Semi-Detailed School Dawo Integrated School Grade Level 10

Lesson Plan Teacher Kimberly Ann Q. Bongoyan Learning Area Science

Date and Time February 22, 2023 (8:30-9:30 AM) Quarter Third
MELC Explain how protein is made using information from DNA. (S10LT-IIId-37)

I. Objectives
 Define DNA;
 Identify the major steps of DNA replication; and
 Explain the process of DNA replication.

II. Subject Matter

A. Topic: Replication of DNA
B. References: Science 10, SLM 4- Central Dogma of Biology: Protein Synthesis, pp., 1-7
C. Materials: Laptop, PowerPoint Presentation, Pictures
D. Time Allotment: 60

III. Procedure

A. Daily Routine (3 minutes)

 Prayer
- Class, please stand. Let us pray. (Interfaith Prayer)
 Greetings
- Good morning everyone! Please be seated.
 Checking of Attendance
 - Is anyone absent today?
B. Motivation (10 minutes)
Directions: Fill in the complimentary DNA strand using DNA base pairing rules. The first three nitrogenous bases were paired
already and given as examples.

Guide Question:

1. How did you find the activity?

2. What do you think is the lesson for today?

C. Presentation of the Lesson

Our lesson for today is about the Replication of DNA. At the end of the lesson, each one of you should be able to:

 Define DNA;
 Identify the major steps of DNA replication; and
Explain the process of DNA replication.
 D. Development of the Lesson (30 minutes)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material of all organisms on Earth from microbes to plants and
human beings. An organism’s complete set of DNAs, including all of its genes is called genome. A genome
contains a complete set of information which determines inherited physical characteristics such as height,
skin, eye and hair color and many others. Every cell in a human body nearly has similar DNA and eukaryotic
cells (cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane). The DNA is a thin
long molecule found in the cell’s nucleus which is made up of nucleotides. The basic structure of nucleotide
consists of a phosphate group, sugar and a nitrogenous base. The four different type of nucleotides of DNA are
adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine which are represented by their first letter A, T, G, C. These four
nucleotides are paired as (Adenine-Thymine) and (Guanine-Cytosine) into billions to organize a double helix
structure.

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, worked out that DNA is double helix helix which appears like a
staircase. The sides of the double helix structure are the sugar phosphate backbones and the steps or rungs
are the base pairs. Figure 1. Illustration to show the
structure of DNA double helix

DNA molecules fold into paired packages called chromosomes that are stored in the nucleus of the cell. Different species have
different numbers of chromosomes, and humans have 23 pairs. Chromosome contain many genes and on each string of DNA contains
the gene which is the basic unit of heredity and a segment that describes how a certain protein is made.
DNA Replication is the process of DNA duplication from an existing DNA. The replication of DNA is important for the growth repair
and reproduction of cells of an organism. This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells before a cell divides either by mitosis
of meiosis. When a cell divides,
Figure 2.each resulting
Illustration cellthat
to show keeps a contains
a cell copy of the
all of your chromosomes,
genome, chromosomes. DNA and
genes.
The major key players in DNA replication are the enzymes helicase, primase, DNA, polymerase, and ligase. Helicase is the
unzipping enzyme and unzips the two strands of DNA in the double helix through the hydrogen bond that holds the two base pairs
together. Primase will initialize the process and directs the DNA polymerase for it to figure out where it gets to start. The primers are
made of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid). Its major role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis.
DNA polymerase is the builder enzyme which replicates DNA molecules in order to build a new strand of DNA. Ligase is the gluer,
which helps glue DNA fragments together to form the new strand of DNA.

Let us now proceed to the three major steps of DNA replication (initiation, elongation, and termination) and see what happens in
each stage.

Step 1: Initiation
- DNA replication starts at the Origin of Replication. The unzipping enzyme Helicase, causes the DNA strand to separation,
which leads to the formation of the replication fork. It breaks the hydrogen bond between the base pairs to separate the
strand, thus separating the DNA into individual strands.
Step2: Elongation
- During elongation DNA Polymerase III makes the new DNA strand by reading the nucleotides on the template strand and
binding one nucleotide after the other to generate a whole new complementary strand. It helps in the proofreading and
repairing the new strand. DNA Polymerase is able to identify and back track any mis paired nucleotides and corrects it
immediately. The bases attached to each strand then pair up with the three nucleotides found in the cytoplasm. If it finds
an Adenine (A) on the template, it will only add a Thymine (T). If it finds a guanine (G) on the template, it will only add a
Cytosine (C).

Step 3: Termination
- In the previous steps of DNA replication, at the Origin, a Primer helps the DNA Polymerase to initiate the process. As the
strand is created, the primer has to removed. This is when DNA Polymerase I comes into the picture to replace the RNA
nucleotides from the primer with DNA nucleotides to make sure it is DNA all the way through. When DNA Polymerase III
adds nucleotides to the lagging strand and forms Okazaki fragments, it leaves a gap or two between the fragments, these
gaps are filled by the enzyme ligase and makes sure that everything else is connected.
The replication process is considered complete once all the Primers are removed and ligase has filled in all the remaining gaps between
the Okazaki Fragments. This process gives us two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. This whole replication process is
happening in billions of cells in your body even at this very moment. The original DNA, both templates IDENTICAL.

E. Generalization (2 minutes)
- The teacher will call some of the students to answer the following questions:

 What is DNA?
 What are the major parts of DNA replication?
 Explain the process of DNA replication.

F. Valuing/Application (5 minutes)
Directions: Identify the correct term using the shuffled letters in Column B using the given definition or clue on Column C.
A. Correct Word B. Shuffled Word C. Definition or Clue
1. UOEBLD XHILE Structure of a DNA.
2. OTSYINEC The nucleotide pair of Guanine
3. XOEDCIELCUNOYBIR CADI Contains the genomes
4. RPCATILEOIN Process of DNA duplication from an existing DNA
5. ELIHCSAE Enzyme that unzips the DNA strand during replication
6. BSEA What do you call the Adenine-Thymine pair?
7. OKAKIZA Fragments of DNA that are produced during the process of DNA
replication
8 YDRGOHNE The type of bond which breaks down when helicase starts to unzip the
DNA stand
9. ENGE Basic unit of heredity which carries the characteristics of parents to
children
10. OLAIONTNEG This is the step of DNA replication where the DNA Polymerase creates
new strands of nucleotide specifically paired to another nucleotide.
IV. Assessment (10 minutes)
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following enzymes is used to join strands of DNA?

A. DNA Ligase B. Primase C. Nucleic Acid D. DNA Polymerase
2. According to the central dogma, which of the following represents the flow of genetic information in cells?
A. Protein to DNA to RNA B. DNA to RNA to protein C. RNA to DNA to protein D. DNA to protein to RNA
3. What happens during the start of DNA replication?
A. The bonds between nitrogen base and deoxyribose sugar break.
B. The leading strands produce the Okazaki fragments.
C. The hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides of two strands break.
D. The phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides break.
4. Unwinding of the DNA is done by which enzymes?
A. Ligase B. Helicase C. Hexonuclease D. DNA Polymerase
5. By the end of DNA replication, a new DNA is formed with what structure?
A. Hexagonal B. Linear C. Double Helix D. Planar

V. Assignment
Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. What do you call the process which converts the instructions in the DNA into a functional biological product called protein?
2. What are the three major steps in DNA Replication?
3. What are the major key players in DNA replication?

REMARKS: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PROFICIENCY LEVEL:
Note: PL result of 74 below is
considered failed, therefore, you cannot proceed to the next lesson.

no. of passers
PL = × 100 PL = × 100 =
no. of students

Prepared by:

KIMBERLY ANN Q. BONGOYAN Noted by:

Subject Teacher
ROLANDO M. LACBO
Principal II