Lab ChemicalBonding

Chemical Bonding Lab
Chemical compounds are combinations of atoms held together by chemical bonds. These chemical
bonds are of two basic types—ionic and covalent. Ionic bonds result when one or more electrons from
one atom or group of atoms is transferred to another atom. Positive and negative ions are created
through the transfer. In covalent compounds no electrons are transferred; instead electrons are shared by
the bonded atoms.
The physical properties of a substance, such as melting point, solubility, and conductivity, can be
used to predict the type of bond that binds the atoms of the compound. In this experiment, you will test
six compounds to determine these properties. Your compiled data will enable you to classify the
substances as either ionic or covalent compounds.
OBJECTIVES
Compare the melting points of six solids.
Determine the solubilities of the solids in water and in ethanol.
Determine the conductivity of water solutions of the soluble solids.
Classify the compounds into groups of ionic and covalent compounds.
Summarize the properties of each group.
MATERIALS
 24-well microplate  CaCl2 (calcium chloride)
 candle  KI (potassium iodide)
 conductivity tester  NaCl (sodium chloride)
 ethanol  C13H10O3 (Phenyl salicylate)
 lab apron  C6H8O7 (citric acid)
 safety goggles  C12H22O11 (sucrose)
 Pipettes
 Aluminum weighing trays
Always wear safety goggles, gloves, and a lab apron to protect your eyes and clothing.
If you get a chemical in your eyes, immediately flush the chemical out at the eyewash station while
calling to your teacher. Know the location of the emergency lab shower and eyewash station and the
procedures for using them.
Do not touch any chemicals. If you get a chemical on your skin or clothing, wash the chemical
off at the sink while calling to your teacher. Make sure you carefully read the labels and follow the
precautions on all containers of chemicals that you use. If there are no precautions stated on the label,
ask your teacher what precautions to follow. Do not taste any chemicals or items used in the laboratory.
Never return leftovers to their original container; take only small amounts to avoid wasting supplies.
Do not heat glassware that is broken, chipped, or cracked. Use tongs or a hot mitt to handle
heated glassware and other equipment because hot glassware does not always look hot.
When using a flame, confine long hair and loose clothing. If your clothing catches on fire, WALK to
the emergency lab shower and use it to put out the fire.
1
Procedure
Observations
1. Put on safety goggles and a lab apron.
2. Label each aluminum pan with each chemical.
3. Place a pea size amount of each test substance in each aluminum pan.
4. Record initial observations of each of the six substances in Table 1.
Solubility
5. Follow the order in Table 1 and put a few crystals of each of the test substances in the first two
columns of your well plate.
6. Put a few crystals of each of the white solids in the top row of your microplate. Repeat with the
second row. Add 10 drops of water to each well in the top row. Do not stir. Record the solubility of
each substance in Table 1. Write SOLUBLE if it dissolves, or NOT SOLUBLE if it does not
dissolve
7. Add 10 drops of ethanol to each well in the second row of the microplate. Do not stir. Record the
solubility of each substance in Table 1.
Conductivity
8. Test the conductivity of each water solution in the top row by dipping both electrodes into each well
of the microplate. Be sure to rinse the electrodes and dry them with a paper towel after each test. If
the bulb of the conductivity apparatus lights up, the solution conducts electric current. Record your
results in Table 1.
9. Clean the microplate by rinsing it with water. If any wells are difficult to clean, use a test tube brush.
Wash your hands thoroughly before you leave the lab and after all work is finished.
Relative Solubility
10. Arrange the aluminum pans on the hot plate, as shown in Figure 1
11. Draw and label a diagram that shows the position of each compound on your data sheet.
12. Turn on the hot plate. Observe the crystals and note the substance that melts first by writing a “1” in
Table 1. Record the order of melting, as well as observations, for each substance in Table 1.
13. After 2-3 minutes, record an “X” in Table 1 for each substance that did not melt. Turn off the hot
plate and allow the setup to cool until the lab is complete.
14. Throw away all aluminum pans. Wipe down your lab table and wash your hands.
Figure 1
2
Chemistry Name_________________________
Lab: Chemical Bonding Date_________________ Pd. _____
Draw a diagram that shows the position of each compound on the hot plate.
TABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS

Melting Solubility in Solubility in
Compound Description Conductivity
point H2O ethanol
Sucrose
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Phenyl salicylate
Potassium iodide
Citric Acid
3
Analysis
1. Organizing Results Group the substances into two groups according to their properties.
2. Organizing Results List the properties of each group.
Conclusions
1. Inferring Conclusions Use your notes and your experimental data to determine which of the
groups consists of ionic compounds and which consists of covalent compounds.
2. Relating Ideas Write a statement to summarize the properties of ionic compounds and another
statement to summarize the properties of covalent compounds.

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Chemical Bonding Lab

TABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS

2. Organizing Results List the properties of each group.

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