1.

Introduction
Earthquake is a catastrophic natural disaster. It occurs for a short time, but has massive
impact on nature and human. Earthquake is caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath
the earth surface. They are in constant oscillation. If these quivers are increased and last long
enough, may cause damage to nature & human. For the past million’s of year, these are the
forces which are responsible for framing the earth, deriving a number of hotspots & coldspots by
the fault slippage between tectonic plates by the help of friction. (S.C. Pal et al, 2023). A vast
earthquake can change the hydrological course, reshape the surface, can erupt volcanoes,
movement of debris under the action if gravity, etc. Landslides can cause fast (on steep slope) or
slow movement (on gentle slope) of surficial material in downward direction. Gravitational force
is the main force prevailing landslides. Earthquake triggered landslides by natural or man-made
activities can cause damage to lives & infrastructure. They are caused due to seismic, geological,
geomorphometric and hydrologic factors. Thus, their assessments are performed. (X. Shao and
C. Xu, 2022).
Many states in the world perform different earthquake evaluation and estimation for the
protection of their projects. Pakistan being geographically located in South Asia has noticeable
folds & faults & is open to earthquake. Many assessments have been performed by the Pakistan’s
Meteorology Department. (S. Khurram et al, 2022).
Measuring earthquake’s magnitude is a scientific activity and constructing earthquake
resistant structures is engineering. These both are not enough to tackle the destructiveness of
earthquake. Stakeholders mainly related with the management and urban planning plays an
important role in reducing the risk of the disaster. But, they should be directly linked with the
management and urban planning. Though, scientists, disaster management authorities, media,
health centers, engineers, all have to work together which may mitigate the destruction of the
structures and loss of lives. (K. Ali and N.A. Memon, 2022). With the new inventions in science
and technology, earthquake early warnings systems have been developed which provide the pre-
earthquake warnings of up to 10 seconds. (C. Chandrakumar et al, 2022).
2. Discussion
Earthquakes have been occurred in past time periods. They have not been recorded due to
lack of instruments in the historical era, but we have their evidences in real time. So, there origin,
magnitude & dates are unpredictable. Plates tectonic are the plates composed by the rocks
beneath the earth’s surface in the lithospheric layer. Relatively, these plates have different
movements and consist of their individual boundaries. When the plates move apart from each

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other, it is their divergent movement. Movement of plates towards each other is convergent and
transform movement happens when plates slides each other. These plates are not always in a
steady form and move in their independent direction. Thus, causing the occurrence of
earthquakes around the globe. The theory of plate tectonics was presented in 1960’s and was
highly accepted. This phenomenon is unique on every planet which arise the concern of how
different circumstances are under movement of tectonic plates. Continental drift theory was
presented in 1912 which states that at first all continents were together, forming a huge land, then
it spread and drifted away due to plate tectonic. Supercontinent later broke up into
Gondwanaland and Laurasia. In 1962, mid oceanic ridges were examined and a new theory of
sea floor spreading was introduced which discloses that, at mid oceanic ridge, new oceanic crust
was developed and had shoved away the continents. Earthquake triggers landslides. Thus, its
assessment is very important. There are some of the factors that influence the earthquake
triggered landslides:
i. Seismic waves are responsible for the causing the earthquakes. These waves being strong
enough can trigger the landslides on a particular area. Thus, threatening the lives of people and
destroying infrastructures etc.
ii. Major geological factors include weathering and erosion. Weathering and erosion
weakens and breaks down rocks and its fragments when an earthquake triggered landslides
occurs, it moves downward steep slope and cause destruction.
iii. Geomorphometric factor is responsible for studying the changing in the shape of the
earth. Earthquake triggered landslides frequently occurs in areas with similar altitudes. It
depends on the factors like altitudes, slope and landforms.
iv. Due to extensive precipitation, slopes become saturated with water and spaces between
them are filled. Thus, the weight of the mass increases and decreases the sturdiness of the rock
layer, aggregating in the landslides. Another reason for landslides triggering is the river erosion
due to slope uncertainty occur by the increase in the surface runoff and decrease in the slope
resistance.
Most of the countries in the world conduct their investigations if any disaster especially
earthquake occurs because it can cause a change in earth’s pressure, trigger landslides to destroy
settlements etc. and can cause severe damage to various projects like atomic energy etc. So, the
conduction of research is very important to mitigate its damage in future. There are various roles
of stakeholders which can play a vital role in the mitigation of earthquake disaster. Some of them
are as follow:

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 i. At pre and post disaster stage, scientists and engineers play an important role to mitigate
the earthquake disaster. At pre-stage, scientists can mark the regions which are exposed to
earthquake. They can identify the regions, where the tectonic plates meet. At post-stage,
scientists can collect the readings on the scales of the magnitude of earthquake or its aftershocks.
Engineering also play an important role in the pre and post disaster stage of earthquake. At pre-
stage, earthquake resistant buildings, bridges or other structure should be constructed or existing
structures should be transformed to resistance. At post-stage, the techniques are used to fortify
and methods are applied to repair the damaged structures.
ii. Federal and Provincial Disaster Management Authorities can mitigate the earthquake
disaster in terms of loss of lives and financial loss to the country by forming and implementing
the plan for the earthquake at both pre and post disaster stage. At pre disaster stage, they may set
up a program to counter the destruction of earthquake. At post disaster stage, they may work
according to the set of plans to protect the lives and country from the financial crises.
iii. International Scientific Organizations can help the countries by providing them with the
basic aid and technologies at time of earthquake. Technology can be helpful for the removal of
debris, transporting harmed to the hospitals etc.
iv. Health Care Centers can play a crucial role in protecting and saving the lives of the
people by a management and measures taken at the hospitals and in the field by rescuing people
to the hospitals.
v. Media and news publishers also play an important role in the mitigation of earthquake
disasters. Media can notify people with the disaster occurrence, alerting them for situation,
suggesting migrating from the threatened region etc. Media gathers information and
spokesperson debates on it for further what is better to do by alerting government or first aid
organizations etc. Media works at both pre and post disaster stage. At pre-stage, information can
be delivered to the public sector and different programs can be held for the awareness for the
disaster. At post-stage, news can be cast hourly and regularly from the regions being hit by the
earthquake.
In the era of science and technology, much advancement has been made in every field. In
the case of this disaster, an earthquake early warning (EEW) system has been invented that can
detect the early earthquake wave through the sensors being placed in the devices. These devices
are placed at different locations, receives seismic waves and transfer data to the centralize
station. EEW systems can provide pre-earthquake warning up to 10 seconds, in some devices to
20-30 seconds which may provide enough time for the people to mentally prepare themselves for

3
the coming disaster and take other initial and preservative measures such as taking cover,
switching off electricity, stopping the traffic, switching down heavy machinery etc. This system
is very efficient and can buy time for the people in the disaster.
3. Conclusion
In this article, different theories have been demonstrated which provide us about the basic
knowledge of earthquake’s occurrence, causes and its effects and how this particular disaster can
prevail other disasters. Mitigation of earthquake was about recognizing the stakeholders which
can take part to lighten the disaster. These are recognized as scientists, engineers, news
publishers, urban planners, management authorities and health care centers. This research has
shown us that stakeholders can play an important role in mitigating the earthquake disaster which
will help in the decrease of every kind of loss. Also, the earthquake early warning (EEW)
systems can act as an important invention to alarm people towards the disaster to reduce the
maximum destruction.
4. Remarks
Earthquake, a disaster, can prolong without any alarm or warning may get into our nerves
and harm and destroy us mentally and physically. Many regions been extremely vulnerable to
earthquake should have resistant structure to with stand during the disaster. EEW systems are
key inventions in today’s modern world. They have been planted in many developed countries
round the world. But some are not even aware of these systems. More advancement in the system
may help people to take measures up to a minute or of more time.
5. References
[1] Pal, S. C., Saha, A., Chowdhuri, I., Ruidas, D., Chakrabortty, R., Roy, P., & Shit, M. (2023).
Earthquake hotspot and coldspot: Where, why and how?. Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 2(1),
100130.
[2] Shao, X., & Xu, C. (2022). Earthquake-induced landslides susceptibility assessment: A review of
the state-of-the-art. Natural Hazards Research.
[3] Khurram, S., Gondal, M. M. I., Ali, S. A., & Zia, U. D. (2022). Cracking and Causes of Ground
Displacement in Rawat Rawalpindi Pakistan (Causes and Effect Report). International Journal of Earth
Sciences Knowledge and Applications, 4(1), 19-25.
[4] Ali, Kainat & Memon, Nafees. (2022). Identification and Role of Various Stakeholders in
Earthquake Disaster Mitigation.
[5] Prasanna, R., Chandrakumar, C., Nandana, R., Holden, C., Punchihewa, A., Becker, J. S., ... &
Tan, M. L. (2022, March). “Saving Precious Seconds”—A Novel Approach to Implementing a Low-Cost
Earthquake Early Warning System with Node-Level Detection and Alert Generation. In Informatics (Vol. 9,
No. 1, p. 25). MDPI.