TE

ST
ED
IT
IO
N
THE TEXTBOOK OF

CHEMISTRY

THE TEXTBOOK OF
CHEMISTRY
FOR CLASS XII
For Class
XII
Publisher Code No. 220
Month & Year
of Publication
492.45 30000 First August 2023
SINDH TEXTBOOK BOARD
 N
IO
IT
ED
ST
TE

THE TEXTBOOK OF

CHEMISTRY
For Class
XII

Sindh Textbook Board

 All rights are reserved with the SINDH TEXTBOOK BOARD, JAMSHORO.
Prepared by SINDH TEXTBOOK BOARD JAMSHORO.
Reviewed by Directorate of Curriculum Assessment and Research Sindh, Jamshoro
Prescribed by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Hyderabad, Sukkur,
Larkana, Mirpurkhas, Shaheed Benazirabad and Karachi for Secondary School Examination.
Approved by the Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindh.
NO.SELD/HCW/18/2018 Dated 15th, August 2023 for province of sindh.
Patron in Chief
Agha Suhail Ahmed
Chairman, Sindh Textbook Board.

Patron
Dr. Nusrat Parveen Sahito
Director (Academics, Research & Training)
Sindh Textbook Board.

Naresh Kumar Shivani

Asst: Subject Specialist
Sindh Textbook Board.

AUTHORS REVIEWERS
Prof. Dr. Moazam Haider Prof. Dr. Aftab Kandhro
Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Kandhro Prof. Basit Muhiuddin
Prof. Bhawani Shankar Soni Assoc. Prof. Muhammad Hanif
Prof. Dr. Saeed-Uddin Prof. Dr. Qadeer Khan Panhwar
Prof. Dr. Mazhar Iqbal Asst. Prof. Muhammad Iftikhar Khan
Prof. Fida Hussain Buriro Mr. Naresh Kumar Shivani
Prof. Dr. Qadeer Khan Panhwar Asst. Prof. Wasiullah Khan
Prof. Abdul Latif Asst. Prof. Kamran Nawaz
Prof. Dr. Mansoor Ahmed Ms. Majida Soomro

*CHIEF EDITOR & **EDITOR

*Prof. Dr. Moazam Haider
**Mr. Naresh Kumar Shivani
Designing & Layout
Muhammad Arslan Shafaat Gaddi

ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
 1 18
IA VIIIA
1A 8A
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2
H
Hydrogen IIA IIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
He
Helium
1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003
3
Li
Lithium
4
Be
Beryllium
5
B
Boron
6
C
Carbon
7
N
Nitrogen
8
O
Oxygen
9
F
Fluorine
10
Ne
Neon
6.941 9.012 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11
Na
Sodium
12
Mg
Magnesium
13
Al
Aluminum
14
Si
Silicon
15
P
Phosphorus
16
S
Sulfur
17
Cl
Chlorine
18
Ar
Argon
22.990 24.305 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.948
19
K
Potassium
20
Ca
Calcium
31
Ga
Gallium
32
Ge
Germanium
33
As
Arsenic
34
Se
Selenium
35
Br
Bromine
36
Kr
Krypton
39.098 40.078 69.723 72.631 74.922 78.972 79.904 84.798
37
Rb
Rubidium
38
Sr
Strontium
49
In
Indium
50
Sn
Tin
51
Sb
Antimony
52
Te
Tellurium
53
I
Iodine
54
Xe
Xenon
85.468 87.62 114.818 118.711 121.760 127.6 126.904 131.294
55
Cs
Cesium
56
Ba
Barium
81
Tl
Thallium
82
Pb
Lead
83
Bi
Bismuth
84
Po
Polonium
85
At
Astatine
86
Rn
Radon
132.905 137.328 204.383 207.2 208.980 [208.982] 209.987 222.018
87
Fr
Francium
88
Ra
Radium
113
Nh
Nihonium
114
Fl
Flerovium
115
Mc
Moscovium
116
Lv
Livermorium
117
Ts
Tennessine
118
Og
Oganesson
223.020 226.025 unknown [289] unknown [298] unknown unknown

Alkali Metal Alkaline Earth Metal Basic Metal Semimetal Nonmetal Halogen Nobel Gas

Students will be able to:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Self Assessment

9
10
11
12
 Self Assessment
Complete and balance the following reactions:

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Self Assessment

22
23
Self Assessment

24
25
26
27
28
are metalloids

29
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

30
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

31
 Short Questions

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)

32
Descriptive Questions

33
 IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

3 VIIIB
Period

IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB

4 Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

5 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

6 La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

7 Ac** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn

*Lanthanides

**Actinides

Students will be able to:

34
35
36
37
Self Assessment

38
39
Self Assessment

40
41
Self Assessment

42
 Ligands

On the basis On the basis of On the basis

of charge number of donor sites of bonding

Negative ligands Monodentate: Chelating ligands:

CN-,F-,Cl-,NO-2 , Only one donor site A bidentate or polydentate ligands
- - 2-
NO 3 ,OH ,O e.g., H2O, NH3 which forms more than one coordinate
bonds in such a way that a ring is formed.
Bidentate: CH2 NH2
Two donor sites
e.g., (COO-)2, CH2 NH2 CH2 NH2
(Ethylenediamine)
CH2 NH2
(Ethylenediamine)

Nuetral ligands Polydentate: Ambidentate ligands:

H2O, NH3 , CO, More than two donor sites Monodentate ligand which contains more
NH2OH, CH3NH2
e.g., EDTA (Hexadentate) than one coordinating atom (or donor atom)
M O N O, M SCN,
or O or
M N M NCS
O

43
44
45
Self Assessment

46
47
;

48
Self Assessment

49
50
51
52
 Impure Cu anode

Pure Cu cathode

Electrolyte
H2SO4 + CuSO4

53
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

54
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

55
Short Questions

56
Descriptive Questions

57
Students will be able to:

58
59
 (Bituminous)

(Lignite)

(Peat) (Anthracite)

60
61
Self Assessment

62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Self Assessment

H O H H O

H C C C H H C C H

H H H

70
Self Assessment

71
 SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

lemon, orange, grapefruit, etc. and it aids in the treatment of fragility.

SUMMARY

72
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

73
Short Questions

74
Descriptive Questions

75
 IUPAC System

Root Word Suffix Prefix

Primary Suffix Secondary Suffix

Nature of the Carbon Chain Functional Group

Students will be able to:

76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Self Assessment

83
84
85
Self Assessment

86
87
88
Self Assessment

89
90
91
92
 Self Assessment

4.14 NOMENCLATURE OF ESTERS

93
94
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

95
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

96
Short Questions

97
Descriptive Questions

98
Students will be able to:

99
fuel for transportation.

100
Self Assessment

101
102
103
Self Assessment

104
105
 Sunlight
+ Cl2 +
(Methane) (Methyl chloride)

Sunlight
CH3 - Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 +
(Methylene dichloride)

Sunlight
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 +
(Methylene dichloride) (Chloroform)

Sunlight
CHCl3 + Cl2 +
(Chloroform) (Carbon tetrachloride)

106
107
108
109
 + + +
(ethene)

Peracetic acid O
1 O (CH2CO3H)
+
2 2 100°C
(ethene) (epoxide)

110
Self Assessment

111
112
113
Self Assessment

114
115
 (Enol form)
(2-hydroxypropene)

glyoxal.

H H

(glyoxal)

116
117
118
Self Assessment

A pair of enantiomer

Clockwise rotation Counterclockwise

(d) or (+) rotation (l) or (-)
enantiomer enantiomer
dextrorotatory levorotatory

119
120
121
122
 Kekule Structures

Two equivalent resonating structures of benzene Resonance hybrid

123
 Hexachlorocyclohexane

Self Assessment

124
125
126
127
 R

ortho ortho

meta meta

para

128
129
130
131
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

132
133
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

134
Short Questions

135
Descriptive Questions

136
Students will be able to:

137
138
139
 (Hydrogen chloride)

(Phosphorous tri chloride) (Phosphorous acid)

140
141
Self Assessment

142
p p

143
144
145
Self Assessment

146
147
6.2 GRINGARD’S REAGENTS
(ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS)

148
Self Assessment

149
Example:

Example:

Example:

150
Example:

151
152
153
6.3.5. Reactivity

154
155
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

156
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

157
Short Questions

158
Descriptive Questions

159
Students will be able to:

160
161
162
163
Self Assessment

164
165
166
167
168
169
170
Self Assessment

171
172
Self Assessment

173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
Self Assessment

183
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

184
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

185
Short Questions

186
Descriptive Questions

187
Students will be able to:

188
189
Self Assessment

190
Self Assessment

191
192
193
Propanone Hydroxyl amine Propanone oxime

(Acetone hydrazone)
Propanone Propanone hydrazone

194
Self Assessment

195
196
197
Self Assessment

198
199
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

200
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

201
 Short Questions

Descriptive Questions

202
203
Students will be able to:

204
205
206
Self Assessment

207
208
209
210
Self Assessment

211
212
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

213
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

214
Short Questions

215
Descriptive Questions

216
Students will be able to:

217
218
219
220
Self Assessment

221
Self Assessment

222
223
224
225
Self Assessment

226
227
Self Assessment

228
 O
H2C O C CH2(CH2)13CH3

O
Polar heads HC O C CH2(CH2)13CH3 Non polar chains

O
H2C O C CH2(CH2)13CH3
(Tristearin a simple triglyceride)
Fig. 10.5: Structure of a simple lipid showing its polar heads and non polar carbon chains

229
230
231
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

232
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

233
Short Questions

234
Descriptive Questions

235
Students will be able to:

236
237
 Used as fuel for transportation, power, supply, etc.

PETROCHEMICAL
FEED STOCK OR BASIC
PETROCHEMICALS

FINAL PRODUCTS BASIC NEEDS

238
 Development of roots
and maintaining pH soil
Development of leaf,
steam and fruits
Development of early
stage of plants growth
Help enzyme activities
and photosynthesis

239
 It is also known as latex.
In this paint water is used
as a carrier solvent
It contains organic solvents
as a carrier.

240
 grout

Self Assessment

241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

249
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

250
 Short Questions

Descriptive Questions

251
 Wet deposition Dry deposition
(rain, snow, sleet) (gases and particulates)

Students will be able to:

252
253
254
255
256
Self Assessment

257
Self Assessment

258
259
Self Assessment

260
261
Self Assessment

262
263
264
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

265
266
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

267
 Short Questions

Descriptive Questions

268
Students will be able to:

269
270
 4000-200
200-10

271
272
273
274
Self Assessment

275
276
277
278
Self Assessment

279
Self Assessment

280
SOCIETY, TECHNOLOGY
AND SCIENCE

SUMMARY

281
 EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions

282
 Short Questions

Descriptive Questions

283
284
285
286
287
 4

288