammary Gland 185
Frequently Asked Questions 157 Arteries and Nerves in Arm 185
Multiple Choice Questions 158 Joints 189
Viva Voce 159 Retinacula 190
Synovial Sheaths of the Flexor Tendons 190
10. Joints of Upper Limb 160 Radiological Anatomy of Upper Limb 190
Comparison of Upper and Lower Limbs 193
Introduction 160
Further Reading 196
Shoulder Girdle 160
Sternoclavicular Joint 160
Dissection 161
Acromioclavicular Joint 161 Appendix 1: Nerves, Arteries and
Movements of Shoulder Girdle 161 Clinical Terms 197
Dissection 163
Introduction 197
Shoulder Joint 163
Musculocutaneous Nerve 197
Movements of Shoulder Joint 165
Axillary or Circumflex Nerve 197
Dissection 166
Radial Nerve 198
Median Nerve 200
Elbow Joint 169
Ulnar Nerve 200
Dancing Shoulder 169
Carrying Angle 171
Arteries of Upper Limb 204
Dissection 171
Sympathetic Innervation 206
Embryology of the Upper Limb 206
Radioulnar Joints 173
Molecular Regulation of Limb Development 206
Interosseous Membrane 173
Clinical Terms 206
Middle Radioulnar Joint 173
Further Reading 208
Supination and Pronation 174
Dissection 174
Wrist (Radiocarpal) Joint 175 Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) Cases 210
Dissection 177 Spots on Upper Limb 211
Clinical Anatomy 177 Answers: Spots on Upper Limb 212
Section 2 THORAX
12. Introduction 215 Clinical Anatomy 218

Shape 218
Surface Landmarks of Thorax 215 Clinical Anatomy 218
Skeleton of Thorax 216 Superior Aperture/Inlet of Thorax 219
Formation 216 Clinical Anatomy 221
xvi HUMAN ANATOMY—UPPER LIMB AND THORAX
Inferior Aperture/Outlet of Thorax 221

15. Thoracic Cavity and Pleurae 261
Facts to Remember 223
Clinicoanatomical Problem 223 Thoracic Cavity 261
Further Reading 223 Dissection 261
Frequently Asked Questions 223 Pleurae 263
Multiple Choice Questions 223 Nerve Supply of the Pleura 267
Viva Voce 224
Mnemonics 268
13. Bones and Joints of Thorax 225 Clinicoanatomical Problem 268
Further Reading 269
Introduction 225
Bones of Thorax 225
Ribs or Costae 225
Viva Voce 270
Ossification of a Typical Rib 227
Ossification 228
Ossification 229
16. Lungs 271
Costal Cartilages 229 Introduction 271
Sternum 230 Fissures and Lobes of the Lungs 272
Development and Ossification 232 Root of the Lung 274
Clinical Anatomy 232 Bronchial Tree 276
Vertebral Column 233 Dissection 276
Ossification 237 Development of Respiratory System 279
Clinical Anatomy 237 Molecular Regulation 280
Joints of Thorax 237 Histology 280
Respiratory Movements 240 Clinical Anatomy 281
Clinical Anatomy 242 X Video 1.16 Lungs
X Video 1.13.1 Sternum Mnemonics 282
X Video 1.13.2 Ribs Facts to Remember 282
Clinicoanatomical Problems 282
X Video 1.13.3 Thoracic Vertebra
Further Reading 283
Mnemonics 243
Clinicoanatomical Problem 244
Further Reading 244 Viva Voce 284
Multiple Choice Questions 245 17. Mediastinum 285
Viva Voce 245 Introduction 285
Superior and Inferior Mediastina 285
14. Walls of Thorax 246 Dissection 285
Introduction 246 Superior Mediastinum 286
Thoracic Wall Proper 246 Inferior Mediastinum 286
Anterior Mediastinum 286
Intercostal Muscles 246
Middle Mediastinum 286
Intercostal Nerves 248
Posterior Mediastinum 286
Dissection 249
Typical Intercostal Spaces 251
Intercostal Arteries 251
Intercostal Veins 253
Lymphatics of an Intercostal Sapce 253
Viva Voce 289
Internal Thoracic Artery 253
Azygos Vein 255
Hemiazygos Vein 256 18. Pericardium and Heart 290
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein 256 Introduction 290
Thoracic Sympathetic Trunk 256 Pericardium 290
Clinical Anatomy 259 Fibrous Pericardium 291
X Video 1.14 Thoracic Cage Serous Pericardium 291
Facts to Remember 259 Dissection 292
Clinicoanatomical Problem 259 Clinical Anatomy 292
Further Reading 259 Heart 293
Frequently Asked Questions 260 External Features 293
Viva Voce 260 Right Atrium 295
CONTENTS xvii
Dissection 295
Right Ventricle 297 20. Trachea, Oesophagus and 328
Dissection 299 Thoracic Duct
Left Atrium 299
Dissection 299 Introduction 328
Left Ventricle 299 Trachea 328
Dissection 300 Histology of Trachea 329
Structure of Heart 301 Oesophagus 330
Valves 301 Dissection 330
Clinical Anatomy 302 Histology of Oesophagus 332
Fibrous Skeleton 302 Clinical Anatomy 333
Musculature of the Heart 303 Thoracic Duct 334
Conducting System 303 Facts to Remember 335
Clinical Anatomy 304 Clinicoanatomical Problem 335
Arteries Supplying the Heart 304 Further Reading 335
Right Coronary Artery 305 Frequently Asked Questions 336
Dissection 306 Multiple Choice Questions 336
Left Coronary Artery 306
Viva Voce 336
Dissection 307
Cardiac Dominance 307
Clinical Anatomy 307 21. Surface Marking and Radiological
Veins of the Heart 308 Anatomy of Thorax 337
Lymphatics of Heart 309
Nerve Supply of Heart 310 Introduction 337
Clinical Anatomy 310 Surface Marking 337
Parietal Pleura 337
Developmental Components 311
Molecular Regulation of Cardiac Lungs 338
Development 311 Borders of the Heart 339
Foetal Circulation 311 Arteries 340
X Video 1.18.1 Pericardium and Heart Veins 341
X Video 1.18.2 Chambers of the Heart Trachea 342
Mnemonics 314 Right Bronchus 342
Facts to Remember 314 Left Bronchus 342
Clinicoanatomical Problems 314 Oesophagus 342
Further Reading 315 Thoracic Duct 342
Frequently Asked Questions 315 Radiological Anatomy 342
Tomography 344
Viva Voce 316 Numericals 344
Further Reading 344
19. Superior Vena Cava, Aorta and
Pulmonary Trunk 317 Appendix 2: Autonomic Nervous System,
Introduction 317 Arteries, Nerves and Clinical Terms 345
Dissection 317
Introduction 345
Superior Vena Cava 317
Autonomic Nervous System 345
Sympathetic Nervous System 345
Aorta 319
Ascending Aorta 319 Thoracic Part of Sympathetic Trunk 346
Arch of Aorta 319 Nerve Supply of Heart 347
Descending Thoracic Aorta 321 Nerve Supply of Lungs 347
Phrenic Nerve 323 Typical Intercostal Nerve 348
Clinical Anatomy 323 Atypical Intercostal Nerves 348
Pulmonary Trunk 324 Arteries 348
Development of Arteries 324 Clinical Terms 348
Development of Superior Vena Cava 325 Frequently Asked Questions 351
Mnemonics 325 Multiple Choice Questions 352
Facts to Remember 325 Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) Cases 353
Clinicoanatomical Problem 326 Spots on Thorax 355
Answers: Spots on Thorax 356
Viva Voce 327 Index 357
Ethical Aspects of Cadaveric Dissection
T he cadaver, the dead body, that we dissect, plays an important role in the teaching of anatomy to medical
students. The cadaver and the bones become an important part of our life as medical students as some
academics have even referred to the cadaver as the ‘first teacher’ in the medical school.
We must pay due respect to the cadavers and bones kept in the dissection hall or museum. In some
medical schools it is mandatory to take an ‘oath’ before beginning the cadaveric dissection which aims to
uphold the dignity of the mortal remains of the departed soul while other medical schools help the student to
undertake dissection in a proper manner and empathise with the families of the donor. During the course of
dissection the student is constantly reminded of the sanctity of the body he/she is studying so that the noble
donation of someone's body is used only as a means of gaining scientific knowledge/progress. Each and every
dissected part afterwards is disposed or cremated with full dignity.
Honour of the donor and his/her family is the prime responsibility of the health professional.‘The dead teach
the living’, and the living pledge to use this knowledge for the upliftment of humankind.
Three-dimensional models and computer simulations cannot replace the tactile appreciation achieved
by cadaveric dissection and we should always be grateful to those who have donated their bodies and strive
to respect them. We have the privilege to study the human being through a body of a fellow human and have
to be humble and carry forward the legacy of nobility and selflessness in our careers.
(Contributed by Dr Puneet Kaur)
Index of Competencies
Code Competency Chapter Page no
AN 8.1 Identify the given bone, its side, important features and keep it in anatomical position 2 6
AN 8.2 Identify and describe joints formed by the given bone 2 6
AN 8.3 Enumerate peculiarities of clavicle 2 6
AN 8.4 Demonstrate important muscle attachments on the given bone 2 7, 8
AN 8.5 Identify and name various bones in articulated hand, specify the parts of metacarpals 2 25
and phalanges and enumerate the peculiarities of pisiform
AN 8.6 Describe scaphoid fracture and explain the anatomical basis of avascular necrosis 2 27
AN 9.1 Describe attachment, nerve supply and action of pectoralis major and pectoralis minor 3 46
AN 9.2 Describe the location, extent, deep relations, structure, age changes, blood supply, 3 39
lymphatic drainage, microanatomy and applied anatomy of breast.
AN 9.3 Describe development of the breast 3 43
AN 10.1 Identify and describe boundaries and contents of axilla 4 53
AN 10.2 Identify, describe and demonstrate the origin, extent, course, parts, relations and 4 57
branches of axillary artery and tributaries of vein
AN 10.3 Describe, identify and demonstrate formation, branches, relations, area of supply of 4 61
branches, course and relations of terminal branches of brachial plexus
AN 10.4 Describe the anatomical groups of axillary lymph nodes and specify their areas of drainage 3, 4 42, 60
AN 10.5 Explain variations in formation of brachial plexus 4 61
AN 10.6 Explain the anatomical basis of clinical features of Erb's palsy and Klumpke’s paralysis 4 64
AN 10.7 Explain anatomical basis of enlarged axillary lymph nodes 3, 4 42, 60
AN 10.8 Describe, identify and demonstrate the position, attachment, nerve supply and actions 5 70
of trapezius and latissimus dorsi
AN 10.9 Describe the arterial anastomosis around the scapula and mention the boundaries of 5, 6 73, 84
triangle of auscultation
AN 10.10 Describe and identify the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles 6 76, 81
AN 10.11 Describe and demonstrate attachment of serratus anterior with its action 3 49
AN 10.12 Describe and demonstrate shoulder joint for—type, articular surfaces, capsule, synovial 10 163
membrane, ligaments, relations, movements, muscles involved, blood supply, nerve
supply and applied anatomy
AN 10.13 Explain anatomical basis of injury to axillary nerve during intramuscular injections 6 80, 83, 84
AN 11.1 Describe and demonstrate muscle groups of upper arm with emphasis on biceps and 8 99, 109
triceps brachii
AN 11.2 Identify and describe origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), termination of 8 99, 104
important nerves and vessels in arm
AN 11.3 Describe the anatomical basis of venepuncture of cubital veins 7 93
AN 11.4 Describe the anatomical basis of Saturday night paralysis 8 112
AN 11.5 Identify and describe boundaries and contents of cubital fossa 8 106
AN 11.6 Describe the anastomoses around the elbow joint 8 105
AN 12.1 Describe and demonstrate important muscle groups of ventral forearm with attachments, 9 118
nerve supply and actions
AN 12.2 Identify and describe origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), termination of 9 123
important nerves and vessels of forearm
xx HUMAN ANATOMY—UPPER LIMB AND THORAX

AN 12.3 Identify and describe flexor retinaculum with its attachments 9 128
AN 12.4 Explain anatomical basis of carpal tunnel syndrome 9 143
AN 12.5 Identify and describe small muscles of hand. Also describe movements of thumb and 9 134
muscles involved
AN 12.6 Describe and demonstrate movements of thumb and muscles involved 10 178
AN 12.7 Identify and describe course and branches of important blood vessels and nerves in hand 9 137
AN 12.8 Describe anatomical basis of claw hand 9 143
AN 12.9 Identify and describe fibrous flexor sheaths, ulnar bursa, radial bursa and digital 9 120
synovial sheaths
AN 12.10 Explain infection of fascial spaces of palm 9 145
AN 12.11 Identify, describe and demonstrate important muscle groups of dorsal forearm with 9 150
attachments, nerve supply and actions
AN 12.12 Identify and describe origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), termination of 9 153
important nerves and vessels of back of forearm
AN 12.13 Describe the anatomical basis of wrist drop 8 112
AN 12.14 Identify and describe compartments deep to extensor retinaculum 9 149
AN 12.15 Identify and describe extensor expansion formation 9 152
AN 13.1 Describe veins of upper limb and its lymphatic drainage 7 92
AN 13.2 Describe dermatomes of upper limb 7 90
AN 13.3 Identify and describe the type, articular surfaces, capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, 10 169
relations, movements, blood and nerve supply of elbow joint, proximal and distal
radioulnar joints, wrist joint and first carpometacarpal joint
AN 13.4 Describe sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, carpometacarpal joints and 10 160, 178
metacarpophalangeal joint
AN 13.5 Identify the bones and joints of upper limb seen in anteroposterior and lateral view 11 190
radiographs of shoulder region, arm, elbow, forearm and hand
AN 13.6 Identify and demonstrate important bony landmarks of upper limb: Jugular notch, 3 37
sternal angle, acromial angle, spine of the scapula, vertebral level of the medial end,
inferior angle of the scapula
AN 13.7 Identify and demonstrate surface projection of: Cephalic and basilic vein, palpation of 11 185
brachial artery, radial artery, testing of muscles: Trapezius, pectoralis major, serratus anterior,
latissimus dorsi, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachioradialis
AN 13.8 Describe development of upper limb Appendix 1 206
AN 21.1 Identify and describe the salient features of sternum, typical rib, Ist rib and typical 13 225
thoracic vertebra
AN 21.2 Identify and describe the features of 2nd, 11th and 12th ribs, 1st, 11th and 12th thoracic 13 227
vertebrae
AN 21.3 Describe and demonstrate the boundaries of thoracic inlet, and outlet 12 219
AN 21.4 Describe and demonstrate extent, attachments, direction of fibres, nerve supply and 14 246
actions of intercostal muscles
AN 21.5 Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations and branches of a typical intercostal nerve 14 248
AN 21.6 Mention origin, course and branches/ tributaries of: 14 250
1. Anterior and posterior intercostal vessels
2. Internal thoracic vessels
AN 21.7 Mention the origin, course, relations and branches of: 14 248
1. Atypical intercostal nerve
2. Superior intercostal artery, subcostal artery
AN 21.8 Describe and demonstrate type, articular surfaces and movements of manubriosternal, 13 237
costovertebral, costotransverse and xiphisternal joints
AN 21.9 Describe and demonstrate mechanics and types of respiration 13 240
INDEX OF COMPETENCIES xxi

AN 21.10 Describe costochondral and interchondral joints 13 238
AN 21.11 Mention boundaries and contents of the superior, anterior, middle and posterior 17 285
mediastinum
AN 22.1 Describe and demonstrate subdivisions, sinuses in pericardium, blood supply and nerve 18 290
supply of pericardium
AN 22.2 Describe and demonstrate external and internal features of each chamber of heart 18 295
AN 22.3 Describe and demonstrate origin, course and branches of coronary arteries 18 304
AN 22.4 Describe anatomical basis of ischaemic heart disease 18 307
AN 22.5 Describe and demonstrate the formation, course, tributaries and termination of 18 308
coronary sinus
AN 22.6 Describe the fibrous skeleton of heart 18 302
AN 22.7 Mention the parts, position and arterial supply of the conducting system of heart 18 303
AN 23.1 Describe and demonstrate the external appearance, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, 20 330
lymphatic drainage and applied anatomy of oesophagus
AN 23.2 Describe and demonstrate the extent, relations tributaries of thoracic duct and enumerate 20 333
its applied anatomy
AN 23.3 Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, tributaries and termination of 14, 19 255, 317
superior venacava, azygos, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins
AN 23.4 Mention the extent, branches and relations of arch of aorta and descending thoracic aorta 19 319
AN 23.5 Identify and mention the location and extent of thoracic sympathetic chain 14 256
AN 23.6 Describe the splanchnic nerves 14 256
AN 23.7 Mention the extent, relations and applied anatomy of thoracic duct 20 334
AN 24.1 Mention the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of pleura, extent of 15 263
pleura and describe the pleural recesses and their applied anatomy
AN 24.2 Identify side, external features and relations of structures which form root of lung and 15 274
bronchial tree and their clinical correlate
AN 24.3 Describe a bronchopulmonary segment 15 277
AN 24.4 Identify phrenic nerve and describe its formation and distribution 19 322
AN 24.5 Mention the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of lungs 16 275
AN 24.6 Describe the extent, length, relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply 20 328
of trachea
AN 25.1 Identify, draw and label a slide of trachea and lung 20 329
AN 25.2 (a) Describe development of pleura, lung and heart 16 279
(b) Describe development of respiratory system and heart 18 310
AN 25.3 Describe fetal circulation and changes occurring at birth 18 311
AN 25.4 Describe embryological basis of: 18, 20 313
1. Atrial septal defect
2. Ventricular septal defect
3. Fallot’s tetralogy
4. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
AN 25.5 Describe developmental basis of congenital anomalies, transposition of great vessels, 19 319
dextrocardia, patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of aorta
AN 25.6 Mention development of aortic arch arteries, SVC, IVC and coronary sinus 19 324
AN 25.7 Identify structures seen on a plain X-ray chest (PA view) 21 342
AN 25.8 Identify and describe in brief a barium swallow 21 344
AN 25.9 Demonstrate surface marking of lines of pleural reflection, lung borders and fissures, 21 337
trachea, heart borders, apex beat and surface projection of valves of heart
Competency-Based
Ninth
Human Anatomy

Volume
2
W
Human
Competency-Based
Chaurasia's
2
Anatomy
Human Anatomy
each section.
Lower Limb
Problems 35.
Chief Editor
Abdomen and Pelvis
has received Life Time Achievement Award, Fellowship of Anatomical Society of India, and DMA Distinguished Services Award, in 2015. She is Scratch Code on Inside Front Cover
visiting faculty of DNB, MDS and a PhD examiner. for Accessing CBSiCentral App
Editors
Wall Chart on
Edition
Ninth
Veins of Human Body


are given at the relevant locations in the text
ISBN: 978-93-5466-476-2

Hyderabad | Jharkhand | Nagpur | Patna | Pune | Uttarakhand
9 789354 664762 CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
Competency-Based
2
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
Lower Limb
Abdomen and Pelvis
Competency-Based
2
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
Lower Limb
Abdomen and Pelvis
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors

Additional Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy

Disclaimer
ISBN: 978-93-5466-476-2
Ninth Edition: 2023

First Edition: 1979
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— BD Chaurasia


dissection.
manner.
viii HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Figures 414 653 462 210 1739
Tables 43 52 33 23 151
FAQs 99 132 104 52 387
MCQs 149 232 135 72 588
Videos 47 50 32 9 138
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors
BD Chaurasia
Acknowledgements
42nd Edition.
generosity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors







—Krishna Garg
Contents
Index of Competencies xxv
Section 1 LOWER LIMB

Phalanges 41
1. Introduction 3 Ossification 41
Development of Lower Limb 3 Clinical Anatomy 41
Molecular Regulation of Limb Development 4 Sesamoid Bones 42
Parts of the Lower Limb 4 X Video 2.2.1 Hip Bone
Related Terms 4 X Video 2.2.2 Femur
Frequently Asked Questions 6 X Video 2.2.3 Patella
Viva Voce 6 X Video 2.2.4 Tibia
X Video 2.2.5 Fibula
2. Bones 7 X Video 2.2.6 Tarsus
Introduction 7 X Video 2.2.7 Metatarsals and Phalanges
Hip Bone 7 X Video 2.2.8 Joints of the Foot
Ilium 7 Mnemonics 42
Pubis 9 Facts to Remember 42
Ischium 12 Clinicoanatomical Problem 42
Acetabulum 14 Further Reading 43
Obturator Foramen 15 Frequently Asked Questions 43
Ossification 15 Multiple Choice Questions 43
Clinical Anatomy 15 Viva Voce 44
Femur 15
Ossification 21 3. Front of Thigh 46
Clinical Anatomy 21
Patella 23 Introduction 46
Ossification 23 Surface Landmarks 46
Clinical Anatomy 24 Skin and Superficial Fascia 47
Tibia 24 Cutaneous Nerves 47
Ossification 28 Cutaneous Arteries 48
Clinical Anatomy 29 Great or Long Saphenous Vein 48
Fibula 29 Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes 49
Ossification 32 Subcutaneous Bursae 49
Bones of the Foot 33 Clinical Anatomy 50
Tarsus/Tarsals 33 Deep Fascia 50
Talus 33 Dissection 52
Clinical Anatomy 35 Femoral Triangle 52
Calcaneus or Calcaneum 35 Boundaries 52
Ossification 37 Contents 53
Clinical Anatomy 37 Femoral Sheath 54
Navicular Bone 37 Femoral Canal 55
Cuneiform Bones 37 Femoral Artery 57
Medial Cuneiform 38 Clinical Anatomy 58
Intermediate Cuneiform 38 Femoral Vein 59
Lateral Cuneiform 39 Femoral Nerve 59
Ossification 39 Branches and Distribution 59
Cuboid 39 Clinical Anatomy 60
Ossification 40 Muscles of the Front of the Thigh 60
Metatarsus 40 Iliacus and Psoas Major 61
xiv HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Adductor/Hunter’s/Subsartorial Canal 63 Foramen (Gateway of Gluteal Region) 85

Dissection 65 Structures Passing through the Lesser
X Video 2.3 Front of Thigh Sciatic Foramen 85
Facts to Remember 65 X Video 2.5 Gluteal Region
Clinicoanatomical Problem 65 Facts to Remember 85
Further Reading 65 Clinicoanatomical Problem 85
Frequently Asked Questions 65 Further Reading 85
Multiple Choice Questions 65 Frequently Asked Questions 86
Viva Voce 66 Multiple Choice Questions 86
Viva Voce 86
4. Medial Side of Thigh 67
Introduction 67
6. Popliteal Fossa 87
Adductor Compartment 67 Introduction 87
Boundaries 67 Surface Landmarks 87
Muscles of Adductor/Medial Compartment of Thigh 68 Location 87
Relations of Adductor Longus 68 Boundaries 87
Obturator Nerve 69 Contents 89
Clinical Anatomy 70 Popliteal Artery 89
Accessory Obturator Nerve 71 Clinical Anatomy 90
Obturator Artery 71 Popliteal Vein 90
Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery 71 Tibial Nerve in Popliteal Fossa 91
X Video 2.4 Medial Side of Thigh Common Peroneal Nerve 91
Facts to Remember 72 Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh 92
Clinicoanatomical Problem 72 Genicular Branch of Obturator Nerve 92
Further Reading 72 Popliteal Lymph Nodes 92
Frequently Asked Questions 73 Clinical Anatomy 92
Multiple Choice Questions 73 Anastomoses Around the Knee Joint 92
Viva Voce 73 X Video 2.6 Popliteal Fossa
Mnemonics 93
5. Gluteal Region 74
Introduction 74 Further Reading 93
Surface Landmarks 74 Frequently Asked Questions 94
Superficial and Deep Fascia 75 Viva Voce 94
Superficial Fascia 75
Cutaneous Nerves 75 7. Back of Thigh 95
Cutaneous Vessels and Lymphatics 76
Deep Fascia 76 Introduction 95
Muscles of Gluteal Region 76 Muscles and Nerves 95
Structures under Cover of Gluteus Maximus 78 Muscles of the Back of Thigh 95
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Medius 80 Dissection 95
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Minimus 80 Clinical Anatomy 95
Dissection 80 Sciatic Nerve 99
Sacrotuberous and Sacrospinous Ligaments 82 Arteries of the Back of Thigh 101
Nerves of the Gluteal Region 82 Anastomoses on the Back of Thigh 102
Superior Gluteal Nerve 82 X Video 2.7 Back of the Thigh
Inferior Gluteal Nerve 82 Facts to Remember 103
Sciatic Nerve 82 Clinicoanatomical Problem 103
Clinical Anatomy 82 Further Reading 103
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh 83 Frequently Asked Questions 104
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris 83 Multiple Choice Questions 104
Pudendal Nerve 83 Viva Voce 104
Nerve to the Obturator Internus 83
Perforating Cutaneous Nerve 83 8. Front of Leg with Dorsum of Foot;
Arteries of Gluteal Region 84
Lateral and Medial Sides of Leg 105
Superior Gluteal Artery 84
Inferior Gluteal Artery 84 Introduction 105
Internal Pudendal Artery 84 Surface Landmarks 105
Trochanteric Anastomosis 84 Superficial Fascia 106
Cruciate Anastomosis 84 Superficial Veins 106
Structures Passing through the Greater Sciatic Cutaneous Nerves 107
CONTENTS xv

Clinical Anatomy 107 Multiple Choice Questions 134
Deep Fascia 107 Viva Voce 134
Superior Extensor Retinaculum 108
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 109
Dissection 109
10. Sole of Foot 135
Clinical Anatomy 109 Introduction 135
Muscles of Front of Leg 109 Skin 135
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg 109 Dissection 136
Anterior Tibial Artery 109 Fasciae 136
Deep Peroneal Nerve 113 Superficial Fascia 136
Clinical Anatomy 115 Deep Fascia 136
Dorsum of Foot 115 Plantar Aponeurosis 136
Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Dorsal Artery of the Foot) 115 Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligaments 137
Dissection 116 Fibrous Flexor Sheaths 137
Fascia and Muscles of Lateral Side of the Leg 116 Muscles of Sole 137
Peroneal Retinacula 116 Muscles and Tendons of the First and Second Layers 137
Clinical Anatomy 117 Muscles and Tendons of Third and Fourth Layers 139
Peroneal Muscles 117 Dissection 139
Clinical Anatomy 117 Plantar Vessels and Nerves 142
Superficial Peroneal Nerve 117 Medial Plantar Nerve 142
Dissection 118 Lateral Plantar Nerve 144
Tendons on Medial Side of the Leg 118 Clinical Anatomy 144
Dissection 119 Medial Plantar Artery 144
Clinical Anatomy 119 Lateral Plantar Artery 144
X Video 2.8 Front of Leg Plantar Arch 145
Mnemonics 119 Clinical Anatomy 145
Facts to Remember 120 X Video 2.10 Foot/Sole
Clinicoanatomical Problem 120 Facts to Remember 146
Further Reading 120 Clinicoanatomical Problem 146
Frequently Asked Questions 121 Further Reading 146
Multiple Choice Questions 121 Frequently Asked Questions 147
Viva Voce 147
9. Back of Leg 123
Introduction 123 11. Venous and Lymphatic Drainage;
Superficial Fascia 123 Segmental and Sympathetic Innervation;
Small or Short Saphenous Vein 123 and Comparison of Lower and Upper
Great or Long Saphenous Vein 123
Cutaneous Nerves 123
Limbs 148
Dissection 124 Introduction 148
Clinical Anatomy 124 Venous Drainage 148
Deep Fascia 124 Factors Helping Venous Return 148
Boundaries and Subdivisions 124 Veins of Lower Limb 148
Flexor Retinaculum 125 Long Saphenous Vein 149
Dissection 125 Small or Short Saphenous Vein 150
Clinical Anatomy 126 Perforating Veins 150
Muscles 126 Clinical Anatomy 151
Superficial Muscles 126 Lymphatic Drainage 152
Deep Muscles 128 Classification 152
Dissection 129 Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes 152
Clinical Anatomy 129 Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes 153
Posterior Tibial Artery 130 Superficial Lymphatics 153
Peroneal Artery 131 Deep Lymphatics 153
Tibial Nerve 131 Clinical Anatomy 154
Clinical Anatomy 132 Segmental Innervation 154
X Video 2.9 Back of Leg Dermatomes 154
Mnemonics 133 Myotomes 155
Facts to Remember 133 Clinical Anatomy 155
Clinicoanatomical Problem 133 Sympathetic Innervation 156
Further Reading 133 Comparison of Lower and Upper Limbs 156
xvi HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Facts to Remember 159 Clinicoanatomical Problems 184

Clinicoanatomical Problem 159 Further Reading 185
Further Reading 159 Frequently Asked Questions 185
Frequently Asked Questions 159 Multiple Choice Questions 185
Multiple Choice Questions 160 Viva Voce 186
Viva Voce 160
13. Arches of Foot 187
12. Joints of Lower Limb 161 Introduction 187
Introduction 161 Formation or Structure of Arches 187
Hip Joint 161 Medial Longitudinal Arch 187
Type 161 Lateral Longitudinal Arch 188
Ligaments 161 Anterior Transverse Arch 188
Relations of the Hip Joint 163 Posterior Transverse Arch 188
Blood Supply 164 Factors Responsible for Maintenance of Arches 188
Nerve Supply 164 Functions of Arches 190
Movements 164 Summary 190
Dissection 164 Comparison of Medial and Lateral Longitudinal Arches 190
Knee Joint 166 Facts to Remember 192
Type 166 Clinicoanatomical Problem 192
Ligaments 166 Frequently Asked Questions 193
Synovial Membrane 170 Viva Voce 193
Bursae around the Knee 170
Relations of Knee Joint 170
Blood Supply 171
14. Surface and Radiological Anatomy 194
Nerve Supply 171 Palpable Parts of the Bones 194
Dissection 171 Surface Marking 195
Movements at the Knee Joint 171 Arteries 195
Locking and Unlocking of the Knee Joint 172 Femoral Artery 195
Dissection 172 Profunda Femoris Artery 195
Clinical Anatomy 173 Popliteal Artery 195
Ankle Joint 174 Superior Gluteal Artery 195
Ligaments 174 Inferior Gluteal Artery 195
Relations of the Ankle Joint 176 Anterior Tibial Artery 196
Movements 176 Posterior Tibial Artery 196
Blood Supply 177 Dorsalis Pedis Artery 196
Nerve Supply 177 Medial Plantar Artery 197
Dissection 177 Lateral Plantar Artery 197
Clinical Anatomy 177 Plantar Arch 197
Tibiofibular Joints 177 Veins 197
Superior Tibiofibular Joint 177 Femoral Vein 197
Middle Tibiofibular Joint 177 Great Saphenous Vein 197
Inferior Tibiofibular Joint 178
Small Saphenous Vein 198
Dissection 178
Nerves 198
Femoral Nerve 198
Joints of the Foot 178
Sciatic Nerve 198
Subtalar or Talocalcanean Joint 179
Tibial Nerve 198
Movements 179
Common Peroneal Nerve 198
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint 179
Deep Peroneal Nerve 199
Movements 180
Superficial Peroneal Nerve 199
Calcaneocuboid Joint 180
Transverse Tarsal or Midtarsal Joint 181 Medial Plantar Nerve 199
Inversion and Eversion of the Foot 181 Lateral Plantar Nerve 199
Joints Taking Part 181 Miscellaneous Structures 199
Muscles Producing Movements 181 Saphenous Opening 199
Dissection 182 Femoral Ring 199
Smaller Joints of Forefoot 182 Superior Extensor Retinaculum 199
Joint Cavities of Foot 182 Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 199
Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints 183 Flexor Retinaculum 200
Dissection 183 Radiological Anatomy 200
Gait/Walking 183 Hip 200
Clinical Anatomy 183 Knee 201
X Video 2.12 Joints of Lower Limb Foot 201
Facts to Remember 184 Further Reading 202
CONTENTS xvii
Tibial Nerve 206

Appendix 1: Nerves, Arteries and Common Peroneal Nerve 206
Clinical Terms 203 Deep Peroneal Nerve 206
Superficial Peroneal Nerve 207
Nerves of Lower Limb 203
Plantar Nerves 208
Femoral Nerve 203
Arteries of Lower Limb 210
Obturator Nerve 203
Accessory Obturator Nerve 204
Clinical Terms 212
Superior Gluteal Nerve 204
Inferior Gluteal Nerve 204 Multiple Choice Questions 213
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris 204 Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) Cases 214
Nerve to Obturator Internus 205 Spots on Lower Limb 215
Sciatic Nerve 205 Answers: Spots on Lower Limb 216
Section 2 ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Dissection 240
15. Introduction and Osteology 219 Transversus Abdominis Muscle 241
Introduction to Abdomen 219 Dissection 241
Osteology 219 Rectus Abdominis Muscle 241
Lumbar Vertebrae 219 Actions of the Main Muscles of the
Ossification 222 Anterior Abdominal Wall 242
Inguinal Ligament 242
Conjoint Tendon or Falx Inguinalis 243
The Sacrum/Vertebra Magnum 224
Cremaster Muscle 243
Sacral Canal 226
Pyramidalis 243
Attachments on the Sacrum 226
Dissection 243
Relations of the Sacrum 226
Sex Differences 227
Deep Nerves 244
Ossification 227 Deep Arteries 244
Coccyx 227 Rectus Sheath 246
Ossification 228 New Concepts of Rectus Sheath 247
Bony Pelvis 228 Fascia Transversalis 248
Sex Differences in the Pelvis 229 Dissection 248
Anatomical Position of the Pelvis 229 Inguinal Canal 249
Intervertebral Joints 230 Definition 249
Intervertebral Disc 230 Boundaries 249
X Video 2.15.1 Lumbar Vertebrae Structures Passing through Inguinal Canal 250
X Video 2.15.2 Sacrum and Coccyx Constituents of the Spermatic Cord 250
X Video 2.15.3 Bony Pelvis Mechanism of Inguinal Canal 251
X Video 2.15.4 Pelvic Cavity Development of Inguinal Canal 251
Mnemonics 231 Dissection 251
Clinicoanatomical Problem 231 X Video 2.16 Anterior Abdominal Wall
Further Reading 231 Mnemonics 254
Frequently Asked Questions 232 Facts to Remember 254
Multiple Choice Questions 232 Clinicoanatomical Problem 254
Viva Voce 232 Further Reading 255
16. Anterior Abdominal Wall 233 Multiple Choice Questions 255
Viva Voce 256
Skin and Superficial Fascia 234
Dissection 234
17. Male External Genital Organs 257
Umbilicus 235 Introduction 257
Superficial Fascia 237 External Genital Organs 257
Clinical Anatomy 237 Penis 257
Cutaneous Nerves 237 Root of Penis 257
Cutaneous Arteries 238 Body of Penis and its Histology 258
Cutaneous Veins 238 Clinical Anatomy 260
Clinical Anatomy 239 Scrotum 260
Muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall 239 Clinical Anatomy 261
External Oblique Muscle 239 Testis 261
Internal Oblique Muscle 240 External Features 262
xviii HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Arterial Supply 263

Histology of Seminiferous Tubule 264 19. Abdominal Part of Oesophagus and
Clinical Anatomy 264 Stomach 291
Epididymis 265
Introduction 291
Dissection 291
Histology 265
Abdominal Part of Oesophagus 291
Development of Male Reproductive System 266
Histology 292
Descent of the Testis 266
Ducts 266
Stomach 294
External Genitalia 267
Location 294
Molecular Regulation 267
External Features 294
Relations of Stomach 295
Blood Supply 296
Further Reading 268
Nerve Supply 297
Interior of Stomach 297
Viva Voce 269 Functions of Stomach 297
Dissection 298
18. Abdominal Cavity and Peritoneum 270 Clinical Anatomy 298
Introduction 270 Histology of Stomach 299
Nine Regions of Abdomen 270 Development 299
Peritoneum 271 Molecular Regulation of Gut Tube Development 299
Functions of Peritoneum 272 X Video 2.19 Stomach
Clinical Anatomy 273 Mnemonics 300
Peritoneal Folds 273 Facts to Remember 300
Greater Omentum 274 Clinicoanatomical Problem 300
Dissection 275 Further Reading 300
Lesser Omentum 276 Frequently Asked Questions 301
Mesentery 277 Multiple Choice Questions 301
Mesoappendix 277 Viva Voce 301
Dissection 277
Transverse Mesocolon 278
Dissection 278
20. Small and Large Intestines 302
Sigmoid Mesocolon 278 Introduction 302
Dissection 278 Small Intestine 302
Reflection of Peritoneum 278 Relevant Features 302
Peritonial Cavity 279 Large Surface Area 302
Vertical Tracing/Sagittal Tracing 279 Duodenum 304
Horizontal Tracing above Transverse Colon 280
Dissection 304
Horizontal Tracing below the Level of the
Peritoneal Relations 305
Transverse Colon 280
Suspensory Muscle of Duodenum or Ligament of Treitz 307
Horizontal Tracing of Peritoneum in the
Histology 308
Lesser Pelvis/True Pelvis (Male) 281
Horizontal Tracing of Peritoneum in the
Jejunum and Ileum 309
Lesser Pelvis/True Pelvis (Female) 281
Histology 310
Epiploic Foramen/Omental Foramen/
Foramen of Winslow 281 Meckel’s Diverticulum (Diverticulum Ilei) 310
Lesser Sac or Omental Bursa 282 Dissection 310
Special Regions of the Peritoneal Cavity 283 Large Intestine 311
Supracolic Compartment/Subphrenic Spaces 284 Dissection 313
Hepatorenal Pouch (Morrison’s Pouch) 285 Clinical Anatomy 313
Infracolic Compartments 285 Caecum 313
Paracolic Gutters 285 Dissection 314
Rectouterine Pouch (Pouch of Douglas) 285 Clinical Anatomy 315
Clinical Anatomy 285 Vermiform Appendix 315
Peritoneal Fossae (Recesses) 286 Histology 317
Development of Gut and its Folds 288 Ascending Colon 318
X Video 2.18 Peritoneal Cavity Right Colic Flexure (Hepatic Flexure) 318
Facts to Remember 288 Transverse Colon 318
Clinicoanatomical Problem 288 Left Colic Flexure (Splenic Flexure) 318
Further Reading 289 Descending Colon 318
Frequently Asked Questions 289 Sigmoid Colon (Pelvic Colon) 318
Multiple Choice Questions 289 Histology of Colon 319
Viva Voce 290 Development of Intestines 319
CONTENTS xix
X Video 2.20 Small and Large Intestines External Features 345

Mnemonics 320 Relations 345
Facts to Remember 320 Arterial Supply 346
Clinicoanatomical Problem 320 Venous Drainage 347
Further Reading 320 Lymphatic Drainage 347
Frequently Asked Questions 321 Clinical Anatomy 347
Multiple Choice Questions 321 Histology 349
Viva Voce 322 Development 349
Pancreas 349
Head of the Pancreas 349
21. Large Blood Vessels of the Gut 323 Body of the Pancreas 350
Introduction 323 Tail of the Pancreas 351
Blood Vessels 323 Ducts of the Pancreas 351
Coeliac Trunk 323 Arterial Supply 352
Origin and Length 323 Venous Drainage 352
Branches 324 Lymphatic Drainage 352
Superior Mesenteric Artery 325 Nerve Supply 352
Origin, Course and Termination 325 Functions 353
Branches 326 Dissection 353
Superior Mesenteric Vein 327 Clinical Anatomy 353
Dissection 328 Histology 353
Clinical Anatomy 328 Development 354
Inferior Mesenteric Artery 328 Molecular Regulation 355
Branches 328 Liver 355
Inferior Mesenteric Vein 328 External Features 355
Clinical Anatomy 329 Relations 356
Marginal Artery of Drummond 329 Arterial Supply 357
Portal Vein 329 Venous Drainage 358
Branches 331 Lymphatic Drainage 358
Tributaries 331 Nerve Supply 358
Portosystemic Communications Hepatic Segments 358
(Portocaval Anastomoses) 331 Dissection 359
Development 333 Histology 360
Facts to Remember 333 Development 361
Clinicoanatomical Problem 333 Molecular Regulation 361
Further Reading 334 X Video 2.23 Glands of Abdominal Cavity
Frequently Asked Questions 334 Mnemonics 361
Multiple Choice Questions 334 Facts to Remember 361
Viva Voce 335 Clinicoanatomical Problem 362
Further Reading 362
22. Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus 336 Frequently Asked Questions 362
Introduction 336 Multiple Choice Questions 363
Right and Left Hepatic Ducts 336 Viva Voce 363
Common Hepatic Duct 336
Gallbladder 336 24. Kidney and Ureter 364
Cystic Duct 338 Kidney 364
Bile Duct 338 External Features 365
Sphincters Related to the Bile and Pancreatic Ducts 339 Hilum 365
Vascular and Nerve Supply 339 Relations of the Kidneys 365
Dissection 340 Capsules or Coverings of Kidney 365
Clinical Anatomy 340 Structure 367
Histology of Gallbladder 341
Blood Supply of Kidney 369
Development 342
Nerve Supply 369
Exposure of the Kidney from Behind 369
Further Reading 342
Histology 370
Dissection 371
Viva Voce 343
Ureter 373
Dimensions 373
23. Spleen, Pancreas and Liver 344 Normal Constrictions 374
Introduction 344 Relations 374
Spleen 344 Abdominal Part of Ureter 374
Dissection 344 Pelvic Part of Ureter 375
xx HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Intravesical Part 376 Branches 394

Blood Supply 376 Common Iliac Arteries 396
Nerve Supply 376 Inferior Vena Cava 396
Histology 376 Tributaries 396
Development of Kidney and Ureter 377 Abdominal Parts of Azygos and Hemiazygos Veins 397
Anomalies of the Kidney and Ureter 377 Lymph Nodes of Posterior Abdominal Wall 398
Molecular Regulation of Kidney Development 377 Cisterna Chyli 398
X Video 2.24 Kidney and Ureter Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall 398
Mnemonics 377 Dissection 398
Clinicoanatomical Problem 379 Thoracolumbar Fascia (Lumbar Fascia) 400
Further Reading 379 Nerves of the Posterior Abdominal Wall 401
Frequently Asked Questions 379 Abdominal Part of the Autonomic Nervous Sytem 402
Multiple Choice Questions 380 Lumbar Sympathetic Chain 402
Viva Voce 380 Coeliac Ganglia and Coeliac Plexus 402
Superior Hypogastric Plexus (Presacral Nerve) 403
Inferior Hypogastric Plexuses 404
25. Suprarenal Gland and Clinical Anatomy 404
Chromaffin System 381 Layers of the Abdomen 405
Suprarenal Gland 381 Mnemonics 406
Right Suprarenal Gland 381 Facts to Remember 406
Left Suprarenal Gland 382 Clinicoanatomical Problem 406
Structure and Function 382 Further Reading 406
Arterial Supply 383 Frequently Asked Questions 407
Venous Drainage 383 Multiple Choice Questions 407
Lymphatic Drainage 383 Viva Voce 407
Nerve Supply 383
Clinical Anatomy 383 28. Perineum 408
Histology 384
Development 384 Introduction 408
Molecular Regulation 384 Superficial Boundaries 408
Dissection 384 Deep Boundaries of the Perineum 408
Chromaffin System 384 Divisions of the Perineum 409
Facts to Remember 385 Anal Region 409
Clinicoanatomical Problem 385 Perineal Body 409
Further Reading 385 External Anal Sphincter 410
Frequently Asked Questions 386 Ischioanal Fossa 410
Multiple Choice Questions 386 Spaces and Canals of the Fossa 411
Viva Voce 386 Contents of Ischioanal Fossa 411
Dissection 412
26. Thoracoabdominal Diaphragm 387 Male Perineum 412
Introduction 387 Male External Genital Organs 412
Gross Anatomy 387 Male Urogenital Region 412
Openings in the Thoracoabdominal Diaphragm 389 Dissection 413
Relations 389 Clinical Anatomy 413
Nerve Supply 389 Superficial Perineal Sapce 413
Actions 390 Deep Perineal Space 413
Dissection 390 Boundaries 416
Clinical Anatomy 390 Deep Transversus Perinei 416
Development 391 Distal Urethral Sphincter Mechanism 416
Mnemonics 391 Perineal Membrane 416
Clinicoanatomical Problem 392 Female Perineum 418
Further Reading 392 Female External Genital Organs/Pudendum/Vulva 418
Frequently Asked Questions 393 Female Urogenital Region 419
Viva Voce 393 Superficial Perineal Space 420
Deep Perineal Space 420
Boundaries 420
27. Posterior Abdominal Wall 394 Contents 420
Introduction 394 Urethral Sphincter Mechanism 420
Blood Vessels, Muscles and Nerves 394 Compressor Urethrae 420
Abdominal Aorta 394 Sphincter Urethrovaginalis 420
Relations 394 Perineal Membrane 421
CONTENTS xxi
Pudendal Canal 421

Pudendal Nerve 422 31. Female Reproductive Organs 444
Internal Pudendal Artery 423 Internal Genital Organs 444
Internal Pudendal Vein 424 Ovaries 444
Histology of Body of Penis/Clitoris 424 External Features 445
Facts to Remember 424 Relations 445
Clinicoanatomical Problem 425 Arterial Supply 446
Further Reading 425 Venous Drainage 446
Frequently Asked Questions 425 Histology 446
Viva Voce 426 Dissection 447
Uterine Tubes 447
Course and Relations 447
29. Preliminary Consideration of Blood Supply 448
Boundaries and Contents of Pelvis 427 Lymphatic Drainage 448
Nerve Supply 448
Introduction 427
Lesser Pelvis 427 Histology 448
Muscles 427
Uterus 449
Pelvic Inlet (Superior Aperture of Pelvis) 428
Pelvic Outlet (Inferior Aperture of Pelvis) 429 Size and Shape 450
Normal Position and Angulation 450
Parts of Uterus 451
Pelvic Floor 429
Clinical Anatomy 429 Cervix of Uterus 451
Ligaments of Uterus 452
Pelvic Cavity 430
Arterial Supply 452
Contents 430
Structures Crossing the Pelvic Inlet/Brim of the Pelvis 430 Venous Drainage 453
Nerve Supply 453
Further Reading 431 Age and Reproductive Changes 453
Supports of the Uterus 453
Multiple Choice Questions 432 Role of Individual Supports 454
Histology 455
Viva Voce 432
Vagina 456
30. Urinary Bladder and Urethra 433 Extent and Situation 457
Fornices of Vagina 457
Introduction 433 Relations 457
Urinary Bladder 433 Arterial Supply 457
External Features 433 Venous Drainage 458
Relations 434 Lymphatic Drainage 458
Ligaments of the Bladder 434 Nerve Supply 458
Interior of the Bladder 435 Ureter in Female Pelvis 458
Arterial Supply 435 Histology 458
Venous Drainage 435 Clinical Anatomy 459
Lymphatic Drainage 436 Development 459
Nerve Supply 436 Molecular Regulation 461
Histology of Urinary Bladder 436 X Video 2.31 Female Reproductive System
Dissection 436
Mnemonics 461
Urethra 437
Male Urethra 437
Further Reading 462
Posterior Part 438
Anterior Part 439
Viva Voce 463
Female Urethra 440
Walls of Urethra 440
Micturition 441
32. Male Inter nal Genital Organs 464
Development of Urinary Bladder and Urethra 441 Dissection 464
Facts to Remember 442 Ductus Deferens 464
Clinicoanatomical Problem 442 Course and Relations 464
Further Reading 442 Arterial Supply 465
Frequently Asked Questions 443 Venous Drainage 465
Multiple Choice Questions 443 Histology 466
Viva Voce 443 Development 466
xxii HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Seminal Vesicles 466
34. Walls of Pelvis 487
Ejaculatory Duct 466 Introduction 487
Prostate 466 Vessels of the Pelvis 487
Situation 467 Internal Iliac Artery 487
Gross Features 467 Course 487
Zones of the Prostate 467 Relations 487
Capsules and Ligaments of Prostate 468 Branches 487
Structures within the Prostate 468 Branches of Anterior Division 487
Structural Zones of the Prostate 469 Branches of Posterior Division 489
Blood Supply 469 Internal Iliac Vein 489
Lymphatic Drainage 469 Lymph Nodes of the Pelvis 490
Nerve Supply 469 Dissection 490
Age Changes in Prostate 469 Nerves of the Pelvis 490
Lumbosacral Plexus 490
Histology 470
Branches from Dorsal Divisions 490
Development 470
Branches from Ventral Division 491
Coccygeal Plexus 491
Vertebral System of Veins/Batson’s Plexus 471
Communications and Implications 471 Pelvic Autonomic Nerves 491
X Video 2.32 Male Reproductive System Pelvic Sympathetic System 491
Facts to Remember 471 Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves 491
Further Reading 472 Pelvic Fascia 492
Frequently Asked Questions 472 Pelvic Muscles 492
Multiple Choice Questions 472 Levator Ani 493
Viva Voce 473 Pubococcygeus Part 493
Iliococcygeus Part 493
Ischiococcygeus Part 494
33. Rectum and Anal Canal 474 Nerve Supply 494
Introduction 474 Actions of the Levator Ani and Coccygeus 494
Rectum 474 Relations of the Levator Ani 494
Situation 474 Dissection 494
Dimensions 474 Clinical Anatomy 494
Joints of Pelvis 495
Relations 475
Lumbosacral Joints 495
Mucosal Folds 475
Sacrococcygeal and Intercoccygeal Joints 495
Arterial Supply 476
Sacroiliac Joint 495
Venous Drainage 477
Ligaments 496
Factors Providing Stability 497
Nerve Supply 478 Blood Supply 497
Supports of Rectum 478 Nerve Supply 497
Dissection 478 Movements 497
Clinical Anatomy 479 Pubic Symphysis 497
Anal Canal 480 Mechanism of Pelvis 497
Length, Extent and Direction 480 Dissection 497
Relations of the Anal Canal 480 Clinical Anatomy 498
Interior of the Anal Canal 480 Facts to Remember 498
Musculature of the Anal Canal 481 Clinicoanatomical Problem 498
Anorectal Ring 481 Further Reading 498
Surgical Spaces Related to the Anal Canal 482 Frequently Asked Questions 499
Arterial Supply 482 Multiple Choice Questions 499
Venous Drainage 482 Viva Voce 499
Nerve Supply 483
35. Surface Marking of Abdomen
Dissection 483
Clinical Anatomy 483 and Pelvis 500
Histology 484 Planes and Regions of the Abdomen 500
Development 484 Surface Marking 500
Facts to Remember 484 Viscera 500
Clinicoanatomical Problem 485 Spleen 500
Further Reading 485 Stomach 500
Frequently Asked Questions 485 Duodenum 501
Multiple Choice Questions 485 Caecum 501
Viva Voce 486 Ileocaecal Orifice or Valve 501
CONTENTS xxiii
Appendix 501 Retrograde (Instrumental or Ascending) Pyelography 508

Ascending Colon 501 Biliary Apparatus (Ultrasonography) 508
Transverse Colon 502 Hysterosalpingography 509
Descending Colon 502 Further Reading 509
Rectum and Anal Canal 502
Liver 502
Gallbladder 502
Appendix 2: Nerves, Arteries and
Bile Duct 502 Clinical Terms 510
Pancreas 502
Nerves of Abdomen 510
Kidney 502
Ureter 503 Lower Intercostal Nerves 510
Upper Lumbar Nerves 510
Vessels 503
Lumbar Plexus 510
Abdominal Aorta 503
Common Iliac Artery 503 Sacral Plexus 511
Pudendal Nerve 511
External Iliac Artery 503
Abdominal Part of Sympathetic Trunk 511
Coeliac Trunk and its Branches 503
Superior Mesenteric Artery 503 Aortic Plexus 511
Pelvic Part of Sympathetic Trunk 511
Inferior Mesenteric Artery 504
Collateral or Prevertebral Ganglia and
Inferior Vena Cava 504
Portal Vein 504 Plexuses 512
Coeliac Plexus 512
Miscellaneous 504
Superior Hypogastric Plexus 512
Inguinal Canal 504
Root of Mesentery 504 Autonomic Nerve Supply of Various Organs 512
Gastrointestinal Tract 512
Further Reading 504
Genitourinary Tract 513
36. Radiological and Imaging Procedures 505 Arteries of Abdomen and Pelvis 514
Clinical Terms 517
Introduction 505
Plain Skiagram of Abdomen 505
Alimentary Canal (Barium Studies) 506 Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) Cases 521
Barium Meal Examination 506 Spots on Abdomen and Pelvis 523
Barium Enema 507 Answers: Spots on Abdomen and Pelvis 524
Pyelography 507
Excretory (Intravenous or Descending) Pyelography 507 Index 525
We must pay due respect to the cadavers and bones kept in the dissection hall or museum. In some medical
schools, it is mandatory to take an ‘oath’ before beginning the cadaveric dissection which aims to uphold the
dignity of the mortal remains of the departed soul while other medical schools help the student to undertake
dissection in a proper manner and empathise with the families of the donor. During the course of dissection, the
student is constantly reminded of the sanctity of the body he/she is studying so that the noble donation of
someone's body is used only as a means of gaining scientific knowledge/progress. Each and every dissected
part afterwards is disposed or cremated with full dignity.

AN 14.1 Identify the given bone, its side, important features and keep it in anatomical position 2 7
AN 14.2 Identify and describe joints formed by the given bone 2 7
AN 14.3 Describe the importance of ossification of lower end of femur and upper end of tibia 2 21
AN 14.4 Identify and name various bones in the articulated foot with individual muscle attachment 2 32
AN 15.1 Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), termination 3, 4 57, 69
of important nerves and vessels of anterior thigh
AN 15.2 Describe and demonstrate major muscles with their attachment, nerve supply and actions 3, 4 60, 67
AN 15.3 Describe and demonstrate boundaries, floor, roof and contents of femoral triangle 3 52
AN 15.4 Explain anatomical basis of psoas abscess and femoral hernia 3 55, 61
AN 15.5 Describe and demonstrate adductor canal with its content 3 63
AN 16.1 Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), termination 5 82
of important nerves and vessels of gluteal region
AN 16.2 Describe anatomical basis of sciatic nerve injury during gluteal intramuscular injections 5 80
AN 16.3 Explain the anatomical basis of Trendelenburg sign 5 82
AN 16.4 Describe and demonstrate the hamstrings group of muscles with their attachment, 7 95
AN 16.5 Describe and demonstrate the origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), 7 99
termination of important nerves and vessels on the back of thigh
AN 16.6 Describe and demonstrate the boundaries, roof, floor, contents and relations of 6 87
popliteal fossa
AN 17.1 Describe and demonstrate the type, articular surfaces, capsule, synovial membrane, 12 161
ligaments, relations, movements and muscles involved, blood and nerve supply,
bursae around the hip joint
AN 17.2 Describe anatomical basis of complications of fracture neck of femur 12 164
AN 17.3 Describe dislocation of hip joint and surgical hip replacement 12 164
AN 18.1 Describe and demonstrate major muscles of anterior compartment of leg with their 8 109
attachment, nerve supply and actions
AN 18.2 Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), 8 109
termination of important nerves and vessels of anterior compartment of leg
AN 18.3 Explain the anatomical basis of foot drop 8 115
ligaments, relations, movements and muscles involved, blood and nerve supply,
bursae around the knee joint
AN 18.5 Explain the anatomical basis of locking and unlocking of the knee joint 12 171
AN 18.6 Describe knee joint injuries with its applied anatomy 12 173
AN 18.7 Explain anatomical basis of osteoarthritis 12 173
AN 19.1 Describe and demonstrate the major muscles of back of leg with their attachment, 9 126
AN 19.2 Describe and demonstrate the origin, course, relations, branches (or tributaries), 9 130
termination of important nerves and vessels of back of leg
AN 19.3 Explain the concept of “Peripheral heart” 9 127
AN 19.5 Describe factors maintaining importance arches of the foot with its importance 13 187
xxvi HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

AN 19.6 Explain the anatomical basis of flat foot and club foot 13 191
AN 19.7 Explain the anatomical basis of metatarsalgia and plantar fasciitis 10 137
ligaments, relations, movements and muscles involved, blood and nerve supply of
tibiofibular and ankle joint
AN 20.2 Describe the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints 12 179
AN 20.3 Describe and demonstrate fascia lata, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, retinacula 11 148
and dermatomes of lower limb
AN 20.4 Explain anatomical basis of enlarged inguinal lymph nodes 11 154
AN 20.5 Explain anatomical basis of varicose veins and deep vein thrombosis 11 151
AN 20.6 Identify the bones and joints of lower limb seen in anteroposterior and lateral view 14 200
radiographs of various regions of lower limb
AN 20.7 Identify and demonstrate important bony landmarks of lower limb: Vertebral levels of 14 194
highest point of iliac crest, posterior superior iliac spines, iliac tubercle, pubic tubercle,
ischial tuberosity, adductor tubercle, tibial tuberosity, head of fibula, medial and lateral
malleoli, condyles of femur and tibia, sustentaculum tali, tuberosity of fifth metatarsal,
tuberosity of the navicular
AN 20.8 Identify and demonstrate palpation of femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, anterior tibial 14 195
and dorsalis pedis blood vessels in a simulated environment
AN 20.9 Identify and demonstrate Palpation of vessels (femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, post-tibial), 14 198
mid-inguinal point, Surface projection of: Femoral nerve, saphenous opening, Sciatic, tibial,
common peroneal and deep peroneal nerve, Great and small saphenous veins
AN 20.10 Describe basic concept of development of lower limb 1 3
AN 44.1 Describe and demonstrate the planes (transpyloric, transtubercular, subcostal, lateral 18 270
vertical, linea alba, linea semilunaris), regions and quadrants of abdomen
AN 44.2 Describe and identify the fascia, nerves and blood vessels of anterior abdominal wall 16 237
AN 44.3 Describe the formation of rectus sheath and its contents 16 246
AN 44.4 Describe and demonstrate extent, boundaries, contents of Inguinal canal including 16 249
Hesselbach’s triangle
AN 44.5 Explain the anatomical basis of inguinal hernia 16 251
AN 44.6 Describe and demonstrate attachments of muscles of anterior abdominal wall 16 239
AN 44.7 Enumerate common abdominal incisions 16 244
AN 45.1 Describe thoracolumbar fascia 27 400
AN 45.2 Describe and demonstrate Lumbar plexus for its root value, formation and branches 27 401
AN 45.3 Mention the major subgroups of back muscles, nerve supply and action 27 398
AN 46.1 Describe and demonstrate coverings, internal structure, side determination, blood supply, 17 261
nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and descent of testis with its applied anatomy
AN 46.2 Describe parts of epididymis 17 265
AN 46.3 Describe penis under following headings: Parts, components, blood supply and lymphatic 17 257
drainage
AN 46.4 Explain the anatomical basis of varicocoele 17 264
AN 46.5 Explain the anatomical basis of Phimosis and circumcision 17 260
AN 47.1 Describe and identify boundaries and recesses of lesser and hreater sac 18 279, 282
AN 47.2 Name and identify various peritoneal folds and pouches with its explanation 18 283
AN 47.3 Explain anatomical basis of ascites and peritonitis 18 273, 285
AN 47.4 Explain anatomical basis of subphrenic abscess 18 285
AN 47.5 Describe and demonstrate major viscera of abdomen under following headings: anatomical 19 291
position, external and internal features, important peritoneal and other relations, blood 20 302
supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and applied aspects)
INDEX OF COMPETENCIES xxvii

AN 47.6 Explain the anatomical basis of splenic notch, accessory spleens, Kehr’s sign, different 22, 23 340, 347, 359
types of vagotomy, liver biopsy (site of needle puncture), referred pain in cholecystitis,
obstructive jaundice, referred pain around umbilicus, radiating pain of kidney to groin
and lymphatic spread in carcinoma stomach
AN 47.7 Mention the clinical importance of Calot’s triangle 22 340
AN 47.8 Describe and identify the formation, course relations and tributaries of portal vein, 21, 27 329, 396, 397
inferior vena cava and renal vein
AN 47.9 Describe and identify the origin, course, important relations and branches of abdominal 21, 27 323, 394, 396
aorta, coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric and common iliac artery
AN 47.10 Enumerate the sites of portosystemic anastomosis 21 331
AN 47.11 Explain the anatomic basis of hematemesis and caput medusae in portal hypertension 21 331
AN 47.12 Describe important nerve plexuses of posterior abdominal wall 27 402
AN 47.13 Describe and demonstrate the attachments, openings, nerve supply and action of 26 387
the thoracoabdominal diaphragm
AN 47.14 Describe the abnormal openings of thoracoabdominal diaphragm and diaphragmatic hernia 26 390
AN 48.1 Describe and identify the muscles of Pelvic diaphragm 34 492
AN 48.2 Describe and demonstrate the (position, features, important peritoneal and other relations, 31, 32 444, 464
blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and clinical aspects of) important male
and female pelvic viscera
AN 48.3 Describe and demonstrate the origin, course, important relations and branches of internal 34 487
iliac artery
AN 48.4 Describe the branches of sacral plexus 34 490
AN 48.5 Explain the anatomical basis of suprapubic cystostomy, urinary obstruction in benign 31, 32 449, 456, 466
prostatic hypertrophy, retroverted uterus, prolapse uterus, internal and external
haemorrhoids, anal fistula, vasectomy, tubal pregnancy and tubal ligation
AN 48.6 Describe the neurological basis of automatic bladder 30 436
AN 48.7 Mention the lobes involved in benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic cancer 32 470
AN 48.8 Mention the structures palpable during vaginal and rectal examination 31, 33 456, 479
AN 49.1 Describe and demonstrate the superficial and deep perineal pouch 28 415
(boundaries and contents)
AN 49.2 Describe and identify perineal body 28 409
AN 49.3 Describe and demonstrate perineal membrane in male and female 28 415
AN 49.4 Describe and demonstrate boundaries, content and applied anatomy of Ischiorectal fossa 28 410
AN 49.5 Explain the anatomical basis of perineal tear, episiotomy, perianal abscess and anal fissure 28, 33 412, 483
AN 50.2 Describe and demonstrate the type, articular ends, ligaments and movements of 34 495
intervertebral joints, sacroiliac joints and pubic symphysis
AN 50.4 Explain the anatomical basis of scoliosis, lordosis, prolapsed disc, spondylolisthesis and 15 222
spina bifida
AN 52.1 Describe and identify the microanatomical features of gastro-intestinal system: 19, 20 299, 308, 309,
Oesophagus, fundus of stomach, pylorus of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, Ileum, 22, 23 317, 319, 341,
large intestine, appendix, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and suprarenal gland, colon 25, 33 349, 353, 360,
384, 484
AN 52.2 Describe and identify the microanatomical features of: Urinary system: Kidney, ureter 17, 258, 264, 265,
and urinary bladder male reproductive system: Testis, epididymis,vas deferens, prostate 24, 30, 370, 376, 436,
and penis female reproductive system: Ovary, uterus, uterine tube, cervix, placenta 31, 32 446, 448, 455,
and umbilical cord 458, 465, 470
AN 52.5 Describe the development and congenital anomalies of Diaphragm 26 390, 391
AN 52.6 Describe the development and congenital anomalies of: Foregut, midgut and hindgut, 19, 20 299, 313, 319
caecum, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder 22, 23 342, 349, 354
33 361, 484
AN 52.7 Describe the development of urinary system 24, 25 377, 384
xxviii HUMAN ANATOMY—LOWER LIMB, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

AN 52.8 Describe the development of male and female reproductive system 17, 31, 265, 459,
32 466
AN 53.2 Demonstrate the anatomical position of bony pelvis and show boundaries of pelvic inlet, 29 427
pelvic cavity, pelvic outlet
AN 53.3 Define true pelvis and false pelvis and demonstrate sex determination in male and 15 229
female bony pelvis
AN 53.4 Explain and demonstrate clinical importance of bones of abdominopelvic region 15 222
(sacralization of lumbar vertebra, lumbarization of 1st sacral vertebra, types of bony
pelvis and coccyx)
AN 54.1 Describe and identify features of plain X-ray abdomen 36 505
AN 54.2 Describe and identify the special radiographs of abdominopelvic region (contrast X-ray 36 506
barium swallow, barium meal, barium enema, cholecystography, intravenous pyelography
and hysterosalpingography)
Competency-Based
Ninth
Human Anatomy

Volume
3
W
Human
Competency-Based
Chaurasia's
3
Anatomy
Human Anatomy
each section.
Head and Neck
Problems 20.
Chief Editor
Academy of Medical Sciences (FAMS) in 2005. She was honoured with Excellence Award in Anatomy in 2004 by Delhi Medical Association. She Volumes
has received Life Time Achievement Award, Fellowship of Anatomical Society of India, and DMA Distinguished Services Award, in 2015. She is Scratch Code on Inside Front Cover 3&4
visiting faculty of DNB, MDS and a PhD examiner. for Accessing CBSiCentral App sold together
as one set
Editors
Wall Chart on
Edition
Ninth
Nerves of Human Body


Set ISBN for Volumes 3 and 4 are given at the relevant locations in the text
ISBN: 978-93-5466-477-9

Competency-Based
3
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
Head and Neck

Competency-Based
3
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
Head and Neck

Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors

Additional Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy Professor, Department of Anatomy

Disclaimer
ISBN: 978-93-5466-477-9
Ninth Edition: 2023

First Edition: 1979
Reprint: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988
Reprint: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
Third Edition: 1995
Reprint: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
Reprint: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
Fifth Edition: 2010
Reprint: 2011, 2012
Sixth Edition: 2013
Reprint: 2014, 2015
Reprint: 2017, 2018, 2019
Reprint: 2021, 2022

Branches
Representatives

to
my teacher
— BD Chaurasia


dissection.
manner.
viii HUMAN ANATOMY—HEAD AND NECK

Figures 414 653 462 210 1739
Tables 43 52 33 23 151
FAQs 99 132 104 52 387
MCQs 149 232 135 72 588
Videos 47 50 32 9 138
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors
BD Chaurasia
Acknowledgements
42nd Edition.
generosity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors







—Krishna Garg
Contents
Preface to the First Edition (Excerpts) ix
Index of Competencies xxi
Features 35
1. Introduction and Osteology 3
Articulations of Maxilla 38
Introduction 3 Ossification 38
Functions of Head and Neck 3 Age Changes 38
Skull 4 Parietal Bone 39
Bones of the Skull 4 Side Determination 39
Anatomical Position of Skull 5 Features 39
Peculiarities of Skull Bones 5 Occipital Bone 39
Exterior of the Skull 6 Anatomical Position 39
Norma Verticalis 6 Features 39
Clinical Anatomy 7 Frontal Bone 40
Norma Occipitalis 7 Anatomical Position 40
Norma Frontalis 8 Temporal Bone 41
Clinical Anatomy 10 Side Determination 41
Norma Lateralis 10 Features 41
Clinical Anatomy 13 Sphenoid Bone 44
Norma Basalis 13 Body of Sphenoid 44
Attachments of Exterior of Skull 18 Greater Wings 44
Interior of the Skull 21 Lesser Wings 45
Internal Surface of Cranial Vault 22 Pterygoid Processes 46
Internal Surface of the Base of Skull 22 Ethmoid Bone 46
Anterior Cranial Fossa 22 Cribriform Plate 46
Clinical Anatomy 23 Perpendicular Plate 46
Middle Cranial Fossa 23 Labyrinths 47
Clinical Anatomy 25 Vomer 47
Posterior Cranial Fossa 25 Inferior Nasal Conchae 47
Clinical Anatomy 26 Zygomatic Bones 47
Attachments and Relations: Interior of the Skull 26 Nasal Bones 48
Principles Governing Fractures of the Skull 27 Lacrimal Bones 48
The Orbit 27 Palatine Bones 49
Foetal Skull/Neonatal Skull 29 Hyoid Bone 49
Dimensions 29 Attachments on the Hyoid Bone 50
Structure of Bones 29 Development 50
Postnatal Growth of Skull 30 Cervical Vertebrae 51
Clinical Anatomy 30 Identification 51
Sex Differences in the Skull 31 Typical Cervical Vertebrae 51
Craniometry 31 Ossification 52
Mandible 32 First Cervical Vertebra 52
Body 32 Ossification 53
Ramus 32 Second Cervical Vertebra 53
Attachments and Relations of the Mandible 33 Seventh Cervical Vertebra 54
Foramina and Relations to Nerves and Vessels 34 Ossification 54
Age Changes in the Mandible 34 Ossification of Cranial Bones 56
Structures Related to Mandible 35 Foramina of Skull Bones and their Contents 57
Clinical Anatomy 35 Development of Neurocranium 58
Maxilla 35 X Video 3.1 Bones of Skull
Side Determination 35 Mnemonics 59
xiv HUMAN ANATOMY—HEAD AND NECK
Facts to Remember 59 Buccopharyrgeal Fascia 90

Clinicoanatomical Problem 59 Pharyngobasilar Fascia 90
Further Reading 59 Pharyngeal Spaces 90
Frequently Asked Questions 60 Retropharyngeal Space 90
Multiple Choice Questions 60 Lateral Pharyngeal Space 90
Viva Voce 61 Sternocleidomastoid (Sternomastoid) Muscle 90
Clinical Anatomy 91
2. Scalp, Temple and Face 62 Posterior Triangle 92
Dissection 92
Introduction 62 Clinical Anatomy 93
Contents of the Posterior Triangle 94
Scalp and Superficial Temporal Region 63
Clinical Anatomy 96
Scalp 63 X Video 3.3 Side of the Neck
Dissection 63 Facts to Remember 97
Superficial Temporal Region 65
Clinical Anatomy 67
Further Reding 97
Face 67
Skin 67
Superficial Fascia 67
Viva Voce 98
Dissection 68
Facial Muscles 68
4. Anterior Triangle of the Neck 99
Nerve Supply of Face 71
Sensory Nerve Supply 74 Surface Landmarks 99
Clinical Anatomy 74 Structures in the Anterior Median Region
Arteries of the Face 75 of the Neck 100
Facial Artery 75 Clinical Anatomy 101
Veins of the Face 76 Anterior Triangle 103
Clinical Anatomy 76 Boundaries 103
Lymphatic Drainage of the Face 77 Subdivisions 103
Eyelids or Palpebrae 77 Submental Triangle 104
Dissection 78 Digastric Triangle 104
Lacrimal Apparatus 79 Carotid Triangle 105
Components 79 Dissection 105
Dissection 79 Muscular Triangle 107
Development of Face 80 Ansa Cervicalis or Ansa Hypoglossi 108
Molecular Regulation 80 Common Carotid Artery 108
X Video 3.2 Scalp and Face Clinical Anatomy 108
External Carotid Artery 108
Mnemonics 81
Branches 109
Potential Tissue Spaces in Head and Neck 111
X Video 3.4 Anterior Triangle of the Neck
Further Reading 81
Frequently Asked Questions 82 Mnemonics 111
Viva Voce 83
Further Reading 112
3. Side of the Neck 84 Frequently Asked Questions 112
Introduction 84
Viva Voce 113
Landmarks 84
Boundaries 84
Skin 84
5. Parotid Region 114
Superficial Fascia 85 Introduction 114
Dissection 85 Salivary Glands 114
Clinical Anatomy 86 Parotid Gland 114
Deep Cervical Fascia (Fascia Colli) 86 Dissection 114
Investing Layer 86
Clinical Anatomy 88
Relations 115
Pretracheal Fascia 88
Clinical Anatomy 88 Parotid Duct/Stenson’s Duct 119
Prevertebral Fascia 88 Clinical Anatomy 119
Clinical Anatomy 89 Histology 120
Carotid Sheath 89 Development 120
CONTENTS xv
X Video 3.5 Parotid Gland

8. Structures in the Neck 151
Clinicoanatomical Problem 120 Introduction 151
Glands 151
Further Reading 120
Thyroid Gland 151
Dissection 151
Viva Voce 121 Histology 156
Development 156
6. Temporal and Infratemporal Regions 122 Parathyroid Glands 157
Introduction 122 Histology 158
Temporal Fossa 122 Thymus 158
Infratemporal Fossa 122 Clinical Anatomy 159
Landmarks on the Lateral Side of the Head 123 Histology of Thymus 159
Muscles of Mastication 123 Development of Thymus and Parathyroid
Features 123 Glands 159
Temporal Fascia 123 Blood Vessels of the Neck 160
Dissection 123 Subclavian Artery 160
Relations of Lateral Pterygoid 125 Dissection 160
Relations of Medial Pterygoid 126 Clinical Anatomy 163
Clinical Anatomy 126 Common Carotid Artery 163
Dissection 163
Maxillary Artery 126
Dissection 126
Internal Carotid Artery 164
Branches of Maxillary Artery 127
Subclavian Vein 165
Internal Jugular Vein 166
Pterygoid Venous Plexus 129 Clinical Anatomy 167
Temporomandibular Joint 129 Brachiocephalic Vein 167
Dissection 129 Nerves of the Neck 167
Clinical Anatomy 132 Glossopharyngeal Nerve—IX Nerve 167
Mandibular Nerve 133 Vagus Nerve—X Nerve 167
Dissection 134 Accessory Nerve—XI Nerve 167
Otic Ganglion 136 Cervical Part of Sympathetic Trunk 169
Clinical Anatomy 137 Formation 169
X Video 3.6 Infratemporal Fossa
Dissection 169
Ganglia 169
Mnemonics 137
Lymphatic Drainage of Head and Neck 171
Clinicoanatomical Problem 138 Superficial Group 171
Further Reading 148 Dissection 171
Frequently Asked Questions 138 Deep Group 172
Multiple Choice Questions 139 Deepest Group 172
Viva Voce 139 Main Lymph Trunks at the Root of the Neck 173
7. Submandibular Region 140 Styloid Apparatus 174
Development of the Arteries 174
Introduction 140
X Video 3.8 Thyroid Gland
Suprahyoid Muscles 140
Dissection 142 Mnemonics 175
Submandibular Salivary Gland 143
Dissection 144
Further Reading 175
Submandibular Duct/Wharton’s Duct 146
Sublingual Salivary Gland 146 Multiple Choice Questions 176
Submandibular Ganglion 146 Viva Voce 177
Histology 146
Clinical Anatomy 146 9. Prevertebral and Paravertebral Regions 178
Comparison of the Three Salivary Glands 147
Introduction 178
X Video 3.7 Submandibular Salivary Gland
Prevertebral Muscles 178
Facts to Remember 148 Vertebral Artery 178
Clinicoanatomical Problem 149 Dissection 178
Further Reading 149 Scalenovertebral Triangle 180
Frequently Asked Questions 150 Development of Vertebral Artery 181
Multiple Choice Questions 150 Trachea 181
Viva Voce 150 Clinical Anatomy 181
xvi HUMAN ANATOMY—HEAD AND NECK
Oesophagus 182 Straight Sinus 217

Clinical Anatomy 182 Transverse Sinuses 217
Joints of the Neck 182 Sigmoid Sinuses 217
Paravertebral Region 186 Hypophysis Cerebri (Pituitary Gland) 218
Scalene Muscles 186 Dissection 218
Dissection 186 Subdivisions/Parts and Development 219
Cervical Pleura 188 Molecular Regulation 219
Cervical Plexus 188 Histology 219
Phrenic Nerve 190 Clinical Anatomy 220
Facts to Remember 191 Trigeminal Ganglion 221
Further Reading 191 Clinical Anatomy 222
Frequently Asked Questions 192 Middle Meningeal Artery 222
Dissection 223
Viva Voce 192 Clinical Anatomy 223
Other Structures Seen in Cranial Fossae after
10. Back of the Neck 193 Removal of Brain 223
Introduction 193 Dissection 223
Dissection 193 Internal Carotid Artery 223
Nerve Supply of Skin 194 Cranial Nerves 224
Ligamentum Nuchae 194 Petrosal Nerves 224
Muscles of the Back 195 X Video 3.12 Cranial Cavity
Suboccipital Region 198 Facts to Remember 225
Dissection 198 Clinicoanatomical Problem 226
Suboccipital Muscles 198 Further Reading 226
Eeposure of Suboccipital Triangle 199 Frequently Asked Questions 226
Clinical Anatomy 200 Multiple Choice Questions 227
X Video 3.10 Muscles of the Back Viva Voce 227
Mnemonics 201
Facts to Remember 201 13. Contents of the Orbit 228
Clinicoanatomical Problem 201 Introduction 228
Further Reading 201 Orbits 228
Dissection 228
Orbital fascia or Periorbita 228
Viva Voce 202
Facial Sheath of Eyeball or Bulpar Fascia 229
Extraocular Muscles 229
11. Contents of Vertebral Canal 203 Involuntary Muscles 229
Introduction 203 Dissection 229
Contents 203 Clinical Anatomy 233
Dissection 203 Vessels of the Orbit 234
Clinical Anatomy 205 Ophthalmic Artery 234
Spinal Nerves 205 Dissection 234
Vertebral System of Veins 207 Ophthalmic Veins 236
Facts to Remember 207 Nerves of the Orbit 236
Clinicoanatomical Problem 207 Optic Nerve 236
Frequently Asked Question 208 Clinical Anatomy 237
Multiple Choice Questions 208 Ciliary Ganglion 237
Viva Voce 208 Oculomotor Nerve 237
Trochlear Nerve 238
12. Cranial Cavity 209 Abducent Nerve 238
Branches of Ophthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve 238
Introduction 209
Some Branches of Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve 240
Conterts of Cranial Cavity 209
Sympathetic Nerves of the Orbit 241
Dissection 209
Cerebral Dura Mater 210 X Video 3.13 Orbit
Clinical Anatomy 213 Mnemonics 241
Venous Sinuses of Dura Mater 213 Facts to Remember 241
Cavernous Sinus 213 Clinicoanatomical Problem 241
Dissection 213 Further Reading 241
Superior Sagittal Sinus 216 Multiple Choice Questions 242
Clinical Anatomy 217 Viva Voce 242
CONTENTS xvii

14. Mouth and Pharynx 243
Olfactory Nerve—1st Nerve 273
Oral Cavity 243 Clinical Anatomy 273
Vestibule 243 Paranasal Sinuses 273
Oral Cavity Proper 244 Clinical Anatomy 275
Nerve Supply of Gums 245 Pterygopalatine Fossa 276
Clinical Anatomy 245 Maxillary Nerve 276
Teeth 245 Pterygopalatine Ganglion/Sphenopalatine
Clinical Anatomy 246 Ganglion/Ganglion of Hay Fever/Meckel’s Ganglion 278
Stages of Development of Deciduous Teeth 247 Dissection 279
Molecular Regulation of Teeth Development 247 Clinical Anatomy 279
Hard Palate 249 Summary of Pterygopalatine Fossa 279
Dissection 249 X Video 3.15 Nose
Soft Palate 249
Muscles of the Soft Palate 251 Clinicoanatomical Problem 280
Development of Palate 253 Frequently Asked Questions 281
Pharynx 254 Multiple Choice Questions 281
Dissection 254 Viva Voce 281
Parts of the Pharynx 255
Waldeyer’s Lymphatic Ring 255
16. Larynx 282
Palatine Tonsil (The Tonsil) 256 Introduction 282
Clinical Anatomy 257 Constitution of Larynx 282
Histology 257 Dissection 282
Development 258 Cartilages of Larynx 283
Laryngeal Part of Pharynx (Laryngopharynx) 258 Laryngeal Joints 285
Structure of Pharynx 258 Laryngeal Ligaments and Membranes 285
Muscles of the Pharynx 259 Cavity of Larynx 286
Structures in between Pharyngeal Muscles 260 Mucous Membrane of Larynx 286
Dissection 261 Clinical Anatomy 287
Killians’ Dehiscence 261 Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx 287
Nerve Supply of Pharynx 262 Movements of Vocal Folds 291
Blood Supply of Pharynx 262 Infant’s Larynx 291
Lymphatic Drainage of Pharynx 262 Mechanism of Speech 292
Deglutition (Swallowing) 262 X Video 3.16 Larynx
Development 263 Facts to Remember 292
Pharyngotympanic Tube 263 Clinicoanatomical Problem 292
X Video 3.14 Pharynx Frequently Asked Questions 293
Mnemonics 264 Multiple Choice Questions 293
Facts to Remember 264 Viva Voce 294
Further Reading 265 17. Tongue 295
Frequently Asked Questions 265 Introduction 295
Dissection 295
Viva Voce 266
Parts of Tongue 295
15. Nose, Paranasal Sinuses and Papillae of the Tongue 296
Pterygopalatine Fossa 267 Muscles of the Tongue 297
Introduction 267 Hypoglossal Nerve—XII Nerve 299
Nose 267 Clinical Anatomy 299
External Nose 267 Histology 300
Nasal Cavity 267 Development of Tongue 301
Clinical Anatomy 268 Taste Pathway 302
Nasal Septum 268 Clinical Anatomy 302
Dissection 269
X Video 3.17 Tongue
Lateral Wall of Nose 270 Facts to Remember 302
Dissection 270 Clinicoanatomical Problem 303
Conchae and Meatuses 271 Further Reading 303
xviii HUMAN ANATOMY—HEAD AND NECK
Multiple Choice Questions 303 X Video 3.19 Eyeball

Viva Voce 304 Facts to Remember 331
18. Ear 305 Further Reading 331
Introduction 305 Multiple Choice Questions 332
External Ear 305 Viva Voce 332
Auricle/Pinna 306
External Acoustic Meatus 306
20. Surface Marking and Radiological
Dissection 307
Tympanic Membrane 307 Anatomy 333
Middle Ear 310 Surface Landmarks 333
Dissection 310
Landmarks on the Face 333
Functions of Middle Ear 314
Tympanic or Mastoid Antrum 314 Landmarks of the Lateral Side of the Head 334
Dissection 315 Landmarks on the Side of the Neck 335
Clinical Anatomy 315 Landmarks on the Anterior Aspect of the Neck 336
Internal Ear 316 Other Important Landmarks 337
Bony Labyrinth 316 Surface Marking of Various Structures 337
Membranous Labyrinth 317
Arteries 337
Vestibulocochlear Nerve 319
Veins/Sinuses 338
Development 320 Nerves 339
Molecular Regulation 320 Glands 341
Reasons of Earache 320 Paranasal Sinuses 342
X Video 3.18 Ear Radiological Anatomy 342
Mnemonics 320 Lateral View of Skull (Plain Skiagram) 342
Facts to Remember 320 Special PA View of Skull for Paranasal Sinuses 344
Clinicoanatomical Problem 321 Carotid Angiogram 344
Further Reading 321
Further Reading 344
Noise Pollution 321
Multiple Choice Questions 322 Appendix: Parasympathetic Ganglia,
Viva Voce 322 Arteries, Pharyngeal Arches and Clinical
Terms 345
19. Eyeball 323 Introduction 345
Introduction 323 Cervical Plexus 345
Outer Coat 324 Phrenic Nerve 345
Sclera 324 Sympathetic Trunk 345
Dissection 325 Parasympathetic Ganglia 345
Cornea 325 Submandibular Ganglion 345
Dissection 325 Pterygopalatine Ganglion 346
Clinical Anatomy 325 Otic Ganglion 347
Middle Coat 326 Ciliary Ganglion 348
Choroid 326 Arteries of Head and Neck 349
Ciliary Body 326 Pharyngeal Apparatus 351
Iris 327 Structures Derived from Components of
Clinical Anatomy 327 Pharyngeal Arches 351
Inner Coat/Retina 328 Derivatives of Endodermal Pouches 351
Clinical Anatomy 328 Derivatives of Ectodermal Clefts 351
Aqueous Humour 329
Molecular Regulation of Pharyngeal Arches 352
Clinical Anatomy 329 Clinical Terms 352
Lens 329
Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) Cases 354
Dissection 330
Clinical Anatomy 330 Spots on Head and Neck 355
Vitreous Body 331 Answers: Spots on Head and Neck 356
Development 331
Molecular Regulation 331 Index 357
AN 26.1 Demonstrate anatomical position of skull, Identify and locate individual skull bones 1 4, 50
in skull
AN 26.2 Describe the features of norma frontalis, verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis and basalis 1 6
AN 26.3 Describe cranial cavity, its subdivisions, foramina and structures passing through them 1 22
AN 26.4 Describe morphological features of mandible 1 32
AN 26.5 Describe features of typical and atypical cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis) 1 50
AN 26.6 Explain the concept of bones that ossify in membrane 1 56
AN 26.7 Describe the features of the 7th cervical vertebra 1 54
AN 27.1 Describe the layers of scalp, its blood supply, its nerve supply and surgical Importance 2 63
AN 27.2 Describe emissary veins with its role in spread of infection from extracranial route to 1 5
intracranial venous sinuses
AN 28.1 Describe and demonstrate muscles of facial expression and their nerve supply 2 68
AN 28.2 Describe sensory innervation of face 2 74
AN 28.3 Describe and demonstrate origin /formation, course, branches /tributaries of facial vessels 2 75
AN 28.4 Describe and demonstrate branches of facial nerve with distribution 2 71
AN 28.5 Describe cervical lymph nodes and lymphatic drainage of head, face and neck 2, 8 66, 171
AN 28.6 Identify superficial muscles of face, their nerve supply and actions 2 68
AN 28.7 Explain the anatomical basis of facial nerve palsy 2 71
AN 28.8 Explain surgical importance of deep facial vein 2 76
AN 28.9 Describe and demonstrate the parts, borders, surfaces, contents, relations and nerve 5 114
supply of parotid gland with course of its duct and surgical importance
AN 28.10 Explain the anatomical basis of Frey’s syndrome 5 119
AN 29.1 Describe and demonstrate attachments, nerve supply, relations and actions of 3 90
sternocleidomastoid
AN 29.2 Explain anatomical basis of Erb’s and Klumpke’s palsy 4 (vol 1) 64, 65
AN 29.3 Explain anatomical basis of wry neck 3 91
AN 29.4 Describe and demonstrate attachments of:
1) inferior belly of omohyoid 3 94
2)scalenus anterior 9, 10 186, 197
3) scalenus medius
4) levator scapulae
AN 30.1 Describe the cranial fossae and identify related structures 1, 12 22, 223
AN 30.2 Describe and identify major foramina with structures passing through them 1 27
AN 30.3 Describe and identify dural folds and dural venous sinuses 12 210, 213
AN 30.4 Describe clinical importance of dural venous sinuses 12 213
AN 30.5 Explain effect of pituitary tumours on visual pathway 12 220
AN 31.1 Describe and identify extra ocular muscles of eyeball 13 230
AN 31.2 Describe and demonstrate nerves and vessels in the orbit 13 234, 236
AN 31.3 Describe anatomical basis of Horner's syndrome 8 170
AN 31.4 Enumerate components of lacrimal apparatus 2 79
AN 31.5 Explain the anatomical basis of oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerve palsies 4 (vol 4) 73
along with strabismus
xxii HUMAN ANATOMY—HEAD AND NECK

AN 32.1 Describe boundaries and subdivisions of anterior triangle 4 103
AN 32.2 Describe and demonstrate boundaries and contents of muscular, carotid, digastric 4 104, 105
and submental triangles
AN 33.1 Describe and demonstrate extent, boundaries and contents of temporal and 6 122
infratemporal fossae
AN 33.2 Describe and demonstrate attachments, direction of fibres, nerve supply and actions of 6 123
muscles of mastication
AN 33.3 Describe and demonstrate articulating surface, type and movements 6 129
of temporomandibular joint
AN 33.4 Explain the clinical significance of pterygoid venous plexus 6 129
AN 33.5 Describe the features of dislocation of temporomandibular joint 6 132
AN 34.1 Describe and demonstrate the morphology, relations and nerve supply of submandibular 7 143
salivary gland and submandibular ganglion
AN 34.2 Describe the basis of formation of submandibular stones 7 146
AN 35.1 Describe the parts, extent, attachments, modifications of deep cervical fascia 3 86
AN 35.2 Describe and demonstrate location, parts, borders, surfaces, relations and blood supply 8 151
of thyroid gland
AN 35.3 Demonstrate and describe the origin, parts, course and branches subclavian artery 8 160
AN 35.4 Describe and demonstrate origin, course, relations, tributaries and termination of 8 166
internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins
AN 35.5 Describe and demonstrate extent, drainage and applied anatomy of cervical lymph nodes 8 171
AN 35.6 Describe and demonstrate the extent, formation, relation and branches of cervical 8 169
sympathetic chain
AN 35.7 Describe the course and branches of IX, X, XI and XII nerve in the neck 8 167
AN 35.8 Describe the anatomically relevant clinical features of thyroid swellings 8 155
AN 35.9 Describe the clinical features of compression of subclavian artery and lower trunk of 8 165
brachial plexus by cervical rib
AN 35.10 Describe the fascial spaces of neck 3 90
AN 36.1 Describe the 14 249, 256
1) morphology, relations, blood supply and applied anatomy of palatine tonsil
2) composition of soft palate
AN 36.2 Describe the components and functions of Waldeyer's lymphatic ring 14 255
AN 36.3 Describe the boundaries and clinical significance of pyriform fossa 16 287
AN 36.4 Describe the anatomical basis of tonsillitis, tonsillectomy, adenoids and peri-tonsillar abscess 14 257
AN 36.5 Describe the clinical significance of Killian's dehiscence 14 261
AN 37.1 Describe and demonstrate features of nasal septum, lateral wall of nose, their blood supply 15 268
and nerve supply
AN 37.2 Describe location and functional anatomy of paranasal sinuses 15 273
AN 37.3 Describe anatomical basis of sinusitis and maxillary sinus tumours 15 275
AN 38.1 Describe the morphology, identify structure of the wall, nerve supply, blood supply and 16 282
actions of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx
AN 38.2 Describe the anatomical aspects of laryngitis 16 287
AN 38.3 Describe anatomical basis of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury 16 290
AN 39.1 Describe and demonstrate the morphology, nerve supply, embryological basis of 17 297
nerve supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and actions of extrinsic and intrinsic
muscles of tongue
AN 39.2 Explain the anatomical basis of hypoglossal nerve palsy 17 299
AN 40.1 Describe and identify the parts, blood supply and nerve supply of external ear 18 305
AN 40.2 Describe and demonstrate the boundaries, contents, relations and functional anatomy 14, 18 263, 311
of middle ear and auditory tube
INDEX OF COMPETENCIES xxiii

AN 40.3 Describe the features of internal ear 18 316
AN 40.4 Explain anatomical basis of otitis externa and otitis media 18 315
AN 40.5 Explain anatomical basis of myringotomy 18 309
AN 41.1 Describe and demonstrate parts and layers of eyeball 19 323
AN 41.2 Describe the anatomical aspects of cataract, glaucoma and central retinal artery occlusion 19 329, 330
AN 41.3 Describe the position, nerve supply and actions of intraocular muscles 19 326
AN 42.1 Describe the contents of the vertebral canal 11 203
AN 42.2 Describe and demonstrate the boundaries and contents of suboccipital triangle 10 198
AN 42.3 Describe the position, direction of fibres, relations, nerve supply, actions of 10 195
semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis
AN 43.1 Describe and demonstrate the movements with muscles producing the movements of 9 183
atlantooccipital joint and atlantoaxial joint
AN 43.2 Identify, describe and draw the microanatomy of pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid gland, 8, 12 156, 219,
tongue, salivary glands, tonsil, epiglottis, cornea, retina 14, 17, 257, 296,
19 325, 328
AN 43.3 Identify, describe and draw microanatomy of sclero-corneal junction, cochlea- organ of corti 18, 19 318, 326
AN 43.4 Describe the development and developmental basis of congenital anomalies of face, palate, 2, 8, 12, 80, 156, 219,
tongue, branchial apparatus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland and eye 14, 17, 19 253, 301, 331
AN 43.5 Demonstrate:
1) Testing of muscles of facial expression, extraocular muscles, muscles of mastication 2, 20 73, 333
2) Palpation of carotid arteries, facial artery, superficial temporal artery
3) Location of internal and external jugular veins
4) Location of hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage with their vertebral levels
AN 43.6 Demonstrate surface projection of: Thyroid gland, parotid gland and duct, pterion, common 20 337
carotid artery, internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, External jugular vein, facial artery in
the face and accessory nerve
AN 43.7 Identify the anatomical structures in: 20 342
1) Plain X-ray skull
2) AP view andlateral view
3) Plain X-ray cervical spine-AP and lateral view
4) Plain xray of paranasal sinuses
AN 43.8 Describe the anatomical route used for carotid angiogram 20 344
AN 43.9 Identify anatomical structures in carotid angiogram and vertebral angiogram 20 344
Competency-Based
Ninth
Human Anatomy

Volume
4
W
Human
Competency-Based
Chaurasia's
4
Anatomy
H
Hu
each section.
uman
man Anatomy
numbered and cited in the respective chapters in all the four volumes. The App also includes answers to FAQs.
Brain–Neuroanatomy
Anatomy
Tables 23, Flowcharts 9, Illustrations 210, Dissection boxes 5, X-rays 16, Clinical Anatomy boxes 41, Facts to
Remember 67, FAQs 52, MCQs 72, Viva Voce questions 125, Videos 9, Clinicoanatomical Problems 14.
Chief Editor
has received Life Time Achievement Award, Fellowship of Anatomical Society of India, and DMA Distinguished Services Award, in 2015. She is Volumes
visiting faculty of DNB, MDS and a PhD examiner. 3&4
Scratch Code on Inside Front Cover
Dental Students 3/e; coauthor of Textbook of Histology 5/e, Textbook of Neuroanatomy 6/e, Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses, Anatomy and
for Accessing CBSiCentral App sold together
Available Free on CBSiCentral App
as one set
Students; and editor of Human Embryology 2/e, Handbook of General Anatomy 6/e and BD Chaurasia's Applied Anatomy and Physiology for BSc
Nursing Students. • Original Images from First Edition of
BDC Human Anatomy (Vols 1–3)
Editors hand-drawn by Dr BD Chaurasia
PS Mittal MBBS, MS is Professor, Department of Anatomy, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, UP.
• Videos on Osteology and Soft Parts
Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. • Frequently Asked Questions & Answers
Wall Chart on
Edition
Ninth


Set ISBN for Volumes 3 and 4 are given at the relevant locations in the text
ISBN: 978-93-5466-477-9

Competency-Based
4
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
Competency-Based
4
BD Chaurasia’s
Human
Anatomy
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors

Additional Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy Professor, Department of Anatomy

Disclaimer
As per the latest CBME Guidelines | not be held responsible for any inadvertent
ISBN: 978-93-5466-477-9
Ninth Edition: 2023

First Edition: 1979
Reprint: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988
Reprint: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
Third Edition: 1995
Reprint: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
Reprint: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
Fifth Edition: 2010
Reprint: 2011, 2012
Sixth Edition: 2013
Reprint: 2014, 2015
Reprint: 2017, 2018, 2019
Reprint: 2021, 2022

Branches
Representatives

to
my teacher
— BD Chaurasia


dissection.
manner.
viii HUMAN ANATOMY—BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY

Figures 414 653 462 210 1739
Tables 43 52 33 23 151
FAQs 99 132 104 52 387
MCQs 149 232 135 72 588
Videos 47 50 32 9 138
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors
BD Chaurasia
Acknowledgements
42nd Edition.
generosity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
Mr Sanjay Chauhan, Mr Neeraj Prasad and Mr Rohan Prasad (Graphic Artists); Mr Surendra Jha and
Mr Prasenjit Paul (Copy Editors); Ms Jyoti Kaur and Mr Tarun Rajput (DTP Operators) has made an excellent
Chief Editor
Krishna Garg
Editors







—Krishna Garg
Contents
Index of Competencies xviii
Glossary xix
Mnemonics 32
1. Introduction 3 Facts to Remember 32
Divisions of Nervous System 3 Clinicoanatomical Problem 32
Anatomical 3 Further Reading 32
Functional 3 Frequently Asked Questions 33
Cellular Architecture 4 Multiple Choice Questions 33
Neuron 4 Viva Voce 33
Synapse 6
Neuroglial Cells 6 3. Spinal Cord 34
Grey Matter and White Matter 7
Reflex Arc 7 Introduction 34
Parts of the Nervous System 8 Dissection 34
Central Nervous System 8 Meningeal Coverings 35
Components of Central Nervous System 8 Cauda Equina 36
Peripheral Nervous System 9 External Features of Spinal Cord 36
Clinical Anatomy 10 Internal Structure 36
Receptors 10 Clinical Anatomy 36
Sensory Afferent Receptors 10 Spinal Nerves 38
Motor Efferent Endings 12 Spinal Segment 38
Functional Classification 13 Nuclei of Spinal Cord 38
Clinical Anatomy 13 Nuclei in Anterior Grey Column or Horn 39
Development of Brain 13 Nuclei in Lateral Grey Column or Horn 40
Neural Tube 13 Nuclei in Posterior Grey Column or Horn 40
Parts of Brain 18 Laminar Organisation in Spinal Cord 40
Molecular Regulation of Development of Sensory Receptors 41
Spinal Cord and Brain 19 Tracts of the Spinal Cord 41
Spinal Cord 19 Descending Tracts 41
Clinical Anatomy 19 Pyramidal or Corticospinal Tracts 41
Gross Study of Brain 20 Extrapyramidal Tracts 42
Facts to Remember 23 Ascending Tracts 45
Clinicoanatomical Problem 23 Intersegmental Tracts 49
Frequently Asked Questions 23 Facts to Remember 52
Multiple Choice Questions 23 Clinicoanatomical Problems 53
Viva Voce 24 Further Reading 53
2. Meninges of the Brain and Cerebrospinal Viva Voce 55
Fluid 25
Introduction 25
4. Cranial Nerves 56
The Meninges 25 Introduction 56
Dura Mater 25 Features 56
Dissection 25 Embryology 56
Arachnoid Mater 26 Functional Components of Cranial Nerves 56
Pia Mater 28 Nuclei 57
Extradural (Epidural) and Subdural Spaces 28 General Somatic Efferent (GSE) Nuclei 57
Subarachnoid Space 28 Special Visceral Efferent/Branchial Efferent Nuclei 57
Cisterns 28 General Visceral Efferent Nuclei 58
Clinical Anatomy 30 General Visceral Afferent Nucleus and
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 30 Special Visceral Afferent Nucleus 59
Clinical Anatomy 31 General Somatic Afferent Nuclei 61
xiv HUMAN ANATOMY—BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY
Special Somatic Afferent Nuclei 61 Course and Distribution of the Cranial Root 92
First Cranial Nerve 63 Course and Distribution of the Spinal Root 92
Olfactory (Smell) Pathway 63 Clinical Anatomy 93
Clinical Anatomy 63 Twelfth Cranial Nerve 94
Second Cranial Nerve 64 Hypoglossal Nerve 94
Human Vision 64 Functional Components/Nuclear Columns 94
Optic Pathways 64 Nucleus 94
Reflexes 65 Course and Relations 94
Clinical Anatomy 68 Extracranial Course 94
Third Cranial Nerve 69 Branches and Distribution 95
Oculomotor Nerve 69 Clinical Anatomy 95
Functional Components 69 Foramina for Cranial Nerves and their Branches 96
Nucleus 69 Mnemonics 96
Course and Distribution 69 Facts to Remember 96
Fourth Cranial Nerve 71 Further Reading 97
Trochlear Nerve 71 Frequently Asked Questions 98
Functional Components 71 Multiple Choice Questions 98
Nucleus 71 Viva Voce 99
Course and Distribution 72
Clinical Anatomy 73
Sixth Cranial Nerve 73 5. Brainstem 100
Abducent Nerve 73 Introduction 100
Functional Components 73
Medulla Oblongata 100
Nucleus 73
External Features 100
Course and Distribution 73
Internal Structure 102
Clinical Anatomy 73
Transverse Section through the Lower Part of
Fifth Cranial Nerve 74
the Medulla Passing through the
Trigeminal Nerve 74
Pyramidal Decussation 102
Nuclear Columns 74
Sensory Components of V Nerve 74 Transverse Section through the Middle of
Motor Components for Muscles 75 Medulla Passing throught the
Branches of Trigeminal Nerve 75 Sensory Decussation 103
Ophthalmic Nerve Division (Sensory) 76 Transverse Section through the Upper Part of
Maxillary Nerve Division (Sensory) 76 Medulla Passing through the Floor of
Mandibular Nerve Division (Sensory and Motor) 77 Fourth Ventricle/Open Part 103
Clinical Anatomy 77 Blood Supply 106
Seventh Cranial Nerve 78 Clinical Anatomy 106
Facial Nerve 78 Development 107
Functional Components 78 Pons 107
Nuclei 78 External Features 107
Course and Relations 78 Internal Structure 107
Branches and Distribution 79 Tegmentum in the Lower Part of Pons 108
Ganglia 81 Tegmentum in the Upper Part of Pons 108
Clinical Anatomy 81 Blood Supply 109
Eighth Cranial Nerve 82 Clinical Anatomy 109
Vestibulocochlear Nerve 82 Development 110
Pathway of Hearing 82 Midbrain 110
Vestibular Pathway 85 Subdivisions 110
Clinical Anatomy 85 External Features 111
Ninth Cranial Nerve 85 Internal Structure 111
Glossopharyngeal Nerve 85 Transverse Section of Midbrain at the
Functional Components 86 Level of Inferior Colliculi 111
Nuclei 87 Transverse Section of Midbrain at the
Course and Relations 87 Level of Superior Colliculi 112
Branches and Distribution 88 Blood Supply 113
Clinical Anatomy 89
Medial Longitudinal Bundle 113
Tenth Cranial Nerve 89
Vagus Nerve 89
Development 114
Functional Components 89
X Video 4.5 Brainstem
Nuclei 89
Course and Relations in Head and Neck 89 Mnemonics 114
Branches in Head and Neck 90 Facts to Remember 114
Eleventh Cranial Nerve 92 Further Reading 115
Accessory Nerve 92 Frequently Asked Questions 115
Functional Components 92 Multiple Choice Questions 115
Nuclei 92 Viva Voce 116
CONTENTS xv
Dorsal Part of Diencephalon 147

6. Cerebellum 117 Thalamus 147
Introduction 117 Metathalamus (Part of Thalamus) 149
Location 117 Clinical Anatomy 151
External Features 117 Epithalamus 152
Parts of Cerebellum 118 Pineal Body/Pineal Gland 152
Morphological Divisions of Cerebellum 118 Ventral Part of Diencephalon 152
Functional Divisions of Cerebellum 120 Hypothalamus 153
Connections of Cerebellum 120 Functions of Hypothalamus 153
Grey Matter of Cerebellum 121 Clinical Anatomy 154
Blood Supply 121 Subthalamus 154
Functions of Cerebellum 121 Clinical Anatomy 155
Clinical Anatomy 124 Basal Nuclei 155
Histological Structure 124 Corpus Striatum 155
Development 125 Dissection 156
X Video 4.6 Cerebellum Connections of Corpus Striatum 156
Facts to Remember 125 Amygdaloid Body 157
Clinicoanatomical Problem 125 Claustrum 157
Frequently Asked Questions 126 White Matter of Cerebrum 158
Multiple Choice Questions 126 Subdivisions 158
Viva Voce 126 Association (Arcuate) Fibres 158
Commissural Fibres 158
Dissection 159
7. Fourth Ventricle 127 Corpus Callosum 159
Introduction 127 Projection Fibres 160
Lateral Boundaries 127 Corona Radiata 160
Floor 127 Internal Capsule 161
Roof 128 Gross Anatomy 161
Angles 129 Fibres of Internal Capsule 161
Cavity and Recesses of Fourth Ventricle 130 Blood Supply 163
Facts to Remember 131 Development 163
X Video 4.8 Cerebrum
Further Reading 131 Facts to Remember 164
Frequently Asked Questions 132 Clinicoanatomical Problems 164
Multiple Choice Questions 132 Further Reading 165
Viva Voce 132
Viva Voce 166
8. Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Basal Nuclei
and White Matter 133 9. Third Ventricle, Lateral Ventricle
Cerebrum 133 and Limbic System 167
Dissection 133
Introduction 167
Features 133
Third Ventricle 167
Cerebral Hemisphere 134
Dissection 167
Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere 136
Insula 136 Lateral Ventricle 168
Sulci and Gyri on Superolateral Surface 137 Dissection 168
Functional or Cortical Areas of Central Part 169
Cerebral Cortex 139 Anterior Horn 170
Motor Areas 140 Posterior Horn 171
Clinical Anatomy 142 Inferior Horn 171
Sensory Areas 143 Limbic System 172
Areas of Special Sensations 143 X Video 4.9 Ventricles of Brain
Functions of Cerebral Cortex 144 Clinicoanatomical Problem 175
Human Speech 145 Further Reading 175
Histology of Cerebrum 146 Multiple Choice Questions 176
Diencephalon 147 Viva Voce 176
xvi HUMAN ANATOMY—BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY
Surface Anatomy 199

10. Some Neural Pathways and Reticular Radiological Anatomy of the Brain 200
Formation 177 Evolution of the Head 200
Further Reading 202
Introduction 177
Pyramidal Tract (Corticospinal and Frequently Asked Questions 202
Corticonuclear Tracts) 177
Clinical Anatomy 178 13. Autonomic Nervous System 203
Pathway of Pain and Temperature 178
Pathway of Touch 179 Introduction 203
Pathway of Proprioceptive (Kinaesthetic) Impulses— Sympathetic Nervous System:
Position, Movement, Vibration 179 Thoracolumbar Outflow 203
Taste Pathway 180 Parasympathetic Nervous System 206
Reticular Formation 180 Nerve Supply of the Viscera 207
Action of Drugs 181 Afferent Autonomic Fibres 209
Comparison of Parasympathetic and
Sympathetic Nervous Systems 210
Viva Voce 182
Development 211
Viva Voce 212
11. Blood Supply of Spinal Cord and Brain 183
Introduction 183 Appendix: Ventricles, Cranial Nerves,
Blood Supply of Spinal Cord 183
Clinical Anatomy 184 Arteries and Clinical Terms 213
Blood Supply of Brain 184 Summary of the Ventricles of the Brain 213
Arteries of Brain 184
Lateral Ventricle 213
Vertebral Arteries 184
Third Ventricle 213
Basilar Artery 185
Clinical Anatomy 186 Fourth Ventricle 213
Internal Carotid Artery 187 Nuclear Components of Cranial Nerves 214
Circulus Arteriosus or Circle of Willis 188 CN I: Olfactory 214
Arterial Supply of Different Areas 190 CN II: Optic 214
Blood–Brain Barrier 191 CN III: Oculomotor 214
Perivascular Spaces 192 CN IV: Trochlear 214
Clinical Anatomy 192 CN V: Trigeminal 214
Veins of the Brain 192 CN VI: Abducent 214
Blood Supply of the Brainstem 194
CN VII: Facial 214
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear 214
X Video 4.11 Blood Supply of Brain
Mnemonics 195 CN IX: Glossopharyngeal 214
Facts to Remember 195 CN X + CN XI: Vagus and Cranial Part of CN XI 214
Clinicoanatomical Problems 195 CN XI: Spinal Part of Accessory Nerve 214
Further Reading 196 CN XII: Hypoglossal 214
Frequently Asked Questions 196 Arteries of Brain 215
Multiple Choice Questions 196 Clinical Terms 215
Viva Voce 218
12. Investigations of a Neurological Case,
Early Clinical Exposure (ECE) Cases 219
Surface and Radiological Anatomy and Spots on Brain 221
Evolution of Head 198 Answers: Spots on Brain 222
Introduction 198
Investigations Required in a Neurological Case 198 Index 223

AN 56.1 Describe and identify various layers of meninges with its extent and modifications 2 25
AN 56.2 Describe circulation of CSF with its applied anatomy 2 30
AN 57.1 Identify external features of spinal cord 3 36
AN 57.2 Describe extent of spinal cord in child and adult with its clinical implication 3 34
AN 57.3 Draw and label transverse section of spinal cord at midcervical and midthoracic level 3 41
AN 57.4 Enumerate ascending and descending tracts at mid thoracic level of spinal cord 3 41
AN 57.5 Describe anatomical basis of syringomyelia 3 49
AN 58.1 Identify external features of medulla oblongata 5 100
AN 58.2 Describe transverse section of medulla oblongata at the level of: 5 102
1) pyramidal decussation
2) sensory decussation
3) ION
AN 58.3 Enumerate cranial nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata with their functional group 5 102
AN 58.4 Describe anatomical basis and effects of medial and lateral medullary syndrome 5 106
AN 59.1 Identify external features of pons 5 107
AN 59.2 Draw and label transverse section of pons at the upper and lower level 5 107
AN 59.3 Enumerate cranial nerve nuclei in pons with their functional group 5 107
AN 60.1 Describe and demonstrate external and internal features of cerebellum 6 117
AN 60.2 Describe connections of cerebellar cortex and intracerebellar nuclei 6 120
AN 60.3 Describe anatomical basis of cerebellar dysfunction 6 124
AN 61.1 Identify external and internal features of midbrain 5 111
AN 61.2 Describe internal features of midbrain at the level of superior and inferior colliculus 5 111
AN 61.3 Describe anatomical basis and effects of Benedikt’s and Weber’s syndrome 5 113
AN 62.1 Enumerate cranial nerve nuclei with its functional component 4 56
AN 62.2 Describe and demonstrate surfaces, sulci, gyri, poles, and functional areas of 8 133
cerebral hemisphere
AN 62.3 Describe the white matter of cerebrum 8 158
AN 62.4 Enumerate parts and major connections of basal ganglia and limbic lobe 8, 9 155, 172
AN 62.5 Describe boundaries, parts, gross relations, major nuclei and connections of dorsal 8 147
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus and subthalamus
AN 62.6 Describe and identify formation, branches and major areas of distribution of circle of Willis 11 188
AN 63.1 Describe and demonstrate parts, boundaries and features of IIIrd, IVth and lateral ventricle 7, 9 127, 167, 168
AN 63.2 Describe anatomical basis of congenital hydrocephalus 2 31
AN 64.1 Describe and identify the microanatomical features of cerebellum and cerebrum 6, 8 121, 146
AN 64.2 Describe the development of neural tube, spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, 1 13
midbrain, cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum
AN 64.3 Describe various types of open neural tube defects with its embryological basis 3 52
Glossary
L: Latin word, Gr: Greek word
Allocortex L. ancient bark Old cortex, i.e. paleocortex and archicortex
Alveus L. trough White matter on the ventricular surface of hippo-
campus
Amygdala L. almond Nucleus in roof of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Arachnoid Gr. like spider’s web Middle meningeal layer
Archicerebellum Gr. old cerebellum Phylogenetic cerebellum area in caudal region
Astereognosis Gr. loss of knowledge Inability to recognise solid objects
Astrocyte Gr. star cells A type of neuroglial cell
Ataxia Gr. negative order Loss of muscular coordination
Athetosis Gr. without place Bizzare movements
Autonomic Gr. self law Autonomic NS
Axolemma Gr. axis back Covering of axon
Basis pedunculi — Ventral part of midbrain
Brachium L. arm Fibres connecting 2 parts
Brainstem — Midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata
Bulb — Medulla oblongata
Calamus scriptorum L. reed pen Area in caudal part of IV ventricle
Calcar L. spur For example, calcarine sulcus, calcar avis
Cauda equina L. horse’s tail Lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots
Caudate nucleus L. comma-shaped Part of corpus striatum
Cerebellum L. little brain Part of brain
Cerebrum L. brain Cerebral cortex + diencephalon
Chorea L. dance Involuntary movement of limbs
Cinerium L. ash coloured For example, tubercinerium
Cingulum L. girdle Name of association fibres
Cistern L. reservoir
Claustrum L. barrier Grey matter between insula and lentiform nucleus
Colliculus L. small swelling For example, dorsal part of midbrain and facial
colliculus
Commissure L. joined together Type of white fibres joining identical parts of 2 cerebral
hemispheres
Corona L. crown like For example, corona radiata
Corpus callosum L. body hard Main commissural fibre bundle
Corpus striatum L. body striped Grey matter at base of cerebral hemisphere
Cortex L. bark Outer layer (i.e. grey matter) in cerebellum and cerebrum
Crus L. leg. For example, crus cerebri or basis pedunculi
Cuneus L. wedge For example, nucleus and fasciculus cuneatus and
cuneus gyrus in cerebral cortex
Decussation L. like X Crossing over
Dentate L. toothed For example, dentate gyrus of temporal lobe, dentate
nucleus of cerebellum
xx HUMAN ANATOMY—BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY
Diencephalon Gr. through brain Thalamus + hypothalamus + epithalamus +

subthalamus + metathalamus
Dura mater L. hard mother Outer covering of brain
Emboliformis Gr. plug like One of the nuclei of cerebellum
Endoneurium Gr. within nerve Connective tissue sheath around each nerve fibre
Entorhinal Gr. within nose Anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus adjacent to
uncus
Ependyma Gr. upon garment The lining epithelium of ventricles of brain and the
central canal of spinal cord
Epithalamus Gr. upon inner chamber Upon inner chamber
Exteroceptor L. external + receiver Receiver for external environment
Falx L. sickle For example, falx cerebri, falx cerebelli
Fasciculus L. bundle Bundle of white fibres
Fimbria L. fringe For example, bundle of fibres along medial edge of
hippocampus
Forceps L. pair of tongs For example, forceps minor, forceps major
Fornix L. arch Part of limbic system
Ganglion Gr. swelling For example, dorsal root ganglia, basal ganglia
Genu L. knee (bend) For example, facial nerve, corpus callosum
Glia Gr. glue Neuroglia
Globus pallidus L. ball +plate For example, medial part of lentiform nucleus
Glomerulus L. ball of thread For example, glomeruli of olfactory bulb
Gracilis L. slender Nucleus and fasciculus gracilis
Habenula L. rein Swelling in epithalamus
Hemiballismus Gr. half jumping Violent movement of one side of body due to disease
of subthalamic nucleus
Hemiplegia Gr. half stroke Paralysis of one side of the body
Hydrocephalus Gr. water in head Excessive CSF
Indusium L. garment Grey matter on dorsal surface of corpus callosum
Infundibulum L. funnel Stem of neurohypophysis
Insula L. island Part of cortex lying at the depth of lateral sulcus
Isocortex Gr. same bark Regions of cerebral cortex with 6 layers
Lemniscus Gr. ribbon Medial lemniscus
Lentiform L. lens-like Lentiform nucleus
Limbus L. border, C-shaped Limbic lobe, limbic system
Limen L. threshold Ventral part of insula
Locus ceruleus L. place dark blue For example, in floor of IV ventricle
Macula L. spot For example, macula lutea
Mammillary body L. nipple-shaped mammillary bodies
Medulla L. middle medulla oblongata
Mesencephalon Gr. middle brain midbrain
Metathalamus Gr. after + inner chamber Medial and lateral geniculate bodies
Metencephalon Gr. after + brain For example, pons + cerebellum
Microglia Gr. small + glue Type of neuroglial cells
Molecular L. mass Tissue with large number of nerve fibres
Myelencephalon Gr. marrow +brain Medulla oblongata
Neostriatum New + striped region Caudate nucleus and putamen
Neurite Gr. of nerve Axons and dendrites of the neurons
Neurobiotaxis Gr. nerve + living attraction Nerve cells moving towards sources of stimuli
GLOSSARY xxi
Neuroglia Gr. nerve + glue Cellular, non-nervous cells glueing the neurons
Neurolemma or Gr. nerve-husk Sheath around the peripheral nerve fibre
neurilemma
Neuropil Gr. nerve + felt Nerve cell process between the bodies of neurons
Nociceptive L. to injure + to take Response to painful stimuli
Obex L. barrier In fourth ventricle
Oligodendrocyte Gr. few + processes Type of neuroglia
Olive L. oval Olivary nuclei
Operculum L. lid Various opercula around the lateral sulcus to hide the
insula
Paleocerebellum Gr. ancient + small cerebellum Old part of cerebellum
Paleostriatum Gr. ancient + striped area Old part of corpus striatum, i.e. globus pallidus
Paraplegia Gr. beside + stroke Paralysis of lower part of trunk and both lower limbs
Perikaryon Gr. around + nut Neuron
Pes L. foot Pes hippocampi
Pineal L. pine Pineal gland
Plexus L. palit Interwoven fibres
Pneumoencephalogram Air + brain + to write Visualisation of ventricles and subarachnoid space by
replacing of CSF by air
Pons L. bridge Part between midbrain and medulla oblongata
Proprioceptive L. one’s own + receptor Afferents from joints, tendons, etc.
Prosencephalon Gr. before + brain Forebrain part
Ptosis Gr. falling Drooping of upper eyelid
Pulvinar L. cushioned seat Posterior projection of thalamus
Putamen L. shell Lateral part of corpus striatum
Pyriform L. pear + form Olfactory cortex is pear-shaped in lower animals
Quadriplegia L. four + stroke Paralysis of all four limbs
Raphe Gr. seam Midline structure
Reticular L. net Net formation
Rhinal Gr. nose Related to nose
Rhinencephalon Gr. nose + brain Components of olfactory system
Rhombencephalon Gr. lozenge-shaped + brain Refers to hindbrain vesicle
Rostrum L. beak Beak-shaped portion of corpus callosum
Rubro L. red Red nucleus
Satellite L. attendant Cells around neurons of dorsal root ganglion and
autonomic ganglia
Septum pellucidum L. partition transparent Septum pellucidum of lateral ventricles
Somatic Gr. bodily Skeletal muscles (in neurology)
Somesthetic Gr. body + perception Sensation of pain, touch and temperature
Splenium Gr. bandage Posterior thick end of corpus callosum
Striatum L. furrowed Caudate nucleus and putamen
Subiculum L. decreased layer Transitional cortex between hippocampus and para-
hippocampal gyrus
Substantia gelatinosa Substance + soft Collection of small neurons at the apex of posterior
horn of spinal cord
Substantia nigra Substance + dark Present in midbrain
Subthalamus L. under + inner chamber Region beneath thalamus
Synapse Gr. to join Site of contact between neurons
Syringomyelia Gr. pipe + marrow Cavities in grey matter around central canal
Tapetum L. carpet Fibres of body of corpus callosum
xxii HUMAN ANATOMY—BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY
Tectum L. roof Roof of midbrain comprised of 4 colliculi

Tegmentum L. to cover Dorsal portion of pons and midbrain
Telachoroidea L. web + membrane Vascular connective tissue core of choroid plexus
Telencephalon Gr. end + brain Cerebral hemisphere
Telodendria Gr. end + tree Terminal branches of the axon
Thalamus Gr. inner chamber Part of diencephalon
Tomography Gr. cutting + write Sectional radiography
Transducer L. to change Mechanism which changes one form of energy into
another
Trapezoid body Trapezium like Transverse fibres at the junction of dorsal and ventral
parts of pons for auditory pathway
Uncinate L. hood-shaped Uncinate fasciculus
Uncus L. hood Hook-shaped anterior end of parahippocampal gyrus
Uvula L. little grape Part of inferor vermis of cerebellum
Vallecula L. valley Depressed area on the inferior medullary velum
Ventricle L. diminutive of belly Ventricles of brain
Vermis L. worm Middle region of cerebellum
Zona incerta — Grey matter in subthalamus

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Competency-Based Ninth

Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical

Arterial Tree of Human Body

Many easily reproducible diagrams, originally hand-drawn

by Dr BD Chaurasia, now modified and coloured suitably,

CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd

Mrudula Chandrupatla MBBS MD Pragati Sheel Mittal MBBS MS

CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd

Ninth Edition: 2023

Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for

Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd., Delhi, India

Lots of tables for the muscles are provided

Tables for muscles acting on joints are given

Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Total

Handle me with little love and care

You dissect me, cut me, section me

Couldn't dream of a fridge for cold water

When my parts are buried post-dissection

If not as skeletons as loose bones

I won't leave you, even if you pass anatomy

One humble request I'd make

Section 1 UPPER LIMB

Multiple Choice Questions 34

Compartments of the Arm 99

Clinical Anatomy 143 Joints of Hand 178

12. Introduction 215 Clinical Anatomy 218

Inferior Aperture/Outlet of Thorax 221

Code Competency Chapter Page no

Code Competency Chapter Page no

Regional and Applied Dissection and Clinical

Many easily reproducible diagrams, originally hand-drawn

by Dr BD Chaurasia, now modified and coloured suitably,

CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd

Mrudula Chandrupatla MBBS MD Pragati Sheel Mittal MBBS MS

CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd

Ninth Edition: 2023

Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for

Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd., Delhi, India

Lots of tables for the muscles are provided

Tables for muscles acting on joints are given

Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Total

Handle me with little love and care

You dissect me, cut me, section me

Couldn't dream of a fridge for cold water

When my parts are buried post-dissection

If not as skeletons as loose bones

I won't leave you, even if you pass anatomy

One humble request I'd make

Section 1 LOWER LIMB

Adductor/Hunter’s/Subsartorial Canal 63 Foramen (Gateway of Gluteal Region) 85

Dissection 107 Frequently Asked Questions 134

Facts to Remember 159 Clinicoanatomical Problems 184

Tibial Nerve 206

Section 2 ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Arterial Supply 263

X Video 2.20 Small and Large Intestines External Features 345

Intravesical Part 376 Branches 394

Pudendal Canal 421

Clinical Anatomy 466