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Databooklet 2025

Calculus II (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi)

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Chemistry data booklet

For use during the course and in the examinations
First assessment 2025

Version 1.0

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Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet

Published February 2023

Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit

educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva,
Switzerland by the

International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd

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Website: ibo.org

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2023

The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality
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and IB logos are registered trademarks of the International Baccalaureate Organization. ii

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. Some relevant equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Metric (SI) multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Unit conversions and standard conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. The electromagnetic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Names of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. The periodic table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Melting points and boiling points of the elements at 101.325 kPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements . . . . . 10
10. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Covalent or average covalent bond lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Bond enthalpies or average bond enthalpies at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. Thermodynamic data (selected compounds). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14. Enthalpies of combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15. Colour wheel with wavelengths of the visible spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. Lattice enthalpies at 298.15 K (experimental values) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17. Triangular bonding diagram (van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
18. Acid–base indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
19. Standard reduction potentials at 298.15 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20. Infrared data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
21. 1H NMR data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22. Mass spectral fragments lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
23. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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Introduction
This Diploma Programme (DP) Chemistry data booklet accompanies the DP Chemistry guide and
DP Chemistry teacher support material. It contains chemical and physical equations and constants,
chemical symbols, the periodic table, and other chemical data relevant to the course.

Students must have access to a copy of this booklet for the duration of the course, so that they
can become familiar with its contents. Direct reference is made to relevant equations in the
“Understandings” sections of the guide. This helps to maintain the emphasis on interpretation and
application rather than memorization of symbols, constants and equations.

Each student must have access to a clean copy of the Chemistry data booklet during examinations.
It is the responsibility of the school to download a copy of this booklet from IBIS or the Programme
Resource Centre and to ensure that there are sufficient copies available for all students.

Chemistry data booklet 1

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1. Some relevant equations

Equation

c  f

E =hf

m
n=
M

n CV

PV = nRT

PV PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1 T2

Q  mc T

molar mass of desired product

% atom economy  100
molar mass of all reactants

∆HÖ = ∑(∆HfÖproducts) − ∑(∆HfÖreactants)

∆HÖ = ∑(∆HcÖreactants) − ∑(∆HcÖproducts)

∆GÖ = ∆HÖ − T∆SÖ

∆G = ∆GÖ + RT ln Q

∆GÖ = −RT ln K

∆GÖ = −nFEÖ
Ea
k Ae RT
Ea
ln k ln A
RT

pH = −log10 [H3O+]
or
pH = −log10 [H+]

Kw = [H+] [OH−]

pOH = −log10 [OH−]

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2. Physical constants
Quantity Symbol Approximate value

Elementary charge e 1.602177 × 10−19 C

Electron rest mass me 9.109384 × 10−31 kg

Proton rest mass mp 1.672622 × 10−27 kg

Neutron rest mass mn 1.674927 × 10−27 kg

Speed of light in vacuum c 3.00 × 108 m s−1

Planck constant h 6.63 × 10−34 J s

Avogadro constant NA 6.02 × 1023 mol−1

Gas constant R 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Molar volume of an ideal gas Vm 2.27 × 10−2 m3 mol−1 = 22.7 dm3 mol−1
at STP

Specific heat capacity of water cw 4.18 kJ kg−1 K−1 = 4.18 J g−1 K−1

Ionic product constant for Kw 1.00 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6

water at 298.15 K

Faraday constant F 9.65 × 104 C mol−1

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3. Metric (SI) multipliers

Prefix Abbreviation Value
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
hecto h 102
deca da 101
deci d 10−1
centi c 10−2
milli m 10−3
micro μ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12
femto f 10−15

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4. Unit conversions and standard conditions

Temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273.15
1dm3 = 1 litre = 1 × 10−3 m3 = 1 × 103 cm3
STP conditions: 273.15 K and 100 kPa
SATP conditions: 298.15 K and 100 kPa

5. The electromagnetic spectrum

increasing energy

10 −16 10 −14 10 −12 10 −10 10 −8 10 −6 10 −4 10 −2 100 102 10 4 106 108 wavelength / m

-rays X-rays UV IR microwaves radio waves

V I B G Y O R
400 700
wavelength / nm

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 6
6. Names of the elements
Element Symbol Atomic number Element Symbol Atomic number
actinium Ac 89 dysprosium Dy 66
aluminium Al 13 einsteinium Es 99
americium Am 95 erbium Er 68
antimony Sb 51 europium Eu 63
argon Ar 18 fermium Fm 100
arsenic As 33 flerovium Fl 114
astatine At 85 fluorine F 9
barium Ba 56 francium Fr 87
berkelium Bk 97 gadolinium Gd 64
beryllium Be 4 gallium Ga 31
bismuth Bi 83 germanium Ge 32
bohrium Bh 107 gold Au 79
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boron B 5 hafnium Hf 72
bromine Br 35 hassium Hs 108
cadmium Cd 48 helium He 2
caesium Cs 55 holmium Ho 67
calcium Ca 20 hydrogen H 1
californium Cf 98 indium In 49
carbon C 6 iodine I 53
cerium Ce 58 iridium Ir 77

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chlorine Cl 17 iron Fe 26
chromium Cr 24 krypton Kr 36
cobalt Co 27 lanthanum La 57
copernicium Cn 112 lawrencium Lr 103
copper Cu 29 lead Pb 82
curium Cm 96 lithium Li 3
darmstadtium Ds 110 livermorium Lv 116

Chemistry data booklet

dubnium Db 105 lutetium Lu 71
 Element Symbol Atomic number Element Symbol Atomic number
magnesium Mg 12 roentgenium Rg 111
manganese Mn 25 rubidium Rb 37
meitnerium Mt 109 ruthenium Ru 44
mendelevium Md 101 rutherfordium Rf 104
mercury Hg 80 samarium Sm 62
molybdenum Mo 42 scandium Sc 21

Chemistry data booklet

moscovium Mc 115 seaborgium Sg 106
neodymium Nd 60 selenium Se 34
neon Ne 10 silicon Si 14
neptunium Np 93 silver Ag 47
nickel Ni 28 sodium Na 11
nihonium Nh 113 strontium Sr 38
niobium Nb 41 sulfur S 16
nitrogen N 7 tantalum Ta 73
nobelium No 102 technetium Tc 43
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oganesson Og 118 tellurium Te 52

osmium Os 76 tennessine Ts 117
oxygen O 8 terbium Tb 65
palladium Pd 46 thallium Tl 81
phosphorus P 15 thorium Th 90
platinum Pt 78 thulium Tm 69
plutonium Pu 94 tin Sn 50
polonium Po 84 titanium Ti 22

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potassium K 19 tungsten W 74
praseodymium Pr 59 uranium U 92
promethium Pm 61 vanadium V 23
protactinium Pa 91 xenon Xe 54
radium Ra 88 ytterbium Yb 70
radon Rn 86 yttrium Y 39
rhenium Re 75 zinc Zn 30
rhodium Rh 45 zirconium Zr 40

7
 8
7. The periodic table
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 Atomic number 2
1 H He
1.01 4.00
Element
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 Li Be Relative atomic B C N O F Ne
6.94 9.01 mass 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg All Si P S Cll Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
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37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La † Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tll Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.20 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac ‡ Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

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(223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (269) (270) (269) (278) (281) (281) (285) (286) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
† Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Chemistry data booklet

‡ Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
 8. Melting points and boiling points of the elements at 101.325 kPa
−259.2 Melting point / °C
H He
−252.9 −268.9
Element
180.5 1287 2077 3500 −210.0 −218.8 −219.7 −248.6

Chemistry data booklet

Li Be B C N O F Ne
1342 2468 Boiling point / °C 4000 4827 −195.8 −183.0 −188.1 −246.0

97.79 650.0 660.3 1414 44.15 115.2 −101.5 −189.3

Na Mg All Si P S Cll Ar
882.9 1090 2519 3265 280.5 444.6 −34.04 −185.8

63.38 842.0 1541 1670 1910 1907 1246 1538 1495 1455 1085 419.5 29.77 938.2 816.8 220.8 −7.050 −157.4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
758.8 1484 2836 3287 3407 2671 2061 2861 2927 2913 2560 907.0 2229 2833 613.0 684.8 58.78 −153.4

39.30 768.8 1522 1854 2477 2622 2157 2333 1963 1555 961.8 321.1 156.6 231.9 630.6 449.5 113.7 −111.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
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687.8 1377 3345 4406 4741 4639 4262 4147 3695 2963 2162 766.8 2027 2586 1587 987.8 184.4 −108.1

28.44 725.0 920.0 2233 3017 3414 3453 3033 2446 1768 1064 −38.83 303.8 327.5 271.4 253.8 301.8 −71.15
Cs Ba La † Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tll Pb Bi Po At Rn
670.8 1845 3464 4600 5455 5555 5900 5008 4428 3825 2836 356.6 1473 1749 1564 962.0 336.8 −61.85

27.00 699.8 1050

Fr Ra Ac ‡
676.8 1140 3200

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795 935 1024 1042 1072 826 1313 1360 1410 1472 1529 1545 824 1663
† Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
3433 3510 3074 (2730) 1791 1596 3273 3230 2567 2694 2900 1950 1194 3402

1750 1572 1135 637 640 1176 1340 986 900 (860) 827
‡ Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
4788 (4000) 3818 (3900) 3230 (2067) 3110 (2623)

9
 10
9. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements
1312 −73 First ionization Electron a昀케nity (EA) / kJ mol−1 2372
energy / kJ mol−1 (2nd EA / kJ mol−1)
H He
2.2
520 −60 900 Element 801 −27 1086 −122 1402 1314 −141 1681 −328 2081
(+753)
Li Be Electronegativity
B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0
496 −53 738 578 −42 787 −134 1012 −72 1000 −200 1251 −349 1520
(+545)
Na Mg All Si P S Cll Ar
0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.2
419 −48 590 −2 633 −18 659 −8 651 −51 653 −64 717 762 −15 760 −64 737 −112 745 −119 906 579 −41 762 −119 944 −78 941 −195 1140 −325 1351

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.0
403 −47 549 −5 600 −30 640 −41 652 −88 684 −72 702 −53 710 −101 720 −110 804 −54 731 −126 868 558 −29 709 −107 831 −101 869 −190 1008 −295 1170
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Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.7
376 −46 503 −14 538 −45 659 −1 728 −31 759 −79 756 −14 814 −106 865 −151 864 −205 890 −223 1007 589 −36 716 −35 703 −91 812 −183 −270 1037

Cs Ba La † Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tll Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2
393 −47 509 −10 499 −34

Fr Ra Ac ‡
0.7 0.9 1.1

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534 −63 528 −93 533 −185 539 545 547 −83 593 566 −112 573 < 0 581 589 597 −99 603 2 524 −33
† Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0
609 568 598 605 581 576 578 598 606 619 627 635 642 473
‡ Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Chemistry data booklet

1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3
 10. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements
The values for atomic radii used in this table are the covalent radii of the elements.

32 Atomic radius / 37
H 10−12 m He

Element
130 99 84 75 71 64 60 62
Li Be B C N O F Ne

Chemistry data booklet

76 (1+) 45 (2+) Ionic radius / 27 (3+) 16 (4+) 146 (3−) 140 (2−) 133 (1−)
10−12 m (charge)
160 140 124 114 109 104 100 101
Na Mg All Si P S Cll Ar
102 (1+) 72 (2+) 54 (3+) 40 (4+) 38 (5+) 184 (2−) 181 (1−)

200 174 159 148 144 130 129 124 118 117 122 120 123 120 120 118 117 116
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
138 (1+) 100 (2+) 75 (3+) 86 (2+) 79 (2+) 62 (3+) 83 (2+) 61 (2+) 65 (2+) 69 (2+) 77 (1+) 74 (2+) 62 (3+) 53 (4+) 58 (3+) 198 (2−) 196 (1−)
61 (4+) 54 (5+) 44 (6+) 53 (4+) 55 (3+) 55 (3+) 73 (2+) 272 (4−) 46 (5+)
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215 190 176 164 156 146 138 136 134 130 136 140 142 140 140 137 136 136
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
152 (1+) 118 (2+) 90 (3+) 72 (4+) 72 (3+) 65 (4+) 65 (4+) 68 (3+) 67 (3+) 86 (2+) 115 (1+) 95 (2+) 80 (+3) 118 (2+) 76 (3+) 221 (2−) 220 (1−)
64 (5+) 62 (4+) 60 (4+) 62 (4+) 69 (4+)
238 206 194 164 158 150 141 136 132 130 130 132 144 145 150 142 148 146
Cs Ba La † Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tll Pb Bi Po At Rn
167 (1+) 135 (2+) 103 (3+) 71 (4+) 64 (5+) 66 (4+) 63 (4+) 63 (4+) 68 (3+) 80 (2+) 137 (1+) 119 (1+) 150 (1+) 119 (2+) 103 (3+) 97 (4+)
60 (6+) 53 (7+) 55 (6+) 63 (4+) 63 (4+) 85 (3+) 102 (2+) 89 (3+) 78 (4+) 76 (5+)
242 211 201

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Fr Ra Ac ‡

184 190 188 186 185 183 182 181 180 179 177 177 178 174
† Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
101 (3+) 99 (3+) 98 (3+) 97 (3+) 96 (3+) 117 (2+) 94 (3+) 92 (3+) 91 (3+) 90 (+3) 89 (3+) 88 (3+) 87 (3+) 86 (3+)
87 (4+) 85 (4+) 95 (3+) 76 (4+)
190 184 183 180 180 173 168 168 168 165 167 173 176 161
‡ Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

11
94 (4+) 104 (3+) 89 (4+) 101 (3+) 100 (3+) 98 (3+) 97 (3+) 96 (3+) 95 (3+) 110 (2+)
90 (4+) 73 (6+) 87 (4+) 86 (4+) 85 (4+)
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11. Covalent or average covalent bond lengths

Single bonds

Bond Length / Bond Length / Bond Length / Bond Length /

10 −12 m 10 −12 m 10 −12 m 10 −12 m
H―H 74 N―H 101 Si ― H 148 S―H 134
H―F 92 N―N 146 Si ― Si 232 S―S 205
H ― Cl 128 N―O 136 Si ― S 215 S―F 158
H ― Br 141 N ― Si 174 Si ― F 156 S ― Cl 199
H―I 160 N―S 175 Si ― Cl 202 S ― Br 227
N―F 136 Si ― Br 216
C―H 108 N ― Cl 197 Si ― I 243 F―F 142
C―C 154 N ― Br 214 F ― Cl 163
C―N 147 P―H 142 F ― Br 176
C―O 143 O―H 97 P―P 221 F―I 257
C ― Si 185 O―O 148 P―S 210
C―P 184 O ― Si 163 P―F 154 Cl ― Cl 199
C―S 182 O―P 154 P ― Cl 203 Cl ― Br 214
C―F 138 O―S 161 P ― Br 220 Cl ― I 232
C ― Cl 177 O―F 142 P―I 247
C ― Br 194 O ― Cl 170 Br ― Br 228
C―I 214 Br ― I 247

I―I 267

Multiple bonds

Bond Length / Bond Length / Bond Length /

10 −12 m 10 −12 m 10 −12 m
C|C 134 N|N 125 O|O 121
C|N 130 N|O 114 O|S 143
C|O 122
C|S 156 S|S 189

C~C 120 N~N 110

C~N 116
C~O 113

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12. Bond enthalpies or average bond enthalpies

at 298.15 K
Single bonds

Bond Enthalpy / Bond Enthalpy / Bond Enthalpy / Bond Enthalpy /

kJ mol−1 kJ mol−1 kJ mol−1 kJ mol−1
H―H 436 N―H 391 Si ― H 323 S―H 364
H―F 567 N―N 158 Si ― Si 226 S―S 266
H ― Cl 431 N―O 214 Si ― S 293 S―F 327
H ― Br 366 N―F 278 Si ― F 597 S ― Cl 271
H―I 298 N ― Cl 192 Si ― Cl 400 S ― Br 218
Si ― Br 330
C―H 414 O―H 463 Si ― I 234 F―F 159
C―C 346 O―O 144 F ― Cl 255
C―N 286 O ― Si 466 P―H 322 F ― Br 249
C―O 358 O―P 363 P―P 198 F―I 280
C ― Si 307 O―F 191 P―F 490
C―P 264 O ― Cl 206 P ― Cl 322 Cl ― Cl 242
C―S 289 O ― Br 201 P ― Br 264 Cl ― Br 219
C―F 492 O―I 201 P―I 184 Cl ― I 211
C ― Cl 324
C ― Br 285 Br ― Br 193
C―I 228 Br ― I 178

I―I 151

Multiple bonds

Bond Enthalpy / Bond Enthalpy / Bond Enthalpy /

kJ mol−1 kJ mol−1 kJ mol−1
C|C 614 N|N 470 O|O 498
C|N 615 N|O 587 O|S 522
C|O 804
C|S 536 S|S 429

C~C 839 N~N 945

C~N 890
C~O 1077

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13. Thermodynamic data (selected compounds)

Substance Formula State ∆H fÖ / kJ mol−1 ∆G fÖ / kJ mol−1 SÖ / J K−1 mol−1
methane CH4 g −74 −50 +186
ethane C2 H 6 g −84 −32 +230
propane C3H8 g −105 −24 +270
butane C 4H10 g −126 −17 +310
pentane C5H12 l −173
hexane C6H14 l −199
ethene C2 H4 g +52 +68 +220
propene C3H 6 g +20 +62 +267
but-1-ene C 4H 8 g +0.1 +71 +306
cis-but-2-ene C 4H 8 g −7 +66 +301
trans-but-2-ene C 4H 8 g −11 +63 +297
ethyne C2 H2 g +228 +211 +201
propyne C3 H4 g +185 +194 +248
buta-1,3-diene C 4H 6 g +110 +151 +279
cyclohexane C6H12 l −156
benzene C6H 6 l +49 +125 +173
methylbenzene C6H5CH3 l +12
ethylbenzene C6H5CH2CH3 l −12
phenylethene C6H5CHCH2 l +104
chloromethane CH3Cl g −82 −58 +235
dichloromethane CH2Cl2 l −124 +178
trichloromethane CHCl3 l −134 −74 +202
bromomethane CH3Br g −36 −26 +246
iodomethane CH3I l −14 +163
chloroethane C2H5Cl g −137 −53
bromoethane C2H5Br l −90 −26 +199
chlorobenzene C6H5Cl l +11
methanol CH3OH l −239 −167 +127
ethanol C2H5OH l −278 −175 +161
phenol C6H5OH s −165 +144
methanal HCHO g −109 −102 +219
ethanal CH3CHO g −166 −133 +264
propanone (CH3)2CO l −248 +200
methanoic acid HCOOH l −425 −361 +129
ethanoic acid CH3COOH l −484 −390 +160
benzoic acid C6H5COOH s −385 +168
methylamine CH3NH2 g −23 +32 +243
water H2O l −286 −237 +70
steam H2O g −242 −229 +189
carbon monoxide CO g −111 −137 +198
carbon dioxide CO2 g −394 −394 +214
hydrogen bromide HBr g −36 −53 +199
hydrogen chloride HCl g −92 −95 +187
hydrogen fluoride HF g −273 −275 +174
hydrogen iodide HI g +26 +2 +207

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 14. Enthalpies of combustion
The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion (∆Hc Ö) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298.15 K and a pressure of 100 kPa.

Substance Formula State ∆HcÖ / kJ mol−1 Substance Formula State ∆HcÖ / kJ mol−1
hydrogen g propan-1-ol l

Chemistry data booklet

H2 −286 C3H7OH −2021
sulfur S s −297 butan-1-ol C 4H9OH l −2676
carbon (graphite) C s −394 cyclohexanol C6H11OH s −3728
carbon monoxide CO g −283 phenol C6H5OH s −3053
methane CH4 g −891 ethoxyethane (C2H5)2O l −2724
ethane C2 H 6 g −1561 methanal HCHO g −571
propane C3 H8 g −2219 ethanal CH3CHO g −1167
butane C 4H10 g −2878 benzaldehyde C6H5CHO l −3525
pentane C5H12 l propanone (CH3)2CO l
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−3509 −1790
hexane C6H14 l −4163 pentan-3-one (C2H5)2CO l −3100
octane C8H18 l −5470 phenylethanone CH3COC6H5 l −4149
cyclohexane C6H12 l −3920 methanoic acid HCOOH l −255
ethene C2 H4 g −1411 ethanoic acid CH3COOH l −874
buta-1,3-diene C 4H 6 g −2541 benzoic acid C6H5COOH s −3228
ethyne C2 H2 g −1301 ethanedioic acid (COOH)2 s −243
l l

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benzene C6H 6 −3268 ethyl ethanoate CH3COOC2H5 −2238
methylbenzene C6H5CH3 l −3910 ethanamide CH3CONH2 s −1186
naphthalene C10H8 s −5156 methylamine CH3NH2 g −1086
chloroethane C2H5Cl g −1413 phenylamine C6H5NH2 l −3393
iodoethane C2H5I l −1463 nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 l −3088
trichloromethane CHCl3 l −473 urea CO(NH2)2 s −633
methanol CH3OH l −726 glucose C6H12O6 s −2803

15
ethanol C2H5OH l −1367 sucrose C12H22O11 s −5640
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15. Colour wheel with wavelengths of the visible

spectrum
647 nm 585 nm

Orange

Red Yellow
700 nm
575 nm
400 nm
Violet Green

Blue

424 nm 491 nm

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16. Lattice enthalpies at 298.15 K (experimental

values)
Ö
The lattice enthalpy values (∆H lattice) in the following tables relate to the endothermic process
Ma Xb (s) aMb (g) bXa (g) in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite
distance from each other.

The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle.

∆H lattice / kJ mol−11
Ö

Alkali metal halides

F Cl Br I
Li 1049 864 820 764
Na 930 790 754 705
K 829 720 691 650
Rb 795 695 668 632
Cs 759 670 647 613

∆H lattice / kJ mol−11 ∆H lattice / kJ mol−11

Ö Ö
Other substances Other substances
CaF2 2651 SrO 3223
BeCl2 3033 BaO 3054
MgCl2 2540 CuCl2 2824
CaCl2 2271 AgF 974
SrCl2 2170 AgCl 918
BaCl2 2069 AgBr 905
MgO 3791 AgI 892
CaO 3401

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17. Triangular bonding diagram

(van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle)
Electronegativity difference: % %
covalent ionic
a b

8 92
3.0

2.5
Ionic
25 75

2.0

50 50
1.5
Polar
1.0 covalent 75 25

0.5
Metallic Covalent

0 100 0

0.79 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Average electronegativity:
a b

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18. Acid–base indicators

Colour change
Indicator pKa pH range Acid Alkali
methyl orange 3.7 3.1–4.4 red yellow
bromophenol blue 4.2 3.0–4.6 yellow blue
bromocresol green 4.7 3.8–5.4 yellow blue
methyl red 5.1 4.4–6.2 red yellow
bromothymol blue 7.0 6.0–7.6 yellow blue
phenol red 7.9 6.8–8.4 yellow red
phenolphthalein 9.6 8.3–10.0 colourless pink

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19. Standard reduction potentials at 298.15 K

Oxidized species Reduced species EÖ /V
Li (aq) + e
+ −
 Li(s) −3.04
K (aq) + e
+ −
 K(s) −2.93
Ca (aq) + 2e
2+ −
 Ca(s) −2.87
Na+(aq) + e−  Na(s) −2.71
Mg (aq) + 2e
2+ −
 Mg(s) −2.37
Al3+(aq) + 3e−  Al(s) −1.66
Mn (aq) + 2e
2+ −
 Mn(s) −1.18
H2O(l) + e−  1
2 H2(g) + OH−(aq) −0.83
Zn2+(aq) + 2e−  Zn(s) −0.76
Fe (aq) + 2e
2+ −
 Fe(s) −0.45
Ni2+(aq) + 2e−  Ni(s) −0.26
Sn (aq) + 2e
2+ −
 Sn(s) −0.14
Pb (aq) + 2e
2+ −
 Pb(s) −0.13
H+(aq) + e−  1
2 H2(g) 0.00
Cu (aq) + e
2+ −
 Cu (aq) +
+0.15
SO42−(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e−  H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) +0.17
Cu (aq) + 2e
2+ −
 Cu(s) +0.34
1
2 O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e −
 2OH (aq) −
+0.40
Cu+(aq) + e−  Cu(s) +0.52
1
I
2 2(s) +e −
 I (aq) −
+0.54
Fe3+(aq) + e−  Fe2+(aq) +0.77
Ag (aq) + e
+ −
 Ag(s) +0.80
2 Br 2(l) +
1
e −
 Br (aq) −
+1.09
1
2 O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−  H2O(l) +1.23
2−
Cr 2O7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e
+ −
 2Cr (aq) + 7H2O(l) 3+
+1.36
1
2 Cl2(g) + e−  Cl−(aq) +1.36
MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e−  Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) +1.51
−
2 F2(g) +
1
e −
 F (aq) +2.87

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 20. Infrared data
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules

Bond Types of organic molecules Wavenumber / cm−1 Intensity

Chemistry data booklet

C―I iodoalkanes 490–620 strong

C ― Br bromoalkanes 500–600 strong

C ― Cl chloroalkanes 600–800 strong

C―F fluoroalkanes 1000–1400 strong

C―O alcohols, esters, ethers 1050–1410 strong

C|C alkenes 1620–1680 medium-weak; multiple bands

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C|O aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters 1700–1750 strong

C~C alkynes 2100–2260 variable

O―H carboxylic acids (with hydrogen bonding) 2500–3000 strong, very broad

C―H alkanes, alkenes, arenes 2850–3090 strong

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O―H alcohols and phenols (with hydrogen bonding) 3200–3600 strong, broad

N―H primary amines 3300–3500 medium; two bands

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21. 1H NMR data

Typical proton chemical shift values (δδ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS)

R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br or I.

These values may vary for different solvents and conditions.

Type of proton Chemical shift / ppm

CH3 0.9–1.0

CH2 R 1.3–1.4

CHR 2 1.5
O
C 2.0–2.5
RO CH2

O
C 2.2–2.7
R CH2

CH3 2.5–3.5

C C H 1.8–3.1

CH2 Hal 3.5–4.4

R O CH2 3.3–3.7

O
C 3.7–4.8
R O CH2

O
9.0–13.0
C
R O H
R O H 1.0–6.0

CH CH2 4.5–6.0

OH 4.0–12.0

H 6.9–9.0

O
9.4–10.0
C
R H

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22. Mass spectral fragments lost

Mass lost (Mr) Possible neutral fragment lost

15 •CH3

17 •OH

18 H2O

28 CH2|CH2 CO

29 •CH2CH3 •CHO

31 •OCH3

45 •COOH

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23. References
Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 were taken fully or in part from:

Blackman, A., Gahan, L. R., Aylward, G. H., & Findlay, T. J. V. (2014). Aylward and Findlay’s SI
Chemical Data. (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2021). NIST Chemistry WebBook SRD 69, NIST
Standard Reference Database. U.S. Department of Commerce. http://webbook.nist.gov

Rumble, J. R. (Ed.). (2019). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. (100th ed.). CRC Press.

Data in section 17 are reproduced with permission from the author:

Leach, M. R. (2021). The Chemogenesis Web Book: Timeline of structural theory. http://www.meta-
synthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html

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