11th Tamil Full Guide - Surya Elamai Tamil

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com
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Kidtu; rp. gue;jhkd;/ M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil, Ph.D., Kidtu; g.bg. fypa@u;j;jp/ M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.,
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M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil.

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®
SURYA PUBLICATIONS
(A unit of Shyamala Group)
No. 1, Sugar Mill Colony, Phone : 0462 - 2338899, 2338484.
Salai Kumaran illam, Mobile : 94431-58484,
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Madurai Road, 94421-58484,

Tirunelveli - 627 001. 94425-58484.
E-mail: [email protected]
website : www.suryapublications.in
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Dear Teachers and Students Please Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: [email protected]
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Published by
B.Arumugam
Surya Publications
(A Unit of Shyamala group)
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OUR BANK DETAILS

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Account Name : SURYA PUBLICATIONS

Account Number : 446971431
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Bank Name : INDIAN BANK

IFSC Code : IDIB000T034
Branch Name : TIRUNELVELI JUNCTION
Account Name : SURYA PUBLICATIONS

Account Number : 510909010051752
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Bank Name : CITY UNION BANK

IFSC Code : CIUB0000230
Branch Name : PALAYAMKOTTAI
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1. gy;yhz;L `gy rpy vDkpit jk;Kd; ...... gy; + Mz;L
gy + Mz;L gpwtupd; mfuk; tpfw;gk; MfYk;~
`jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu; tupd; gy; + y; + Mz;L
,ul;Lk;~
Alv
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ gy;yhz;L
,ay;ng~ (y; + M) = yh vd;whdJ.
2. fhw;wpnywp `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ fhw;wpnywp
fhw;wpy; + Vwp
3. Rtbuyhk;
a
,ay;ng~ (y; + V = ny)
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ
vd;whdJ.
Rtbuyhk;
.Kk
Rtu; + vyhk; ,ay;ng~ (u; + v = bu) vd;whdJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 3

wI
1. jha;bkhHpna Kjd;ikahdJ ? ,f;Tw;Wf; Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

LV
Mrpupau; : khzt/ khztpanu jkpH;bkhHpiag; gw;wp ,t;tFg;gpy;

w
fye;JiuahLnthk;.
khztu;fs; : rup=;f Iah.
Mrpupau; : jkpH; vd;why; vd;d>
A
//w
ahHpdp : ,sik vd;gJ bghUs; MFk;.

Mrpupau; : ed;W- jkpHpd; bgUikiag; gw;wp vtnuDk; TwKoa[kh>
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
vHpdp : ehd; TWfpnwd;. `fy; njhd;wp kz; njhd;whf; fhyj;nj Kd; njhd;wpa
@j;jf;Fo~.
Mrpupia : jkpH; njhd;wpa ,lk;....>
,uF : by@upah fz;lk;.
Mrpupau; : jkpH;bkhHp Kjd;ikahdJ vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whf vijahtJ Tw
,aYkh>
tp
ahHpdp : cyf bkhHpfSf;bfy;yhk; `m~ vd;w vGj;J Kjd;ikahdJ/

,ijna ts;Stu; `mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk;~ vd;fpwhu;.
Mrpupau; : ed;W/ ed;W- kPz;Lk; ehis re;jpg;nghk;--
ht
3
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.in
2. `fhyj;ij btd;w bkhHp~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ftpij gilf;f.
kdpj ,dj;jpd; milahsk; bkhHp
gz;ghl;od; goepiy bkhHp
cyfbkhHpf;bfy;yhk;
L al
ikag;g[s;spaha; tps=;Fk; bkhHp ? v=;fs;
jkpH;bkhHpna....
r=;fk;bjhl=;fp
A d
,d;wst[k; ,dpikaha; tps=;Fk;
cau;jdpr;brk;bkhHp
D ika
,lu;gy fle;J fiygy fw;W
1 fhyj;jhy; btd;w bkhHp
v=;fs; jkpH;bkhHpna......
,ay;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kdpj ,dj;jpd; Mjp milahsk; ________.
m) gz;ghL
,) bkhHp
a
M) gupzhk tsu;r;rp
<) ehfupfk; tpil: ,) bkhHp
.Kk
2. bkhHp/ ________ tsu;r;rpia mog;gilahff; bfhz;L cUthdJ.
m) gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhz M) mwptpay; gupkhz
,) kdpj <) NHypay;; tpil: m) gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhz
3. Xu; ,dj;jpd; ikag;g[s;spahf tps=;FtJ ________.
wI
m) tuyhW M) gz;ghL
LV
,) bkhHp <) ehfupfk; tpil: ,) bkhHp

w
4. vGjj;jhd; ntz;Lk;
vGfpd;w a[fj;jpndhu; ghliy - ,t;tofspy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ea=;fs; ________.
m) mobaJif-monkhid M) monkhid-mo,iag[
A
//w
,) rPu;vJif-rPu;nkhid <) Kuz;-cUtfk;

tpil: m) mobaJif - monkhid
s:K
5. R. tpy;tuj;jpdj;jpd; gpwg;gplk; ________.

m) jpupnfhzkiy M) kl;lfsg;g[
,) Ky;iyj;jPt[ <) g[=;FLj;jPt[ tpil: <) g[=;FLj;jPt[
6. `capu;j;bjGk; fhyj;Jf;fhf~ vd;w ftpij E}y; bjhFf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ________.
m) 2001 M) 2005
tp
,) 2011 <) 2015 tpil: m) 2001

7. g[=;FLj;jPt[ mike;Js;s ,lk; ________.
m) ahH;g;ghzk; M) ,yl;rj;jPt[fs;
ht
,) khyj;jPt[fs; <) jpupnfhzkiy tpil: m) ahH;g;ghzk;

4
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. `jd; ,dj;ija[k; bkhHpiaa[k; ghlhj ftpij/ ntupy;yhj kuk;" Toy;yhj gwit~ vd;W
Twpatu;
m) fyPy; fpg;uhd; M) R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;
,) ,uNy; fk;rnjt; <) thy;l; tpl;kd; tpil: ,) ,uNy; fk;rnjt;
L al
9. epiwkzp je;jts; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; ________.
m) kzpnkfiy M) fz;zfp
,) jkpHd;id <) ghujj;jha;; tpil: ,) jkpHd;id
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. ftp+u; R. tpy;tuj;jpdk; gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Mrpupau; : ftp+u; R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;
gpwe;j ,lk; : ahH;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s g[=;FLj; jPt[
ftpijj; bjhFg;gpd; jiyg;g[ : `capu;j;bjGk; fhyj;Jf;fhf~
bjhFf;fg;gl;l fhyk; : 2001 Mk; Mz;L
Alv
,tuJ fhyk; : 1950 Kjy; 2006 tiu
gpw Fwpg;g[fs; : ,y=;ifj; jkpHu;/ ftpijfs; ,aw;WtJld; rpwg;ghfg;
ghLk; jpwDk; bfhz;ltu;.
2. g[Jf;ftpij vd;gJ ahJ> a
kug[ rhu;e;j bra;a[s;fspd; fl;Lg;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; bfhz;l
ftpijfisg; g[Jf;ftpijfs; vd;gu;.
.Kk
3. fly; nfhshy; bfhs;sg;gl;l gFjp vJ>
Kjy;/ ,ilj; jkpH;r; r=;f=;fs; mike;j ,by@upa fz;lj;jpy; cs;s fghlg[unk fly;
nfhshy; bfhs;sg;gl;l gFjp MFk;.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
w
1. jkpH;g; ghly;fs; vtw;iwbay;yhk; fle;J bry;tjhff; ftp+u; R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;>
jkpH;g; ghly;fs; fhw;wpnywp/ mJ bry;Yk; jpirba=;Fk; brd;W/ miyfpd;w fliya[k;/
beUg;ghw;iwa[k;/ kiy KfLfisa[k; fle;J bry;tjhff; ftp+u; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
A
//w
2. ahUf;Fg; gy;yhz;L ghl ntz;Lk;>
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
jkpHd;idapd; jpUtoiaj; bjhGJ/ mts; tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp/ jkpiHg; gz;gLj;jp/
s:K
ed;bdwpfis tpijj;J/ jkpH; bkhHp brHpj;njh=;fp tsu/ ciHj;jtu;f;bfy;yhk;

+hdkhfpa tpisr;riyj; je;j jkpHd;idf;Fg; gy;yhz;L gy;yhz;L/ gy;yhapuj;jhz;L
ghl ntz;Lk;.
3. g[Jf;ftpij ? tpsf;fk; jUf.
kug[ rhu;e;j bra;a[s;fspd; fl;Lg;ghLfspy; ,Ue;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; bfhz;l
tp
ftpijfisg; g[Jf;ftpijfs; vd;gu;. gog;nghupd; MH;kdjpy; g[Jf;ftpij Vw;gLj;Jk;

jhf;fnk Kjd;ikahdJ. ,J gog;nghupd; rpe;jidf;nfw;g tpuptila[k; gd;Kfj; jd;ik
bfhz;lJ.
ht
***
5
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.in
ciueil
,ay; 1 ngr;RbkhHpa[k; ftpijbkhHpa[k;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. xU jput epiyapy;/ ehd; tpUk;g[k; tifapy; vd;dplk; fPH;g;goe;J ele;Jbfhs;Sk; vdJ
1 bkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHpahfg; gjpt[ bra;ag;gLfpwnghJ ciwe;Jnghd gdpf;;fl;oiag;
nghd;w jpl epiyia milfpwJ. ,t;tupfs; czu;j;Jk; fUj;J.
,ay;
m) bkhHp vd;gJ jpl/ jput epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

M) ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHpia jpl/ jputg; bghUshf cUtfg;gLj;jtpy;iy.
,) vGj;JbkhHpiatpl ngr;RbkhHp vspikahdJ.
Alv
<) ngr;RbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; vGj;JbkhHp vspikahdJ.
tpil: ,) vGj;JbkhHpiatplg; ngr;RbkhHp vspikahdJ.
FWtpdh a
1. ngr;RbkhHp/ vGj;JbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lr; rf;jp kpf;fJ Vd;>
.Kk
vGj;JbkhHp ? vGJtij kl;Lk;jhd; kdpjdpd; if bra;fpwJ.
ngr;RbkhHp ? Kfj;jpypUf;Fk; tha;/ clk;gpypUf;Fk; ifiaf; fhl;oYk; czu;r;rp
btspg;ghl;ilj; bjuptpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.
vGj;J bkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; ngr;RbkhHp czu;r;rpf;F kpf mUfpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
wI
LV
rpWtpdh
w
1. Tw;W : FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;gJ bghUisg; ftpij : Tz;L jpwe;jJ

gjpt[ bra;tjd;W; epidt[Tuj;jf;f rpwfof;fth>
jUz=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;tjhFk;. ,y;iy- rPl;blLf;f.
A
//w
Tw;wpy; FwpaPL vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ ftpijapy; vg;bghUshf te;Js;sJ>

rpwfpUe;Jk; gwg;gij kwe;j fpsp.
s:K
v$khdpd; tpuyirt[f;Fr; rPl;blLf;Fk; fpsp.

rPl;blLf;f kl;Lk; btspna tUtjw;F mDkjp.
ahnuh xUtdpd; Rfj;jpw;F jd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpbfhLf;Fk; thapy;yh fpspapd;
moik thH;t[.
beLtpdh
tp
1. eP=;fs; bkhHpia btspg;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; ngr;RbkhHpiaa[k; vGj;JbkhHpiaa[[k;

vt;thW czu;fpwPu;fs; vd;gij tptupf;f.
ht
6
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
ngr;RbkhHp
L al
vGj;JbkhHp
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
A d
``ngRtJ nghy; vGJtJjhd; cj;jkk;~~
mJnt khDlj;Jf;F vGj;jhsu;fs; bra;a[k; flik.
D ika
vd;w kfhftp ghujpapd; Tw;Wgo/ vGj;J bkhHpiaf; fle;J/ ngr;R bkhHp vt;thW
ek;kplk; beUf;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wpg; ngRfpwJ ,f;fl;Liu.
ngr;RbkhHp:
vGj;JbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; ngr;RbkhHp czu;r;rpf;F kpf mUfpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
Alv
,yf;fpa tHf;iff; iftpl;Lg; ngr;RbkhHpf;Fj; jpUk;gpat[ld; mjpf btspg;ghl;Lr;
rf;jpahf khwptpLfpwJ.
Kfj;jpypUf;Fk; tha;/ clk;gpypUf;Fk; ifiaf; fhl;oYk; czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;ilj;
bjuptpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. a
ngr;R vd;gJ jd;idj; jpwe;Jbfhs;fpw xU bray;ghL" ngr;R vd;gJ bkhHpapy;
ePe;JtJ.
.Kk
ngr;RbkhHpapd;nghJ ekJ clk;gpd; btspg;ghLfs; bkhHpbad;Dk; ePupy; Kd;ndhf;fp
efur; bra;fpd;wd.
ftp+u;fs; rpyu; j=;fspd; ftpijfis vjpupypUf;Fk; thrfDld; ngRtJnghy
mikf;fpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa neuobkhHp xUnghJk; gHik fl;Ltjpy;iy.
wI
LV
neuobkhHp vg;nghJk; capu;g;g[lDk; khwpf;bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ. neuobkhHpjhd;

ftp+upd; fhyj;ij epu;zapf;fpwJ.
w
ngr;RbkhHpapy; xU ftpij bra;ag;gLfpwnghJ mJ clk;gpd; nky;njhy; nghy

,a=;FfpwJ.
vGj;JbkhHp:
A
//w
vGj;JbkhHpapy; ngr;irf; nfl;f vjpuhsp xUtd; fpilahJ.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
vGj;J vd;gJ jdf;Fj;jhnd ngrpf;bfhs;fpw ngr;R vdyhk;.
s:K
vGj;J bkhHpapy; ftpij bra;fpwnghJ brhw;fshdJ ftpijapd; czu;it

czu;r;rpaw;w Milnghy; nghu;j;jp @otpLfpd;wd.
vGj;JbkhHp ngr;RbkhHp nghd;W btspg;ghl;Lr; rf;jp ,y;yhjJ.
Kot[iu:
vGj;J eil fhyj;jhy; mHpahJ vd;Wk; VLfspy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. ngr;R bkhHpnah/
tp
ngrpa mg;bghGnj fhw;nwhL fiue;J tpLk;. vdnt/ ehd; bkhHpia btspg;gLj;jk;

epiyapy;/ vGj;JbkhHpiaf; fhl;oYk; ngr;R bkhHpapid vspikahf czu;fpnwd;.
ht
7
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.in
1. ghujpapd; trdftpijfSs; c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpijia tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf;
fhl;Lf.
L al
+hapW
+hapnw ,Uis ,ubty;yhk; epd;idf;
vd;d bra;Jtpl;lha;> fhzhj kaf;fj;jhy;
A d
Xl;odhah> bfhd;whah> ,Uz;oUe;jjh>
tpG=;fptpl;lhah> epd;idf; fz;lt[ld;
D ika
fl;o Kj;jkpl;L epd;bdhsp jhD=;bfhz;L
1 epd; fjpu;fshfpa iffshy;
kiwj;J tpl;lhah>
epd;idf; fye;Jtpl;ljh>
eP=;fs; ,UtUk;
,ay;
,Us; epdf;F gifah> xUjha; tapw;Wf;

mJ epd; fhjypah> FHe;ijfsh>
Alv
2. ftpij Fwpj;Jj; jkpH;f;ftp+u;fspd; fUj;Jfisj; jpul;o xg;gilt[ vGJf.
fUj;Jfs; jk;ikj; cs;sj;J cs;sJ ftpij ? ,d;g
jhnk Msf; cUbtLg;gJ ftpij
fw;Wf;bfhz;l
g[jpa kf;fshl;rp Kiwna
a bjs;sj; bjspe;j jkpHpy; ? cz;ik
bjspe;J ciug;gJ ftpij ? ftpkzp
.Kk
g[Jf;ftpij ? K.nkj;jh
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
wI
gyt[s; bjupf
LV
w
1. 2011Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ bgw;w ,e;jpudpd; E}y; ________.

m) gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;
M) Kg;gl;il efuk;
A
//w
,) rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs;
<) btspr;rk; tpil: m) gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;
2. ,e;jpud; elj;jpa ,jH;fs; ________.
s:K
m) ,e;jpah/ tp$ah M) btspr;rk;/ Ez;fiy

,) nfhFyk;/ fy;fp <) bjd;wy;/ Fapy; tpil: M) btspr;rk;/ Ez;fiy
3. fiyfspd; cr;rk; ________ vd;gu;.
m) fij M) g[jpdk;
,) ftpij <) Xtpak; tpil: ,) ftpij
tp
4. ftpijapid ,ad;wtiug; ngRtJnghy; vGJtJjhd; cj;jkk; vd;W Twpatu; ________.

m) ftpkzp M) rptjk;gp
,) ghujpahu; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: ,) ghujpahu;
ht
8
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. thy;l; tpl;kdpd; ehL ________.
m) gpuhd;R M) mbkupf;fh
,) rpyp <) b$u;kdp tpil: M) mbkupf;fh
6. g[Jf;ftpij ,af;fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ________.
L al
m) thy;l; tpl;kd; M) ky;yhu;nk
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: m) thy;l; tpl;kd;
7. rpyp ehl;oy; gpwe;j ,yj;jPd; mbkupf;fhtpd; kpfr; rpwe;j ftp+u; ________.
A d
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: M) ky;yhu;nk
D ika
8. g[y;ypd; ,jH;fs; vd;Dk; g[fH; bgw;w E}ypd; Mrpupau; ________.
9. gpuhd;R ehl;ilr; nru;e;j ftp+u; ________.
Alv
10. ``,njh nfs; vd; be+;nr khYkpfspd; ghliy~~ vd;W vGjpatu; ________.
m) thy;l; tpl;kd;
,) ghg;nyh beqlh
a
M) ky;yhu;nk
<) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: M) ky;yhu;nk
.Kk
11. fisj;Jg; nghd ck; fj;jpupf;nfhyhy; fhyj;ij btl;l KoahJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu;
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: ,) ghg;nyh beqlh
wI
12. Mw;W}u; utptu;kh vk;bkhHpf;ftp+u;>

LV
m) kiyahsk; M) fd;dlk;
,) bjY=;F <) jkpH; tpil: m) kiyahsk;
w
13. thy;l; tpl;kdpd; ftpijia M=;fpyj;jpypUe;J jkpHpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jtu; ________.

m) r=;fu; b$auhkd; M) bt._uhk;
A
//w
,) M.uh.nt=;flhrygjp <) ,e;jpud; tpil: m) r=;fu; b$auhkd;

14. ahUila ftpijiag; gpbu+;R bkhHpapypUe;J jkpHpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jhu; bt._uhk;>
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K

15. ghg;nyh beqlhtpd; ftpijia vk;bkhHpapypUe;J jkpHpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jhu;
M.uh. nt=;flhrygjp>
m) gpbu+;R M) M=;fpyk;
tp
,) ,yj;jPd; <) ,e;jp tpil: M) M=;fpyk;

16. ,e;jpudpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) ,uhnre;jpud; M) ,uhrkhzpf;fk;
,) ,uhrnfhghyd; <) ,uhrJiu tpil: m) ,uhnre;jpud;
ht
9
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.in
17. jkpHpd; ftpijapay; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; ________.
m) fh.rptjk;gp M) thdkhkiy
,) fh.R.gps;is <) K.t. tpil: m) fh.rptjk;gp
L al
18. kndhukh gp!;th!; vk;bkhHpf; ftp+uhthu;>
m) kiyahsk; M) fd;dlk;
,) xupa <) t=;f tpil: ,) xupa
A d
19. `gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;~ vd;gJ ________.
m) Kjy; E}y; M) rhu;g[ E}y;
,) tHpE}y; <) bkhHp bgau;gg; [ E}y; tpil: <) bkhHp bgau;g;g[ E}y;
D ika
1 20. ,e;jpuDf;Fg; bghUe;jhj Jiwiaf; fz;lwp.
m) bkhHpbgau;g;g[ M) Xtpak;
,ay;
,) fiy tpku;rdk; <) ,ir tpil: <) ,ir

21. Kg;gl;il efuk; vd;gJ ,e;jpudpd; ________ bjhFg;g[.
Alv
m) rpWfijj; M) fl;Liuj;
,) ftpijj; <) fojj; tpil: ,) ftpijj;
22. `cybfyhk; jpuz;Lte;J xUnruj; jhf;fpdhYk; njhw;fhj bgUefuk; xd;W fz;nld;~
vd;gJ ahUila fdt[f;ftpij>
m) thy;l; tpl;kd;
a
M) ky;yhu;nk
.Kk
23. ghg;nyh beqlh jd;Dila ftpijfSf;fhf ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehgy; gupR bgw;w Mz;L
m) 1961 M) 1965
,) 1971 <) 1975 tpil: ,) 1971
wI
LV
24. `gfypd; bgau;fs; midj;ija[k; ,utpd; ePu; miHf;fpwJ~ vd;W ftpij ghoatu; ________.
w
,) ghg;nyh beqlh <) vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; tpil: ,) ghg;nyh beqlh
FWtpdh
A
//w
1. `cyfk;~/ èhd;~ vd;gJ Fwpj;J vu;d!;;l; fhrpuu; TWtJ ahJ>

bkhHp vd;w xd;W gpwe;jt[ld; `cyfk;~ vd;gJk;/ èhd;~ vd;gJk; jdpj;jdpaha;g; gpupe;J
s:K
j=;fisj; jdpj;Jtkhf epiy epWj;jpf; bfhs;fpd;wd. ,Jnt `cyfk;~/ èhd;~ vd;gJ

Fwpj;J vu;d!;l; fhrpuu; TWk; fUj;jhFk;.
2. vGj;JbkhHp/ ngr;R bkhHp Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilapy; cs;s ntWghLfs; ahit>
vGj;JbkhHp ngr;R bkhHp
tp
jdf;Fj;jhnd ngrpf;bfhs;tJ. Mdhy; ngr;RbkhHp mg;goay;y" gpwuplk;

neupilahfg; ngRtJ.
vGj;JbkhHpiag; ngr vjpuhsp ,y;iy. ngr;RbkhHpiaf; nfl;f vjpuhsp cz;L.
vGj;JbkhHp vGJtij kl;Lk;jhd; ngr;RbkhHp ngRk;nghJ Kfk;/ tha;/
ht
bra;fpwJ. clk;g[/ czu;r;rp btspg;ghL bjupfpwJ.

10
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vGj;JbkhHpapy; brhw;fs; ftpijapd; mjpf czu;r;rp btspg;ghl;Lr; rf;jp
czu;it czu;r;rpaw;w Milnghy; bfhz;lJ. ngr;R vd;gJ bkhHpapy; ePupir.
nghu;j;jptpLfpd;wd.
3. ftp+dplk; bkhHp vg;go @tif epiyapy; bray;gLfpwJ>
L al
bkhHp vd;gJ xU jput epiyapy;/ ftp+d; tpUk;g[k; tifapy; mtdplk; fPH;g;goe;J
ele;J bfhs;fpwJ.
vGj;J bkhHpahfg; gjpt[ bra;a[k;nghJ ciwe;Jtpl;l gdpf;fl;oiag; nghd;w jpl
A d
epiyia mile;J tpLfpwJ.
gpd; mJ mr;rplg;gl;l xU ftpijaha; khWk;nghJ/ ftp+dplkpUe;J gpupe;J
D ika
brd;W tpl;l bghUsha; khwp tpLfpwJ. ,t;thW bkhHp ftp+dplk; @tif
epiyapy; bray;gLfpwJ.
4. khDlj;Jf;F vGj;jhsu;fs; bra;a[k; flik ahJ>
fiyfspd; cr;rk; ftpij.
mf;ftpijapid ,ad;wtiu ngRtJnghy; vGJtJjhd; cj;jkk;.
Alv
mJnt khDlj;Jf;F vGj;jhsu;fs; bra;a[k; flik vd;W ghujp Twpdhu;.
5. vJ ftp+u; xUtiu epfH;fhyj;jtuh/ ,we;j fhyj;jtuh vd eph;zapf;fpwJ> (m)
kiyahsf; ftp utptu;khtpd; fUj;J ahJ>
a
neuo bkhHp vdg;gLk; ngr;R bkhHp xUnghJk; gHik MtJk; ,y;iy.
ntw;W bkhHp MtJk; ,y;iy.
.Kk
mJ vg;nghJk; capu;g;g[lDk;/ khwpf; bfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
mk;bkhHp jhd; ftp+u; xUtiu epfH; fhyj;jtuh/ ,we;j fhyj;jtuh vd eph;zapf;fpwJ.
,Jnt kiyahsf; ftp utptu;khtpd; fUj;jhFk;.
wI
6. ngr;R bkhHpf; ftpij/ vGj;J bkhHpf; ftpij Mfpa ,uz;ila[k; ntWgLj;Jf.

LV
ngr;R bkhHpf; ftpij vGj;J bkhHpf; ftpij

w
ngr;RbkhHpf; ftpij clk;gpd; nky; vGj;J bkhHpapy; mnj brhw;fs; ftpijapd;

njhy;nghy; ,a=;FfpwJ. czu;it czu;r;rpaw;w Milnghy;
nghu;j;jp @o tpLfpd;wd.
A
//w
7. ftpij vd;gJ vJ vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F ,e;jpud; TWk; gjpy; ahJ>

ftpij vd;gJ bghUsd;W.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
mJ bkhHpf;Fs; cyifa[k; cyfpw;Fs; bkhHpiaa[k; KGtJk; EiHj;J tpLtjw;fhf

KaYk; bjhlu;e;j xU gilg;g[r; bray;.
,Jnt ftpij Fwpj;J Mrpupau; ,e;jpud; TWk; gjpyhFk;.
8. FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;gJ ahJ>
FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;gJ bghUisg; gjpt[ bra;tjd;W.
tp
mJ epidt[Tuj;jf;f jUz=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;tjhFk;.

9. ftp+dpd; flik ahJ>
xU ftpijiag; gilg;gjw;F vj;jifa bkhHpia ehk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;nwhnkh/
mjd; Fzhk;r=;fisa[k;/ ngr;R tHf;Ffisa[k; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;oaJ
ht
ftp+dpd; flikahFk;. 11
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. ,e;jpud; gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,uhnre;jpud; vd;Dk; ,aw;bgau; bfhz;ltu;.
L al
rpwe;j fiy tpku;rfu;/ ftp+u;/ bkhHp bgau;g;ghsu;/ Xtpau; vdg; gd;Kfj;jd;ik
bfhz;ltu;.
``gwitfs; xUntis J}=;fg; nghapUf;fyhk;~~ vd;w bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}Yf;fhf/
A d
2011 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkpapd; tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;.
Kg;gil efuk;/ rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs; nghd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fisa[k;/ jkpH;
D ika
mHfpay;/ etPd Xtpak; nghd;w fl;Liu E}y;fisa[k; gilj;Js;shu;.
1 btspr;rk;/ Ez;fiy Mfpa ,jH;fisa[k; elj;jpa[s;shu;.
2. thy;l; tpl;kd; ftpij gw;wp Mrpupau; ,e;jpud; TWtJ ahJ>
,ay;
thy;l; tpl;kd; mbkupf;fhitr; nru;e;j ftp+u;/ ,jHhsu;/ fl;Liuahsu;/ g[Jf;ftpij

,af;fj;ijj; njhw;Wtpj;jtu;.
Alv
,tuJ ftpijfspy; ve;j xU brhy;Yk; kw;bwhU brhy;iy tpl Kf;fpakhdJ my;y.
vGj;Jfs; brhw;fspy; fiue;J tpLtJ nghy/ brhw;fs; ftpijapy; fiue;J
tpLtjpy;iy.
a
brhw;fs; j=;fSf;Fj; jh=;fns ngrpf; bfhs;tjpy;iy.
ftpijfs; ,Wf;fpr; Rw;wg;gl;l fk;gpr; RUisg; nghd;W my;yhky;/ ngr;R bkhHpf;nf
cupa jsu;nthL fl;lg;gl;lit.
.Kk
rpy ftpijfs;/ eldkhLgtd; mt;tg;nghJ elg;gjw;Fj; jhtp tpLtJ nghy/
btWknd ngr;R vd;Dk; epiyf;F eGtp tpLk;.
3. ky;yhu;nk ftpij Fwpj;J ,e;jpud; TWtJ ahJ>
wI
ky;yhu;nk ftpij/ vjpupy; ,Ug;gtiu miHj;Jg; ngRtJ nghd;wJ md;W.

LV
kpd;rhu ,uapypd; beUf;fj;jpy;/ goapy; bjh=;fpf; bfhz;L nghfpwnghJ/ btspapy;

gue;J ,Uf;Fk; jdpikiar; rhl;rpahf itj;Jj; j=;fSf;Fj; jh=;fns ngrpf;
w
bfhs;Sk; tifiar; rhu;e;jJ.

nkYk; ,tu; ftpijapy; ngr;R vd;gJ @oa epiyapy; bray;gLfpwJ.
jdpg;gl;l xt;bthU brhy;Yk; jd;idg; gw;wpna ngrpf; bfhs;fpwJ.
A
//w
FwpaPLfspd; Tl;lk; xU KidapYk;/ bkhHp kWKidapYk; ,Uf;ifapy;

ftpijapd; ngr;R/ ,ilapy; ,Uf;Fk; btspapy; g[H=;FfpwJ.
s:K
FwpaPl;Lf; ftpij vd;;gJ bghUisg; gjpt[ bra;tjd;W" epidt[Tuj;jf;f

jUz=;fisg; gjpt[ bra;tjhFk;.
4. ghg;nyh beqlh ftpij Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ>
ghg;nyh beqlh ftpij/ xU bghUisg; gw;wpaJ my;yhky;/ thH;f;ifapd; totkw;w
jd;ikiag; gw;wpg; ngRfpwJ.
tp
xU totk; bfhs;Sjy; vd;gij nehf;fp thH;f;if bjhlu;e;J Kay;fpwnghJk;/ mJ

,e;j Kaw;rpapy; vg;nghJk; btw;wp bfhs;tjpy;iy.
,J nghd;w ftpij ve;j tpj Kd; Tl;oj; jpl;lnkh/ xG=;fikjpnah ,d;wp xd;iwr;
Rl;LtJ nghyf; fhl;o clnd vija[k; Rl;lhky; Koj;J tpLfpwJ.
ht
,tuJ ftpij tpupe;jjhft[k;/ ikaj;ij nehf;fp efu;tjhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. bkhHp vd;w xd;W jk;Ks; njhd;wpaJk; Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fs; Fwpj;J Mrpupau; ,e;jpud;
TWtJ ahJ>
bkhHp vd;w xd;W njhd;wpat[ld;jhd;/ cyfk; vdJ ftdj;jpw;Fupa xd;wha; khwpaJ.
vdJ cyfj;ij ,iH ,iHaha;g; gpupj;Jk;/ tFj;Jk;/ bjhFj;Jk; tpjtpjkhd J}
L al
u=;fspy; itj;Jk; bfhLj;jJ.
,jd; @ykha; cyfj;jpd; gy fjt[fs; jpwf;fyhapd.
bkhHpapd; rhtpiaf; bfhz;L jpwf;fpw bghGbjy;yhk;/ ,JtiuapYk; bgau;
A d
xl;lg;gl;ouhj gytw;iw vd; fz;fshy; fz;Lgpof;fj; bjhl=;fpndd;.
mtw;wpw;F ehnd vdf;Fg; gpoj;jkhd bgau;fisr; Nl;lj; bjhl=;fpndd;.
D ika
bgau;fSf;Ff; fle;jfhyk;/ epfH;fhyk;/ vjpu;fhyk; vd;fpw tz;z=;fisg; g{Rk;
rf;jpia bkhHp vdf;Ff; bfhLj;jJ.
mtw;iw tpjtpjkhd mLf;Ffspy;/ xUikahft[k;/ gd;ikahft[k; mtw;wpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;F Vw;g mLf;Ffpd;w jpwid bkhHp vdf;F tH=;fpaJ.
,t;thW Mrpupau; ,e;jpud; TWfpwhu;.
***
Alv
bra;a[s;
,ay; 1
a ed;D}y; ghapuk;
? gtze;jp Kdptu;
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
wI
gyt[s; bjupf
LV
1. bghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
w
m) m. Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? a[fj;jpd; ghly;

M) gtze;jp Kdptu; ? ed;D}y;
,) R. tpy;tuj;jpdk; ? Mwhk; jpiz
A
//w
<) ,e;jpud; ? ngr;RbkhHpa[k; ftpijbkhHpa[k;

i) m/ M ii) m/ <
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
iii) M/ < iv) m/ , tpil: 3) M/ <
s:K
2. ghapuk; ,y;yJ ________ md;nw.

m) fhtpak; M) gDty;
,) ghly; <) ftpij tpil: M) gDty;
FWtpdh
tp
1. `ghapuk;~ gw;wp eP=;fs;; mwpa[k; fUj;J ahJ>

ghapuk; ? bghJg;ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g;ghapuk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
E}iy cUthf;Fk; Mrpupaupd; rpwg;g[/ me;E}y; tH=;Fk; fUj;Jtsk; Mfpa
ht
,t;tpuz;oida[k; bjhFj;J E}y; Kfg;gpy; itf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpg; ngRtJ ghapukhFk;.

13
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. E}y; xd;wpd; Kft[iuapy; ,lk;bgw ntz;Ltdthf ed;D}y; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>
Kft[iu ? E}Yf;F Kd; brhy;yg;gLtJ.
L al
gjpfk; ? Ie;J bghJt[k; gjpbdhU rpwg;g[khfpa gytifg;bghUs;fisa[k; bjhFj;Jr;
brhy;tJ.
mzpe;Jiu/ g[ide;Jiu ? E}ypd; bgUik Kjypait tps=;f my=;fupj;Jr;
A d
brhy;tJ.
E}d;Kfk; ? E}Yf;F Kfk;nghy Kw;gl;oUg;gJ.
D ika
g[wt[iu ? E}Yf;Fr; brhy;ypa bghUs; my;yhjtw;iw E}ypd; g[wj;jpny brhy;tJ.
1 je;Jiu ? E}ypy; brhy;ypa bghUs; my;yhjtw;iwj; je;J brhy;tJ ? vd;gdthFk;.
,ay;
beLtpdh
1. ed;D}y; bghJg;ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g;ghapuk; thapyhf mwpayhFk; bra;jpfisj;
Alv
bjhFj;Jiuf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
a
Kd;Diu
bghJg;ghapuk;
.Kk
rpwg;g[g;ghapuk;
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
wI
ghapuk;: bghJg;ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g;ghapuk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

LV
E}iy cUthf;Fk; Mrpupaupd; rpwg;g[/ me;E}y; tH=;Fk; fUj;J tsk; Mfpa

,t;tpuz;oida[k; bjhFj;J E}y; Kfg;gpy; itf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpg; ngRtJ ghapuk;
w
MFk;.
bghJg;ghapuk;:
E}ypd; ,ay;g[ fw;Fk; Kiw
A
//w
khztu; ,ay;g[ fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw

Mrpupau; ,ay;g[
s:K
vd;Dk; Ie;ija[k; TWtJ bghJg;ghapuk;.

rpwg;g[g;ghapuk;:
E}yhrpupau; bgau;.
E}y; gpd;gw;wpa tHp.
E}y; tH=;fg;gLfpd;w epyg;gug;g[.
tp
E}ypd; bgau;.
bjhif/ tif/ tpup vd;gdtw;Ws; ,d;djpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;Dk; ahg;g[.
E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fUj;J.
ht
E}iyf; nfl;;nghu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
E}iyf; fw;gjdhy; bgWfpd;w gad;.
,itna rpwg;g[g; ghapuj;jpd; ,yf;fzk; MFk;.
Kot[iu:
E}y;fspd; rpwg;igg; gw;wpa[k;/ mtw;iwj; bjhFj;J itf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpa[k;
L al
ed;D}ypd; bghJg; ghapuk;/ rpwg;g[g; ghapuk; thapyhf mwpa KofpwJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
A d
khefu; ? cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
fhl;ly;/ nfhly; ? bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
D ika
nfl;nghu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
Ie;Jk; ? Kw;Wk;ik
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
itj;jhu; = it + j; + j; + Mu; bfhs;nthd; = bfhs; + t; + Xd;

it gFjp bfhs; gFjp
Alv
j; re;jp t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy Xd; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W
Mu; a
glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
tpFjp
.Kk
Vw;wp = Vw;W + , epd;w = epy;(d;) + w; + m
Vw;W gFjp epy; gFjp (y; ? d; MdJ tpfhuk;)
, tpidbar;r tpFjp w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
wI
LV
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
w
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. mzpe;Jiu `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka; mzpe;J(j; + c)
mzpe;J + ciu tpl;nlhLk;~ + ciu
A
//w
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ mzpe;j; + ciu

,ay;ng~
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
mzpe;Jiu
s:K
vd;whdJ.
2. bghJr;rpwg;g[ `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w (J = j; + c)
bghJ + rpwg;g[ capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~
èpiy bkhHpaPw;W capu;Kd;/ rfu bghJ + r; + rpwg;g[
bka; (r;) kpFk;~ vd;whdJ.
tp
3. vz;bghUs; `MW VH; my;ytw;wpd; <w;Wapu;bka; vl; + bghUs;

vl;L + bghUs; bfLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
aPw;W capu;bka; (L) bfl;L
`vl;ld; clk;g[ zt;thFk;~ vz;bghUs;
ht
vd;whdJ.
15
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.in
4. E}w;bgau; `ys ntw;Wapy; typtupd; wlt[k; E}w;bgau;
E}y; + bgau; MFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ yfuk;/ vd;whdJ.
wfukhfp
5. @tif @d;W vd;gJ vz;Qg; bgau;. @d; + tif
L al
@d;W + tif `MW VH; my;ytw;wpd; <w;Wapu;bka;
bfLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `W~ bfl;L
`@d;wd; cWg;g[ mHpa[k;~ vd;Dk; @tif vd;whdJ.
A d
tpjpg;go/ `d;~ bfl;L
6. g[wt[iu `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ g[w + ciu
D ika
1 g[wk; + ciu epiybkhHpaPw;W kfuk; (k;) bfl;L
`Vid capu;tupd; tt;t[k;~ vDk; g[wt; + ciu
tpjpg;go/ tfu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp
,ay;
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ g[wt[iu vd;whdJ.

,ay;ng~ (t; + c = t[)
Alv
1. vy;yhtif E}y;fSf;Fk; mHF jUtjhf itf;fg;gLtJ mzpe;Jiu ?

a
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tFg;giwapy; tpthjpf;f.
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu vd;why; vd;d>
.Kk
ghyd; : xU E}iy Mf;fpatu; my;yhj ,d;bdhUtu; bfhLf;;Fk; mwpKfk;
mzpe;Jiu MFk;.
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu ahuhy; vGjg;gLk;>
wI
khyd; : mj;Jiwapy; mwpt[k; mDgtKk; cs;stuhy; vGjg;gLk;.

LV
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu vt;thW mika[k;>

fPud; : mzpe;Jiu E}ypd; RUf;fkhft[k; mika[k; rpy ntisfspy; ePst[k;
w
bra;a[k;.
Mrpupau; : mzpe;Jiu vt;thW mika[k; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L TwKoa[kh>
ghyd; : khlf;Fr; rpj;jpuKk; khefu;f;Ff; nfhg[uKk;
A
//w
Mlikj;njhd; ey;yhu;f;F mzpa[k; nghy; ? ehoKd;

IJiuah epd;w mzpe;Jiuia ve;E}w;Fk;
s:K
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ khztu;fns- ehis re;jpg;nghk;--
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
tp
1. bghUj;jkpy;yhj ,iziaf; fz;lwp.

m) khl=;fs; ? Xtpa=;fs; M) efu=;fs; ? nfhg[u=;fs;
,) kfspu; ? mzpfyd; <) njhs;fs; ? fhtpa=;fs;
ht
tpil: <) njhs;fs; ? fhtpa=;fs;

16
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ìtj;jhu;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; tpFjp
m) it M) jhu;
,) Mu; <) mu;; tpil: ,) Mu;
L al
3. ghapuk; ________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5; tpil: m) 2
A d
4. bghJg;ghapuj;jpy; Twg;gLk; bra;jpfs; _________.
m) 3 M) 4
D ika
,) 5 <) 6 tpil: ,) 5
5. rpwg;gg
[ g
; hapuj;jpy; Twg;gLk; bra;jpfs; _________.
m) 5 M) 6
,) 7 <) 8; tpil: <) 8
6. ed;D}y; xU __________.
Alv
m) Kjy; E}y; M) tHp E}y;
,) rhu;g[ E}y; <) bkhHpbgau;gg
; [ E}y; tpil: M) tHp E}y;
,) fy;yhlk;
a
7. ed;D}ypd; Kjy; E}yhf tps=;FtJ _______.
m) mfj;jpak; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
<) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy
.Kk
tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
8. ed;D}y; vGjg;gl;l E}w;whz;L ________.
m) fp.gp. 11 M) fp.gp. 12
wI
,) fp.gp. 13 <) fp.gp. 14 tpil: ,) fp.gp. 13

LV
9. ed;D}ypy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fs; ________

w
m) vGj;J ? brhy; M) vGj;J ? bghUs;

,) bghUs; ? ahg;g[ <) brhy; ? mzp tpil: m) vGj;J ? brhy;
10. ed;D}y; vGj;jjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk;bgwhj ,ay; ________.
A
//w
m) vGj;jpay; M) gjtpay;
,) cUg[g;g[zupay; <) ,ilapay; tpil: <) ,ilapay;
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
11. vl;lhk; jPuj

; j
; =;fuu; ________.
m) re;jpug;gpugh M) uprgnjtu;
,) gj;kgpugh <) tpkyehju; tpil: m) re;jpug;gpugh
12. ________ vd;w rpw;wuru; nfl;Lf;bfhz;ljhy; gtze;jp Kdptu; ed;D}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
m) khaf=;fd; M) rPaf=;fd;
tp
,) f=;fd; <) khatu;kd; tpil: M) rPaf=;fd;

13. re;jpug;gpughtpd; nfhtpy; mike;Js;s ,lk; ________.
m) nkl;Lg;g[J}u; M) nkl;#u;
,) g[J}u; <) g[j;J}u; tpil: m) nkl;Lg;g[J}u;
ht
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14. nkl;Lg;gJ
[ }u; vd;Dk; Cu; ________ khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
m) ehkf;fy; M) <nuhL
,) ju;kg[up <) flY}u; tpil: M) <nuhL
15. rPaf=;fd; vd;gtu; ________ Mthu;.
L al
m) nguuru; M) rpw;wuru;
,) mikr;ru; <) ts;sy; tpil: M) rpw;wuru;
16. `Mlikj;njhs;~ ,jpy; `mik~ vd;Dk; brhy; jUk; bghUs; ________.
A d
m) khspif M) Xtpak;
,) gz; <) @=;fpy; tpil: <) @=;fpy;
D ika
1 17. `nfhly;~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________ .
m) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W M) bjhHpw;bgau;
,ay;
,) ,yf;fzg;nghyp <) bgabur;rk; tpil: M) bjhHpw;bgau;

18. ghapuj;jpw;Fupa bgau;fs; _______.
m) 5 M) 6
Alv
,) 7 <) 8 tpil: ,) 7
19. gtze;jpahupd; Cu; _______.
m) rdfhg[uk;
,) nkl;Lg;g[J}u;
a
M) <nuhL
<) ehkf;fy; tpil: m) rdfhg[uk;
.Kk
20. gtze;jpahupd; cUtr;rpw;gk; mike;Js;s Cu; _________.
m) rdfhg[uk; M) <nuhL
,) nkl;Lg;g[J}u; <) ehkf;fy; tpil: ,) nkl;Lg;g[J}u;
21. ed;D}Yf;F ciu vGjpatu;
wI
m) fe;jg;igau; M) tprhfg;bgUkhisau;
LV
,) mUk;gjt[iufhuu; <) er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; tpil: M) tprhfg;bgUkhisau;

w
22. ed;D}y; Kjy; gjpg;g[ btspte;j Mz;L

m) 1824 M) 1834
,) 1844 <) 1846 tpil: M) 1834
A
//w
23. brd;idg;gl;lzj;jpd; fy;tp tpsf;ftr;Rf; Tlj;jpy; 1834 Mk; Mz;L gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l

E}y; _______.
m) ed;D}y; M) ehyoahu;
s:K
,) ehd;kzpf;foif <) jpUf;Fws; tpil: m) ed;D}y;
FWtpdh
1. rpwg;g[g; ghapuj;jpd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ>
E}yhrpupau; bgau; E}y; te;j tHp
tp
E}y; tH=;Fk; epyk; E}ypd; bgau;

,iag[ E}y; TWk; bghUs;
E}iyf; nfl;lw;F cupatu; nfl;nghu; bgWk; gad;
ht
Mfpa vl;oida[k; tps=;f czu;j;JtJ rpwg;g[g; ghapuj;jpd; ,yf;fzkhFk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. È}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu ,d;wpaikahjJ~ vt;thW> tpsf;Ff.
khspif fl;ll ntiyg;ghL mike;jjhapDk;/ mjw;Fg; bghypt{l;l mHfpa Xtpak;
,d;wpaikahjJ. xU efuk; kpfg; bgupajha; mike;jpUe;jhYk;/ mjw;F nkYk;
bgUik nru;j;jplf; nfhg[uj;njhL Toa jiythapy; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
L al
bgz;fs; ,aw;ifapnyna mHFs;stuhapDk;/ mHFf;F mHTl;l mzpfyd;
,d;wpaikahjJnghy/ xU E}y; rpwg;g[ilajhapDk; mjw;nfhu; mzpe;Jiu
,d;wpaikahjJ.
A d
***
D ika
Jizg;ghlk;
Mwhk; jpiz
,ay; 1
Alv
? Kj;Jyp=;fk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
a
beLtpdh
.Kk
1. jkpHu; thH;nthLk; g[yk;bgau; epfH;t[fnshLk; m. Kj;Jyp=;fj;jpd; jpizg;ghFghL
vt;thW ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ>
wI
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
LV
Kd;Diu cyf mu=;fpy; jkpH;

w
g[yk;bgau; epfH;t[ gdpa[k; gdprhu;e;j epyKk;

capu; thGk; jpwik Kot[iu
g[yk;bgau; ,yf;fpak;
A
//w
Kd;Diu :
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
r=;fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; j=;fs; thH;tpl=;fisj; njog; g[yk; bgau;ej ; du;. mt;thW
s:K
mtu; g[yk; bgau;ej ; g; gFjpia ,lj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jthW Ie;jpizfshf tFj;jdu;.

gpwF nghu; murpd; rPww ; k; fhuzkhft[k; bgau;ej
; du;. <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpwF
,y=;ifapy; rp=fsu;fspd; bfhiy btwp jhf;FjYf;Fg; gae;J rpjwpg; g[yk;bgau;ej ;
jkpH;rr
; @fj;jpd; epiyiaf; ek; fz; Kd;nd epfH;tJg;nghy ,f;fl;Liuapy; Mrpupau;
glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;oa[ss ; hu;.
tp
g[yk;bgau; epfH;t[ :
Kj;Jyp=;fk; ,y=;ifapYs;s kt[z;ytpdpahtpy; ,Ue;jnghJ 1958?Mk; Mz;L
Xu; ,ut[ fytuk; epfH;e;jJ/ md;wput[ KGtJk; mtuJ tPl;Lr; brhe;jf;fhuu; mth;fisg;
ghJfhj;jhu;" fytuk; Koe;jJk; mtiua[k;/ mtuJ tPl;lhiua[k; ,d;Dk; rpy jkpH;f;
ht
FLk;g=;fisa[k; mfjpfs; Kfhkpw;F miHj;Jr; brd;wdu;.

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,e;j epiyapy; Kj;Jyp=;fk; `nldpay; oBngh~ vGjpa ùhgpd;rd; Fqnrh~ vd;w xU
g[j;jfj;ijf; ifapy; vLj;Jr; brd;whh;. Kfhkpy; xU bjhz;L epWtdk; ,ytrkhff;
bfhLj;j bgupjhd ,ut[ Milapd; nky; rl;il kl;Lnk mtUf;F mfg;gl;lJ. kwpay;
ifjpfs; nghy tupirapy; jl;ilnae;jp czt[f;fhf epd;wnghJ/ `,dpnky; ,g;go xU
L al
fzk; cd; thH;f;ifapy; tuhky; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;~ vd;W mtUf;Fj; jhnd brhy;ypf;
bfhz;lhh;.
capu;thGk; jpwik :
A d
Kg;gJ taJila g[yk; bgau;e;j jkpH; ,is+u; xUtiur; re;jpj;jhh;. mtu;
,y=;ifapYk;/ gh=;fhf;fpYk; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;. bfLit kPwpj; j=;fpajw;fhf/
rp=;fg;g{upYk; mbkupf;fhtpYk; jz;lid bgw;wpUf;fpwhu;. rpiwthrk; Koe;J/ filrpahf
D ika
1 fdlht[f;F te;J nru;e;jhu;. vd; jpwik ehd; ,d;W tiuf;Fk; capu; thH;tJ vd;W
neu;Kfj; nju;tpy; Twpa[s;shu;.
,ay;
g[yk;bgau; ,yf;fpak; :
Mapukhapuk; Mz;Lfshf kdpjd; g[yk; bgau;e;jgona ,Uf;fpwhd;. r=;f ,yf;fpak;
Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy Mfpa Ie;J epy=;fisg; gw;wpg; ngRk; gy
Alv
ghly;fs; jiytd; jiytpiag; gpupe;J bry;tijg; `bghUs;tapd; gpupt[~ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLtijr; Rl;of; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
cyf mu=;fpy; jkpH; :
a
jkpHu;fs; vl;Lf;nfhog; ngu; cyfk; KGtJk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;/ fdlhtpy; kl;Lk;
@d;W yl;rk; jkpHu;fs; thH;fpd;wdu;. gpupl;o&; uhr;rpaj;ij ``Nupad; kiwahj ehL~~
.Kk
vd;wdu;. Mdhy; ,g;nghnjh ``Nupad; kiwahj jkpH;g;g[yk;~~ vd;fpd;wdu;/
gdpa[k; gdprhu;e;j epyKk; :
E}y;fis vupj;J me;j ,dj;ijna mHpg;gJnghy; jkpHu;fis mHpf;f KoahJ.
fdlhtpy;/ jkpHu;fSf;Fr; brhe;jkhd `td;dp tPjp~ vd;gJ <Hj;jkpHupd; g[yk;bgau;
wI
tuyhw;iw epidt[gLj;jpagona ,d;Wk; epw;fpwJ. gj;J yl;rk; kf;fs; g[yk; bgau;e;J

LV
brd;wile;jJ gdpg;gpunjr=;fSf;Fj;jhd;. gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j epyj;ija[k; gw;wpa Mwhk;

jpizg; ghly;fs; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;iy.
w
Kot[iu :
fpuhkj;jpy; rupahff; fhiy MW kzpf;Fr; rj;jkpLk; `MW kzpf; FUtp~ cz;L. ,jw;F
vy;iyna fpilahJ. ,kakiyf;Fg; gwe;J ngha; kPz;Lk; jpUk;g[k; jd;ika[ilaJ.
A
//w
<Hj;jpypUe;J g[yk; bgau;e;jtu;fSk; ,e;j MW kzpf; FUtp nghy/ mtu;fSf;F

vy;iyna fpilahJ. mtu;fs; cyfk; Mwhk; jpizahf tps=;Fk; gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j
epyKkha; ,Uf;Fk; gdpg;gpunjr ehLfspy;jhd; vd;W Mrpupau; m. Kj;Jyp=;fk; TWfpwhu;.
s:K

1. may;ehl;oy; trpf;Fk; eP=f
; s; c=;fs; kz;zpd; epidt[fis ez;gUld; gfpu;tJnghbyhU
fw;gidf;fojk; vGJf.
fw;gidf;fojk;
tp
mbkupf;fh
17.11.2020.
vd; md;ghd ez;gDf;F/
eyk;. eyk; mwpa mth kpff; bfhs;fpnwd;. eP/ cd; kidtp/ gps;isfs; eykh- brhe;j
ht
kz;iz tpl;L mfjpaha; te;J gpiHg;g[j; njo te;J gLk; ,d;dy;fis btWk;
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
brhy;ypy; Twptpl KoahJ. fdt[fs; vy;yhk; jfu;e;Jk; jsu;e;Jk; nghapd. fle;j fhy
epidt[fspd; Vf;fk;/ brhe;j kz;zpd; epidt[fs;/ rpWtaij epidf;ifapy; ePs;fpwJ
fz;zPu; MW. g[yk; bgau;e;J thH;e;jnghJk; g[yk; bgauhj epidt[fsha;.....
md;g[ld;/
L al
kh.brHpad;.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
k. fe;jd;/
A d
25/ fk;gd; efh;/
kJiu ? 5.
D ika
2. ehspjH;fspy; btspahFk; g[yk;bgau; kf;fs; gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; jpul;og;
glj;bjhFg;ghf;Ff.
Alv
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Mwhk; jpiz vdg;gLtJ _________.
wI
m) kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j epyKk;

LV
M) fhLk; fhL rhu;e;j epyKk;

,) taYk; tay; rhu;e;j epyKk;
w
<) gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j epyKk; tpil: <) gdpa[k; gdp rhu;e;j epyKk;
2. 1996 Mk; Mz;L jkpH;ehL murpd; Kjy; gupirg; bgw;wtu; _______ bgw;w E}y; _______ .
A
//w
m) Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? tlf;F tPjp

M) tpy;tuj;jpdk; ? ehlw;wtd;
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
,) ituKj;J ? fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk;
s:K
<) Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? tk;rtpUj;jp tpil: <) Kj;Jyp=;fk; ? tk;rtpUj;jp
3. fdlhtpy; <Hj;jkpHiu epidt[gLj;Jk; tPjp _________.

m) bfhf;Ftpy; tPjp M) td;dp tPjp
,) jpupnfhzkiy tPjp <) ahH;g;ghz tPjp tpil: M) td;dp tPjp
tp
4. ùhgpd;rd; Fqnrh~ vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpatu; _________ .

m) nldpay; oBngh M) qnrh
,) ky;yhu;nk <) vu;d!;l;fhrpuu; tpil: m) nldpay; oBngh
ht
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5. $p.a[. nghg; gpwe;j ehL __________.
m) ,=;fpyhe;J M) mbkupf;fh
,) fhdh <) fdlh tpil: <) fdlh
L al
6. ``Xu; ,dj;ij mHpg;gjw;F mtu;fs; E}iy vupj;jhy; nghJk; mtu;fs; mwpt[ nkYk;
tsu;tjw;F Koahky; epd;W tpLk;~~ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.
m) uhgpd;rd; Fqnrh M) uhgpd;rd; qnrh
,) Bghud;\pl; 451 <) Bghud;\pl; 481; tpil: ,) Bghud;\pl; 451
A d
7. cyfk; KGtJk thGk; jkpHu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
D ika
m) 4 nfho M) 8 nfho
1 ,) 40 nfho <) 80 nfho tpil: M) 8 nfho
,ay;
8. fdlhtpy; thGk; jkpHu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.

m) 2 ,yl;rk; M) 3 ,yl;rk;
,) 4 ,yl;rk; <) 5 ,yl;rk; tpil: M) 3 ,yl;rk;
Alv
9. Nupad; kiwahj jkpH;g;g[yk; ________.
m) ,y=;ifuhr;rpak; M) gpupj;jhdpa muR
,) ,e;jpauhr;rpak; <) gpuhd;!; uhr;rpak; tpil: M) gpupj;jhdpa muR
10. jkpHu; ghuk;gupa ehs; ________.
m) etk;gu; 14
a
M) ork;gu; 14
.Kk
,) $dtup 14 <) $dtup 16 tpil: ,) $dtup 14
11. $dtup 14 jkpHu; ghuk;gupa ehshfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L _______.
m) 2010 M) 2011
tpil: ,) 2012
wI
,) 2012 <) 2013

LV
12. cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ bgupa njrk; ________.

m) gpuhd;!; M) ,y=;if
w
,) mbkupf;fh <) fdlh tpil: <) fdlh

13. bfhf;Ftpy; fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l gwitfs; _______.
A
//w
m) MWkzpf;FUtp ? fhfk; M) fhfk; ? fpsp

,) MWkzpf;FUtp ? bfhf;F <) fhfk; ? bfhf;F tpil: m) MWkzpf;FUtp ? fhfk;
14. Kj;Jyp=;fj;jpd; Cu; _________ .
s:K
m) g[=;FLj; jPt[ M) bfhf;Ftpy;

,) jpupnfhzkiy <) Ky;iyj;jPt[ tpil: M) bfhf;Ftpy;
15. `bfhf;Ftpy;~ vd;Dk; Cu; mike;Js;s ehL ________.
m) ,y=;if M) fdlh
,) ,e;jpah <) knyrpah tpil: m) ,y=;if
tp
16. r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; vl;Lj;bjhifapy; bghUe;jhj E}iyf; fz;lwp.

m) ew;wpiz M) I=;FWE}W
,) FWe;bjhif <) gHbkhHp ehD}W tpil: <) gHbkhHp ehD}W
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
17. ew;wpizapd; 153 MtJ ghliyg; ghoatu; _______.
m) jdpkfdhu; M) fgpyu;
,) guzu; <) nkhrpfPudhu; tpil: m) jdpkfdhu;
L al
18. Kj;Jyp=;fk; thlif tPl;oy; j=;fpapUe;j ,lk; _______.
m) bfhf;Ftpy; M) g[=;FLj;jPt[
,) kt[z;ytpdpah <) kl;lfsg;g[ tpil: ,) kt[z;ytpdpah
A d
19. Kj;Jyp=;fk; j=;fpapUe;j thlif tPlL; f;fhuupd; bgau; _______.
m) gpupl;nlh M) gpuP!;
D ika
,) irkd; <) jpupkd;nd tpil: M) gpuP!;
20. rupahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwp.
i) Kj;Jyp=;fk; j=;fpapUe;j thlif tPl;Lf;fhuUf;Fj; jkpH; bjupahJ.
ii) Kj;Jyp=;fj;Jf;Fr; rp=;fsk; bjupahJ.
iii) ,UtUf;Fk; jkpH;/ rp=;fsj;jpy; g[yik cz;L.
Alv
m) @d;Wk; rup M) @d;Wk; jtW
,) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup <) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
21. bfhGk;g[f;F bky;y bky;y fytuk; Cu;e;J te;jjhf Kj;Jyp=;fk; Fwpg;gpLk; Mz;L
m) 1948 nk khjk;
,) 1946 nk khjk;
a
M) 1958 nk khjk;
<) 1948 nk khjk; tpil: M) 1958 nk khjk;
.Kk
22. kz;zpypUe;J gapu;fisg; gpL=;fpbawptJ nghy/ elf;Fk; mtyk; vd;W Kj;Jyp=;fk;
Fwpg;gpLtJ _______.
m) jha; kz;zpypUe;J kdpjt[apu;fisg; bgau;j;J vwptJ
M) jhaplkpUe;J FHe;ijfisg; gpupg;gJ
wI
,) ,aw;ifia mHpg;gJ
LV
<) flypy; tp&j;ijf; fyg;gJ

w
tpil: m) jha; kz;zpypUe;J kdpjt[apu;fisg; bgau;j;J vwptJ

23. `bt+;rpd nte;jd; gif miyf;fy=;fp/ thH;nthu; nghfpa ngu; Cu;g; ghH;~ vd;W ghoatu;
A
//w
m) jdpkfdhu; M) fzpnkjhtpahu;
,) nkhrpfPudhu; <) xsitahu; tpil: m) jdpkfdhu;
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
24. `bt+;rpd nte;jd; gif miyf;fy=;fp/ thH;nthu;

nghfpa ngu; Cu;g;ghH;/ vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; _______.
m) ew;wpiz M) I=;FWE}W
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W tpil: m) ew;wpiz
25. 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; kf;fs; g[yk;bgauf; fhuzkhf ew;wpiz Fwpg;gpLtJ
tp
m) tWikapy; btspnawpatu; gpiHg;gpw;fhf

M) murupd; bfhiyr; rPw;wj;jpw;Fg; gae;J
,) may;ehL fle;J Ml;rp g[upa
<) gpwehl;ltupd; gilbaLg;g[ tpil: M) murupd; bfhiyr; rPw;wj;jpw;Fg; gae;J
ht
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26. jpUf;Fwisa[k; jpUthrfj;ija[k; M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; _______.
m) tPukhKdptu; M) khf;!;Ky;yu;
,) $p.a[.nghg; <) rPfd; ghy;f; tpil: ,) $p.a[.nghg;
L al
27. 1983 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;du; jkpHu;fs; Fonawpa ehL _______.
m) M!;jpnuypah M) fdlh
,) knyrpah <) rp=;fg;g{u; tpil: M) fdlh
A d
28. t.$.r b$aghyd; vk;bkhHpf; ftp+u;>
m) kiyahs M) t=;f
,) <Hj;J <) jkpH;ehL tpil: ,) <Hj;J
D ika
1 29. èhndh tHpjtwp myh!;fh te;Jtpl;l xl;lfk; nghy; X!;nyhtpy;~ vd;W jd; tUj;jj;ijg;
gjpa[k; ftp+u; _______.
,ay;
m) tpy;tuj;jpdk; M) Kj;Jyp=;fk;
,) b$aghyd; <) kfpghyd; tpil: ,) b$aghyd;
Alv
30. `fly;g[wh~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau; _______.
m) fy;fp M) mfpyd;
,) rhz;oy;;ad; <) Kj;Jyp=;fk; tpil: ,) rhz;oy;;ad;
m) jkpHu; gLbfhiy
a
31. 1981 Mk; Mz;L nk khjk; 31 Mk; ehs; jkpHuhy; kwf;ftpayhj epfH;t[ _______.
M) mfjpfs; gLbfhiy
.Kk
,) E}y;fs; vupg;g[ <) <Hj;Jf; Foirfs; vupg;g[ tpil: ,) E}y;fs; vupg;g[
32. rupahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwp.
i) MWkzpf;FUtpf;F vy;iyna fpilahJ.
wI
ii) ,ka kiyf;Fg; gwe;J ngha; kPz;Lk; jpUk;g[k;.

LV
iii) <Hj;jpypUe;J g[yk;bgau;e;jtu;fs; MWkzpf;FUtpiag; nghd;wtu;fs;.

w
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
33. Mwhk; jpizia ,aw;wpatu; _______.
A
//w
m) tpy;tuj;jpdk; M) ,e;jpud;
,) Kj;Jyp=;fk; <) b$aghyd; tpil: ,) Kj;Jyp=;fk;
s:K
***
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 1 bkhHpKjy;/ ,Wjp vGj;Jfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. bkhHpKjy; vGj;Jfspd; mog;gilapy; Kiwahdijf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) md;dk;/ fpz;zk; M) lkhuk;/ ,=;=dk;
,) qgha;/ yl;rhjpgjp <) bwf;if/ m=;=dk; tpil: m) md;dk;/ fpz;zk;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. capbuGj;J/ gd;dpuz;L/ jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahu;
? ,r;brhw;fspy; vt;tif <w;bwGj;Jfs; mike;Js;sd>
capbuGj;J: (J ? j; + c) ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `c~ vd;Dk; capbuGj;J <w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
(capuPW) a
gd;dpuz;L: (L ? l;; + c) ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `c~ vd;Dk; capbuGj;J <w;wpy;
.Kk
mike;Js;sJ. (capuPW)
jpUf;Fws;: s; ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `s;~ vd;Dk; bka;baGj;J <w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
(bka;aPW)
ehyoahu;: u; ,r;brhy;ypy; ù;~ vd;Dk; bka;baGj;J <w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
wI
(bka;aPW)
LV
rpWtpdh
w
1. bkhHp Kjy;/ ,Wjp vGj;Jfs; ahit> xt;bthd;wpw;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

bkhHp Kjy; vGj;Jfs; ? 22
A
//w
capbuGj;J ? 12/ bka;baGj;J ? 10.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
capbuGj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk; brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;.
s:K
v.fh:
mk;kh/ ML/ ,iy/ <l;o/ cuy;/ C+;ry;/ vWk;g[/ Vzp/ Ie;J/ xl;lfk;/ Xlk;/ xsit.
bka;fspy; f/ =/ r/ +/ j/ e/ g/ k/ a/ t vd;Dk; gj;Jk; brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk;.
v.fh:
fg;gy;/ =dk;/ rf;fuk;/ +kyp/ jz;zPu;/ ez;gd;/ ge;J/ kUj;Jtk;/ atu;/ tuk;.
tp
Ma;j vGj;J brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tuhJ.

bkhHp ,Wjp vGj;Jfs; ? 24
capbuGj;J ? 12/ bka;baGj;J ? 10/ Fw;wpaYfuk; ?1.
ht
capbuGj;Jfs; gd;dpuz;Lk; brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk;.

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.in
v.fh:
rpy(m)/ epyh(M)/ eup(,)/ jP(<)/ kpsF(c)/ g{(C)/ nr(Vv)/ v=;nf(v)/ kiH(I)/
beh(x)/ kynuh(X)/ bfs(xs)
bka;fspy; +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ a;/ u;/ y;/ t;/ H;/ s; vd;Dk; gjpbdhd;Wk; brhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy;
L al
tUk;.
v.fh:
bky;ypd bka; ? cup+;/ bgz;/ btupe;/ mwk;/ khd;
A d
,ilapd bka; ? bgha;/ ghy;/ bjt;/ ghH;/ ths;
giHa ,yf;fz E}yhu; bkhHp ,Wjpf; Fw;wpaYfu vGj;ija[k;/ brhy;ypd;
D ika
,Wjpapy; tUtjhfr; nru;j;Jf; bfhs;tu;.
1 v.fh: vBF ? Fw;wpaYfuk; <whapw;W.
,ay;
1. c=;fs; tFg;giwapYs;s khztu;fspd; bgau;fs; rpytw;wpd; Kjy;/ ,Wjp vGj;Jfisj;
Alv
jdpj;J vGjp eP=;fs; gapd;w ,yf;fzg; gFjpa[ld; xg;gpl;L Ma;f.
1. guj;Fkhu; ? guj; + Fkhu;
epiybkhHp bka;aPW tUbkhHp bka;k;Kjy;
a
2. re;jhdyl;Rkp ? re;jhdk; + yl;Rkp
epiybkhHp bka;aPW tUbkhHp bka;k;Kjy;
.Kk
3. Kj;jHfd; ? Kj;J + mHfd;
epiybkhHp capuPW tUbkhHp caph;Kjy;
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs;

wI
gf;fk; : 20
LV
1. jtwhd ,iziaj; nju;t[ bra;f.

w
m) bkhHp + MSik → capu; + capu;

M) jkpH; + czu;t[ → bka; + capu;
,) fly; + miy → capu; + bka;
A
tpil: ,) fly; + miy → capu; + bka;

//w
<) kz; + tsk; → bka; + bka;

2. fPH;f;fhQk; Fwpg;g[fspy; bghjpe;Js;s nkilg;ngr;rpy; rpwe;J tps=;fpa jkpHwp+u;fspd;
s:K
bgau;fisf; fz;lwpf.
m) brd;id khfhzj;Jf;Fj; jkpH;ehL vd;W bgau; khw;wk; bra;j Kjy;tu; (3)
mz;zh (mwp+u; mz;zhJiu)
M) bjhHpyhsu;fspd; je;ij vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; (10)
fypahz Re;judhu; (jpU.tp.f.)
tp
,) capiu czu;it tsu;g;gJ jkpnH vd;W ghoatu; (6)

ghujpjhrd; (ftp+u; ghujpjhrd;)
<) bghJt[ilikf; bfhs;ifapd; Kd;ndhofSs; xUtu; (2)
$Pth ($Pthde;jk;)
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. ngr;R tHf;if vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf.
m) fhy=;fhj;jhy ve;jpupr;rpg; gor;rh xU bjspt[ bfilf;Fk;.
tpoaw;fhiyapy; (mjpfhiyapy;) vGe;J gog;gjhy; xU bjspt[ fpilf;Fk;.
M) Kaw;rp br+;rh mJf;nfj;j gyd; tuhkg; nghthJ
L al
Kaw;rp bra;jhy; mjw;nfw;w gyd; tuhky; nghfhJ.
,) fhyj;Jf;nfj;j khupg; g[JR g[Jrh bkhHp totj;j khj;jDk;.
fhyj;Jf;F Vw;w khjpup g[jpJ g[jpjhf bkhHp totj;ij khw;w ntz;Lk;.
A d
<) xt;bthUj;jUk; ngrpf;fpl;oUf;Fk;nghJ vy;yhj;ija[k; ftdkhg; gjpa itf;fDk;.
xt;bthUtUk; ngrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghJ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ftdkhfg; gjpa itf;f
D ika
ntz;Lk;.
c) nju;btGj ntfkhfg; ngh=;f/ neu=;fHpr;rp nghdhg; gjl;lkhapUk;.
nju;btGj tpiuthfr; bry;Y=;fs;/ neuk; fHpj;Jg; (jhkjkhfg;) nghdhy; gjw;wkhfp
tpLk;.
4. tpdhf;fs;.
Alv
m) bkhHpf;F Kjypy; tUk; vGj;Jfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
bkhHp Kjy; vGj;Jfs; ? 22
capbuGj;Jfs; ? 12 a
bka;baGj;Jfs; 10 ? f/ =/ r/ +/ j/ e/ g/ k/ a/ t.
.Kk
M) bkhHpf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vGj;Jfs; vj;jid> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
bkhHpf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; vGj;Jfs; ? 24
capbuGj;Jfs; ? 12
bka;baGj;Jfs; 11 ? +;/ z;/ e;/ k;/ d;/ a;/ u;/ y;/ t;/ H;/ s;.
wI
bkhHp ,Wjpf; Fw;wpaYfu vGj;J ? 1

LV
,) capuPW/ bka;aPW ? tpsf;Ff.

w
epiy bkhHp ; <w;wpy; cs;s vGj;J capu; vGj;jhf mike;jhy; mjid ``capuPW~~ vd;gu;.
v.fh:
kzp + mo (zp ? z; + ,)/ `,~ vd;Dk; capuhFk;.
A
//w
,t;thW miktij epiy bkhHp <w;wpy; cs;s vGj;J bka; vGj;jhf mike;jhy;
``bka;aPW~~ vd;gu;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
v.fh:
s:K
mtd; + mHfd; ,jpy; `d;~ vd;Dk; bka;ahFk;.

<) capu;Kjy;/ bka;k;Kjy; ? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tptupf;f.
v.fh:
kzp + mo
,jpy; tUbkhHp `mo~ MFk;. ,jpy; Kjy; vGj;J `m~ vdnt ,J capu;KjyhFk;.
tp
v.fh:
kiH + Jsp
,jpy; tUbkhHp `Jsp~ MFk;. ,jpy; Kjy; vGj;J (j; + c ? J) bka;baGj;J. vdnt ,J
ht
`bka;k;Kjy;~ MFk;.
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c) Fu=;Ff;Fl;o ? g[zu;r;rpia tpsf;Ff.
Fu=;Ff;Fl;o = Fu=;F + Fl;o
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu; Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `f;~ vd;Dk; ty;ypd
bka; kpFe;J Fu=;Ff;Fl;o vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
L al
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. ,d;iwa tHf;fpy; tuhj mf;fhy tHf;fpy; ,lk; bgw;w ,Wjp vGj;Jfs; _________.
1 m) +;/ e;/ t;
,) k;/ d;/ a;
M) +;/ z;/ e;
<) t;/ H;/ s; tpil: m) +;/ e;/ t;
,ay;
2. vGj;Jfspd; re;jpg;ghft[k;/ brhw;fspd; re;jpg;ghft[k; miktJ _________.

m) g[zu;r;rp M) bjhlu;
Alv
,) thf;fpak; <) gj;jp tpil: m) g[zu;r;rp
3. ,yf;fz tifahy; brhw;fs; _________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 3 M) 4
,) 5 <) 6 a tpil: M) 4
4. jw;bghGJ jkpHfj;jpy; tHf;fpy; ,y;yhj ,y=;ifj; jkpHu; gad;gLj;Jk; brhy; _________.
.Kk
m) c=;=dk; M) m=;=dk;
,) ,=;=dk; <) ah=;=dk; tpil: m) c=;=dk;
5. epiybkhHpnahL te;J nrUk; brhy;iy _________ vd;W miHg;gu;.
wI
m) Kjy;bkhHp M) epiybkhHp
LV
,) tUbkhHp <) jdpbkhHp tpil: ,) tUbkhHp

w
6. brhy;ypd; Kjypy; tUk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;fhd rhd;W _________ .

m) g+;R M) KuL
,) Ee;ij <) tPL tpil: ,) Ee;ij
A
//w
7. capu;j;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;Fr; rhd;W _________ .

m) tPoy;iy M) Kul;Lf;fhis
s:K
,) mr;Rg;gyif <) g+;Rg;bghjp tpil: M) Kul;Lf;fhis

8. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ Rl;blGj;J MfhJ>
m) m M) ,
,) c <) v tpil: <) v
9. tpdh vGj;Jfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
tp
m) v/ ah M) m/ ,
,) c. C <) I/ xs tpil: m) v/ ah
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
10. Fw;wpaYfuk; _________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 5 M) 6
,) 7 <) 8 tpil: M) 6
11. bkhHpKjy; vGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if _________ .
L al
m) 22 M) 24
,) 12 <) 14 tpil: m) 22
12. bkhHp,Wjp vGj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;if _________ .
A d
m) 22 M) 24
,) 12 <) 14 tpil: M) 22
D ika
13. gpd;tUk; brhw;fspy; vJ jkpH;r; brhy;yhFk;>
m) bwf;if M) uhf;fp
,) lg;gh <) nfhij tpil: <) nfhij
14. `=dk;~ vd;Dk; brhy; jUk; bghUs; _________ .
Alv
m) tpjk; M) tpthjk;
,) kf;fs; <) kd;wk; tpil: m) tpjk;
FWtpdh
a
1. `=~ fu bka; bkhHpf;F Kjypy; vt;thW tUk;> rhd;W jUf.
.Kk
`=~fu bka; mfu capu; xd;Wld; kl;Lnk nru;e;J bkhHpf;F KjyhFk;. mt;thW bkhHpf;F
Kjyhf tUk;nghJ m/ ,/ c vd;Dk; Rl;Lfisa[k;/ v/ ah vd;Dk; tpdh vGj;Jfisa[k;
Kjypy; bfhz;nl tUk;.
v.fh: m=;=dk;/ ,=;=dk;/ c=;=dk;/ v=;fdk;/ ah=;=dk;.
wI
2. g[zu;r;rp vd;gJ ahJ>

LV
epiybkhHpa[k; tUbkhHpa[k; ,iztijg; g[zu;r;rp vd;gu;.

w
mBjhtJ epiybkhHpapd; <w;bwGj;Jk; tUbkhHpapd; KjbyGj;Jk; xd;W nrUk;

nru;f;ifna `g[zu;r;rp~ vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: jkpH; + murp - jkpHurp.
A
//w
3. epiybkhHp/ tUbkhHp ? tpsf;Ff.

epiybkhHp vd;gJ Kd; epw;Fk; (epiyj;J epw;Fk;) bkhHpahFk;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
tUbkhHp vd;gJ epiybkhHpa[ld; te;J nrUk; bkhHpahFk;.
s:K
v.fh: kh + fha; ? kh=;fha;.
4. ,yf;fz tifahy; brhw;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;>

,yf;fz tifahy; brhw;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
bgau;r;brhy; tpidr;brhy;
tp
,ilr;brhy; cupr;brhy;
5. capu; Kjy;/ bka; Kjy; ? tpsf;Ff.
tUbkhHpapd; KjbyGj;J capbuGj;jhf ,Ue;jhy;/ mJ capu;Kjy; vdg;gLk;.
ht
tUbkhHpapd; KjbyGj;J bka;ahf ,Ue;jhy;/ mJ bka;k; Kjy; vdg;gLk;.

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6. epiybkhHp <Wk;/ tUbkhHp KjYk; g[zu;tJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;> tpsf;Ff.
epiybkhHp <Wk;/ tUbkhHp KjYk; g[zu;tJ ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
capu;Kd; capu; capu;Kd; bka;
bka; Kd; capu; bka;Kd; bka; MFk;.
L al
v.fh: kzp (z; + ,) + mo → capu;Kd; capu;
kiH (H; + I) + (j; + c) Jsp → capu;Kd; bka;
mtd; + mHfd; → bka;Kd; capu;
A d
ghy; + (f; + c) Flk; → bka;Kd; bka;
7. rhu;bgGj;JfSs; vt;btGj;J brhy;ypy; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; thuhJ> vt;btGj;Jfs;
D ika
1 brhy;ypy; Kjypy; tuh>
rhu;bgGj;JfSs; Ma;jk; brhy;ypy; Kjypnyh ,Wjpapnyh thuhJ.
,ay;
Fw;wpaYfuKk; (Ee;ij jtpu) Fw;wpaypfuKk; brhy;ypy; Kjypy; thuh.
8. Fw;wpaYfuk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; jUf.
Alv
Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;.
beoy;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: ehL
capu;j;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: tapW
td;bwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;.
bkd;bwhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;.
av.fh: Rf;F
v.fh: ge;J
.Kk
,ilj;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: khu;g[
Ma;jj;bjhlu;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;. v.fh: vBF
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk; : 22

wI
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;.
LV
jkpH; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;/ ``g[yikf; fjputd;~~ vdj;

w
jkpHwp+u;fs; nghw;wpa jkpH;bkhHpg; bgUk;g[ytu; kfhtpj;Jthd;

kPdhl;rpRe;judhu; Mthu;. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp mUfpy; cs;s mjtj;J}u;
vd;Dk; Cupy; gpwe;j ,tu;/ jpUthtLJiw klj;jpd; jiyikg;
A
//w
g[ytuhf tps=;fpdhu;.
kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;/ jkpHwp+u;fisj; njof; fz;L/
s:K
tHpgl;L/ brtpjpwe;J fw;whu;. jpUthtLJiw klj;jpd; jiytu; kfhtpj;Jthd;

Rg;gpukzpa njrpfu;/ brd;idj; jhz;ltuhau;/ jpUj;jzpif kPdhl;rpRe;judhu;
tprhfg; bgUkhs; Mfpnahuplk; g[{f;fs;njhWk; brd;W (1815?1876)
njDz;Qk; tz;Lnghy; ghlk; fw;whu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa nrf;fpHhu; gps;isj;jkpH; vd;w
E}y; ,tUila bgUikia vd;Wk; czu;j;Jk;. jy g[uhz=;fs; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jtu;.
akf me;jhjp/ jpupge;jhjp/ btz;gh me;jhjpfs; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;fpg; g[fH; bgw;whu;.
tp
khiy/ nfhit/ fyk;gfk;/ gps;isj;jkpH; Mfpatw;iwg; ghog; bgUik mile;jhu;.

c.nt. rhkpehju;/ jpahfuhru;/ Fyhk; fhjpW ehtyu; Kjyhndhu; ,tupd; khztu;fs;.
kfhtpj;Jthd; jpuprpug[uk; kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; mtu;fspd; g[fH; jkpH; cs;stiuapYk;
thGk;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. jkpHpyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; g[yikf; fjputd;
? ,j;bjhlupy; g[yikf; fjputd; vd;gjw;F ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
cUtfk;.
2. nkw;fz;l gj;jpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ctik/ cUtfj; bjhlu;fisf; fz;lwpf.
L al
g[yikf; fjputd; ? cUtfk;
njDz;Qk; tz;L nghy ? ctik
3. kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; jyg[uhz=;fs; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jtu;.
A d
? tpilf;nfw;w tpdhit mikf;f.
kPdhl;rp Re;judhu; vtw;iwg; ghLtjpy; ty;ytu;>
D ika
4. gj;jpapy; bkhHpKjy; vGj;Jfisf;bfhz;L mike;j brhw;fSs; vitbait
tlbkhHpr; brhw;fs; vdr; Rl;Lf.
tl bkhHpr; brhw;fs; ? kfhtpj;Jthd;/ jyk;.
5. tps=;fpdhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; vGJf.
tps=;fpdhu; ? tps=;F + ,d; + Mu;
Alv
tps=;F ? gFjp
,d; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
II jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
a
.Kk
1. The Pen is mightier than the Sword.
ths; Kidiatpl typikahdJ ngdh Kid.
2. Winners don’t do different things, they do things differently.
btw;wpahsu;fs; tpj;jpahrkhd bray;fisr; bra;akhl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy;/ mtu;fs;
wI
xt;bthU braiya[k; tpj;jpahrkhfr; bra;thu;fs;.

LV
3. A picture is worth a thousand words.

w
Mapuk; brhw;fistpl Xh; Xtpak; kjpg;g[ tha;e;jJ.

4. Work while you work and play while you play.
gUtj;nj (fhyj;nj) gapu; bra;.
A
//w
5. Knowledge rules the world.

mwpnt cyif MSk;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
s:K
III gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpH;gLj;Jf.

thlif ? Fof;Typ epr;rak; ? cWjp
rk;gsk; ? Cjpak; njrk; ? ehL
tprh ? may;ehL bry;y mDkjpr; gj;jpupif ? ehspjH;
rPl;L (m) EiHt[ ,irt[
tp
uhr;rpak; ? muR" nguuR brhe;jk; ? cwt[

khjk; ? jp=;fs; cj;jputhjk; ? cWjp
+hgfk; ? epidt[ tpj;jpahrk; ? ntWghL
ht
gh!;nghu;l; ? flt[r;rPl;L nfhupf;if ? ntz;Lnfhs;

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rupj;jpuk; ? tuyhW rkPgk; ? mUfpy;
nghyP!; ? fhtyu; re;njh&k; ? kfpH;r;rp
tUlk; ? Mz;L cw;rhfk; ? bgUk; Mh;tk;
L al
fk;bgdp ? epWtdk; a[fk; ? gy E}W Mz;L
fhyk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ? ,d;wpaikahik jUzk; ? ntis/ bghGJ
A d
IV fPH;f;fhQk; epfH;r;rp epuypidg; goj;Jr; bra;jpf; fl;Liuahf khw;Wf.
mr;bra;jpia ehspjHpy; btspapl ntz;o Kjd;ik MrpupaUf;Ff; fojk;
D ika
vGJf.
1 epfH;r;rp epuy;
,ay;
``mupad nfs; g[jpad bra;~~ (jp=;fs; TLif)

neuk;: 2.30 gpw;gfy; ,lk;: m.nk.ep. gs;sp
Alv
2.30 jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
2.35 tuntw;g[iu : khztu; ,yf;fpar;bry;td;
2.40 jiyika[iu : jpU vHpyd;/ jiyik Mrpupau;.
2.50
a
rpwg;g[iu : ftp+u; thzp
``g[yk;bgau; jkpHupd; thH;f;if~~
.Kk
3.45 ed;wpa[iu : khztu; V+;rypd;
4.00 ehl;Lg;gz;
bra;jpf; fl;Liu
wI
jpUbey;ntyp/ Mf. 10 ? jpUbey;ntyp/ muR nky;epiyg;gs;spapy; `mhpad nfs;

LV
g[jpad bra;~ vd;Dk; jp=;fs; TLif eilbgw;wJ. gpw;gfy; 2.30 kzpf;Fj; jkpH;j;jha;
w
thH;j;Jld; epfH;r;rp bjhl=;fpaJ. khzth; ,yf;fpar; bry;td; tuntw;g[iu Mw;wpdhh;.

gs;spapd; jiyikahrphpah; jpU. vHpyd; jiyika[iuahw;wpdhh;. epfH;r;rpapy; rpwg;g[
tpUe;jpduhfg; g=;nfw;w ftp+h; thzp ``g[yk;bgah; jkpHhpd; thH;f;if~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;
rpwg;g[iuahw;wpdhh;. khzth; V+;rypd; ed;wpa[iu etpy/ ehl;Lg;gz;Qld; jp=;fs;
A
//w
TLif ,dpnj epiwt[w;wJ.

? Kjd;ik MrpupaUf;Ff; fojk;
s:K
mDg;g[eu;
jiyikahrphpah;/
muR nky;epiyg; gs;sp/
ghujpahu; bjU/
jpUbey;ntyp?5.
tp
bgWeu;
Kjd;ik Mrpupau;/
`f=;fh~ ehspjH;/
ht
jpUbey;ntyp?1.
32
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Iah
bghUs;: vk; gs;spapd; jp=;fs; TLif epfH;it ck;Kila `f=;fh~
ehspjHpy; btspapl ntz;LtJ bjhlh;ghf.
L al
tzf;fk;. vk;gs;spapy; 09.08.2020 md;W jp=;fs; TLif eilbgw;wJ. ,f;TLif
gw;wpa bra;jpapidj; j=;fs; ehspjHpy; btspapl;L cjt[khW md;g[ld; ntz;Lfpnwd;.
,g;gof;F/
k. fiyaurd;.
A d
jiyikahrphpah;/
jpUbey;ntyp muR nky;epiyg;gs;sp/
D ika
09.08.2020 jpUbey;ntyp.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
Kjd;ik Mrphpah;/
`f=;fh~ ehspjH;/
jpUbey;ntyp?1.
Alv
V gj;jpapidg; goj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.
`jkpH;~ vd;w brhy; jkpHu;f;F ,dpikahdJ. `,dpika[k; ePu;ika[k; jkpbHdy;~
a
MFk; vd;W gp=;fy epfz;L Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. `jkpH;~ vd;w brhy;iy ,dpik/ gz;ghL/
mfg;bghUs; vd;Dk; bghUs;fspYk; tH=;fpa[s;sdu;.
.Kk
``mJ}ck; rhYk; ew;wkpH; KGjwpjy;~~ vd;w g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlyoapy; `jkpH;` vDk;
brhy; bkhHp/ ftpij vd;gtw;iwj; jhz;og; ``gy;fiyg; g[yik~~ vd;w bghUspy;
Msg;gl;Ls;sJ. ``jkpH;bfG Tly;~~ vd;wtplj;jpYk; ``fiyg;g[yik~~ vd;w bghUspny
Msg;gl;Ls;sJ. fk;gd; ``jkpH; jHP,a rhaytu;~~ vd;Dk; ,lj;J/ `jkpH;~ vd;gjw;F mHFk;
bkd;ika[k; bghUshfpd;wd.
wI
LV
njthuk; nghd;w gf;jp ,yf;fpa=;fspy; `jkpH;~/ ghl;L vd;Dk; bghUspy; Msg;gLfpwJ.

+hdrk;ge;jd; brhd;d ``jkpH; ,it gj;Jnk~~/ @yd; ciu bra;j @thapuk; jkpH; vd;gd
w
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. Kg;gJ ghl;Lf;fshyhd jpUg;ghitia Mz;lhs; ``jkpH;khiy~~

vd;nw Fwpg;gJ ,=;F vz;zj;jFk;. (`gz;ghl;L mirt[fs;~ ? bjh. gukrptd;)
1. jkpH; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa gy;ntW bghUs;fs; ahit>
A
//w
jkpH; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa gy;ntW bghUs;fs; ,dpik/ ePu;ik/ gz;ghL/
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
mfg;bghUs;/ gy;fiyg;g[yik/ fiyg;g[yik/ mHF/ bkd;ik/ ghl;L
s:K
MfpadthFk;.
2. gj;jpapy; cs;s msbgilfisf; fz;lwpf.
mJ}ck;; ? ,d;dpirasbgil
jHP,a ? brhy;ypirasbgil
3. jkpH; vd;wt[ld; c=;fs; kdj;jpy; njhd;Wtij xU tupapy; Fwpg;gpLf.
tp
jkpH; vd;wt[ld; vd; kdj;jpy; cyfpd; Kjy; bkhHpa[k; ,dpika[k; tha;e;j bkhHpa[k;
MFk;.
4. jpUg;ghitf;F Mz;lhs; Fwpg;gpLk; bgau; ahJ>
jpUg;ghitf;F Mz;lhs; Fwpg;gpLk; bgau; jkpH; khiy vd;gjhFk;.
ht
33
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.in
5. gj;jpapd; ikaf;fUj;jpw;nfw;g xU jiyg;gpLf.
``jkpH;~~.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk; : 24
L al
1. vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
``mtd; jz;zPu; gl;l ghlha;f; fhrpid ms;sp tPRfpwhd;~~
A d
vd;ghu;fs;. vg;nghJ> Kd;g[. Mk;. mg;nghJ MW/ Vup/ Fsk;/
Fl;il vd vy;yh ePu;epiyfspYk;/ nfhilf;fhy=;fspYk;
D ika
Tlj; jz;zPu; jl;Lg;ghod;wpf; fpl;oaJ. mjdhy;/ kf;fs;
1 tiuaiw ,d;wp myl;rpakha;j; jz;zPiug; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
mjdhy; nkw;brhd;d gHbkhHp vGe;jJ.
,ay;
Mdhy;/ ,d;nwh> fhR bfhLj;Jf; FoePu; th=;f ntz;oa

mtyepiy cUthfpa[s;sJ. fhuzk;/ kdpjnd...- Mk;.
mtd; jd; Raeyj;jpw;fhf ePu; epiyfisg; ghH;gLj;jpdhd;.
Alv
kiH bga;af; fhuzkha;; ,Ue;j ku=;fis vy;yhk; btl;or;
rha;j;jhd;. mjdhy; ku=;fspy; thGk; gwitfSk;/ ku=;fSf;fpilna fhl;oy; thGk;
kpUf=;fSk; czt[ njo/ ePu; njo/ kdpjd; thGk; ehL/ efu=;fSf;Fs; g[fj; bjhl=;fp
a
tpl;ld- kdpjh- eh=;fs; cz;L/ gUfp/ thH;e;J bfhz;oUe;j fhl;il mHpj;J tpl;lha;-
czt[k; ePUk; njo ,njh/ cd; gFjpf;Fs; te;J tpl;nlhk;. mlf; flt[ns- ,=;Fkh xU
brhl;Lj; jz;zPu; Tl ,y;iy- vd;W TWtJ nghyf; FHha; thaUnf/ jd; myif
.Kk
tpupj;J itj;J/ FHhia tpl;L vl;og; ghu;j;Jr; brhl;l ,Uf;Fk; ePiug; gw;w/ gwit
MtnyhL fhj;jpUf;fpwJ.
2. bjhlupy; cs;s brhw;fis xG=;FgLj;jp ,uz;L brhw;bwhlu;fshf;Ff.

wI
v.fh: Xu; gapu; gwit tsu ntz;Lk; mHfhd jz;zPu; kapy;.

LV
m) kapy; Xu; mHfhd gwit.

w
M) gapu;; tsuj; jz;zPu; ntz;Lk;.

i) gs;spf;Tlk; vy;yhk; jUgit xt;bthU fiyfs; FHe;ija[k; nghf ntz;Lk;
kfpH;r;rp.
A
//w
xt;bthU FHe;ija[k; gs;spf;Tlk; nghf ntz;Lk;.

fiyfs; vy;yhk; kfpH;r;rp jUgit.
s:K
ii) epyt[ tPRtjhy; bjw;fpypUe;J khiy bjd;wy; kfpH;tpf;Fk; vdg;gLfpwJ kdij.

bjw;fpypUe;J tPRtjhy; bjd;wy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
khiy epyt[ kdj;ij kfpH;tpf;Fk;.
iii) gpwu; bra;ahtpl;lhYk; bra;j jPik kwf;ff;TlhJ ed;ik bra;af;TlhJ cjtpia.
ed;ik bra;ah tpl;lhYk; jPik bra;af; TlhJ.
gpwu; bra;j cjtpia kwf;ff; TlhJ.
tp
iv) new;W Vd; te;j igad; gf;fj;jpy; ahu; ,Uf;ftpy;iy bjupa[kh>

new;W te;j igad; ahu; bjupa[kh>
Vd; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy>
ht
34
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
v) nfhry kf;fs; ehL xU kfpH;r;rpahf rpwe;j thH;e;J ehL te;jdu;.
nfhry ehL xU rpwe;j ehL.
kf;fs; kfpH;r;rpaha; thH;e;J te;jdu;.
3. ntu;r; brhw;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;oy; cs;sthW bjhlu;fsha; khw;Wf.
L al
m) th M) ngR ,) jh <) XL c) ghL
v.fh:
A d
m) th ? ntu;r;brhy;
mUzh tPl;Lf;F te;jhs;. ? tpidKw;W
D ika
m=;F te;j ngUe;jpy; midtUk; Vwpdu;. ? bgabur;rk;
fUzhfud; nkilapy; te;J epd;whu;. ? tpidbar;rk;
vd;idg; ghu;f;f te;jtu; vd; je;ijapd; ez;gu;. ? tpizahyiza[k; bgau;
M) ngR ? ntu;r;brhy;
,uhkd; nkilapy; ed;whfg; ngrpdhd;. ? tpidKw;W
Alv
,dpikahfg; ngrpa mfpyid midtUk;
ghuhl;odu;. ? bgabur;rk;
ngr;rhsu; Fwpj;j neuj;jpy; ngrp Koj;jhu;. ? tpidbar;rk;
ngr ntz;Lk;
a
ngRgth;/ mt;tg;nghJ eifr;Rit fye;J
? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
.Kk
,) jh ? ntu;r; brhy;
Rw;Wyh bry;y vd; je;ij vdf;Fg; gzk; je;jhu;. ? tpidKw;W
r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs; Kd;ndhu; ekf;Fj; je;j
bry;t=;fshFk;. ? bgabur;rk;
wI
vy;iyapy; ,Uf;Fk; ek; ,e;jpa tPuu;fs; jk;

LV
capiuj; je;J ehl;ilf; fhf;fpd;wdu;. ? tpidbar;rk;

gupRg; bghUspy; mijj; je;jtu; bgau; Fwpg;gplg;
w
glhikahy;/ kzkf;fs; jpifj;jdu;. ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;

<) XL ? ntu;r;brhy;
gyuhkd; Xl;lg;
A
//w
ge;jaj;jpy; tpiue;J Xodhd;. ? tpidKw;W

ntfkhf Xoa mfpyd; btw;wpthif Nodhd;.
vd;Daph; vd;ngd;
? bgabur;rk;
s:K
mfpyd; ntfkhf Xo epd;whd; ? tpidbar;rk;

tPl;il tpl;L Xoatd; gj;jhz;L fHpj;Jj;
jpUk;gpdhd; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
c) ghL ? ntu;r;brhy;
fz;zd; ,irnahL ed;F ghodhd;. ? tpidKw;W
tp
Kfpyd; gho kfpH;e;jhd;. ? tpidbar;rk;

,yf;fpah ,dpikahfg; ghoa ghliy midtUk;
,urpj;jdu;. ? bgabur;rk;
rpwg;ghfg; ghoatu; ghprpidg; bgw;whu;. ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
ht
35
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.in
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
clypy; epfGk; kdjpy; epfGk;

nfhgk; tUk;nghJ ehk; bra;a ntz;oaJ
khw;w=;fs; khw;w=;fs;
L al
nfhgj;ij Kfk; ,ay;g[ gjw;wk; kdij mikjpahd braypy;
cldoahf epiyapypUe;J <LgLj;Jjy;.
btspg;gLj;JtJ khWjy;
A d
cs;nsna if fhy; jLkhw;wk; nfhgj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpg;
xspj;Jf; eLf;fk; bghWika[ld; bray;gLntd;.
D ika
bfhs;tJ
1 mikjpahtJ tpau;it jtwhd kdijr; rhe;jg;gLj;jp jpahdk;
bgUFjy; KobtLj;jy; nghd;w bray;ghLfspy;
,ay;
vjpu;kiwahff; jiy typj;jy; bghWik <Lglr; bra;jy;.

fhl;LtJ ,Hj;jy;
Alv
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
mHfpay;
g[j;jf kjpg;g[iu
?
?
a
Aesthetic
Book Review
.Kk
,jHhsu; ? Journalist
g[yk;bgau;jy; ? Migration
fiy tpku;rfu; ? Art Critic
bka;apayhsu; ?
wI
Philosopher
LV
***
w
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
36
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in

,ay; khkiH nghw;WJk;
L al
ciueil ,aw;if ntshz;ik
Vjpypf; FUtpfs;
2
mHfpa bgupatd;
fhtpak; gpukps;
A d
bra;a[s;
jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S bgupatd; ftpuhau;
I=;FWE}W ngadhu;
D ika
Jizg;ghlk; ahid lhf;lu; b$ankhfd;
g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs;
,yf;fzk;
bka;k;kaf;fk; (bjupe;J bfhs;nthk;)
Alv
ciueil
,ay; 2 a ,aw;if ntshz;ik
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kz;Qf;F tsk; nru;g;gd __________.
wI
LV
m) kz;g[G M) CLgapu;
,) ,aw;if cu=;fs; <) ,it @d;Wk; tpil: <) ,it @d;Wk;
w
2. fUg;gl;o/ gd=;fw;fz;L nghd;wit __________.

m) kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fs;M) neuog; bghUs;fs;
m) m?kl;Lk; rup M) M?kl;Lk; rup
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) m?jtW/ M?rup tpil: m) m kl;Lk; rup
3. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
s:K
m) gjePupypUe;J gd=;fw;fz;L/ fUg;gl;o nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupf;fpd;wdu;.

M) Vjpypf;FUtpfs; vd;gJ thH;tjw;fhd NHy; fpilf;fhj FUtpfshFk;.
,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fSs; cilaJ.
<) ahidfshy; btF bjhiytpy; cs;s ePupid thrid @yk; mwpaKoa[k;
tpil: ,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fSs; cilaJ.
tp
FWtpdh
1. jkpH;ehl;od; khepy kuk; ? rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ek; jkpH;ehl;od; khepy kuk; gid kuk;.
ht
,J ViHfspd; fw;gf tpUl;rk;.

37
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.in
rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghd;.
epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; Fiwahky; ePiur; nrkpj;J itf;Fk; jd;ika[s;sJ.
gidkuj;jpypUe;J gjePu;/ E=;F/ gd=;fpH=;F Kjypad fpilf;fpd;wd.
gjePiuf; bfhz;L fUg;gl;o/ fw;fz;L Mfpait jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
L al
rpWtpdh
1. ntjpf;fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpakh> ? Ek; fUj;ij vGJf.
A d
ntjpf;fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp rhj;jpank-
tpisr;ry; TLjyhf ntz;Lbkd epidj;J Vuhskhd cu=;fisg; nghl;lhy;/
D ika
2 ehshf ehshf kz; e+;rhfpg; ngha; tpisr;rYk; Fiwe;JtpLk;.
ek; Kd;ndhu;fs; ve;j ,urhadg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypa[k; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy
,ay;
,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; bghUs;fs;:

ntg;g=;bfhl;il/ behr;rp ,iy/ g[=;fd;/ gpuz;il/ fw;whiH vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
,oj;J/ nfhkpaj;jpy; Cwitj;Jg; gapupy; bjspj;jhu;fs;.
Alv
g{r;rpa[k; gog;goahff; Fiwe;jJ.
,t;ntjpf;fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypahy; Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fk;/ mHptpy;yhky;
bjhlh;tjhy; kz;tsk; rpwf;fpd;wJ.
a
ntjpg;g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp gapu;fSf;Fs; CLUtp/ rhg;gpLfpw kf;fSf;Fk; epiwa neha;
cz;lhf;Fk;.nkYk; kz;zpy; cs;s Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fj;jpdhy;/ kz;Qk; jd;
.Kk
tsj;ij ,Hf;fhky; tYg; bgWfpd;wJ.
vdnt ntjpf; fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpank vd;W ehd;
fUJfpd;nwd;.
beLtpdh
wI
LV
1. `Rw;Wr;NHiy tsg;gLj;JtJ ,aw;if ntshz;ikna~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; nkilg;

w
ngr;rpw;fhd ciuia cUthf;Ff.

midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;.
me;epau; tuthy;
A
//w
mHpe;jJ ek; Mnuhf;fpak;

ePz;l fhyk; thH
epWj;jpLnthk;
s:K
ntjp cuj;ij
ML/ khL tsu;g;nghk;
Vu; bfhz;L cGJ
Vw;wk; fhz;nghk; ?vd;W ek;khH;thu; tHpapy; ``Rw;Wr;NHiy tsg;gLj;Jk; ,aw;if
ntshz;ikna~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,d;W ehd; ciuahw;w te;Js;nsd;.
tp
kdpj capu;fs; thH mog;gilahf tps=;FtJ ntshz;ikna-

vdnt/ kz;Qf;Fk;/ kz;zpy; thGk; capu;fSf;Fk; CW tpistpf;fpd;w epiy
khwt[k;/ ,aw;if ntshz;ik g[Jg;bghypt[ bgwt[k; vd; fUj;ij Kd; itf;fpd;nwd;.
,d;W/ tpisr;riyg; bgUf;Ftjw;fhf/ ,urhad cuk;/ kUe;Jfs; ,l;L kz;iz
ht
e+;rhf;fp tpl;ldu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,aw;if ntshz;ikapy; epyj;ijr; rup bra;tJjhd; Kjy; ntiy.
mWtil Koe;j gpwF/ itf;nfhiyr; rkkhfg; gug;gp/ koar; bra;J/ kWtUlk;
te;jt[ld; epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cH ntz;Lk;.
itf;nfhy; bkd;ikahdjhft[k;/ ,nyrhdjhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j itf;nfhypd;
L al
kjpg;ig kf;fs; mwpe;J bfhz;lhy; cyfnk xUKiw FY=;Fk;-
epyj;jpy; itf;nfhiyg; gug;g[tJ- cur; brofis tsu;g;gJ- epyj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
Fg;igTsr; bro/ brj;ijfis epyj;jpw;Ff; bfhLj;jhy; gapUk;/ epyKk; brHpf;Fk;.
A d
ePu; tsk;
rpd;dr; rpd;djhf tha;f;fhy; btl;oa[k;/ fpzw;iwr; Rw;wpYk; kuf;fd;Wfis el;Lk;
D ika
itf;f ntz;Lk;.
kiH ed;whfg; bga;a[k; nghJ tha;f;fhy; @ykhfj; jz;zPu; te;J Fsj;jpy; nj=;Fk;.
ePnu ,y;yhj giHa fpzw;wpYk; epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; caUk;.
CLgapu;
bey;Yf;F CLgapuhf cSe;J nghLthu;fs;. ,ij mWtil bra;jgpd;/ CL gapupd;
ntu; Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d; epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp/ tpisr;riy
Alv
mjpfupf;fr; bra;a[k;.
ek; Kd;ndhu;fs; ve;jg; g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypiag; gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;> vdnt ntjpf;
fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp eilKiwf;Fr; rhj;jpank-
a
ntg;g=;bfhl;il/ behr;rp ,iy/ g[=;fd;/ gpuz;il/ fw;whiH vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
ed;whf ,oj;Jf; nfhkpaj;jpy; Cwitj;Jj; bjspj;jhy; nghJk;. g{r;rpfs; XotpLk;.
.Kk
nkYk; epyj;jpYs;s kz;g[G nghd;w Ez;Qapupfs; mHpe;J nghfhkypUf;Fk;.
kz;zpYs;s Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fj;jpdhy; kz;Qk; jd; tsj;ij ,Hg;gjpy;iy-
Mk;- Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fk; FiwahkYk;/ kz;rj;J tPzhfhkYk; epyk; ey;
tskhapUf;Fk;. vdnt/
wI
kz; tsnk- kdpj tsk;-

LV
kiHePu; nrfupg;ng- epyj;jo ePu;kl;l cau;t[-

w
,aw;if ntshz;ikiag; bgUf;Fnthk;-

Rw;Wr;NHiyg; ghJfhg;nghk;-
vd;W Twp vdJ ciuia Kof;fpd;nwd;.
A
//w
ed;wp- tzf;fk;-
khkiH nghw;WJk;
s:K
1. khoj;njhl;lk; mikf;Fk; Kiwia ,izaj;jsk; @yk; mwpe;J tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.

Mrpupau; : md;g[ khztu;fns- new;iwa tFg;gpy; khoj;njhl;lk; gw;wpg; ghu;j;njhk;.
mijg; gw;wp ,izajsj;jpy; ghu;j;jPu;fsh> xt;bthUtuhf TW=;fs;
ghu;f;fyhk;.
ghyd; : Kjypy; ,lj;ijj; nju;t[ bra;a ntz;Lk;. Nupa xsp gLk;goahf ,Uj;jy;
tp
ntz;Lk;. tofhy; trjp ntz;Lk;.

KUfd; : ,lk; nju;t[ bra;j ,lj;jpy; ePu;f;frpt[ tuhky; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;Sjy; ntz;Lk;.
jUz; : mjpf vil ,y;yhj bjhl;ofisg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
ht
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.in
Fkud; : bro tsu;tjw;F Vw;w ey;y kz; bfhz;LtUjy; ntz;Lk;. ,aw;if
cu=;fs; ,l ntz;Lk;.
tpkyh : g{r;R mupf;fhj fha;fwp tpijfisj; nju;t[ bra;J eLjy; ntz;Lk;.
rush : khoj;njhl;lj;jpy; g{r;brofs;/ fPiufs; nghd;wtw;iw tsu;f;fyhk;.
L al
fPud; : ed;F cukpl;L ePu;gha;r;rp fisbaLj;Jg; gapu; ghJfhf;f ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau; : kpf;f kfpH;r;rp. midtUk; ed;whff; TwpdPu;fs;. ed;wp-
A d
2. gs;spapy; bray;gLk; njrpag; gRikg;gil Rw;Wr;NHy; kd;wk; Mfpatw;wpd; thapyhf
kuf;fd;Wfis el;L tsu;g;gjpy; c=;fs; bray;ghL Fwpj;J ciu epfH;j;Jf.
D ika
md;ghdtu;fSf;F tzf;fk;.
2 v=;fs; gs;spapy; bray;gLk; gRikg;gil/ Rw;Wr;NHy; kd;wk; gw;wp c=;fs; Kd;
ehd; ngrte;Js;nsd;. gRikg;gil eLtz; murhy; bray;gLk; mikg;g[/ Rw;Wr;NHy;
,ay;
khepy murhy; bray;gLk; mikg;g[. ,t;tpuz;Lk; khztu;fSf;F tpHpg;g[zu;it

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
bro/ bfhofs;/ ku=;fs; tsu;j;jy;/ tsu;j;j ku=;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;/ ePu;epiyg;
Alv
ghJfhj;jy;/ J}u;thu;jy; nghd;wtw;Wld; epyk;/ ePh;/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait vt;tpj
khrpdhYk; ghjpf;fg;glhky; ghJfhj;Jj; J}a;ikahd ,e;jpahit cUthf;f ntz;Lk;.
Rw;Wr;NHy; kd;wk;/ gRikg;gil Mfpait btWk; mikg;g[fshf kl;Lnk
a
,y;yhky;/ khwhf mtw;wpd; cah;nehf;f=;fisr; bray;gLj;Jtjpy; xt;bthUtUk;
Kd;epw;f ntz;Lk;. `J}a;ik ,e;jpah~ vd;gJ btw;W KHf;fkha; ,uhky; btw;wp
KHf;fkha; xypf;f ntz;Lk;.
.Kk
MSf;bfhU kuk; tsu;g;nghk;-
Mz;ltdhk; ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhg;nghk;--
ed;wp-
wI
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
LV
w
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kdpj capu;fs; thH mog;gilahf tps=;FtJ ________.
A
//w
m) ntshz;ik M) bert[
,) ePu; <) kiH tpil: m) ntshz;ik
2. cHt[ cyfpw;F mr;rhzp vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ________.
s:K
m) jpU@yu; M) jpUts;Stu;
,) ghujpahu; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: M) jpUts;Stu;
3. `cHt[f;Fk; bjhHpYf;Fk; te;jid bra;nthk;~ vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.
m) ghujpjhrd; M) thzpjhrd;
,) ghujpahu; <) xsitahu; tpil: ,) ghujpahu;
tp
4. ,aw;if ntshz;ikahy; g[fH; bgw;wtu; ________.

m) mfj;jpad; M) ekr;rpthak;
,) ek;khH;thu; <) bgupahH;thu; tpil: ,) ek;khH;thu;
ht
40
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. jkpH;ehl;od; khepy kuk; ________.
m) kh M) gyh
,) thiH <) gid tpil: <) gid
6. ViHfspd; fw;gf tpUl;rk; vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; kuk; ________.
L al
m) kh M) gyh
,) thiH <) gid tpil: <) gid
7. rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghd; ________.
A d
m) kz; M) gidkuk;
,) Mykuk; <) kiy tpil: M) gidkuk;
D ika
8. krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh ________ ehl;L mwp+u;.
m) $g;ghd; M) I!;yhe;J
,) mau;yhe;J <) rp=;fg;g{u; tpil: m) $g;ghd;
9. itf;nfhy; gw;wpa kpfr; rpwe;j Ma;it epfH;j;jpatu; ________.
m) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh M) RRKxndh
Alv
,) vkndh <) gu;nuh tpil: m) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
10. Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fis cyfpw;Fr; brhd;dtu; ________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
,) gu;nuh
a
<) RRKxndh tpil: M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
11. khl;Lr;rhzk;/ nfhkpak; Mfpatw;iwf; fye;J itf;nfhiy kl;fr; bra;J cUthf;FtJ
.Kk
________ vdg;gLk;.
m) bjhGcuk; M) ntjp cuk;
,) braw;if cuk; <) kUe;J tpil: m) bjhGcuk;
12. bey;Yf;F CLgapuhfg; nghLtJ ________.
wI
LV
m) ghu;yp M) fUk;g[
,) nrhsk; <) cSe;J tpil: <) cSe;J
w
13. cSe;jpd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Ug;gJ ________.

m) iel;u$d; M) fhu;gd;
,) i\l;u$d; <) Mf;rp$d; tpil: m) iel;u$d;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
14. epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp mLj;j tpisr;riy mjpfupf;fr; bra;tJ ________.
m) cSe;jpd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d;
s:K
M) ku=;fs; btspapLk; Mf;rp$d;

,) Nupaxsp
<) Fspu;e;j ePu; tpil: m) cSe;jpd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d;
15. cHitj; bjhl=;Fk; fhyk; ________.
m) Mog;gl;lk; M) ijg;gl;lk;
tp
,) Ig;grpg;gl;lk; <) Mdpg;gl;lk; tpil: m) Mog;gl;lk;

16. tptrhaj;jpd; tre;jfhykhf ,aw;if ntshz;ik vy;yhf; fhyj;jpYk; jpfGk; vd;W
Twpatu; ________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) krhdg[Bgpnfhnfh
ht
,) brhf;fyp=;fk; <) RRK xndh tpil: M) krhdg[Bgpnfhnfh

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17. g[d;bra; epyj;jpw;F ,l ntz;oa cuk; ________.
m) ,iyr;rUF/ rhk;gy; M) khl;Lr;rhzk;
,) nfhkpak; <) ntjp cuk; tpil: m) ,iyr;rUF/ rhk;gy;
18. ed;bra; epyj;jpw;F ,l ntz;oa cuk; ________.
L al
m) khl;Lr;rhzk;/ nfhkpak; M) ,iyr;rUF
,) ntjpcuk; <) rhk;gy; tpil: m) khl;Lr;rhzk;/ nfhkpak;
19. neuog; bghUshfg; gidapypUe;J fpilg;git ________.
A d
m) fUg;gl;o M) gd=;fw;fz;L ,) E=;F <) gjePu;
i) m kl;Lk; rup ii) , kl;Lk; rup
D ika
iii) ,/ < ? rup iv) m/ M ? rup tpil: iii) ,/ < ? rup
2 20. g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypahy; Vw;gLk; neha;fs; ________.
,ay;
m) g[w;Wneha; M) tapw;Wg;g[z;
,) kyl;Lj;jd;ik <) ,itaidj;Jk; tpil: <) ,itaidj;Jk;
21. ntu; Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp mLj;j tpisr;riy mjpfupf;fr;
Alv
bra;tJ ________.
m) i\l;u$d; M) fhu;gd;?il?Mf;i!L
,) iel;u$d; <) fhu;gd; nkhdhf;i!L tpil: ,) iel;u$d;
m) ntY}u; g[ul;rp ? 1806

a
22. krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh E}Yk; Mz;Lk; ________.
M) xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp ? 1978
.Kk
,) jkpH;j;njrg; g[ul;rp ? 1920 <) gRikg;g[ul;rp ? 1960
tpil: M) xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp ? 1978
23. `,aw;if midj;ija[k; thuptH=;Fk; jha;~ vd;W Twpatu; ________.
wI
m) ek;khH;thu; M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh
LV
,) RRK xndh <) brhf;fyp=;fk; tpil: M) krhdg[Bg[nfhnfh

24. gdk; tpijia ________ ,ilbtsp tpl;L el;L itj;jhu; brhf;fyp=;fk;.
w
m) ,uz;lof;F ,uz;lo M) @d;wof;F @d;wo

,) ehd;fof;F ehd;F <) Ie;jof;F Ie;jo tpil: M) @d;wof;F @d;wo
A
//w
FWtpdh
1. ,aw;if ntshz;ik kPz;Lk; g[Jg;bghypt[ bgw typa[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ Vd;>
s:K
,aw;ifapypUe;J tpyfp kz;Qf;Fk;/ kz;zpy; thGk; capu;fSf;Fk; CW

tpistpf;fpd;w epiy khWtjw;fhf ,aw;if ntshz;ik kPz;Lk; g[Jg;bghypt[ bgw
typa[Wj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. bjhG cuk; vd;why; vd;d>
khl;Lr; rhzk;/ khl;Lr; rpWePu; Mfpatw;iw itf;nfhnyhL fye;J kf;fr; bra;J
tp
cUthf;fg;gLtnj bjhG cuk; vdg;gLk;.

3. kz; e+;rhfpg; nghff; fhuzk; ahJ>
,d;iwa tptrhaj;jpy; cuk;/ g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp vd;W ,urhadg; bghUl;fs; mjpfkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;/ kz; e+;rhfpg; nghfpwJ.
ht
42
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. CLgapu; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W jUf..
epyj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf tpistpf;fg;gLk; gapu;fSf;F ,ilna ntbwhU gapiua[k;
tpistpg;gu;. mJnt CLgapu; vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: bey;Yf;F Clhf cSe;J tpistpf;fg;gLk;.
L al
5. gidapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; kjpg;g[f;Tl;Lg; bghUs;fs; ahit>
fUg;gl;o/ gd=;fw;fz;L Mfpait kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fshFk;.
6. gidkuk; vg;gog; gapuplg;gLfpwJ>
A d
xU gd=;bfhl;ilia @d;wof;F @d;wo js;sp kw;bwhU gd=;bfhl;ilia
elntz;Lk;.
D ika
,t;thW ,ilbtsptpl;L el;lhy; mJ gjpndhU Mz;Lfspy; gyd; jUk;.
7. gid jUk; gad;fs; ahit>
gidkuk; rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghdha; ,Ue;J kf;fSf;Fg; gadspf;fpd;wJ.
mk;kuk; MHj;jpy; ePu; kl;lk; Fiwahky; ePiur; nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
mjdhy; epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; FiwahJ.
Alv
,itna gidkuj;jhy; rKjhak; bgWk; gad;fs; MFk;.
8. Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fs; ahit>
Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fis cyfpw;Fr; brhd;dtu; ``khrhdg[Bg[nfhfh~~ Mthu;.
cHg;glhj epyk;.
,urhad cuk; ,y;yhj cw;gj;jp.
a
.Kk
g{r;rpf; bfhy;yp bjspf;fg;glhj gapu;g; ghJfhg;g[.
jz;zPu; epWj;jhj bey; rhFgo.
xl;L tpij ,y;yhky; cau; tpisr;ry;.
,itaht[k; Ie;J tptrha ke;jpu=;fshFk;.
wI
LV
9. itf;nfhiy koar; bra;J cGjy; vd;why; vd;d>

epyj;jpidr; rupbra;tjw;fhf/ mWtil Koe;j gpwF/ epyj;jpy; itf;nfhypidr;
w
rkkha;g; gug;gp koar; bra;tu;.

kWgUtk; te;jt[ld; epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cGtu;.
,ijna itf;nfhiy koar; bra;J cGjy; vd;gu;.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
10. epyj;jpd; e+;ir ePf;f ehk; vd;d bra;a ntz;Lk;>
epyj;jpd; e+;ir ePf;f...
s:K
itf;nfhiy klf;fp cGtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; gUtk; te;jt[ld; ePiuj; njf;fp

cGjy; ntz;Lk;.
cGk;nghJ bjhG cuk; ,l ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk; xnu Mz;oy; epyj;jpd; e+;R eP=;fhJ. ,uz;L/ @d;W Mz;LfshFk;.
11. tpisepyj;ij vt;thW tsk;bgwr; bra;ayhk;>
tp
tpisepyj;jpy; itf;nfhiyr; rkkha;g; gug;gp/ koar; bra;J/ kWgUtk; te;jt[ld;

epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cHntz;Lk;.
tpisepyj;jpy; cur; brofis tsu;f;f ntz;Lk;.
epyj;jpypUe;J fpl;Lk; brj;ij brofis epyj;jpw;nf bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;
ht
,r;bray;fs; tpis epyj;ij tsk; bgwr; bra;a[k;.

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.in
12. g[d;bra; epyj;jpw;nfw;w cuk; vJ>
fha;e;j ,iyr; rUF/
ML/ khL Kjypa fhy;eilfspd; rhzj;ij vupg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; rhk;gy;
Mfpaitw;iwf; fye;J ,Ltnj g[d;bra; epyj;jpw;fhd cuk; MFk;.
L al
13. ,urhadg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;Jfshy; tpisa[k; jPikfs; ahit>
,urhadg; g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp kUe;J tpisfpd;w gapUf;Fs;Sk; CLUtptpLfpwJ.
mg;gapu; jUk; tpis bghUs;fis cz;fpd;w kf;fs; g[w;W neha;/ tapw;Wg; g[z;/
A d
kyl;Lj; jd;ik Kjypatw;why; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
14. CLgapu; nghLtjhy; epyj;jpd; tsk; vt;thW bgUFfpwJ>
D ika
2 bey;Yf;F CLgapuhfg; nghlg;gLtJ cSe;J.
,ij mWtil bra;j gpd;/ CLgapupd; ntu;Kor;Rfspy; ,Uf;Fk; iel;u$d;
,ay;
epyj;jpd; tsj;ijg; bgUf;fp/ mLj;J tpisr;riy mjpfupf;fr; bra;a[k;.

15. ntjpf; fyg;gpy;yhj g{r;rp kUe;ij vg;goj; jahupg;gJ>
ntg;g=;bfhl;il/ behr;rp ,iy/ g[=;fd;/ gpuz;il/ fw;whiH Mfpa vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
Alv
ed;whf ,of;f ntz;Lk;.
mijf; nfhkpaj;jpy; Cw itf;fntz;Lk;
gpd; mijj; bjspj;jhy; g{r;rpbay;yhk; ngha;tpLk;.
a
16. ,aw;ifahd g{r;rpf; bfhy;ypahy; tpisa[k; ed;ikfs; ahit>
gapu;;fis mHpf;Fk; g{r;rpfs; Fiwa[k;.
.Kk
kz;g[G nghd;w rpwpa capu;fs; tsu;fpd;wd.
kz;zpy; cs;s Ez;Qapupg; bgUf;fj;jpdhy;/ kz;Qk; jd;Dila tsj;ij
,Hf;fhky;/ tYg; bgWfpd;wd.
wI
17. rhFgo vt;thW bra;a ntz;Lk;>

LV
mWtilf;Fg; gpd;du; epyj;ij Mwg; nghl ntz;Lk;.

w
rupahd fhy ,ilbtspapy; khwp khwpg; gapupl ntz;Lk;.

18. ,aw;if cu=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; gad; ahJ>
epyj;jpYs;s Ez;Qapu;g; bgUf;fk; Fiwahky;/ kz; rj;J tPzhfhky; epyKk;
A
//w
jd;dplKs;s ts=;fis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; bgWfpwJ.

,aw;ifahd cuk;/ kUe;J Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;JtJ/ ek; Rw;Wr; NHiyf;
fhg;gjw;fhd tHpahft[k; jpfH;fpwJ.
s:K
19. ,aw;if ntshz;ik tHpKiwfis ehk; vt;thW fw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;>

ek; gFjpiar; Rw;wpa[s;s gz;izfisg; ghu;itapl;Lk;/
murpd; `ntshz;ik mYtyfk;~ @yk; elf;Fk; gapw;rpfspy; fye;J bfhz;Lk;/
,aw;if ntshz;ik gw;wpa gy ey;y tHpKiwfis ehk; fw;Wf; bfhs;syhk;.
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. gidkuj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit>
gidkuk; rpwe;j fhw;Wj; jLg;ghd;.
L al
epyj;jo ePu; kl;lk; Fiwahky; ePiur; nrkpj;J itf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ.
kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fs;:
gidkuj;jpypUe;J neuoahff; fpilf;Fk; gjePiu kf;fs; gUfp/ E=;ifj; jpd;W
A d
kfpH;fpd;wdu;.
kpFe;j tUtha; <l;Lk; nehf;fpy; gjePupypUe;J gd=;fw;fz;L/ fUg;gl;o nghd;w
D ika
kjpg;g[f; Tl;Lg; bghUs;fis cUthf;fp tpw;fpd;wdu;;.
2. itf;nfhypd; kfj;Jtk; gw;wp ePtpu; mwptd ahit>
itf;nfhy; bkd;ikahdJ" ,nyrhdJ. ,e;j itf;nfhiyr; rkkhfg; gug;gp/ koar;
bra;J kWgUtk; te;jt[ld; epyj;jpy; ePiuj; njf;fp cH ntz;Lk;. ,Jnt epyj;ijr;
rup bra;tjw;fhd Kjy; tHpahFk;.
Alv
epyj;jpy; itf;nfhiyg; gug;g[tJ/ cur;brofis tsu;g;gJ/ epyj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;
Fg;ig/ bro/ brj;ijfis epyj;jpw;nf bfhLg;gJ ,r;bra;iffs; bew;gapUk;/ khupf;
fhyg; gapUk; tsu;tjw;fhd tsj;ijg; g{kpf;F mspf;fpd;wd.
nkw;Twpa midj;Jk; itf;nfhypd; kfj;Jtk; MFk;.
a
3. mwp+u; krhdg[Bg[fhnfh gw;wp ePtpu; mwptd ahit>
.Kk
mwp+u; krhdg[Bg[fhnfh $g;ghdpau; Mthu;.
,tu; Kg;gj;ije;J Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ itf;nfhy; Fwpj;J Ma;t[ nkw;bfhz;lhu;.
mjd; gadhf 1978 Mk; Mz;L `xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp~ vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpdhu;.
mtu; vGjpa/ tptrhaj;jpd; Ie;J ke;jpu=;fs;:
wI
cHg;glhj epyk;.
LV
,urhad cukpy;yhj cw;gj;jp.

w
g{r;rpf;bfhy;yp bjspf;fg;glhj gapu;g;ghJfhg;g[.

jz;zPu; epWj;jg;glhj bey; rhFgo.
xl;L tpij ,y;yhj cau; tpisr;ry;.
A
//w
***
khkiH nghw;WJk;
s:K
tp
ht
45
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.in
bra;a[s;
Vjpypf;FUtpfs;
,ay; 2 ? mHfpa bgupatd;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
2 1. bghUj;jkhd ,yf;fpa totk; vJ>
m) Vjpypf;FUtpfs; ? kug[f; ftpij
M) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S ? rpWfij
,ay;
,) ahid lhf;lu; ? FWk; g[jpdk;

<) I=;FWE}W ? g[Jf;ftpij tpil: ,) ahid lhf;lu; ? FWk; g[jpdk;
Alv
2. ``thd; bgha;j;jJ~~ ? vd;w brhw;bwhlu; czu;j;jk; kiwKfg;bghUs;
m) thdk; ,oe;jJ M) kiH bga;atpy;iy
,) kpd;dy; btl;oaJ <) thdk; vd;gJ bgha;ahdJ
FWtpdh
a tpil: M) kiH bga;atpy;iy
.Kk
1. Vjpypaha;f; FUtpfs; v=;nfh nghapd ? bjhlupd; bghUs; ahJ>
ku=;fs; btl;lg;gl;ljhy;/ fhLfs; mHpe;J nghapd.
wI
kiHiag; bga;ar; bra;a[k; ku=;fs; btl;lg;gl;ljhy;;/ kiHa[k; bga;atpy;iy.

LV
kiH bga;ahjjhy;/ kz; ts=;fSk; rpije;J nghapd.

,t;thW ,aw;ifr; NHypy; gy khw;w=;fs; Vwgl;ld.
w
mtw;iw ek;gp thH;e;J bfhz;oUe;j FUtpfSk;/ thH;tjw;fhd NHy; ,y;yhjjhy;/

v=;nfh ntW ,Ug;gplk; njo nghapd.
A
//w
rpWtpdh
1. fhw;wpy; MLk; g[y; tPLfSf;F mHfpa bgupatd; jUk; xg;gPL ahJ> Vd;>
s:K
fhw;wpy; MLk; g[y;tPLfSf;F mHfpa bgupatd; jUk; xg;gPL ``J}f;fzh=; FUtpf;

TLfs;~~ MFk;.
FUtpfisa[k; TLfisa[k; fhzKoatpy;iy.
Kd;bgy;yhk; milkiHf;fhyj;jpy; Mw;wpy; bts;sk; fiug[uz;L XLk;.
fiufspy; beoa ku=;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
tp
ku=;fspy; gwitfspd; xypfs; nfl;Lf;bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.

tHpbeLfspYk; J}f;fzh=;FUtp TLfs;. Ks;shy; fl;lg;gl;l ,f;FUtp TLfspy;
FUtpfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; Vf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf fhw;wpy; mira[k; tPLfbsd
tUzpf;fpwhu;.
ht
46
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. efu=;fspd; bgUf;fKk; gwitapd=;fspd; mHpt[k; ? fhuz=;fSld; tFg;giwapy; tpthjpf;f.
Mrpupau; : ek; jkpHu;fs; ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;j thH;f;if elj;jpdu;. Mdhy;
L al
efukakhjypd; fhuzkhf mHpit nehf;fp bry;fpwjh> Mf;fj;ij nehf;fpr;
bry;fpwjh> vd;gijg; gw;wp ghyd;/ khyd; tpthjpg;ghu;fs;. Kjypy; ghyid
tUkhW miHf;fpnwd;.
A d
ghyd; : mwptpd; cr;rj;ijj; bjhlf;Toa ehk; ,d;Dk; rpy fhy=;fspy; Mfhaj;jpy;
thGk; epiyf;F tUnthk;. kdpjdpd; njitapd; mog;gilapy; efukak;
vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhf khwptpl;lJ. gy;ntW bjhHpy;El;g=;fspd; tHpna
D ika
,d;W cyif bty;yf;Toa mst[f;F te;Jtpl;nlhk;. fpuhk=;fspy; cs;s
ehfupf FiwghL/ njitfs; FiwghL/ fy;tpapd;ik nghd;wtw;why; ehk;
Jd;gg;gLfpnwhk;. mjdhy; efu=;fspd; bgUf;fk; njitbad;gJ vd; thjk;
MFk;.
khyd; : mwpt[k;/ mwptpaYk;/ MfhaKk; njitjhd;. Mdhy; cz;gjw;F czt[
Alv
v=;fpUe;J fpilf;Fk;. nuhnghthf ,Ue;jhYk; rhu;$; bra;ayhk;. ehk; vd;d
bra;a Koa[k;> bjhHpy;El;g tsu;r;rpahy; miytupir (,izg;ghd;fs;)
nfhg[u=;fs; mikf;fg;gLtjhy; 70?90 rjtPjk; gwitapd=;fs; mHpf;fg;
gLfpwJ. rhag;gl;liwapd; fhuzkhf ePu;epiy khR mile;J gwitapd;
a
,dg;bgUf;fk; jilgLfpwJ. gwit ,dk; mHptjhy; jhtu=;fspd;
,dg;bgUf;fKk; jilgLfpwJ. ed;wp-
.Kk
Mrpupau; : ,UtUk; j=;fs; fUj;ij tYthf itj;jPu;fs;. ,f;fhyr;NHypy; ,uz;Lk;
njitahf ,Ug;gpDk; kdpj thH;tpw;F eyk; gaf;Fk; tHpfisna gpd;gw;Wnthk;.
2. c=;fsJ kiHf;fhy mDgt=;fisf; ftpijahf btspg;gLj;Jf.
kiHf;fhy mDgtf; ftpij
wI
LV
ahu; fhjypj;Jf; iftpl;lhu;fnsh- brhl;L kiHa[k; ifapy; gl;L

nkfk; mGfpwJ kiHaha; cliyj; bjhl;L bjwpf;Fk;
w
,oj;J xypf;Fk; nkf=;fspd; mGif ghu;f;Fk; ,lbky;yhk; gRik

kz;zpy; kuk; bro bfhofspd; kfpH;r;rp Cbuy;yhk; kfpH;r;rp ? Mdhy;
bfhl;Lk; nkfj;jpy; xt;bthU nkfj;jpd; fz;zPuhy;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
vdf;Fk; befpH;r;rp-
s:K
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. mHfpa bgupatdpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) ,uhrnfhghyd; M) mfj;jpad;
tp
,) mutpe;jd; <) mfpyd; tpil: ,) mutpe;jd;

2. mHfpa bgupatd; `jfg;gd;bfho~ g[jpdj;jpw;fhfj; jkpHf murpd; tpUjpidg; bgw;w Mz;L
m) 2001 M) 2002
ht
,) 2003 <) 2004 tpil: ,) 2003

47
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3. FwL/ beupf;fl;L cs;spl;l rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fspd; Mrpupau;
m) mfpyd; M) ,e;jpud;
,) mHfpabgupatd; <) bgupatd; ftpuhau; tpil: ,) mHfpabgupatd;
4. capu;fspd; ,Ug;ig Kot[ bra;tJ
L al
m) ,aw;ifr;NHy; M) braw;ifr;NHy;
,) ePu;epiyfs; <) epyj;njhw;wk; tpil: m) ,aw;ifr;NHy;
5. cyfr; rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; ehs;
A d
m) gpg;utup 20 M) khu;r; 2
,) khu;r; 20 <) Vg;uy; 2 tpil: ,) khu;r; 20
D ika
2 6. ,aw;iff;Fk; kdpju;f;Fk; bjhg;g[s;bfho
m) fhL M) fly;
,ay;
,) kiHj;Jsp <) fz;zPu;j;Jsp tpil: ,) kiHj;Jsp

7. kz;zpy; Kjy;Jsp tpGifapy; kyu;td
m) g{f;fs; M) capu;fs;
Alv
,) brofs; <) gapu;fs; tpil: M) capu;fs;
8. @=;fpy; fpisfspy; mku;e;J/ gho ek;ikg; gutrg;gLj;Jgit vd;W mHfpa bgupatdhy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtd
m) Fapy;fs;
,) rpl;Lf;FUtpfs;
a
M) fhf=;fs;
<) J}f;fzh=;FUtp tpil: ,) rpl;Lf;FUtpfs;
.Kk
9. kiHf;F Mjhuk;
m) fly; M) ku=;fs;
,) fhw;W <) kiy tpil: M) ku=;fs;
wI
10. g[y;tPLfisf; fl;oait

LV
m) Fapy;fs; M) ku=;bfhj;jpfs;
w
,) rpl;Lf;FUtpfs; <) J}f;fzh=;FUtpfs; tpil: <) J}f;fzh=;FUtpfs;

11. jha; kz;zpd; khu;g[fshf tps=;Fgit
m) MW M) fpzW
A
//w
,) Cw;W <) ,it midj;Jk; tpil: <) ,it midj;Jk;

12. Vjpypaha;f; FUtpfs; v=;nfh nghapd ? vd;W ghoatu;
s:K
m) Kj;Jyp=;fk; M) mHfpa bgupatd;

,) bgupatd; ftpuhau; <) ,e;jpud; tpil: M) mHfpa bgupatd;
rpWtpdh
1. capu;fspd; ,Ug;ig ,aw;if Kot[ bra;tij mHfpa bgupatd; vt;thW tptupf;fpwhu;>
tp
milkiHf; fhyk;:
Cupy; Kd;bgy;yhk; milkiHf;fhyk; vd;whny/ Mw;wpy; ePu; epuk;gp fiu
g[uz;nlhLk;.
ht
fiuapd; ,Ugf;f=;fspYk; ePz;L tsu;e;j ku=;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

48
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
FUtpf; TLfs;:
fiuapd; Cnl nghFk; tHpfspbyy;yhk; ,irf;fpd;w gwitfspd; Fuy;fisf;
nfl;Lf; bfhz;nl bry;yyhk;.
tHpbay;yhk; J}f;fzh=;FUtp g[wf ; shy; fl;oa TLfs; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLfpd;wnghJ/
L al
g[y; tPLfs; nghd;W fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
ghLk; rpl;Lfs;:
@=;fpy; fpisfspy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; rpl;Lfs;/ Mw;wpy; RHpe;J XLk; ePupd; Xira[ld;
A d
nru;e;J ghof; bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
,aw;if tsk; epuk;gpa fhyk;:
D ika
,t;thW/ ,aw;if tskhd ePUk;/ epyKk; tsKld; ,Ue;jjhy;/ Cbu=;fpYk; ku=;fs;
tsu;e;J gRik epiwe;jpUe;jJ.
RU=;ff; Twpd;/ mf;fhyk; kz;khjh jd; ts=;fis thup tH=;fpa fhyk; vdf; Twpd;
kpifahfhJ.
2. mHfpa bgupatd; ? Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
Alv
,aw;bgau; : mutpe;jd;
g[idg;bgau; : mHfpa bgupatd;
Cu; : ntY}u; khtl;lk;/ nguzhk;gl;L.
gzp a
: muRg;gs;sp Mrpupau;
rpwg;g[fs; :
.Kk
ehty;/ rpWfij/ ftpij/ fl;Liu nghd;w gilg;g[j; js=;fspy; ,a=;Fgtu;.
`jfg;gd; bfho~ vd;Dk; g[jpdj;jpw;fhf 2003 Mk; Mz;oy; jkpHf murpd; tpUJ
bgw;wtu;.
gy;Jiw ty;Yeu;.
wI
gilg;g[fs; :
LV
FwL/ beupf;fl;L ? rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fs;

w
cdf;Fk; vdf;Fkhd brhy;/ mqg e+;R ? ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fs;

kPs;nfhzk;/ bgUFk; ntl;if ? fl;Liuj; bjhFg;g[fs;
Mfpad ,tuJ gilg;g[fshFk;.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
beLtpdh
s:K
1. NHypay; khw;wj;jhy; epfH;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mtyj;ij mHfpa bgupatd; jk; ftpijapy;

vt;thW fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;>
,g;nghJ v=;Fk; FUtpfisnah mtw;wpd; TLfisnah ghu;f;f Koatpy;iy.
Kd;g[/ Cupy; milkiH bga;jhy;/ Mw;wpy; ePu; fiu g[uz;L XLk;. me;j Mw;wpd;
fiuapy; thdsht cau;e;J epw;Fk; ku=;fs; tupirahf mku;e;jpUf;Fk;. ku=;fspy;
gy;ntW gwitfs; j=;fpj; jj;jk; Fuypy; xyp vGg;g[k;.
tp
nghFk; tHpbay;yhk; M=;fh=;nf FUtpfs; fl;oa J}f;fzh=;FUtpf; TLfs;/

g[y;yhy; ntag;gl;l tPLfs; fhw;wpy; mire;jhLtd nghy mire;jhLk;.
rpl;Lfnsh Mw;nwhuk; tsu;e;jpUe;j @=;fpy; fpisfspd;kPJ mku;e;jpUf;Fk;. mit
ht
RHpj;J XLk; Mw;W ePupd; ,irf;nfw;gg; ghLk;.

49
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nkw;Twg;gl;l fhl;rpfs; aht[k; kz;khjhtpd; tdg;ghy; fhzf;Toa fhl;rpfsha;
,Ue;jd.
Mdhy; ,g;nghJ> v=;Fk; ku=;fs; btl;o tPH;j;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kiHiag; bga;tpf;Fk; ku=;fs; tPH;e;jjhy; kiHa[k; bgha;j;jJ.
L al
kiH bgha;j;jikahy; kz;khjh mspj;j ts=;fSk; rpije;jd.
ts=;fs; rpije;jikahy;/ mtw;iw ek;gp thH;e;J bfhz;oUe;j FUtpfSk;/ thH
tHp bjupahky; v=;nfh gwe;J brd;W tpl;ld-
A d
vd;W NHypay; khw;wj;jhy; epfH;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; mtyj;ij Mrpupau; mHfpa
bgupatd; jk; ftpijapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
D ika
***
2 bra;a[s;
,ay;
fhtpak;
,ay; 2 ? gpukps;
Alv
1. gpukpspd; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpypUe;J c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpijia tFg;giwapy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
gy;yp
a
.Kk
,wf;fj; Jof;Fk; thyh>
capnuhL kPz;l clyh>
jpiua[k; glKk;
fhyk; tpupj;j jpiuah> glk;>
wI
thH;t[ XLk; glkh> jpiujg;gpj; jpira[s;

LV
jPf;fz; jpwe;jhy; vwpag;gl;LtpLkh>

w
jPf;Fj; jpiuah>
2. gwit gw;wp vGjg;gl;l ftpijfs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;Jf; ifnalhf;Ff.
gwit
A
//w
1. capuw;w kuf;fpisapy; 2. gwitfs; fpisfis ek;gp

mku;e;J cl;fhUtjpy;iy
Vfhe;j bgUbtsp mjd; rpwFfis
s:K
nehf;fp ek;gpj;jhd; mku;fpd;wJ

gwitfspd; +hdj; njly;-- thH;f;ifapy; ek;gpf;if
mtrpak;--
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
tp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpukps; vd;w g[idg;bgau; bfhz;ltu;; ________.
m) Kj;Jyp=;fk; M) rptuhkyp=;fk;
ht
50 ,) mHfpa bgupatd; <) ghyKusp tpil: M) rptuhkyp=;fk;
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; g[idbgau;fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) ghDr;re;jpud; M) ghyre;jpud;
,) mqg;rptuhk; <) jUK rptuhk; tpil: M) ghyre;jpud;
3. rptuhkyp=;fk; gpwe;j ehL ________.
L al
m) ,e;jpah M) knyrpah
,) ,y=;if <) fdlh tpil: ,) ,y=;if
4. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; ftpijfs; KGikahf ________ vd;Dk; bgaupy; bjhFf;fg;
A d
gl;Ls;sd.
m) gpukps; ftpijfs; M) y=;fhg[up uh$h
D ika
,) jUK rptuhk; ftpijfs; <) btapYk; epHYk; tpil: m) gpukps; ftpijfs;
5. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) y=;fhg[up uh$h ? 1. ftpijj;bjhFg;g[
ii) e|j;jputhrp ? 2. fl;Liuj;bjhFg;g[
iii) btapYk; epHYk; ? 3. ehlfk;
Alv
iv) gpukps; ? 4. rpWfijj;bjhFg;g[
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
m) gpukps; M) rpwF
a
6. ,wFfspd; bjhFjpia ________ vd;gu;.
.Kk
,) ,wf;if <) g[utp tpil: M) rpwF
7. ________ vd;gJ fhtpaj;Jf;fhd bghJthd ghLbghUs;.
m) fhjy; M) thH;t[
,) czu;t[ <) bka;g;ghL tpil: M) thH;t[
wI
8. fhw;wpd; jPuhj gf;f=;fspy; xU gwitapd; thH;it vGjpr; bry;tJ ________.

LV
m) ,wF M) fhy;fs;
w
,) kiHj;Jsp <) gpupt[ tpil: m) ,wF
FWtpdh
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
1. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; g[idbgau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gpukps;  mqg; rptuhk;
s:K
ghDre;jpud;  jUK rptuhk;

2. rptuhkyp=;fj;jpd; gilg;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gpukps; ftpijfs;  y=;fhg[upuh$h ? rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[
e|j;jputhrp ? ehlfk;  btapYk; epHYk; ? fl;Liuj; bjhFg;g[
3. rptuhkyp=;fk; ,a=;fpa Jiwfisf; TWf.
tp
g[Jf;ftpij  rpWfij
tpku;rdk;  ehlfk;
ht
***
51
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bra;a[s;
jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S
,ay; 2 ? mHfpa bgupatd; ftpuhau;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
2 1. `tsU=; fhtpy; Kfpy;bjhif VWk; ? bghd;
khlk; v=;Fk; mfpw;g[if ehWk;~ ? mof;nfhol;l bjhlu; Fwpg;gpLtJ vd;d>
,ay;
fhtpy; Kfpy; bjhif VWk;

bjd;fiu ehl;oy; ePz;L tsu;e;Js;s nrhiyapy; nkff;Tl;l=;fs; j=;fpr; bry;Yk;.
Alv
rpWtpdh
1. ``ryr thtpapy; br=;fay; gha[k;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk;:
a
bgupatd; ftpuhau; ,aw;wpa `jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;/ tlfiu ehL
vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ,t;to ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
.Kk
bghUs;:
jhkiuj; jlhfj;jpy; cs;s kPd;fs; m=;Fkp=;Fk; Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLk;.
tpsf;fk;:
tlfiu ehl;oy; kyupy; bkha;f;Fk; tz;Lfs; ,e;jsk; vd;w gz;zpid ,irg;gjhy;
wI
kPidg; gpoj;J cz;gjw;fhf te;j cs;shd; gwit ,irf;nfl;L/ kjFfspy fl;lg;gl;l

LV
r=;fpypapy; thiy Ml;of;bfhz;L mku;e;jpUf;Fk;. mg;nghJ jhkiuj;jlhfj;jpy; kPd;fs;

w
Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLk;.
beLtpdh
A
//w
1. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; tlfiu/ bjd;fiu ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;tHp ,aw;if

ts=;fis tptupf;f.
s:K
tlfiu ehl;od; tsk;:

,e;jsg;gz;Qk; cs;shd; gwita[k;: ``kyupy; Musp ,e;Jsk; ghLk;~~...
tlfiu ehl;oy; kyupy; bkha;f;Fk; tz;Lfs; ,e;jsk; vd;Dk; gz;iz uP=;fhukpl;Lg;
ghLk;.
,t;tpiriaf; nfl;L bka;kwe;J tha;f;fhypd; kjFfspilna fl;lg;gl;l r=;fpypapd;
tp
kPJ mku;e;j cs;shd; gwit/ kPidg; gpoj;J cz;zhky; thiy Ml;of; bfhz;L
mku;e;jpUf;Fk;.
jhkiuj; jlhfj;jpy; kPd;fs; Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLk;.
Kj;Jf;fis <d;w btz;r=;Ffs; gutpf; fhzg;gLk;.
ht
kpd;diybahj;j bgz;fs; bga; vd;why; kiH bga;a[k;.

52
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
cs;s=;if Ve;jp ,ue;Jz;Qk; ,ay;g[ila Kdptu;fs; TWtJ bka;ahFk;.
,j;jpUkiyapy; g[ytu;fs; nghw;Wk; jpUkiyr; nrtfd; tPw;wpUf;fpwhu;.
bjd;fiu ehl;od; tsk;:
L al
``tsU=; fhtpy; Kfpy; bjhif VWk;~~...
bjd;fiu ehl;od; ePz;L tsu;e;j nrhiyapy; nkff;Tl;l=;fs; j=;fpr; bry;Yk;.
bjd;fiu ehl;oy; cs;s bghd;dhyhd khlkhspifapy; mfpw;g[ifapd; eWkzk;
A d
gutpf; bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk;.
khl khspiffis kapy;fSk;/ fhu;fhy nkf=;fSk; NH;e;J fhf;Fk;.
D ika
br=;nfhiyf; bfhz;l kd;du; bjd;fiu ehl;il ePjp jtwhJ fhty; fhg;ghu;.
,sk;bgz;fs; bghd;dhyhd mu=;fpy; eoj;J tpisaho kfpH;tu;.
Fs=;fspd; miyfs; Kj;Jfis Ve;jp tUk;.
miyfs; fiuapy; nkhJk;nghJ Kj;Jfs; rpjwp btof;Fk;.
,j;jifa Fw;whyj;jpy; tz;Lfs; bkha;f;Fk; bfhd;iw kyu;No bjd;dhLila
rptd; Fw;whyehjuhf tPw;wpUf;fpwhu;.
Alv
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
br=;fay;/ btz;r=;F ? gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
Vw;gtu;
Kfpy; bjhif/ mfpw; g[if
a ?
?
tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhiffs;
.Kk
FspUk; k+;i+a[k; bfhz;lYk; ? vz;Qk;ik
Kj;J Ve;jp/ bfhd;iw NL ? ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhiffs;
<d;w r=;F ? bgabur;rk;
Ve;jp btof;Fk; ? tpidbar;rk;
wI
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
LV
w
<d;w = <d; + w; + m myu;e;J = myu; + j;(e;) + j; + c

<d; gFjp myu; gFjp
w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j;(e;) re;jp/ j;/ e; MdJ tpfhuk;
A
//w
m bgabur;r tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
khkiH nghw;WJk;
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
s:K
tpiue;J = tpiu + j;(e;) + j; + c Ve;jp = Ve;J + ,

tpiu gFjp Ve;J gFjp
j;(e;) re;jp/ j;/ e; MdJ tpfhuk; , tpidbar;r tpFjp
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
tp
ht
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gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. br=;fay; `brk;ik~ vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.
L al
brk;ik + fay; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ brk; + fay;
epiybkhHpaPw;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
`Kd;dpd;w bka; jpupjy;~ vDk; br=;fay;
A d
tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W kfu xw;W(k;)/ vd;whdJ.
tUbkhHp Kjy; ty;ypdj;jpw;F(f;)
,dkhd `=;~ Mfj; jpupe;J/
D ika
2 2. mspa[yhk;
msp + cyhk;
`,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go
afu clk;gL bka; bgw;W/
mspa; + cyhk;
,ay;
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ mspa[yhk;

,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ (a;+c=a[); vd;whdJ.
3. bghd;du=;F `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu; tupd; bghd; + mu=;F
Alv
bghd; + mu=;F ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `d~ fu xw;W
,ul;oj;J/
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ bghd;du=;F
4. mfpw;g[if
a
,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ (d;+m=d)
`ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd;
vd;whdJ.
mfpw;g[if
.Kk
mfpy; + g[if wlt[k; MFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;whdJ.
epiybkhHpaPw;W `y~ fu bka; (y;) `w~
fukhfp (w;)
5. jpUkiyr; nrtfd; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w jpUkiyr;
wI
jpUkiy + capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; nrtfd;

LV
nrtfd; tpjpg;go/ `r;~ kpFe;J vd;whdJ.

w
1. c=;fs; gs;sp tshfj;jpd; ,aw;ifr;NHiy nkk;gLj;jt[k; ghJfhf;ft[k; Vw;w jpl;lk;

A
//w
xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
vd; gs;sp tshfj;jpy; ,aw;ifr;NHy; nkk;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;
s:K
`Rw;Wr;NHy; ghJfhg;g[ ,af;fk;~ vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;Fntd;.

mjpy; Mu;tk; cs;stu;fis cWg;gpdu;fshfr; nru;g;ngd;.
khztu;fSf;Fj; Jiw rhu;e;jtu;fsplk; Kjypy; gapw;rp mspg;ngd;.
Kjypy;/ ,Uf;fpd;w ku=;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
g[jpa kuf;fd;Wfis eLjy;.
tp
`khRf;fl;Lg;ghL~ gw;wpa bjhlu; tpHpg;g[zu;t[ epfH;r;rpfis elj;Jjy;.

fHpt[ePu; nj=;fhik/ ,aw;if cuk;/ gapu;g;ghJfhg;g[ nghd;w bray;ghLfisg; gw;wp
thuk; xUKiw tpthjpj;jy;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
i) fh ? 1. r=;fpyp
ii) kz;lyk; ? 2. nkff;Tl;lk;
A d
iii) Kfpy;bjhif ? 3. cyfk;
iv) ,l=;fzp ? 4. nrhiy
D ika
m) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
2. tl MupehL vdg;gLtJ ________.
m) jpUkiy M) Fw;whyk;
,) jpUj;jzp <) cjfkz;lyk; tpil: m) jpUkiy
Alv
3. bjd; MupehL vdg;gLtJ ________.
m) jpUkiy M) Fw;whyk;
,) cjfkz;lyk; <) jpUj;jzp tpil: M) Fw;whyk;
m) g[y;Y M) g[s;S
a
4. bey;Y tifia vz;zpdhYk; ________ tifia vz;z KoahJ.
.Kk
,) gs;S <) fy;Y tpil: ,) gs;S
5. cHtu;/ cHj;jpaupd; thH;f;ifia vLj;Jiuf;Fk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; ________.
m) Fwt+;rp M) cHtu;
,) gps;isj;jkpH; <) gs;S tpil: <) gs;S
wI
LV
6. ntshz;ik ,yf;fpak; vd;wiHf;fg;gLtJ ________.

m) xw;iw itf;nfhy; g[ul;rp M) jpUf;Fws;
w
,) Fwt+;rp <) gs;S tpil: <) gs;S

7. jusk; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) Kj;J M) miy
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) j=;fk; <) jfuk; tpil: m) Kj;J
8. kpd;diybahj;j ________ bga; vd;why; kiH bga;a[k;.
s:K
m) bgz;fs; M) Mz;fs;
,) Jwtpfs; <) njtu;fs; tpil: m) bgz;fs;
9. jhkiuj; jlhfj;jpy; Js;spg; gha;e;J tpisahLgit ________.
m) kPd;fs; M) Kjiyfs;
,) tpz;kPd;fs; <) tpy=;Ffs; tpil: m) kPd;fs;
tp
10. tlfiu ehl;oy; uP=;fhukpl;Lg; ghLk; tz;Lfspd; gz; ________.

m) ,e;jsk; M) rhjhup
,) Ky;iy <) Fwp+;rp tpil: m) ,e;jsk;
ht
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11. bjd;fiu ehl;od; ePz;L tsu;e;j nrhiyapy; j=;fpr; bry;git ________.
m) fhf=;fs; M) nkff;Tl;l=;fs;
,) kapy;fs; <) Fapy;fs; tpil: M) nkff;Tl;l=;fs;
12. Fw;whyehju; Noa kyu; ________.
L al
m) bfhd;iw M) jhkiu
,) fhah <) my;yp tpil: m) bfhd;iw
13. btz;r=;F vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
A d
m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) tpidj;bjhif
,) ctikj;bjhif <) cUtfk; tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif
D ika
2 14. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; bey;tiffspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
m) kzy;thup M) fU=;Niu
,ay;
,) g[j;jd; thup <) fhup tpil: <) fhup

15. Fw;whyj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s gz;g[spg;gl;lzj;jpYs;s rpWFd;wpd; bgau; ________.
m) jpUkiy M) KJkiy
Alv
,) Midkiy <) nru;tuhad; kiy tpil: m) jpUkiy
16. jpUkiyf;Fd;wpd; nkYs;stu; ________.
m) mUfd; M) KUfd;
,) jpUkhy; <) rptd;
a
17. `jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S~ E}ypy; tputp te;Js;s ghtiffs; ________.
tpil: M) KUfd;
.Kk
m) fypj;Jiw M) fypg;gh
,) rpe;J <) ,itaidj;Jk; tpil: <) ,itaidj;Jk;
18. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S E}ypd; Mrpupau; ________.
wI
m) mHfpa bgupatd; M) bgupatd; ftpuhau;

LV
,) jpupTluhrg;gu; <) gps;is bgUkhs; tpil: M) bgupatd; ftpuhau;

19. gs;spir vd;W tH=;fg;gLk; E}y; ________.
w
m) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S M) Kf;Tlw;gs;S

,) bgj;ynfk; Fwt+;rp <) jpUf;Fw;why Fwt+;rp
A
//w
tpil: m) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S

20. bgupatd; ftpuhaupd; fhyk; ________.
m) fp.gp. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L M) fp.gp. 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L
s:K
,) fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L <) fp.gp. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;L

tpil: ,) fp.gp. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;L
21. brk;kiwahd;/ fUkiwahd; vd;gJ jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; ________.
m) bey; tiffs; M) khL tiffs;
,) Fjpiu tiffs; <) ku tiffs; tpil: M) khL tiffs;
tp
22. ts;isf;if vd;gJ xU tif ________.

m) jhdpak; M) cHt[f;fUtp
,) rikay;bghUs; <) fy;tp cgfuzk; tpil: M) cHt[f;fUtp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
23. gs;S ________ vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLk;.
m) fhtpak; M) cHtu; ,ir
,) cHj;jpg;ghl;L <) g[s;spir tpil: ,) cHj;jpg;ghl;L
24. gz;g[spg;gl;lzk; vd;Dk; Cu; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; ________.
L al
m) jpUg;g{u; M) kJiu
,) J}j;Jf;Fo <) jpUbey;ntyp tpil: <) jpUbey;ntyp
A d
i) mfpw;g[if ? 1. ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
ii) br=;fay; ? 2. vz;Qk;ik
D ika
iii) k+;ira[k; bfhz;lYk; ? 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
iv) bfhd;iw NL ? 4. Mwhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
26. `<d;w~ vd;gjd; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; ________.
Alv
m) <d;+w;+m M) <d;W+m
,) <d;+,d;+w;+m <) <+,d;W+m tpil: m) <d;+w;+m
27. rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspd; tif ________.
m) 16
,) 64
a
M) 18
<) 96 tpil: <) 96
.Kk
28. bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLk; g[yd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tifiar; rhu;e;jJ ________.
m) gs;S M) Fwt+;rp
,) fyk;gfk; <) gps;isj;jkpH; tpil: m) gs;S
wI
29. kyupy; Musp ,e;Jsk; ghLk;

LV
kil,l=;fzp te;Jsk; MLk; ? vd;Dk; mofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s eak; ________.

w
m) nkhid M) vJif
,) me;jhjp <) ctik tpil: m) nkhid
30. `te;Jsk; MLk;~ vd;gjpy; `csk;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
A
//w
m) cs;sk; M) cs;shd; vd;w gwit
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) cs;Siw ctkk; <) czu;tw;wtd; tpil: M) cs;shd; vd;w gwit
s:K
31. xg;goia nkw;ghu;it bra;gtiuf; Fwpf;Fk; brhy; ________.

m) xg;goahu; M) nkw;fhzp
,) fz;fhzp <) nkw;goahu; tpil: ,) fz;fhzp
FWtpdh
tp
1. gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cl;nfhs; ahJ>

cHtu; cHj;jpauJ thH;f;ifapy; epfGk; epfH;r;rpfis vspa eilapy;/ eak;gl
btspg;gLj;Jtnj gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cl;nfhshFk;.
2. gs;S rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpd; ntWbgau;>
ht
cHj;jpg;ghl;L.
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3. tlfiu ehl;oYs;s tz;Lfs; vd;d bra;a[k;>
tlfiu ehl;oy; kyupy; bkha;f;Fk; tz;Lfs; ,e;jsk; vd;Dk; gz;iz uP=;fhukpl;Lg;
ghLk;.
4. gs;S ,yf;fpak; vt;tifiar; rhu;e;jJ>
L al
bjhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzg;go gs;S/ `g[yd;~ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tifiar; rhu;e;jJ.
5. ghku kf;fSf;F Kjd;ik bfhLj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpa tiffs; ahit>
gs;S/ Fwt+;rp/ behz;o ehlfk; KjypaitahFk;.
A d
6. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu; ahu;>
Fw;whyj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s Cu; gz;g[spg; gl;lzk;.
D ika
2 ,t;t{iug; gz;bghHpy; vdt[k; tH=;Ftu;.
,t;t{upy; cs;s jpUkiyf; Fd;wpd;kPJ KUff; flt[s; nfhtpy; bfhz;Ls;shu;.
,ay;
mk;KUfnd `jpUKUfd; gs;S~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj; jiytu; Mthu;.

7. cs;shd; gwit vt;thW mku;e;jpUf;Fk;>
tha;f;fhypd; kjFfspilna fl;lg;gl;l r=;fpypapy;/ kPidg; gpoj;J cz;gjw;fhf te;j
Alv
cs;shd; gwit thiy Ml;of; bfhz;L mku;e;jpUf;Fk;.
8. tlfiu ehl;oYs;s thtp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ahJ>
a
jlhfj;jpy; kpFe;j ePu; epuk;gpapUg;gjhy;/ m=;nf vz;zw;w jhkiug; g{f;fs; g{j;Js;sd.
nkYk;/ ePu; thH; capupdkhd bre;epw=;bfhz;l fay; kPd;fs; jlhfj;jpy; m=;Fkp=;Fk;
Js;spg; gha;e;J/ fz;Qf;F tpUe;J gilf;Fk; vd tlfiu ehl;oYs;s thtp gw;wpf;
.Kk
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
9. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S TWk; cHt[f; fUtpfs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
fyg;ig cHf;nfhy;
wI
Efk; bfhG
LV
g{l;L fakuk;
kz;btl;o tlk;
w
ts;isf;if
10. nrtfd; vd;ghd; vtd;>

A
//w
nrtfd; ? tPud;/ KUfd;.

mwptpw; rpwe;j g[ytu;fs; jk; ftpijfs; @yk;/ KUfidg; nghw;wpg; g[ide;J
ghLthu;fs;.
s:K
11. `kil, l=;fzp te;Jsk; MLk;~ ? tpsf;Ff.

tlfiu ehl;oy;/ bga;j kiH ePiu tPzhf Xl tplhky; njf;fp itj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
nj=;fpa me;ePupy; kPdpd=;fs; Js;spf; Fjpj;jhLfpd;wd.
mtw;iwf; fz;l cs;shd; vd;Dk; gwit/ mtw;iwf; bfhj;jp cz;gjw;fhf/
kjFfspilna fl;lg;gl;l r=;fpypapy; mku;e;J bfhz;L thiy Ml;of;
tp
bfhz;oUf;Fk; vd;gij @j;j gs;sp `kil, l=;fzp te;Jsk; MLk;~ vd;fpwhs;.

12. `thtpj; ju=;fk; btof;Fk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
bjd; fiu ehl;oYs;s Fs=;fspy; miyfs; Kj;Jfis Ve;jp tUk;.
ht
mt;tiyfs;/ fiufspy; nkhJk;bghGJ Kj;Jfs; rpjwp btof;Fk;.

58
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
13. ahu; thu;j;ijfs; bka;ahFk;>
tlfiu ehl;oy; cs;s=;ifnae;jp/ gpwu; jUk; czit ,ue;J cz;Qk; ,ay;g[ila
Kdptu;fs; TWk; thu;j;ijfs; bka;ahFk;.
mjdhy; m=;F/ kpd;bdhsp nghyg; nguHF bgw;w bgz;fs; mu=;fpy; Vwp ehl;oak;
L al
MLk; fiy rpwe;Js;sbjd mwpfpnwhk;.
rpWtpdh
A d
1. Fl=;if Vw;gtu; vtu;> mtu; vj;jifatu;>
tlfiu ehl;oy; JwtpaUk;/ +hdpfSk; thH;fpd;wdu;.
D ika
mtu;fs;/ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; Jwe;J thH;gtu;fshapUf;fpd;wdu;.
khdj;ij kiwf;f/ ,Lg;gpy; Xu; Mila[ld; jpuptu;.
cz;gjw;F Xu; cz;fyk; Tlf; bfhz;ouhj Kw;We;Jwe;jtu;fshapUf;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; jhkhf tpUk;gp vtuplKk; czt[ nfl;fhjtu;.
gpwu; Kd; te;J jUk; czit Ie;J tpuy;fisa[k; xd;whf ,izj;Jf; FHpthf;fp/
Alv
mjpy; czit ,lr; brhy;yp cz;gtu;fs;.
,j;jifa gw;ww;w Jwtpau; TWk; vt;thf;Fk; gypf;Fk;.
2. bjd;fiu ehl;L ePu;tsr; rpwg;gpidj; jpUkiyKUfd; gs;S v=;=dk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ>

a
kz;tsKk;/ ePu;tsKk; kpFe;j ehl;oy; gad;gL bghUs; gytw;iwj; jUk;
capupd=;fs; thH;tJ ,aw;if.
.Kk
nkw;Fwpj;j ,U ts=;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ bjd;fiu ehL.
m=;F ePu; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; Fsj;jpy; vGk; miyfs;/ m=;Fs;s Kj;Jr;rpg;gpfisj;
J}f;fp te;J/ fiug;gf;fkha; tPRfpd;wd.
tPrg;gl;l Kj;Jr; rpg;gpfs; btoj;Jg; gpsg;gjhy;/ mtw;wpypUf;Fk; Kj;Jfs; rpjwp
wI
tPH;fpd;wd.
LV
,t;thW bjd;fiu ehl;L ePu;tsr; rpwg;igg; gw;wpj; jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S

w
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
3. ,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf. `nfhy;Kiw kd;du; kz;lyk; fhf;Fk;~.
,lk; Rl;Ljy;:
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
bgupatd; ftpuhau; ,aw;wpa `jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S~ vd;Dk; E}ypy;/ ,isa
gs;sp jd; ehl;L tsk; gw;wpf; TWk;nghJ `nfhy; Kiw kd;du; kz;lyk; fhf;Fk;~ vd;W
s:K
Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;.
bghUs;:
bjd;fiu ehl;oy;/ muru;fs; eLepiy gpwHhky; ehl;ilf; fhg;gu;.
tpsf;fk;:
ehl;oy; ePjpia epiybgwr; bra;gtd; murd;. mjdhy;/ mt;turd; jdf;F
tp
ntz;oatu; ? ntz;lhjtu;/ bry;tu; ? ViH vd;gd nghd;w ntWghLfisf; fUj;jpy;

bfhs;shJ/ epahak; tH=;f ntz;Lbkd;gij epidt{l;Lk; tifapy; mtd; ifapy;
br=;nfhy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tyg;g[wnkh ,lg;g[wnkh rhahJ br=;Fj;jha; ,Uf;Fk;
nfhy; nghy; ,Ue;J/ jd; ehl;il Ms;gtu; Ml;rp bra;fpd;wdu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;
tifapy; ``nfhy; Kiw kd;du; kz;lyk; fhf;Fk;~~ vd;fpwhs;/ ,isa gs;sp.
ht
59
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.in
beLtpdh
1. tlfiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp bga;a[k;/ bra;a[k; vd vtw;iw vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;>
``Fykpd; dhu; kiH bga;badg; bga;a[k;~~
L al
tlfiu ehl;oy; thGk; bgz;fs; mHfpa njhw;wk; cilatu;fs;.
xGf;fk; ngQk; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;fs;.
gpw Mltiu Vwpl;Lg; ghuhkYk;/ kdjpy; vz;zhkYk; thH;gtu;fs;.
A d
gpw bja;t=;fisj; bjhHhky;/ bfhz;l ``fztnd fz;fz;l bja;tbkd~~ tHpgl;L
thH;gtu;fs;.
D ika
,j;jifa xUkdg;gl;l bgz;ou; `bga;~ vdr; brhd;dhy;/ ,aw;if clnd ,ire;J
2 kiHiag; bga;tpf;Fk; vd;fpwhs;/ tlfiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp.
``Fl=;if Vw;gtu; vdr; bra;a[k;~~
,ay;
tlfiu ehl;oy; JwtpaUk;/ +hdpfSk; thH;fpd;wdu;.

mtu;fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; Jwe;J thH;gtu;.
Alv
khdj;ij kiwf;f ,Lg;gpy; Xu; Mila[ld; jpuptu;.
cz;gjw;F Xu; cz;fy=;Tlf; bfhz;ouhj Kw;We; Jwe;jtu;.
mtu;fs; jhkhf tpUk;gp vtuplKk; czt[ nfl;fhjtu;.
a
gpwu; Kd; te;J jUk; czit/ Ie;J tpuy;fisa[k; xd;whf ,izj;Jf; FHpthf;fp
mjpy; czit ,lr; brhy;yp cz;gtu;fs;.
,j;jifa gw;ww;w Jwtpau; TWk; vt;thf;Fk; gypf;Fk; vd;fpwhs; tlfiu ehl;Lg;
.Kk
gs;sp.
2. bjd;fiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp fhf;Fk;/ eof;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtdtw;iwf; TWf.

bjd;fiu ehl;Lg; gs;sp fhf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtd:
wI
grpg;gpzpiag; nghf;fp/ ehl;oYs;s kf;fis eynkhL thHr; bra;tJ kiH.

LV
ghtg; gpzpfisg; nghf;fp/ kf;fisg; ngupd;gk; bgw tHp bra;git/ KUfd; if

w
ntYk;/ mtd; thfdkhfpa kapYk; MFk;.

,t;thW ,Utifg; gpzpfisa[k; mfw;Wk; khkUe;J/ jd; ehl;oy; ,Ue;J kf;fisf;
fhf;Fk; vd kfpH;r;rp bgh=;ff; TWfpwhs; ,isa gs;sp.
A
ehl;oy; ePjpia epiybgwr; bra;gtd;/ kd;dd;.

//w
mjdhy; mk;kd;dd; jdf;F ntz;oatu; ? ntz;lhjtu;/ bry;tu; ? ViH vd;gd

nghd;w ntWghLfisf; fUj;jpy; bfhs;shky;/ epahak; tH=;f ntz;Lbkd;gij
s:K
epidt{l;Lk; tifapy; mtd; ifapy; br=;nfhy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tyg;g[wnkh/ ,lg;g[wnkh rhahJ br=;Fj;jha; ,Uf;Fk; nfhy; nghy; ,Ue;J/
eLepiynahL kd;du; Ms ntz;Lk;.
``,skpd; dhu;bghd; mu=;fpy; eof;Fk;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtd:
kiH tsKk;/ bghUs; tsKk; kpFe;j ehl;oy;jhd; fiyfs; brHpj;J tsUk;.
tp
bjd;fiu ehL ePu;tsKk;/ epytsKk; bfhz;lJ.

m=;F ehl;oak; nghd;w gy fiyfs; tsu;r;rp bgw;Ws;sd.
vdnt/ ,isa gs;sp jd; ehl;oy; kpd;diyg; nghyg; nguHF bgw;w bgz;fs;
mu=;fpy; Vwp ehl;oakhLtu; vdf; fUJtjhf TWfpwhs;.
ht
***
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
,ay; 2 I=;FWE}W
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. gpiHahd bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
m) gjePupypUe;J gd=;fw;fz;L/ fUg;gl;o nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupf;fpd;wdu;.
M) Vjpypf;FUtpfs; vd;gJ thH;tjw;fhd NHy; fpilf;fhj FUtpfshFk;.
,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fSs; cilaJ.
<) ahidfshy; btF bjhiytpy; cs;s ePupid thrid @yk; mwpaKoa[k;.
Alv
tpil: ,) Fiwe;j vl;Lj;bjhif mofis I=;FWE}W E}y;fs; cilaJ.
FWtpdh
a
1. myu;e;J ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
myu;e;J = myu; + j;(e;) + j; + c
.Kk
myu; ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp.
rpWtpdh
wI
1. I=;FWE}w;Wg; ghly; Rl;Lk; jpiz/ Kjw;bghUs;/ fUg;bghUs;fis ml;ltizg;

LV
gLj;Jf.
w
I=;FWE}w;Wg; ghly; Rl;Lk; jpiz ? Ky;iy

Kjw;bghUs;:
epyKk;/ bghGJk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
A
//w
epyk; ? fhLk;/ fhL rhu;e;j ,lKk;
khkiH nghw;WJk;
bghGJ ? bgUk; bghGJ/ rpW bghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;
bgUk;bghGJ ? fhu;fhyk;
s:K
rpWbghGJ ? khiy
fUg;bghUs;fs;:
bja;tk; ? jpUkhy;
kf;fs; ? Mau;/ Ma;r;rpau;/ FWk;bghiw/ ehld;/ njhd;wy;.
gwit ? fhl;Lf; nfhHp
tp
tpy=;F ? khd;/ Kay;

kyu; ? Ky;iy
gz; ? Ky;iyg; gz;
czt[g; bghUs; ? tuF/ rhik
ht
bjhHpy; ? VWjGt[jy; 61
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cupg;bghUs;:
,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk; MFk;.
Jiw:
jhd; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ng tpid Koj;J te;jik Fwpj;Jj; jiytd; jiytpaplk;
L al
TwpajhFk;.
jpiz/ Jiw tpsf;fk;:
jpiz : kf;fspd; xGf;fk;.
A d
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
D ika
fhah bfhd;iw/ bea;jy; Ky;iy ? ck;ikj; bjhiffs;
2 myu;e;J/ tpiue;J ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
bfhz;ld;why; (My;) ? mirepiy
,ay;
fz;zp ? mz;ik tpspr;brhy;

MLfk; ? jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W
Alv
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
MLfk; = ML + f; + mk; tpiue;J = tpiu + j;(e;) + j; + c
ML
f;
gFjp
re;jp
a myu;
j;(e;)
gFjp
re;jp/ j;/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
.Kk
mk; jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp

wI
LV
1. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs; fhl;Lk; g{f;fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfisj; jpul;o/ jfty; gyifapy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
w
g{f;fs;
kzpr;rpif
A
//w
fue;ij brk;kzpg;g{ vd;fpwhu; er;rpdhu;.

xU tif @ypifr; bro. g[ju;nghy; fhzg;gLk;.
ehWfue;ij. 3 Kjy; 5 kP tiu tsUk;.
s:K
jpUePw;Wg;gr;ir vd;gu;. Mz;L KGtJk; g{f;Fk;.

flw;fiufspy; tsUk;.
Ttpsk; g{
Ttpuk;
tpy;tkuk; vd;gu;.
tp
,J kiy kuk;.

,kakiyapd; mothuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
ghiy epyj;J jhtuk;.
15 Kjy; 25 mo tiu tsUk;.
fha; ths; nghd;W jl;ilahf
@tpiy/ Ie;jpiy bfhz;lJ.
ePz;L ,Uf;Fk;.
ht
ePs;tl;lk; totk; bfhz;lJ.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
thif
kutif.
twz;l epyj;jpy; tsUk;.
L al
bkd;ikahd/ btz;ikahd g{f;fs;.
18 Kjy; 30 kP tiu tsUk;.
A d
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
D ika
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ,y;ywj;jpy; rpwf;f ntz;oait _______.
m) md;g[k; mwDk; M) gifa[k; el;g[k;
,) tpUg;g[k; btWg;g[k; <) mGifa[k; eifg;g[k; tpil: m) md;g[k; mwDk;
Alv
2. `MLfk; tpiue;nj~ vd;W Koa[k; ghlypy; jiytdpd; tuitj; jiytpf;F mwptpg;git
m) MLfs; M) gwitfs;
,) kyu;fs; <) Fjpiufs; tpil: ,) kyu;fs;
m) 4 ? 8 M) 9 ? 12
a
3. I=;FWE}w;wpd; mo tiuaiw ________.
.Kk
,) 3 ? 6 <) 13 ? 21 tpil: ,) 3 ? 6
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. mk;@tdhu;
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. Xuk;nghfpahu;
wI
iii) kUjk; ? 3. ngadhu;

LV
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. fgpyu;

w
m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
5. Xjyhe;ijahu; ghoa jpiz ________
A
//w
m) Fwp+;rp M) kUjk;
khkiH nghw;WJk;
,) bea;jy; <) ghiy tpil: <) ghiy
s:K
6. I=;FWE}w;wpd; flt[s; thH;j;J ghliyg; ghoatu; ________.

m) bgUe;njtdhu; M) tue;jUthu;
,) tujuhrdhu; <) TlY}u;f;fpHhu; tpil: m) bgUe;njtdhu;
i) My; ? 1. jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W
ii) fz;zp ? 2. mz;ik tpspr;brhy;
tp
iii) MLfk; ? 3. mirepiy

m) 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 1/ 2
,) 2/ 3/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 2/ 1
ht
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.in
8. `myu;e;J~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; ________.
m) myu; + j;(e;) + j; + c M) myu;e;J + c
,) myu; + j; + e; + j; + c <) myu; + j;(e;) + J tpil: m) myu;+j;(e;)+j;+c
9. `myu;e;J~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; tpFjp ________.
L al
m) myu; M) j;
,) c <) m tpil: ,) c
10. I=;FWE}W vd;Dk; E}iyj; bjhFj;jtUk; bjhFg;gpj;jtUk; ________.
A d
m) kh=;Fo kUjdhu; ? fizf;fhy; ,Uk;bghiw
M) fgpyu; ? ghup
D ika
,) TlY}u;f;fpHhu; ? khe;ju+; nruypUk;bghiw
2 <) xsitahu; ? mjpakhd;
,ay;
tpil: ,) TlY}u;f;fpHhu; ? khe;ju+; nruypUk;bghiw

11. ________ r=;ffhy g[ytu;fspy; xUtu;.
m) nrf;fpHhu; M) fzpnkjhtpahu;
Alv
,) ngadhu; <) g{j+;nre;jdhu; tpil: ,) ngadhu;
12. ngadhu; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,aw;wpa[s;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
m) 100 M) 105
,) 200
a
<) 110 tpil: M) 105
13. gUt=; Fwpj;J gpupe;j jiykfd; jhd; jpUk;gptUk; gUtkhff; Fwpj;Jr; brd;w gUtk;
.Kk
m) ,sntdpy; fhyk; M) KJntdpy; fhyk;
,) fhu;fhyk; <) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; tpil: ,) fhu;fhyk;
14. `nguku;f; fz;zp MLfk; tpiue;nj~ vd;gJ ahUila Tw;W>
wI
m) jiytd; Tw;W M) jiytp Tw;W

LV
,) ew;wha; Tw;W <) njhHp Tw;W tpil: m) jiytd; Tw;W

w
FWtpdh
1. Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fupa rpWbghGJ/ bgUk;bghGJ ahit>
A
Ky;iyj; jpizf;Fupa rpWbghGJ ? khiy.

//w
bgUk;bghGJ ? fhu;fhyk;.
2. kiHf;fhy kyu;fs; ahit>
s:K
fhah jstk;
Ky;iy bea;jy;
bfhd;iw gpltk;
Mfpad kiHf;fhy kyu;fshFk;.
3. `g{tzp bfhz;ld;why; g[wnt~ ? tpsf;Ff.
tp
fhu;fhyj;jpy; fhah/ bfhd;iw Mfpa ku=;fspYk;/

bea;jy;/ Ky;iy Mfpa bfhofspYk;/
jstk;/ gpltk; Mfpa brofspYk;
ht
g{f;fs; kyu;e;J/ Ky;iy epyk; g{tzpe;jhw;nghy; mHFld; jpfH;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. nguku;f; fz;zp ? vd;W ahu; ahiu tpspj;jdu;>
xd;iw xd;W vjpu;j;Jg; nghupLtJ nghd;W gpwGk; mHfpa bgupa fz;fis cilatns
vd;W Ky;iy epyj; jiytd;/ jd; jiytpia tpspj;jhd;.
L al
beLtpdh
1. I=;FWE}w;Wg; ghlypy; tUk; Ky;iy epy ,aw;if mHif tptupf;f.
fhu; fhyj; bjhlf;fj;jpny Ky;iy epyj;jpYs;s kuk;/ bro/ bfho Mfpa aht[k; ed;F
A d
jiHj;J kyu;e;Js;sd.
bfhd;iw ku=;fspy; bghd;dpw kyu;fs; kyu;e;Js;sd.
D ika
fhahtpy; ePyepw kyu;fs; kyu;e;Js;sd.
mjdhy; Ky;iy epyk; bghd;dhYk; kzpahYk; mzpfyd;fis mzpe;J jpfH;fpd;w
,sk; bgz;izg; nghd;W bghypt[ bgw;Ws;sJ.
kfpH;r;rp bfhz;l tz;Lfs;/ Ky;iy epyj;jpy; fhu;g; gUtk; bjhl=;fpajhy;/ kyu;e;j
kyu;fspy; cs;s njid cz;L/ mk;kyu;fspy; epiwe;jpUe;j kfue;jg; bghofs;
Alv
gotjhy; bghd;epwk; bgw;Wj; jpfH;fpd;wd.
nkYk; ,k;Ky;iy epyj;jpny mBwpiz capupd=;fshfpa khDk;/ KaYk; clyhy;
kl;Lky;yhky;/ cs;sj;jhYk; xd;Wgl;l md;g[ bfhz;L To kfpH;fpd;wd.
a
,t;thW fhu;fhyKk; Ky;iy epyKk;/ fhjyhfpa ,d;gj;ij kpFtpg;gjw;F cupa
fhyKk; ,lDkha; cs;sd.
.Kk
``g{tzp bfhz;ld;why; g[wnt
ngukh;f; fz;zp MLfk; tpiue;nj~~
? ngadhh;.
wI
LV
***
w
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
s:K
tp
ht
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Jizg;ghlk;
ahid lhf;lu;
,ay; 2 ? b$ankhfd;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
2 1. ahid lhf;lu; fij thapyhf ,aw;if/ capupdg; ghJfhg;g[ Mfpait Fwpj;J ePtpu;
mwpe;jtw;iwj; bjhFj;J vGJf.
,ay;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
Alv
,aw;if rPuHpt[ ghJfhg;g[
fhLfspd; murd;
capupdg; ghJfhg;g[
Kot[iu
a
Kd;Diu :
.Kk
kdpjd; jd; nguhirf; fhuzkhf ,aw;if ts=;fis mHpj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;.
cyfpy; capupd=;fs; cUthdnghnj mit thH;tjw;fhd ,aw;if ts=;fis ,iwtd;
gilj;jhd;. mt;thW gilf;fg;gl;l ,aw;if ts=;fs;/ capupdg; ghJfhg;g[ gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
wI
,aw;if rPuHpt[ ghJfhg;g[:

LV
,d;iwa kdpjdpd; thH;f;if Kiw epw;ff;Tl neukpy;yhky; ,ae;jpukakhfp

tpl;ljhy; tdtpy=;Ffs;/ fhLfs;/ mjpy; thGk; tpy=;Ffs; Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhf;fj;
w
jtwpajhy;/ Rw;Wr;NHy; ghjpg;g[ Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mHptpypUe;J ghJfhf;f kj;jpa khepy

muRfs; jdpr;rl;l=;fis cUthf;fp fhg;gf=;fs; mikj;Jg; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jkpHfj;jpy; 15 tdtpy=;F ruzhya=;fs;/ 5 njrpa g{=;fhf;fs;/ 14 gwit
A
//w
ruzhya=;fs; thapyhf ,aw;if/ capupdg; ghJfhg;g[g; gzpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd.
s:K
ruzhya=;fs; Vw;gLj;JtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; mHpe;J tUk; capupd=;fis

ghJfhj;J mtw;wpd; mtrpaj;ij Vw;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
fhLfspd; murd;:
fhLfspd; murd; vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; ahidfSf;F ,d;W gy nrhjidfs; te;Jf;
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tpy=;Ffspy;
tp
gR/ Fjpiuf;F mLj;jg;goahf ahid kpft[k; nghw;wpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.

gH=;fhyj;jpy; Mrpahtpy; gytif ahidfs; fhzg;gl;ld. Mdhy; ,d;W Mg;gpupf;f
ahid kw;Wk; ,e;jpa ahidfs; kl;Lnk cs;sd.
xU fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; fhLfspd; murd; vd;W bgUikahff; Twg;gl;l ahidfs;/
ht
,d;iwa epiyapy; kdpj ,dj;jhy; fhLfs; mHpf;fg;gl;L/ Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;ljhy;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
czt[f;fhft[k;/ ePu; njitf;fhft[k; fhl;il tpl;L btspnaWfpd;wd. ,jdhy;
thfd=;fspy; mogl;Lk;/ Rlg;gl;Lk; ,wf;fpd;wd.
capupdg; ghJfhg;g[:
,aw;if capupd=;fis ek;khy; ,ad;w tiu ghJfhg;nghk;. fhLfis mHpj;J
L al
ehlhf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij iftpLnthk;. ahid lhf;lu;. nf/ vd;W midtuhYk;
miHf;fg;gLk; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jpapd; Mnyhridg;go/ td capupd=;fSf;F kUj;Jt
cjtp mspg;nghk;.
A d
Rw;Wyhr; bry;gtu;fs; fhl;Lg;gFjpf;Fr; brd;W Foj;Jtpl;L kJFg;gpfisnah/
fz;zhog; bghUl;fisnah tPrpbawptJ Kw;wpYk; jtpu;f;fg;gl ntz;Lk;. Koe;jtiu
D ika
fhl;ow;Fr; Rw;Wyh bry;tijj; jtpu;j;J tdtpy=;Ffisg; ghJfhg;nghk;.
Kot[iu:
Mlk;guj;jpw;fhft[k;/ bghUs; <l;Ltjw;fhft[k; je;jk;/ f!;J}up/ njhy;/ ,iwr;rp/
muf;F nghd;w ,aw;if jUk; bghUl;fisa[k;/ tdtpy=;Ffis mHpj;J fpilf;Fk;
bghUl;fisa[k; jtpu;j;J ehk; eyKld; thHt[k; ek;ikr; rhu;e;j ,aw;if/ ,aw;if
capupd=;fs; eyKld; thHt[k; tHptif bra;nthk;.
Alv
1. fhl;LtsKk; fhl;Lapu;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLjy; ? capu;r;r=;fpyp mikjy; ,uz;L
a
fUj;JfSf;Fk; tYr;nru;f;Fk; tifapy; fUj;jhly; epfH;j;Jf.
md;ghh;e;j khzth;fns- ,aw;ifiag; ghJfhg;gjpy; Kjd;ikahdJ. fhl;L
.Kk
tsj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; MFk;. fhl;L tsnk midj;J caph;fSf;Fk; g[fyplk; MdJ.
Mjp fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; fhl;Laph;fnshL Xh; capuhf fhLfspy; jhd; thH;e;J te;jhd;.
jd;ida[k; ghJfhj;J jdf;F Mjhukha; tps=;fpa fhl;L tsj;ija[k; ghJfhj;J/
midj;J caph;fisa[k; nerpj;jhd;. fhl;L tsnk gy;Yaph;g; bgUf;fj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkha;j;
wI
jpfH;fpwJ.
LV
fhl;od; caph;fshfpa g[y;/ g{z;L Kjy; tpy=;F/ gwitfs; midj;Jk; tsKld;

,Ue;jhy; jhd; caph;r;r=;fpyp caph;g;g[ld; ,Uf;Fk;. caph;r;r=;fpyp vd;gJ vd;d bjhpa[kh>
w
khzth;fns/ caphpay; RHw;rp vd;W xd;W nfs;tpg;gl;oUg;gPh;fs;. g[y; g{z;L jhtu

tiffis cz;L thGk; tz;odk;/ g{r;rpfs;/ tpy=;Ffs;/ gwitfs; xd;Wf;bfhd;W
czt[ KiwfspYk; thH;tpay; TWfspYk; rhh;e;jpUg;gJ caph;r;r=;fpyp MFk;.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
caph;r;r=;fpyp caph;g;g[ld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; r@f thH;t[ rpwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W
bghUs;. caph;r;r=;fpyp caph;g;g[ld; jpfH fly;thH; caphpdk;/ kiythH; caphpdk;/ fhl;oy;
s:K
thGk; caphpdk; vd ,it midj;Jk; xU epiyapy; ,Ue;J ,d;bdhU epiyapy; rhh;e;nj

mike;Js;sJ. ,t;thW caph;r;r=;fpyp @yk; ,aw;ifna xt;bthU caphpdj;ija[k;
xd;Wf;bfhd;W gpd;dpg; gpizj;Js;sJ.
,aw;ifia mHpg;gjhYk; thH;tpay; Kiwfs; khWtjhYk; “Web of life” vdg;gLk;
,e;j caph;g;gpizg;g[/ caph;r;r=;fpyp gpizg;g[ rw;W jsh;e;Js;sJ vd;W Rw;Wg;g[w
Ma;thsh;fSk; Rw;Wg;g[wtpay; Mh;tyh;fSk; TWfpd;wdh;.
tp
†g{kpiaa[k;. g{kpapd; caph;fisa[k;

fhj;J gy;Yaph;fSk; rkepiyapy;
thH fhl;Ltsk; fhg;nghk;
caph;r;r=;fpypa[k; gpizg;g[ilajha;.
ht
caph;g;g[ilajha; khwl;Lk;‡
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.in
2. eP=;fs; mz;ikapy; goj;j rpWfij xd;iw tFg;giwapy; TWf.
rpWfij
Xu; Cupy; ViHf;Foahdtdpd; kfd; ,e;j Mz;L gjpbdhd;whk; tFg;g[ nghfpwhd;.
fhyj;jpd; nfhyj;jhy; cyfnk bfhuhdhtpd; gpoapy; mfg;gl;lJ. gs;spfs; @lg;gl;ld.
L al
midj;J tFg;g[fSk; ,iza tFg;g[fshf khwpd. ,td; ed;F gof;Fk; khztd;.
rpyfhykhf tiyj;js tFg;gpy; g=;Fg; bgw Koatpy;iy. fhuzk; jd; je;ijapd;
miyngrp gGjile;J tpl;lJ. ,ij vz;zp tUj;jk; mile;jhd;.
A d
xUehs; ViHf;Foahdtdpd; kfDf;F miyngrp xd;W fPnHapUe;J fpilj;jJ.
mJ kpft[k; tpiy cau;e;jJ. mij vLj;jhd;. mf;fk; gf;fk; ahUk; ,y;iy. ,e;j
epiyapy; miyngrpapd; cupikahsuplk; ,Ue;J miHg;g[ te;jJ. miHg;ig Vw;Wg;
D ika
2 ngrpdhd;. jhd; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; Twp xg;gilj;jhd;. miyngrpapd; cupikahsu;
mtd; neu;ikiag; ghuhl;o q. 500 bfhLj;jhu;. mtd; th=;f kWj;jhd; vd;whYk;/ mtu;
bfhLj;J tpl;Lr; brd;whu;.
,ay;
tHf;fk;nghy; ehl;fs; fle;jd. ,td; itj;jpUe;j q. 500 I vLj;Jf;bfhz;L

jd;Dila miyngrpiar; rupbra;a filf;Fg; nghdhd;.
Alv
filapy; ,Ue;j ntiyahsplk; TwpanghJ ,J mjpf brythFk; vd;W
mDg;gptpl;lhu;. mg;nghJ filia tpl;L btspna tUk;nghJ filapd; cupikahsu;
cs;ns tUfpwhu;. ,td; gupjhgj;njhL btspnaWfpwhd;. mtUf;F re;njfk;. ,tid
v=;nfh ghu;j;j khjpup ,Uf;fpwnj vd;W miHj;J tprhupf;Fk;nghJ/ ele;j fijiaf;
a
TWfpwhd;. clnd mtu;/ mtDila miyngrpiar; rupbra;J/ mtd; thH;tpy;
tpsf;nfw;wpaJ kl;Lky;yhky;/ jd;Dila kdpjneaj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. ahid lhf;lu; vd;Dk; FWk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.

LV
m) b$ankhfd; M) gpug+;rd;
w
,) lhf;lu; nf. <) ntQnkdd; tpil: m) b$ankhfd;

2. tp&;Qg[uk;/ bfhw;wit vd;Dk; g[jpd=;fspd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) gpug+;rd; M) ,e;jpud;
A
//w
,) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp <) b$ankhfd; tpil: <) b$ankhfd;

3. Cikr; bre;eha;/ kj;jfk; vd;Dk; fijfs; ________ ghj;jpukhff; bfhz;lit.
s:K
m) ahidia M) Fjpiuia
,) g{idia <) rp=;fj;ij tpil: m) ahidia
4. àhid lhf;lu;~ vd;Dk; FWk; g[jpdk; ________ vd;Dk; rpWfijj; bjhFg;gpy;
,lk;bgw;W cs;sJ.
m) md;g[ M) muk;
tp
,) mwk; <) mHF tpil: ,) mwk;

5. fhH;tiu epy;yhf; fL=;fspw;W xUj;jy;
ahH;tiuj; j=;fp ah=;F ? vd;Dk; mofs; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s E}y; ________.
m) jpUf;Fws; M) fypj;bjhif
ht
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W tpil: M) jpUf;Fws;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. ahid lhf;lu; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.
m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) lhf;lu; fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
,) b$ankhfd; <) ntQnkdd; tpil: m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
7. jkpHfj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd fhl;oay; ty;Yeu;fspy; xUtu; ________.
L al
m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) lhf;lu; fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
,) b$ankhfd; <) b$afhe;jd; tpil: m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
8. `fhl;od; @ytu;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.
A d
m) rp=;fk; M) g[yp
,) ahid <) ghk;g[ tpil: ,) ahid
D ika
9. ahidfspd; cly;epiyiag; ngQtjw;fhf tpjpKiwfs; cUthf;fpatu; ________.
m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
,) b$ankhfd; <) b$afhe;jd; tpil: m) lhf;lu; tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp
10. ahidfspy; ________ rpw;wpd=;fs; ,d;W cyfpy; v+;rpa[s;sd.
m) 2 M) 3
Alv
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: M) 3
11. kdpju;fs; jtpu;j;j kw;iwa tpy=;Ffspy; mjpf ehl;fs; thGk; jiuthH; tpy=;F
m) rp=;fk; M) g[yp
,) eha; a
<) ahid tpil: <) ahid
12. bghJthf vy;yh ahidfSk; Vwj;jhH ________ Mz;Lfs; tiu capu; thH;fpd;wd.
.Kk
m) 60 M) 65
,) 70 <) 75 tpil: ,) 70
13. jkpHff; nfhtpy; ahidfSf;F tdg;g[j;Jzu;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jp murpd; @
yk; bray;gLj;jpatu; ________.
wI
m) tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp M) fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp

LV
,) b$ankhfd; <) ntQnkdd; tpil: m) tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp

w
14. tp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp `ntQnkdd; VyP!;~ tpUjpidg; bgw;w Mz;L ________.

m) 2000 M) 2001
,) 2002 <) 2003 tpil: m) 2000
A
//w
15. Fl;oahid ________ kuj;joapy; epd;wJ.
khkiH nghw;WJk;
m) k+;rzj;jp M) njf;F
,) nt=;if <) fUntykuk; tpil: m) k+;rzj;jp
s:K
16. ahid lhf;lu; fijapy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj ftp+u; ________.

m) b&y;yp M) ghujp
,) fk;gd; <) guzu; tpil: <) guzu;
17. kdpjdpd; fPH;ikfs; ehs;njhWk; tsu;tjd; rhl;rpahf epfH;tJ ________.
m) ahidfspd; kuz=;fs; M) epyeLf;fk;
tp
,) ghtk; <) fly; rPw;wk; tpil: m) ahidfspd; kuz=;fs;

18. ahidiaf; Fwpf;fhj brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) ntHk; M) fak;
,) my;ypad; <) fwp tpil: <) fwp
ht
*** 69
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.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 2 g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs;
L al
A d
1. g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs; Vd;> ,jpypUe;J eP=;fs; bgWk; gad;fisj; jpul;Lf.
g[zu;r;rp tpjpfs;:
D ika
g[zh;r;rp vd;gjw;F ,izjy;/ TLjy;/ nrh;jy;/ g[zh;jy; vd;W bghUs; bfhs;th;.
2 brhw;g[zh;r;rpapd;nghJ epiybkhHp ,WjpapYk; tUbkhHp KjypYk; Vw;gLk;
khw;w=;fisr; RU=;fr; brhy;Yk; tiuaiwfns g[zh;r;rp tpjpfs;.
,ay;
gad;fs;:
bkhHpiag; gpiHapd;wpf; ifahst[k; ghlyofisg; bghUs; czh;t[f;F Vw;w
tifapy; gphpj;jwpat[k; bkhHp MSikiag; g[hpe;Jbfhs;st[k; g[zh;rr
; p tpjpfs;
Alv
gadhfpd;wd.
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk; : 50
v.fh: tz;L + mHF tz;lHF

a
1. Fw;wpaYfug; g[zu;r;rpia vL;j;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
.Kk
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl; nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~ fuk;
bfl;L/ (l; + c) `tz;l; + mHF~ vd MdJ.
gpd; `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ (l; + m – l) tz;l; +
mHF `tz;lHF~ vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
wI
LV
2. fUtpHp/ ghrpiy/ rpwpad;/ bgU=;fy; Mfpa brhw;fisg; gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
w
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fUtpHp `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ fUtpHp vd;whdJ.
fUik + tpHp tpFjp bfl;L
A
//w
2. ghrpiy `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ gR + ,iy

gRik + ,iy tpFjp bfl;L
s:K
`Mjp ePly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `g~ fuk; ghR + ,iy

`gh~ vd ePz;L
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl; ghr; + ,iy
nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp
aPw;W `c~ fuk; bfl;L/ (r; + c – R)
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ghrpiy vd;whdJ.
tp
,ay;ng~ (r; + , = rp)

ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. rpwpad; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ rpW + md;
rpWik + md; tpFjp bfl;L
`,ila[fuk; ,a;ahjy;~ vDk; rpwp + md;
tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk;
L al
(W – w; + c) `,~fukhfp (w; + , – wp)
`,<I tHpat;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ rpwpa; + md;
à~fu clk;bgLbka; njhd;wp/
A d
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ rpwpad; vd;whdJ.
,ay;ng~ (a; + m = a)
D ika
4. bgU=;fy; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go ìk~ bgU + fy;
bgUik + fy; tpFjp bfl;L
`,dkpfy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ bgU=;fy;
tUbkhHp Kjy; `f~ fuj;jpw;F vd;whdJ.
,dkhd/ `=~fuk; kpFe;J/
3. g[zu;r;rp tpjp je;J tpsf;Ff.
Alv
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. g[ydwpt[ `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ g[ydwpt[
2.
g[yd; + mwpt[ a
,ay;ng~ (d; + m = d)
tpy;byhoe;jJ `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd;
vd;whdJ.
tpy;y; + xoe;jJ
.Kk
tpy; + xoe;jJ ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go `y;~
,ul;oj;J
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tpy;byhoe;jJ
,ay;ng~ (y; + x = byh) vd;whdJ.
wI
3. tHpapy;iy `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ tHp + a; + ,y;iy

LV
tHp + ,y;iy à~fu clk;gLbka; njhd;wp/

`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tHpapy;iy
w
,ay;ng~ (a; + , = ap) vd;whdJ.

4. jpiug;glk; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w jpiug;glk;
jpiu + glk; capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; vd;whdJ.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
tpjpg;go/ `g;~ kpFe;J
5. +hapw;Wr; `capu;j; bjhlu;f; Fw;wpYfu=;fSs; lw +hapw;W + bryt[~
s:K
bryt[ xw;W ,ul;Lk;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go

+hapW + (w; + c) ,ul;oj;J +hapw;Wr;bryt[
bryt[ `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w vd;whdJ.
capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk;
tpjpg;go/`r;~ kpFe;J
4. tpjp ntWghlwpe;J tpsf;Ff.

tp
jd;bdhw;wpul;ly; – jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;.

,dkpfy; – td;ikf;F ,dkhfj; jpupgt[k; MFk;.
jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;:
ht
,J gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rp tpjpfSs; xd;W.

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.in
v.fh: rpw;wpy; = rpWik + ,y;
`Kw;Wk; xw;W xnuhtHp~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W cfuk; (W – w; + c) bfl;L
`rpw; + ,y;~ vd;whdJ.
gpd;/ `jd; xw;W ,ul;ly;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W xw;W ,ul;oj;J/ (w;w;)
L al
`rpw;w; + ,y;~ vd;whdJ.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W cau;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
,J bka;aPw;Wg; g[zupay; tpjpfSs; xd;W.
A d
v.fh: fz;zpik = fz; + ,ik
tUbkhHp Kjypy; capu; te;jjhy;/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `z;~ ,ul;oj;J/ (z;z;) `fz;z; +
D ika
,ik~ vd;whdJ.
2 5. bghUj;Jf.
m) mo mfuk; I Mjy; – i) br=;fjpu;
,ay;
M) Kd; epd;w bka; jpupjy; – ii) bgU=;bfhil

,) MjpePly; – iii) ig=;TH;
<) ,dkpfy; – iv) fhupUs; tpil: m. iii M. i ,. iv <. ii
Alv
6. Tw;Wfisg; goj;Jf; fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; rupahdijj; nju;f.
m) epiybkhHpapy; Fw;wpaYfukhft[k; tUbkhHpapd; Kjy; capbuGj;jhft[k;
mika[k;nghJ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;~ vd;Dk; tpjpiag; bgWk;.
a
M) epiybkhHpapd; <w;wpy; ,<I tUk;nghJ tfu clk;gLbka; bgWk;.
,) gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rpapy; `<Wnghjy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpna Kjd;ikahdjhf tps=;Fk;.
.Kk
<) jd;bdhw;wpul;ly; vd;Dk; tpjp gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rpf;Fg; bghUe;Jk;.
i) m/ M/ , rup/ < jtW ii) m/ ,/ < rup/ M jtW
tpil: ii) m/ ,/ < rup/ M jtW
wI
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
LV
gyt[s; bjupf
w
1. gjpbdl;L bka;fSs; clk;gLbka;fshf tUgit ________.

m) g;/ k; M) a;/ t;
A
//w
,) f;/ r; <) w;/ d; tpil: M) a;/ t;

2. , < I tHp tUk; clk;gLbka; ________.
s:K
m) a; M) t;
,) g; <) k; tpil: m) a;
3. `khrw;whu;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;
ii) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
iii) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
tp
m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) Kjy; kl;Lk; rup

,) @d;Wk; rup <) ,uz;L kl;Lk; rup tpil: m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
4. ________ vd;Dk; ,U bka;fnshL Cu;e;JtUk; beoy;bjhlu;/ capu;j;bjhlu;f;
ht
Fw;wpaYfu=;fs; tUbkhHpnahL nrUk;nghJ xw;W ,ul;oj;Jg; g[zUk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) g;/ t; M) f;/ r;
,) l;/ w; <) z;/ d; tpil: ,) l;/ w;
5. epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s ________ Fw;wpaYfuj;ijg; nghynt jhd; Vwpa
bka;ia epWj;jp cfuk; kiwa[k;.
L al
m) Fw;wpaYfuk; M) Kw;wpaYfuk;
,) Ifhuf;FWf;fk; <) Ma;jf;FWf;fk; tpil: M) Kw;wpaYfuk;
6. ________ vd;gJ g[zu;e;jgpd; epw;Fk; brhy;ypd; totk;.
A d
m) ,ay;gPW M) tpjpaPW
,) bka;aPW <) capuPW tpil: M) tpjpaPW
D ika
7. `Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuh tHp~ vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy; _______.
m) tutwpe;jhd; M) khrw;whu;
,) nrhw;Wg;ghid <) gs;spj;njhHd; tpil: m) tutwpe;jhd;
8. `jpiug;glk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.
m) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
Alv
M) jdpf;Fwpd; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
,) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
<) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
a
tpil: m) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
9. `g{=;bfho~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.
.Kk
m) g{g;bgau; Kd; ,d td;ika[k; njhd;Wk;
M) g{g;bgau; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk;
,) kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;
<) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
wI
LV
tpil: M) g{g;bgau; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[k; njhd;Wk;

w
10. `thbahyp~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.

m) Kw;Wk; mw;nwh xnuh tHp
M) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
,) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
<) mo mfuk; I Mjy; tpil: M) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
11. `fy;yju;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjp ________.
s:K
i) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng

ii) jd;bdhw;W ,ul;ly;
iii) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
iv) y/ s ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; w/ lt[k; MFk;
m) iii, i ? rup M) i ? rup
,) ii, iv ? rup <) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup tpil: m) iii, i ? rup
tp
12. epiybkhHpr; brhy;;ypd; ,Wjp vGj;jhf kfubka; tUk;nghJ/ mr;brhy; ________

epiyfspy; g[zUk;.
m) 2 M) 3
ht
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: M) 3
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13. kfu <w;Wg; g[zu;r;rp vd;gJ ________.
i) kfubka; bfl;Lg; g[zUk;
ii) kfubka; bfl;L ,d bky;byGj;Jj; njhd;wpg; g[zUk;
iii) kfubka; bfl;L ty;ypdk; kpf;Fg; g[zUk;
L al
,) Kjy; ,uz;L rup <) filrp ,uz;L rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
14. `@J}u;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
A d
i) <Wnghjy;
ii) MjpePly;
D ika
iii) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;
2 iv) cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) i. ii. iii ? rup
,ay;
,) i, ii ? rup <) i, iv ? rup tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup

15. `<Wnghjy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy; ________.
Alv
m) gHj;njhy; M) bgUtHp
,) g{+;nrhiy <) Mw;WePu; tpil: M) bgUtHp
16. `bgupad;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) <Wnghjy;
ii) ,il cfuk; ,a;ahjy;
a
.Kk
iii) clk;gLbka; à;~ ,ilapy; njhd;Wk;
iv) cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) i. ii. iii ? rup
,) i, iii, iv ? rup <) i, ii ? rup tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup
wI
17. ìge;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.

LV
i) <Wnghjy; ii) mo mfuk; Ì~ Mjy;

iii) ,idat[k; iv) ,dkpfy;
w
m) i. ii. iii ? rup M) i, ii, iv ? rup

,) ehd;Fk; rup <) i, ii ? rup tpil: ,) ehd;Fk; rup
A
18. ìk tpFjp bfl;L epiybkhHpr; brhy; xw;W ,ul;of;Fk;~ vd;gjw;fhd rhd;W ________.
//w
m) bel;oiy M) Mw;WePu;
,) gRe;jspu; <) gHj;njhy; tpil: m) bel;oiy
s:K
19. `bre;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.

i) <Wnghjy; ii) ,dkpfy;
iii) ,idat[k; iv) Kd; epd;w bka;jpupjy;
m) i, iv ? rup M) ii, iii ? rup
,) i, ii ? rup <) i, iii ? rup tpil: m) i, iv ? rup
tp
20. `fU=;fly;~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.

i) <Wnghjy; ii) ,dkpfy;
iii) ,idat[k; iv) Kd; epd;w bka;jpupjy;
m) i, ii ? rup M) i, iii ? rup
ht
,) i, iv ? rup <) i, ii, iii ? rup tpil: m) i, ii rup

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
21. gz;g[g;bgau; g[zu;r;rp tpjpfspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
m) jd;bdhw;W ,ul;ly;
M) MjpePly;
,) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
L al
<) mo mfuk; I Mjy; tpil: ,) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;
22. bgU=;fyk; vd;Dk; brhy;ypw;Fupa g[zu;r;rp tpjpfisj; nju;t[ bra;f.
m) <Wnghjy;/ jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;
A d
M) <Wnghjy;/ ,dkpfy;
,) <Wnghjy;/ MjpePly;
tpil: M) <Wnghjy;/ ,dkpfy;
D ika
<) <Wnghjy;/ ,idat[k;
FWtpdh
1. clk;gLbka; vGj;Jfs; ahit>
a;/ t; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; clk;gLbka;fshFk;.
Alv
2. clk;gLbka;g; g[zu;r;rp vd;why; vd;d>
epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;Jk;/ tUk;bkhHpapd; Kjy; vGj;Jk;/ capu;buGj;Jfspy;
,Ue;jhy;/ cr;rupg;gpd;nghJ xyp cld;ghL ,y;yhky; ,ilbtsp Vw;gLk;.
cld;glhj ,uz;ila[k; nru;j;Jg; g[zu;f;f tUk; bka; clk;gLbka;g; g[zu;r;rp
a
MFk;.
v.fh: g{tHF ? g{ + t; + mHF
.Kk
3. Kw;wpaYfug;g[zu;r;rp tpsf;Ff.
epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s Kw;wpaYfuk;/ Fw;wpaYfuk; nghynt jhk; Vwpa
bka;ia epWj;jp/ cfuk; kiwa[k;.
gpwF/ epiybkhHp ,Wjp vGj;J tUk;bkhHpapy; Kjy; vGj;njhL g[zUk;.
wI
v.fh: tutwpe;jhd; ? tut[ + mwpe;jhd;

LV
4. ,ay;gPW/ tpjpaPW?g[zh;r;rpf;F tpjpiaf; Twp rhd;W jUf.

w
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; f/ r/ j/ g kpFk;.

v.fh: gs;spj;njhHd; ? gs;sp + njhHd;
5. g{g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rp ? tpsf;Ff.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
g{ vd;Dk; brhy; epiybkhHpahf ,Ue;jhy;;/ tUk;bkhHpapd; Kjy; vGj;J
bka;baGj;jhf tUk;nghJ/ ty;ypd bka; kpFe;J g[zUk;.
s:K
mtw;wpw;F ,dkhd bka; kpFjy; cz;L.

v.fh: g{f;bfho/ g{=;bfho (g{g;bgau; Kd; ,dbkd;ika[e; njhd;Wk;)
6. bka;aPw;Wg; g[zu;r;rp ? tpsf;Ff.
epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;J bka;ahf ,Ue;jhy;/ tUbkhHpapd; Kjyhf tUk;
capnuhL/ bka;nahL g[zu;tJ bka;aPw;Wg; g[zu;r;rp.
v.fh: thbahyp ? tha; + xyp (cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng)
tp
7. jdpf;Fwpy; xw;W g[zu;r;rp ? tpsf;Ff.

epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;J jdpf;Fwpy; rhu;e;j bka;ahf ,Ue;jhy; tUk;bkhHpapd;
Kjy; vGj;J capuhf ,Ug;gpd; epiybkhHpapd; ,Wjp vGj;J xw;W ,ul;of;Fk;.
ht
v.fh: fy; mju; ? fy;y; + mju; (y; + m ? y/ jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;)
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8. bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ> tiffs; ahit>
brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; bka;baGj;Jfs; mLj;jLj;J tUtJ cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
vd;gu;.
tiffs;: cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;/ ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;.
L al
9. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d>
brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; xnu bka;baGj;J mLj;jLj;J tUtJ cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
vd;gu;.
A d
v.fh: mr;rk; ? m + r; + r; + m + k;/ vr;rk; ? v + r; + r; + m + k;
***
D ika
2 bka;k;kaf;fk;
(bjupe;J bfhs;nthk;)
,ay;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; bka;baGj;Jfs; mLj;jLj;J tUtJ ________.

m) capu;kaf;fk;
,) g[zu;r;rp
a
M) bka;k;kaf;fk;
<) clk;gLbka; tpil: M) bka;k;kaf;fk;
.Kk
2. bka;k;kaf;fk; ________ tifg;gLk;.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: m) 2
wI
3. bka;k;kaf;fj;jpd; tiffs; ________.

LV
i) cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk; ii) jdpepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;

iii) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk; iv) khw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
w

,) ii, iv ? rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: M) i, iii ? rup
4. brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; xnu bka;baGj;J mLj;jLj;J tUtJ ________.
A
//w
m) cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk; M) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;

,) <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; <) ,it vJt[kpy;iy
s:K
tpil: m) cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;

5. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fj;jpw;F kl;Lnk cupa vGj;Jfs; ________.
i) u; ii) H; iii) f; iv) r;
m) i, ii ? rup M) ehd;Fk; rup
,) i, ii, iii, iv ? rup <) i, iii, iv ? rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
tp
6. jk; vGj;JfSld; kl;Lnk nrUk; cldpiy bka;k;kaf;f vGj;Jfs; _________.

i) f; ii) r; iii) j; iv) g;
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
ht
,) Kjy; ,uzLk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup

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.in
7. brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; btt;ntW bka;baGj;Jfs; bjhlu;e;J tUtJ ________.
m) cldpiiy bka;k;kaf;fk; M) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
,) <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
tpil: M) ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
L al
8. jdpr;brhw;fspnyh Tl;Lr;brhw;fspnyh brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; a;/ u;/ H; Mfpa bka;fs;
________ tUk;.
m) @bthw;wha; M) ehd;bfhw;wha;
A d
,) Xbuhw;wha; <) <buhw;wha; tpil: <) <buhw;wha;
D ika
i) mr;rk; ? 1. <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk;
ii) nju;jy; ? 2. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
iii) fha;r;ry; ? 3. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fk;
m) 1/ 2/ 3 M) 1/ 3/ 2
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 1/ 2 tpil: ,) 3/ 2/ 1
Alv
FWtpdh
1. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d> v.fh. jUf.
a
brhy;ypd; ,ilapy; btt;ntW bka;baGj;Jfs; bjhlu;e;J tUtij ntw;Wepiy
bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gu;.
.Kk
v.fh: nju;jy;/ (u;)/ NH;f (H;)
2. <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;why; vd;d> v.fh. jUf.
jdpr;brhw;fspnyh/ Tl;Lr;brhw;fspnyh brhw;fspd; ,ilapy; a;/ u;/ H; Mfpa bka;fs;
<buhw;wha; tUtij <buhw;W bka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gu;.
wI
v.fh: fha;r;ry; ? fh + a; + r; + r; + m + y;
LV
bkhHpia Ms;nthk;
w
gf;fk; : 53
jkpHpir ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; Mgpufhk; gz;oju; bjd;fhrpf;F
A
//w
mUnfa[s;s rhk;gtu; tlfiu vd;Dk; rpw;W}upy; gpwe;jtu;. ,sikapnyna
khkiH nghw;WJk;
g[ifg;glf;fiy/ mr;Rf;fiy/ nrhjplk;/ kUj;Jtk;/ ,ir Mfpa Jiwfspy;
bgUtpUg;gk;bfhz;L/ neuk; fpilf;Fk;nghbjy;yhk; mjd; El;g=;fisg; gapd;whu;.
s:K
jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;Wk;nghnj rpj;jkUj;Jtj;jpy; rPupa mwpt[ bgw;W

kf;fshy; md;g[ld; `gz;Ltu;~ (kUj;Jtu;) vd;W miHf;fg;
gl;lhu;. rpy Mz;Lfs; gzpahw;wpagpd; mijtpLj;J KGikahfr;
rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpy; ftdk; brYj;jpdhu;. j+;irapy; Fonawpdhu;. kf;fs;
mtiug; `gz;oju;~ vd miHf;fj; bjhl=;fpdu;. gz;ilj; jkpH; E}
y;fisbay;yhk; MH;e;J fw;W/ `r=;fPj tpj;jpah kfh$d r=;fk;~ vd;Dk;
tp
mikg;ig cUthf;fp/ jkJ brhe;jr; brytpnyna jkpHpir khehLfs;

elj;jpdhu;. midj;jpe;jpa mstpy; ele;j ,ir khehLfSf;Fk; brd;W
ciuahw;wpdhu;. mtUila ,irj;jkpH;j; bjhz;od; rpfuk; `fUzhkpu;j
rhfuk;~. vGgj;njhuhz;Lfs; thH;e;J jkpGf;Fj; bjhz;L bra;jtu; Mg;ufhk; gz;oju;
ht
(1859 ? 1930)
Mgpufhk; gz;oju;.
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tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.
1. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fis vLj;J vGJf.
cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fs;:
,af;fj;jpd; nghw;wg;gLk; cs;s rpw;W}upy; g[ifg;gl
L al
mr;Rf;fiy kUj;Jtk; tpUg;gk; vy;yhk;
Mw;Wk; bgw;W kf;fs; miHf;f
Mw;wpa tpLj;J brYj;jp kf;fs;
A d
fw;W mikg;ig cUthf;fp elj;jpdhu;
D ika
2. ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fis vLj;J vGJf.
2 ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fr; brhw;fs;:
je;ij vd;W gz;oju; bjd;fhrp
,ay;
rhk;gtu; gpwe;jtu; bfhz;L El;g=;fisg;

gapd;whu; md;g[ j+;ir E}y;fs;
Alv
MH;e;J r=;fPj brhe;j ele;j
brd;W bjhz;L thH;e;J bra;jtu;
3. cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fkhft[k;/ ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;ft[k; cs;s brhw;fis vGjp/
bka;fis mof;nfhoLf. a
cldpiy bka;k;kaf;fkhft[k;/ ntw;Wepiy bka;k;kaf;fkhft[k; cs;s brhw;fs;:
.Kk
vy;yhk; ? E}y;fs;
vGgj;njhuhz;Lfs;
jkpGf;Fj; bjhz;L
4. fPH;f;fhQk; tlbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;Ff.

wI
m) r=;fPjk; ? ,ir M) tpj;jpah ? fy;tp

LV
,) kfh$dk; ? bghJkf;fs; <) rhfuk; ? fly;

w
5. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[k; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzKk; jUf.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ :
gapd;whu;/ bjhl=;fpdu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;Wfs;
A
//w
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; :
m) gapd;whu; gapy; (d;) + w; + Mu;
s:K
gapy; (d;) ? gFjp. `y;~ `d;~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;

w; ? ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
M) bjhl=;fpdu; bjhl=;F + ,d; + mu;
bjhl=;F ? gFjp
tp
,d; ? ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy

mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
1. Just living is not enough. One must have sunshine, freedom and a little flower - Hans Anderson
btWknd thH;e;jhy; kl;Lk; nghjhJ. Nhpaidg; nghy gpufhrkhft[k;/ Rje;jpukhft[k;
rpWkyhpd; kzk;nghyt[k; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ? \hd;!; Mz;lu;rd;.
L al
2. In nature, light creates the colour. In the picture, colour creates the light. - Hans Hofmann
``,aw;ifapy; xsp tz;zj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ~~. glj;jpnyh tz;zk; xspia
cUthf;FfpwJ. ? \hd;!; n\hBg;nkd;.
A d
3. Look deep into nature and then you will understand everything better. - Albert Einstein
``,aw;ifia MHkhf cw;W nehf;fpdhy;/ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; ed;whfg; g[upe;J bfhs;s
D ika
Koa[k;. ? My;gu;l; Id;!;Od;.
4. Simplicity is nature’s first step and the last of art. - Philip James Bailey.
``vspikna ,aw;ifapd; Kjy; goa[k; fiyapd; ,Wjpa[khFk;~~ ? Bgpypg; n$k;!; bga;ny.
5. Roads were made for journeys not destinations. - Confucius.
``rhiyfs; gaz=;fSf;nfad;wp/ Kot[f;fhf my;y~~ ? fd;g{rpa!;.
Alv
3. ka=;bfhypr; brhw;fis xnu bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
1. ciy ? cis ? ciH.
a
kd cisr;ry; jPut[k;/ ciy bfhjpf;ft[k; ciHf;f ntz;Lk;.
2. typ ? tsp ? tHp.
.Kk
gs;spf;Fr; bry;Yk; tHpapy;/ tsp ntfkhf tPrpajhy;/ typ kpf;f Mykunk rha;e;J fple;jJ.
3. fiy ? fis ? fiH.
fisahd Kfk; bfhz;l/ mg;bgz; fiHapy; Vwp MoaJk; fiyjhd;.
4. fid ? fiz.
wI
fidj;Jf; bfhz;nl Xoa Fjpiu kPJ/ vtnuh bjhLj;j fiz gha;e;jJ.

LV
5. Fiu ? Fiw.
w
eha; Fiuj;jjhy;/ ghlypd; xyp Fiwthfnt nfl;lJ.

6. bghup ? bghwp.
bghup bghupf;Fk;nghJ jPg;bghwp gl;Lf; fhak; Vw;gl;lJ.
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
4. fPH;fhQk; tpsk;guj;ijg; gj;jpahf khw;wp mikf;f.
s:K
cly; tsu;j;njd;! capu; tsu;j;njd;!!

,aw;if czt[j; jpUtpHh
ehs;: ij 5 Kjy; 11 tiu neuk;: khiy 6?10 kzp ,lk;: jPt[j;jply;/ brd;id.
Mthuk;g{r; rhW J}Jtisr; rhW
Fjpiuthypg; bgh=;fy; rhikg; ghahrk;
thiHg;g{ til nfH;tuF cg;g[kh
tp
jpidg; gzpahuk; fk;;g[g; g[l;L

ty;yhiu mg;gsk; mfj;jpg;g{ nghz;lh
Klf;fj;jhd; njhir Ks;KU=;if mil
,d;Dk; gy......
ht
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efupy; eykspf;Fk; czt[j; jpUtpHh- jPt[j;jplypy; jpuz;ldu; kf;fs;-
`cly; tsh;j;njd;/ caph; tsh;j;njd;~ vd;Dk; jpU@yhpd; thf;F clyeyj;ijg;
ngQtjd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Jhpj czt[fshy; gyUk; cly;eyj;ijf;
bfLj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;w ,d;iwa epiyapy; Mnuhf;fpaj;jpw;F mHF nrh;f;Fk; tifapy;
L al
brd;idj; jPt[j;jplypy; tUfpd;w ij 5 Mk; ehs; bjhl=;fp 11 Mk; ehs; Koa ehs;njhWk;
khiy 6 kzp bjhl=;fp 10 kzp Koa ,aw;if czt[j;jpUtpHh eilbgwt[s;sJ.
Mthuk; g{r;rhW/ Fjpiuthypg; bgh=;fy;/ thiHg;g{ til/ jpidg; gzpahuk;/ ty;yhiu
mg;gsk;/ Klf;fj;jhd; njhir/ J}Jtisr; rhW/ rhikg; ghahrk;/ nfH;tuF cg;g[kh/
A d
fk;g[g; g[l;L/ mfj;jpg;g{ nghz;lh/ Ks;KU=;if mil cs;spl;l Vuhskhd czt[
tiffs; j=;fs; ehtpDf;F tpUe;J gilf;ff; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ``,aw;if cznt cly;
D ika
eyj;jpw;fhd czt[~~. midtUk; tUif je;J ,aw;if czitr; Ritj;J ,d;g[WtPu;.
2 bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk; : 54
,ay;
I eak; ghuhl;Lf.
1. btz;zpyh
kPd;fs;nfho nfhoNH btz;zpyhnt- xU
Alv
bts;spnahlk;nghy tUk; btz;zpyhnt-
tsu;e;Jtsu;e;J te;j btz;zpyhnt- kPz;Lk;
thothog; nghtnjndh> btz;zpyhnt-
a
Tif Me;ijnghy ePa[k; btz;zpyhnt- gfy;
Tl;odpy; cw=;Fthnah> btz;zpyhnt-
.Kk
ge;jog;nghk; cd;idbad;W btz;zpyhnt- ePa[k;
ghupy; tu m+;rpdhnah> btz;zpyhnt- ? ftpkzp
Kd;Diu:
wI
``cs;sj;Js;sJ ftpij ? ,d;g

LV
cUbtLg;gJ ftpij
bjs;sj; bjspe;j jkpHpy; ? cz;ik
w
bjspe;J ciug;gJ ftpij~~.

vd;Dk; ghlyofs; ftpkzp njrpf tpehafk; gps;isapd; ftpijf;F ,yf;fzk;
tFj;jijg; nghd;W ftpijfs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. 20Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,izaw;w
A
//w
jkpH;f; ftp+u;fSs; ,tUk; xUtu;.tuyhw;W nehf;Fila ftpijfs;/ FHe;ijg;

ghly;fs;/ thH;tpay; nghuhl;l ftpijfs;/ r@fg; ghly;fs;/ gy;Ritg; ghf;fs;... vd
tpupe;j jsj;jpy; bray;gl;ltu; ,th; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
s:K
jpuz;l fUj;J :
``thiHf;Ff; FUj;J mHF
ftpijf;Ff; fUj;J mHF~~.
vd;gjw;F Vw;wthW mHfpa/ bjspthd fUj;Jfisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ ,g;ghly;.
btz;zpyhthdJ/ nfho tpz;kPd;fs; gil NH;e;J tu/ thdf;flypy; xU btz;zpw
tp
Xlk; kpje;J tUtijg; nghyg; gtdp tUfpwJ.btz;zpyt[/ khjj;jpy; gjpide;J

ehl;fs; ed;F tsu;e;J/ epiwthd xspiag; gug;gp KGkjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.gpd;g[
mLj;j gjpide;J ehl;fs; bky;y bky;yj; nja;e;J/ xspia ,He;J mkhthirahf
,Uf;fpwJ.gfypy; fz; bjupahjjhy;/ Tifa[k; Me;ija[k; Tl;oy; cw=;Ftijg; nghy/
ht
btz;zpyt[k;/ gfypy; cw=;fptpl;L ,utpy; gpufhrk; mspf;fpwJ.jhd; bgsu;zkpad;W

80
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ge;J nghyj; njhw;wkspg;gjhy;/ g{kpapy; ,Ug;gtu; KGkjpiag; ge;J vd epidj;J/
kf;fs; ge;joj;J tpisahLthu;fs; vd m+;rpna gfypy; tutpy;iy vd;fpwhu; ftp+u;.
ikaf; fUj;J :
kdijf; ftUtJ ikaf; fUj;J vd;gjw;F Vw;wthW/,g;ghlypy; thdj;jpy; gtdp tUk;
L al
btz;zpytpd; mHifa[k;/ tsu;e;J/ nja[k; btz;zpytpd; jd;ikiaa[k;/ btz;zpyt[
gfypy; btspna tuhjjd; fhuzj;ija[k; ikaf; fUj;jhff; ftp+u; tu;zpj;Js;s tpjk;
ghuhl;Ljw;F cupajd;nwh- goj;jpd;g[wj; jf;fjd;nwh-
A d
``khlj;Jf; nfhg[uKk;
khefUf;Fr; rpj;jpuKk;~~.
D ika
bjhil eak;
``bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~~.
vd;gjw;nfw;g/ ,g;ghlypy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; nghd;w bjhil ea=;fs;
mike;Js;sd.
nkhidj; bjhil :
Alv
``nkhid xU ghlypd; nrid~~
monkhid :
a
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ monkhidahFk;.
v.fh: tsu;e;J ? tho" Tif ? Tl;odpy;" ge;jog;nghk; ? ghupy;
.Kk
vJifj; bjhil :
``kJiuf;F mHF itif
bra;a[Sf;F mHF vJif~~
bra;a[spy; rPu;njhWk; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J epw;f/ ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wp tuj;
wI
bjhLg;gJ rPu; vJifahFk;.

LV
v.fh: tsu;e;J ? tsu;e;J" nfho ? nfho" tho ? tho

,iag[j; bjhil :
w
``bra;a[Sf;F ,iag[
gog;nghu;f;F tpag;g[~~
bra;a[spd; mofspy; ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah/ rPnuh xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ ,iag[j;
A
//w
khkiH nghw;WJk;
bjhilahFk;.
v.fh: btz;zpyhnt btz;zpyhnt.
s:K
mzp eak; :
``nfhtpYf;F kzp mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF~~.
vd;gjw;fpz=;f/ ,g;ghly; ctikazpahy; mzp eak; bgWfpwJ.
v.fh: ``Tif Me;ij nghy
tp
bts;spnahlk; nghy tUk; btz;zpynt~~.

re;j eak;
`àhidf;F mHF je;jk;
bra;a[Sf;F mHF re;jk;~~
ht
81
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.in
vd;gjw;nfw;g/ ,g;ghly; jdpr;brhy; bgw;W tUtjhy;/ btz;gh tifiar;
rhu;e;jJ. `brg;gnyhir~ bgw;W te;Js;sJ. nkYk; ,g;ghly;/ ty;nyhir/ bky;nyhir
bgw;W/ ,ira[ld; ghof; fspg;gjw;nfw;w tifapy;/ re;j eak; bgw;Wj; jpfH;fpwJ.
Rit eak; :
L al
``tpUe;Jf;F mWRit
bra;a[Sf;F vz;Rit~~ vd;gJ nghy....
bjhy;fhg;gpau; bka;g;ghl;ow;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jjd; mog;gilapy;/ ,g;ghlypy;
A d
ctifr; Rit (bgUkpjr;Rit) gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
``tsu;e;J tsu;e;J te;j btz;zpyhnt~~.
D ika
bky;y bky;y tsu;e;J KGkjpahFk; epytpd; xspiag; ghh;j;J/ jd; cs;sj;jpy; vGk;
2 kfpH;r;rpiaf; ftp+u; btspg;gLj;jpa[s;sjhy;/ ctifr; Rit (m) bgUkpjr;Rit epuk;g
te;Js;sJ.
,ay;
brhy; eak; :
``brhy;Yf brhy;iyg; gpwpnjhu;brhy; mr;brhy;iy
bty;Y+;brhy; ,d;ik awpe;J~~.
Alv
vd;Dk; bgha;ah bkhHpg; g[ytu; ts;Stupd; thf;fpw;fpz=;f/ ,g;ghlypy;/ ``bts;spnahlk;~~
vd;w brhy; ftpijf;F nkYk; eak; nru;f;fpwJ.
bghUs; eak; : a
``gy;yw;Wg; nghdhy; brhy;yw;Wg; nghFk;
.Kk
brhy;yw;Wg; nghdhy; ghly; bghUsw;Wg; nghFk;~~
vd;gjw;nfw;g ,g;ghlypy;/ Tif Me;ij nghy ePa[k; btz;zpyhnt ? gfy; Tl;odpy;
cw=;Fthnah> btz;zpyhnt-gfypy; fz; bjupahjjhy;/ jd; Tl;onyna j=;fpapUf;Fk;
Tif/ Me;ijiag; nghy/ epyt[k; gfypy; btsp tutpy;iy vd;W kpFe;j bghUs;
eaj;Jld; ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.
wI
LV
fw;gid eak; :
``bra;a[Sf;Fj; njit fw;gid
w
tzpfj;jpy; njit tpw;gid~~

vd;gJ nghy/ ,g;ghly; g[ytupd; ftpd;kpF fw;gid eak; brwpe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.
A
//w
jiyg;g[ :
``clYf;Fj; njit ciHg;g[
bra;a[Sf;Fj; njit jiyg;g[~~
s:K
``btz;zpyh~~
Kot[iu :
``fhyk; ftp+idf; bfhd;wJ ? mtd;
ftpij fhyj;ij btd;wJ~~
xU ghid nrhw;Wf;F xU nrhW gjk;~~ vd;gJ nghyf; ftpkzpapd; ,g;ghly;/ midj;J
tp
ea=;fisa[k; bgw;W/ btWk; bghGJnghf;Fg; ghlyhf mikahky;/ vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;

mHpahJ ntqd;wp epw;Fk; tpGJg; ghlyhf mike;Js;sik nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
ht
82
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. tpGe;j kyu;
fpisf;Fj; jpUk;g[fpwJ
mllh... tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp. ? nkhuplhnf
fUj;J :
L al
Xu; mHF nghdhYk; kw;bwhU mHF/ mjd; ,lj;ij epug;g[k; vd;gJ ,jd; cl;fUj;J.
II vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
A d
brHpj;jpUe;j ku=;fis vy;yhk; btl;o
mHpj;Jtpl;Lj;/ jd; mau;tpidg; nghf;fpf;
bfhs;s/ ,d;Dk; rw;W neuj;jpy; rupe;J tpLk;
D ika
kuj;jpd; epHyoapy; mku;e;Js;shd; kubtl;o.
ts=;fis vy;yhk; mHpj;J/ twz;l
epykhf;fptpl;L/ ehk; vg;go thHg;
nghfpd;nwhk;>
khjk; Kk;khup bghHpe;j g{kp ,J-
Alv
,d;nwh fhl;il btl;o tPl;il
cUthf;fpa[s;nshk;-

kz;g[Gthfg; nghfpnwhk;-
a
ku=;fs;/ fhw;W/ epyk; vd;W mj;jid ts=;fisa[k; mHpj;Jtpl;L btapypy; fha[k;
.Kk
,t;thW ,aw;ifapid mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Ue;jhy;/ kf;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; vjpu;fhy
thH;t[ me;j kubtl;oapd; epiyiag; nghd;Wjhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
mjpy; vs;sst[k; re;njfkpy;iyad;nwh-
III g[jpu;fspy; kiwe;Js;s brhw;fisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
wI
1. Ie;bjGj;Jf;fhud; 2. ,Wjp ,uz;blGj;njh

LV
Kjypuz;nlh gHj;jpd; Ke;ija gr;ir epiy

w
ghl;blGJgtupd; gl;lk; jkpH;f;flt[spd; Kw;ghjpia

,uz;Lk; @d;Wnkh KjypU vGj;jpy; itj;jpUf;Fk;
gRk;ghy; vd;gjd; gpd; ,Wjp eLtpnyh XbuGj;J xUbkhHp
A
//w
filrp ,uz;blGj;njh mjw;Fk; Kd; bghl;L itj;j =fuk;
khkiH nghw;WJk;
khdpdj;jpy; xU tifahk; nru;j;jhy; fhahthd;
,uz;Lk; Ie;Jnkh gpupj;jhy; epiybkhHpapy; kukhthd;
s:K
bghUis tpw;fj; njitahk; VbHGj;Jf;fhud; mtd; ahu;>

mJ vd;d>
tpil: ftpd;fiy tpil: KU=;iff;fha;
,itnghd;w rpWrpW g[jpu;f; ftpijfis vGjpg; gHFf.
IV Rw;Wr;R{Hy; tpHpg;g[zu;t[/ ,aw;ifg; ghJfhg;g[ Fwpj;j KHf;fj;bjhlu;fs; vGjpf; fhl;rpg;
tp
gLj;Jf.
v.fh: 1. tpijg;ge;J vwpe;jpLtPu;! g{kpg;ge;J fhj;jpLtPu;-
2. rpl;Lf;FUtpf;Ff; bfh+;rk; muprpapL! cyf capu;fSf;F cd; fUizapL-
ht
83
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
V bra;J fw;nghk;.
ntshz;ik bjhlu;ghd brhy; tpsf;f mfuhjp xd;W cUthf;Ff.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
L al
Kd; khjpupahdtu;fs; vd;W ahiuf; fUJtPu;fs;> mtu;fsplkpUe;J eP=;fs; fw;Wf;bfhs;s
tpUk;g[k; ew;gz;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
A d
Kd; khjpupahdtu; ehd; tpUk;gpa ew;gz;g[
je;ij neue;jtwhik
D ika
bjhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrpupau; vjw;Fk; m+;rhik
2 cwtpdu;
jkpHhrpupau;
vija[k; bgupa Jd;gkhf vz;zhik
bkhHp MSik
,ay;
ez;gd; nkilapy; ngRk; jpwik

mz;zd; ,ila{w;iw vjpu; bfhs;Sk; jpwik
khkh vd;d ele;jhYk; rpupj;j Kfj;Jld; rkhspf;Fk; Fzk;
Alv
jha; ,d;Kfj;Jld; tpUe;njhk;gy;
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
,aw;if ntshz;ik
a
? Organic Farming kjpg;g[f;Tl;Lg; bghUs; ? Value Added Product
.Kk
ntjp cu=;fs; ? Chemical Fertilizers ntu;Kor;Rfs; ? Root Nodes
xl;L tpij ? Shell Seeds J}f;fzh=;FUtp ? Weave Bird
bjhG cuk; ? Farmyard Manure mWtil ? Harvesting
wI
***
LV
w
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
84
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in

,ay; gPL bgw epy;
L al
ciueil kiy ,lg;bgau;fs;: Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd; ,.M.g
Xu; Ma;t[
3 fhtor;rpe;J brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
A d
bra;a[s; FWe;bjhif bts;sptPjpahu;
D ika
g[wehD}W flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp
Jizg;ghlk; thothry; rp.R. bry;yg;gh
,yf;fzk; gFgj cWg;g[fs;
thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;
Alv
ciueil
kiy ,lg;bgau;fs;: Xu; Ma;t[
,ay; 3 a ? Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd;/ ,.M.g.
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. Tw;W : ``nfhL~~ vd;gJ jkpH;r;brhy; MFk;.

tpsf;fk; : nfhL vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;F kiya[r;rp/ ty;yuz;/ nfhl;il vd;Dk; bghUs;fSk;
w
cz;L.
m) Tw;W rup/ tpsf;fk; jtW M) Tw;Wk; rup/ tpsf;fKk; rup
,) Tw;W jtW/ tpsf;fk; rup <) Tw;Wk; jtW/ tpsf;fKk; jtW
A
//w
tpil: M) Tw;Wk; rup/ tpsf;fKk; rup

FWtpdh
s:K
1. ``nfhl;il~~ vd;Dk; brhy; jpuhtpl bkhHpfspy; vt;thW vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ>

gPL bgw epy;
``nfhl;il~~ vd;Dk; brhy; jkpH;bkhHpapy; nfhl;il/ nfhL vdg;gLfpwJ.
kiyahsj;jpy; `nfhl;l~/ `nfhL~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
fd;dlj;jpy; `nfhl;nl~/ `nfhz;nl~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
tp
bjY=;fpy; `nfhl;l~ vdg;gLfpwJ.

JStpy; `nfhl;nl~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
njhlh bkhHpapy; `Fthl;~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
nkYk; fhty; kpFe;j fhg;guz; bfhz;l kjpy; Rtu;fshy; R{Hg;gl;l fl;likg;igf;
ht
Fwpf;fpwJ.
85
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
rpWtpdh
1. `kiy kdpj thH;tpy; rpwg;gplk; bgw;Ws;sJ~ ? vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tptupf;f.
jkpHupd; flt[isa[k;/ kiyiaa[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk;/ gz;ila gjpt[fshf/ `nrnahd;
L al
iktiu cyfk;~ vd;Dk; bjhy;fhg;gpa moa[k;/ `tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf; fpHt~
vd;Dk; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil moa[k; jpfH;fpd;wd.
ghz;oa kd;dd; xUtd; `kyaj;Jt$~ vd tH=;fg;gl;lhd;. ,=;F `kiy~ vdg;
A d
bghUs;gLk; `kya~ vd;Dk; brhy; jpuhtplj; bjhlu;g[f;F muz; nru;f;fpwJ.
jkpHu;fs; jk; thH;tpy;/ Èdp Kjy; motiu~/ `moKjy; Edp tiu~ vd;Dk;
D ika
bjhlu;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,j;bjhlu;fspy; cs;s `kiy~ vdg; bghUs;gLk;
3 `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy; `tpspk;g[~ vd;Dk; bghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,ay;
beLtpdh
1. ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j jkpHu;fspd; ,Ug;gplg; bgau;fSk;/ ,aw;ifnahL
Alv
,iae;nj ,Ue;jd ? Tw;wpid bka;g;gpf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
a
Mjpapy; thH;e;j epyk;
kiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;fs;
.Kk
nrhiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
ku=;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
gRf;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;
Kot[iu
wI
LV
Kd;Diu:
r=;fg; ghly;fs;/ jkpHh;fs; ,aw;ifnahL ,ize;J thH;e;jijg; glk;gpoj;Jf;
w
fhl;Lfpd;wd. Fwp+;rpepyk; rhh;e;j ghly;fs; kiynahL ,iae;j jkpHh;jk; rPhpa

thH;tpidg; ngrpd. me;j tifapy; jkpHh;fs; ,Ug;gplg; bgah;fs; ,aw;ifnahL
,iae;J ,Ue;jijf; fhz;nghk;.
A
//w
Mjpapy; thH;e;j epyk;:

jkpHd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; thH;e;j epyk; Fwp+;rpahFk;.
s:K
Fwp+;rp vd;gJ kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j ,lkhFk;.

v=;Fk; ,aw;ifaHF Fo bfhz;oUf;Fk; kiyg;gFjpapy; thH;e;j jkpHd;/ ehsiltpy;
Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy; nghd;w epy=;fspy; brd;W gutp thHj; bjhl=;fpdhd;.
kiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;fs;:
ghz;o ehl;ony kJiuf;F mUnf xU kiya[k;/ nrhH ehl;ony xU kiya[k;/
bjhz;il ehl;ony xU kiya[k; mike;Js;sd.
tp
mk;kiyfisr; rhu;e;J Cu;fs; mike;Js;sd.

vdnt/ mt;t{u; kf;fs; mk;kiyfis kwthky;/ jk;@u;fSf;F Kiwna ahidkiy/
Rthkpkiy/ jzpif kiy (jpUj;jzp) vdg; bgaupl;Ls;sdu;.
ht
nfhL vd;gJ kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

86
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
mj;jifa nfhL xd;W nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
mf;nfhl;oid xl;o thH;fpd;w kf;fs;/ jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpUr;br=;nfhL~ vd;W
bgaupl;Ls;sdu;.
mf;nfhL bre;epwk; tha;e;jjhy;/ mJ br=;nfhlhapw;W.
L al
nrhiyahy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
jpUf;Fw;why kiy mothuj;jpy; fz;ftUk; jz;zW+; nrhiyfs; cs;sd.
mr;nrhiyfSf;F eLnt Xu; Cu; cs;sJ.
A d
mt;t{u; kf;fs;/ jk;@upd; ,aw;if eyj;jpidf; fz;L ,d;g[w;Wj; jk;@Uf;Fg;
ìgk;bghHpy;~ vd;W bgaupl;ldu;.
D ika
mJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; `gk;g[sp~ vdj; jpupe;J tH=;FfpwJ.
ku=;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
bfoy ejpf;Fj; bjd;fiuapy; ghjpup ku=;fs; epiwe;j ,lk; cs;sJ. mt;tplj;jpy;
mk;ku=;fs; NH thH;e;j kf;fs; jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u;~ vdg; bgaupl;ldu;.
gRf;fshy; bgau; bgw;w Cu;:
Alv
Ky;iy epyj;jpny njhd;Wk; Cu;fspy; bgUk;ghYk; gho vd;Dk; bgau; bgWk;.
jpUj;bjhz;luhfpa rz;nlRtuu; gRf;fis nka;j;J/ <rDf;Fg; g{rid g[upe;j ,lk;
cs;sJ.
a
m=;Fj; j=;fp thHj; bjhl=;fpa kf;fs;/ jk;@Uf;Fj; `jpU Mg;gho~ (jpUtha;g;gho)
vdg; bgaupl;ldu;.
.Kk
Kot[iu:
tlnkw;F ehLfshd ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhdpd; beLkiyfnshL
bghUe;jpa rhd;Wfs;/ mg;gFjpfspy; jpuhtplu;fs; thH;e;jjw;fhd
milahs=;fis cWjp bra;tnjhL/ kiy ,lg;bgau;Ma;t[fspd; tsu;r;rpiaa[k;
wI
btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
LV
,t;thW ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;j gz;ila kf;fs;/ mt;tt;tplj;Jr;

rpwg;gpw;nfw;gg; bgaupl;L tH=;fpa jpwid vz;zp be+;rk; bgUkpjk; bfhs;fpwJ.
w

1. c=;fs; Cupd; mUfpYs;s/ c=;fSf;Fj; bjupe;j kiyfspd; bgau;f; fhuzj;ij mwpe;J
A
//w
tFg;gpy; gfpu;e;Jbfhs;f.
nru;tuhad; kiy:
s:K
nryj;jpd; Kjd;ik kiyj;bjhlu;.

nru; + miuad; vd;gjpd; jpupna nru;tuhad;.
gPL bgw epy;
miuad; vd;gJ murd;.
nruyk; vd;gJ nryk; vd;whdJ.
ahid kiy (Mid kiy):
tp
kJiuapy; xj;jf;fil vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;sJ. ePsk; 4/000 kP;/ mfyk; 1200 kP;/ cauk;
400 kP.
rw;W J}uj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghu;j;jhy; ahid gLj;jpUg;gJ nghy; njhd;Wtjhy; ahid
kiy vd;gu;.
ht
87
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.in
,ij eurp=;fk=;fyk; vd;gu;.
,=;F rkzu; gLf;iffs; cs;sJ.
Vyf;fha; kiy:
miktplk;: jkpHfk; kw;Wk; nfusk;. nkw;Fj; bjhlu;r;rp kiyj;bjhlupy; bjd;gFjpapy;
L al
cs;sJ.
Vyf;fha; mjpfk; gapupLtjhy; Vyf;fha; kiy vd;gu;. fhgp/ kpsFk; gapupLtu;.
mjd; gug;g[ 2/800 r.fp.kP.
A d
2. kiy Fwpj;j ntW brhw;fisa[k; rhu;e;j fiyr;brhw;fisa[k; jpul;og; gl;oay; cUthf;Ff.
D ika
mryk; kiy (mirah epiy) mirahky; cWjpaha; ,Ug;gjhy; mryk;.
3 Fd;wk;
FtL
rpWkiy/ (rpwpa kiyg;gFjp)
kiya[r;rp (kiyapd; cr;rpg;gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gJ)
,ay;
rpfuk; kiya[r;rp/ kiy/ cah;r;rp (fpuhk;g[/ Rf;F/ ,yt=;fk; tpisa[k; gFjp)

rpfhp kiy
Alv
rpfhp jpk;gk; kiy ntk;g[
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
a
.Kk
1. kdpj r@fj;jpd; Mjp epyk; ________.
m) fhL M) kiy
,) tay; <) ghiytdk; tpil: M) kiy
wI
2. bghUj;jkpy;yhjijf; fz;lwp.
LV
m) kiy ? Fwp+;rp M) fhL ? Ky;iy

w
,) tay; ?kUjk; <) fly; ? ghiy tpil: <) fly; ? ghiy

3. ‘OROLOGY’ vd;gJ ________ gw;wpa Ma;t.[
m) kiy/ Fd;Wfs; M) jhtu=;fs;/ tpy=;Ffs;
A
//w
,) MW/ fly; <) gwitfs;/ tz;Lfs; tpil: m) kiy/ Fd;Wfs;

4. jpuhtplu;fs; mog;gilapy; ________ thH; kf;fs;.
s:K
m) tay; M) fhL
,) kiy <) fly; tpil: ,) kiy
5. jpuhtplu;fis `kiyepy kdpju;fs;~ vd;W miHj;jtu; ________.
m) fhy;Lbty; M) fkpy;Rtygpy;
,) khf;!;Ky;yu; <) rPfd;ghy;f; tpil: M) fkpy;Rtygpy;
tp
6. ``nrnahd; nka iktiu cyfk;~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.

m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S
,) bjhy;fhg;gpak; <) mfj;jpak; tpil: ,) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
ht
88
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
7. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fu;ehlfj;ijr; rhu;e;j ,df;FGitf; fz;lwp ________.
m) ky gzpf;fu; M) kyad;
,) ky ntlh <) knyU tpil: <) knyU
8. `tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf;fpHt~ vd;fpw mofs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s E}y; ________.
L al
m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) beLey;thil <) Ky;iyg;ghl;L tpil: m) jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
9. nfhl;lh ,dkf;fs; thGk; ,lk; ________.
A d
m) ePyfup M) ghyf;fhL
,) ,Lf;fp <) jl;rpz fd;dlh tpil: m) ePyfup
D ika
10. bfhz;lhnjhuh ,dkf;fs; thGk; khepyk;________.
m) fu;ehlfh M) nfush
,) $hu;fz;l; <) Me;jpug;gpunjrk; tpil: <) Me;jpug;gpunjrk;
11. xo!htpy; thGk; ,df;FGf;fs; ________.
m) nfhz;L/ bfha;l;blu; M) bfhz;lnjhuh
Alv
,) nfhl;lh <) knyU/ kyntlh tpil: m) nfhz;L/ bfha;l;blu;
12. gH=;Foapdu; ________ ePiuj; j=;fs; FoePuhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ay;g[ilatu;fs;.
m) mUtp
,) XLk;
a
M) Cw;W
<) Fsj;J tpil: ,) XLk;
.Kk
13. gH=;Fofs; ePbuLj;Jg; gUfpa ,l=;fs; ________.
i) rpw;whWfs; ii) Xilfs; iii) fly;
m) i, ii - rup M) @d;Wk; rup
,) i, iii - rup <) ii, iii - rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
wI
14. FWk;gu; bkhHpapy; jhH;thuj;ijf; Fwpg;gLk; brhy; ________.

LV
m) bkl;L M) jl;L
w
,) nkl;L <) Jl;L tpil: m) bkl;L

15. `$jhg;g[~ vdg;gLk; jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdupd; FoapUg;g[fs; mike;Js;s ,l=;fspy;
rupahd ,iziaf; fz;lwp.
A
//w
m) Me;jpuh/ xup!h M) Me;jpuh/ bjY=;fhdh

,) xup!h/ fu;ehlfh <) fu;ehlfh/ bjY=;fhdh tpil: m) Me;jpuh/ xup!h
s:K
16. `kiy~ vd;Dk; jpuhtplr;brhy; `kya~ vd;W tH=;fg;gLk; bkhHp ________.

m) rk!;fpUjk; M) ,e;jp
gPL bgw epy;
,) kiyahsk; <) JS tpil: m) rk!;fpUjk;
17. kyaj;Jt$ vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; ________.
m) nrud; M) nrhHd;
tp
,) ghz;oad; <) gy;ytd; tpil: ,) ghz;oad;

18. Èdp Kjy; mo tiu~/ `mo Kjy; Edp tiu~ vd;Dk; bjhlu;fspy; tiu vd;w brhy;
________ vd;w bghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
m) vy;iy M) epiwt[
ht
,) ,Wjp <) tpspk;g[ tpil: <) tpspk;g[ 89

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19. `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUe;jhj brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) nfhL M) fiu
,) vy;iy <) go tpil: <) go
20. jkpH;ehl;oy; kl;Lk; `kiy~ vd;w brhy; ________.
L al
i) 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; Kd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
ii) 84 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
iii) 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
A d
iv) 84 ,lg;bgau;fspy; Kd;bdhl;lhf ,lk; bgWfpd;wJ
m) i, ii - rup M) i, iii - rup
D ika
,) iii, iv - rup <) ii, iv - rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
3 21. ________ kiy vd;w totk; `njhzpkiy~ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgaupy; xnubahUKiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,ay;
m) fu;ehlfj;jpy; M) nfusj;jpy;
,) Me;jpuhtpy; <) bjY=;fhdhtpy; tpil: m) fu;ehlfj;jpy;
Alv
22. kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kw;bwhU brhy;yhd `kny~ ________ ,lg;bgau;fspy; ,lk;
bgWfpd;wJ.
m) 13 M) 14
,) 15 <) 16 tpil: ,) 15
m) 8 M) 9
a
23. nfus khepyj;jpy; ________ `kiy~ tpFjp ,lg;bgau;fs; cs;sd.
.Kk
,) 10 <) 11 tpil: ,) 10
24. Tw;W : `nfhl;il~ vd;gJ fd;dl bkhHpapy; tH=;Fk; brhy;yhFk;.
tpsf;fk; : fhty; kpFe;j fhg;guz; bfhz;l kjpy; Rtu;fspy; NHg;gl;l fl;likg;igf;
wI
Fwpg;gJ `nfhl;il~ vd;gjhFk;.

LV
m) Tw;W?rup/ tpsf;fk;?jtW
M) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?rup
w
,) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?jtW
<) Tw;W/ tpsf;fk; ? rup tpil: M) Tw;W?jtW/ tpsf;fk;?rup
A
//w
i) nfhl;l/ nfhL ? 1. JS
ii) nfhl;nl/ nfhz;nl ? 2. bjY=;F
s:K
iii) nfhl;l ? 3. fd;dlk;

iv) nfhl;nl ? 4. kiyahsk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
26. `nfhl;il~ vd;Dk; bghUisj; jUk; `f;thl;~ vd;gJ ________ bkhHpr;brhy;.
m) njhlh M) gpuhFap
tp
,) JS <) bjY=;F tpil: m) njhlh

27. ,e;jpahtpy; ________ vd;W Koa[k; 248 ,lg;bgau;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;sd.
m) kiy M) nfhl;il
ht
,) fhty; <) ngl;il tpil: M) nfhl;il

90
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
28. jpuhtplu;fspd; kiyg;bgUkpjj;jpd; ePl;rp ve;bje;j ehl;L beLkiyfnshL bghUe;jp
nghFk; rhd;Wfs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
m) ghfp!;jhd;/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
M) rPdh/ neghsk;
L al
,) ghfp!;jhd;/ g=;fshnj&;
<) Mg;fhdp!;jhd;/ rPdh tpil: m) ghfp!;jhd;/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
29. KVT COMPLEX vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
A d
m) bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
M) bfhw;if taY}u; bjhz;o tshfk;
D ika
,) Fwpr;rp t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
<) Fwpr;rp t+;rp jpUr;rp tshfk; tpil: m) bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfk;
30. bfhw;if t+;rp bjhz;o tshfj;ij Ma;t[yfpd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; bfhz;L te;jtu; ________.
m) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; M) vk;.ghyfpU&;zd;
,) R. bt=;fnlrd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd; tpil: m) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
Alv
31. Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; Jizahrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ehspjH; ________.
m) jpdje;jp M) jpdg{kp
,) jpdkzp <) jpdfud; tpil: ,) jpdkzp
m) bjd;wy;
a
32. Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; Mnyhrfuhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,yf;fpa ,jH; ________.
M) fizahHp
.Kk
,) Fapy; <) nfhFyk; tpil: M) fizahHp
33. md;g[s;s mk;kh/ rpwFf;Fs; thdk; vd;Dk; E}y;fspd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) ,iwad;g[ M) ,e;jpud;
,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; <) v!;.,uhkfpU&;zd;;
wI
tpil: ,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
LV
34. 1984Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpj;nju;tpy; Kjd;Kjyhf/ KGtJkhfj; jkpHpnyna

w
vGjp/ Kjy; Kaw;rpapnyna nju;r;rp bgw;wtu; ________.

m) ,iwad;g[ M) uhjhfpU&;zd;
,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd; <) rfhak; tpil: ,) Mu;.ghyfpU&;zd;
A
//w
35. ``nfhil~~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r;brhy; ________ vd;w bghUspYk; ifahsg;gLk;.

m) btapy; M) kiy
s:K
,) ,o <) kiH tpil: M) kiy

gPL bgw epy;
FWtpdh
1. jkpHupd; flt[isa[k; kiyapida[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk; gz;ila gjpt[fs; vit>
jkpHpupd; flt[isa[k;/ kiyapida[k; bjhlu;g[gLj;Jk; gz;ila gjpt[fs;:
tp
bjhy;fhg;gpak; ciuf;Fk; ``nrnahd; nka iktiu cyfk;~~ vd;Dk; moa[k;/

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; cs;s ``tpz;bghU beLtiu Fwp+;rpf; fpHt~~ vd;Dk;
moa[k; MFk;.
ht
91
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.in
2. jpuhtplg; gH=;Fofspd; ,df;FGg; bgau;fs; vij btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd>
jpuhtplg; gH=;Fofspd; ,df;FGg; bgau;fs;/ mg;gH=;Foapdupd; kiy rhu;e;j
g[tpr;NHiy btspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
3. bgUepy kd;du;fSf;F tH=;fhj bgUikia vj;jifa kd;dUf;Fg; gHe;jkpH;
L al
,yf;fpa=;fs; tH=;fpd>
bgUepy kd;du;fSf;F tH=;fhj bgUikiag; gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fs;/
kiyg;gFjpfspd; jiytu;fsha; tps=;fpa filbaG ts;sy;fs; vGtUf;Fk; tH=;fpd.
A d
4. ``tiu~~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;ypd; bghUs;fs; ahit>
jkpHpy; `tiu~ vd;Dk; brhy; nfhL/ kiy/ rpfuk;/ tpspk;g[/ fiu/ vy;iy/ Edp vdg;
D ika
bghUs;fisj; jUfpd;wd.
3 5. `kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~ ,g;ghlk; vjpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ> mij
vGjpa Mrpupau; ahu;>
,ay;
``kiy ,lg;bgau;fs; ? Xu; Ma;t[~~ vd;Dk; ghlk;/ `rpe;J btspg;gz;ghl;od; jpuhtpl

moj;jsk;~ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mij vGjpa Mrpupau; Mu;. ghyfpU&;zd; vd;gtuhthu;.
Alv
6. `nfhL~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;ypd; bghUs; ahJ>
`nfhL~ vd;Dk; jkpH;r; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs;: kiya[r;rp/ rpfuk;/ kiy/ ty;yud;/ nfhl;il
Mfpad MFk; a
7. `nfhl;il vd;Dk; ,lg;bgauhy; jkpH;ehL bgWk; rpwg;g[ ahJ>
.Kk
,e;jpahtpy; ``nfhl;il~~ vd;W Koa[k; 248 ,lg;bgau;fSk; jkpH;ehl;oy;jhd; cs;sd.
rpWtpdh
1. bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; `kiy~ vd;Dk; ,lg;bgau; bgWk; rpwg;gplj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
wI
jkpH;ehL:
LV
jkpH;ehl;oy; kl;Lk; `kiy~ vd;Dk; brhy; 17 ,lg;bgau;fspy; gpd;bdhl;lhf

w
,lk;bgWfpd;wJ.
Me;jpuh:
Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; `ky;~ vd;Dk; ntu;r;brhy;/ Ifhu <W bgw;W `kiy~ vd
A
//w
tH=;fg;gLtjw;F khwhf/ Mfhu <W bgw;W `kyh~ vd tH=;fg;gLfpwJ.

fUehlfh:
fUehlf khepyj;jpy; `kiy~ vd;Dk; totk; `njhzpkiy~ vd xnu Xu; ,lj;jpy;
s:K
kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. `kny~ vd;gJ 15 ,lg;bgau;fspy; ,lk; bgWfpwJ.

(kiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kw;bwhU brhy; ? kny)
nfush:
nfus khepyj;jpy; `kiy~ vd tpFjpapy; mike;j ,lg;bgau;fs; gj;J cs;sd.
bjd;dpe;jpah:
tp
ve;j xU khepyj;jpYk; Kd;bdhl;lfnth gpd;bdhl;lhfnth tUfpd;wdntad;wp/

kiy vd;w jdpr;brhy;yhf tH=;fg;gltpy;iy.
2. jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdu; thH;tpl totikg;gpYk;/ thH;tpaypYk; caukhd ,l=;fs;
ht
brYj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij tpsf;Ff.

92
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
kiy rhu;e;j thH;tpay;:
jpuhtpl kiythH; kf;fspd; FoapUg;g[fs;/ mg;gH=;Foapdu; jk; kiy rhu;e;j
thH;tpaypd; r@f/ rkaf; TWghLfs; Fwpj;j g[upjiyj; jUfpd;wd.
rpw;whWfs;/ Xilfs;:
L al
gH=;Foapdu;/ XLk; ePiuna j=;fs; FoePuhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ay;g[ilatu;fs;/
vdnt mtu;fs;/ j=;fs; FoapUg;g[g; gFjpiatpl caukhd ,lj;jpy; XLk; rpw;whWfs;/
XilfspypUe;J ePbuLj;Jg; gUFfpwhu;fs;.
A d
g[dpj ,lk;:
ePyfpupapy; cs;s `njhlh~ ,dj;jtu; ghy; vUikf; bfhl;oy;fisg; g[dpj ,lkhff;
D ika
fUJgtu;fs;.
vdnt/ mtw;iwr; Rw;wp cau;e;j kjpw; Rtu;fis mikj;jpUf;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fspd; tPLfspy; jpz;Lfs; (nkilfs;) Kf;fpa ,lk; bgWfpd;wd.
FWk;gu; bkhHpapy; jhH;thuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; `bkl;L~ vd;Dk; brhy; mjd; caukhd/
nklhd mikg;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
Alv
kiya[r;rpapy; FoapUg;g[fs;:
Me;jpuhtpYk;/ xo!htpYk; cs;s `$jhg;g[~ vdg;gLk; jpuhtplg; gH=;Foapdupd;
FoapUg;g[fs; bgUk;ghYk; kiy cr;rpfspy; mike;Js;sd.
gH=;Foj; jiytupd; tPL/ kw;w tPLfis tpl caukhd ,lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
a
caukhd nkil/ jpz;iz/ Rw;Wr;Rtu;fs;/ nknyhil ePu; Mfpait jpuhtplg;
gH=;Foapdupd; thH;tpl totikg;gpYk;/ thH;tpaypYk; caukhd ,l=;fs;
.Kk
brYj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
***
wI
bra;a[s;
LV
fhtor;rpe;J
w
,ay; 3 ? brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;

A
//w
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
s:K
gyt[s; bjupf gPL bgw epy;

1. fhtor; rpe;Jf;;Fj; je;ij vd;W miHf;fg;gLgtu; ahu;>
m) ghujpjhrd; M) mz;zhkiyahu;
,) KUfd; <) ghujpahu; tpil: M) mz;zhkiyahu;
tp
FWtpdh
1. fhtor;rpe;J vd;gJ ahJ>
jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhh; tHf;fpYs;s ,irkuig fhtor;rpe;J
ht
vdyhk;.
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KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;
bfhz;L bry;nthh;/ Mly; ghly;fSld; Mya=;fis nehf;fpr; bry;th;.
mth;fspd; tHpeilg;ghly; tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtotk;
njhd;wpaJ.
L al
nkYk; jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; tHf;fpYs;s ,ir kung fhtor;
rpe;J vdg;gLk;.
rpWtpdh
A d
1. jkpH;g;gz;ghl;od; milahsk; fhtor;rpe;J vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
D ika
fhto/ jkpH;g; gz;ghl;Lf; TWfSs; xd;W.
3 jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; rpe;J vdg;gLk;.
jkpHu;fs; gz;gl;ltu;fs;. fy;tpawpt[k;/ mDgt mwpt[k; bfhz;ltiuj;jhk;
,ay;
gz;gl;ltu; vd;gu;.
<uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vGe;j bjhy;fhg;gpak; nghd;w ,yf;fz E}y;fSk;/ r=;f
,yf;fpa=;fSk; jkpHu;fspd; fy;tpawpitf; fz;Tlha;f; fhl;Lgit.
Alv
thH;f;if mDgtj;jpy; bjwpe;J tpGe;j Kj;Jfns àhJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfspu;~/
`jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwu;ju thuh~~/ èPu;tHpg; g#ck; g[idnghy; MUapu; Kiw tHpg#ck;~
KjypadthFk;.
a
,j;jifa caupa gz;ghl;oidf; bfhz;l jkpHu;fs;/ ,iriaa[k;/ ,iw czu;ita[k;
jk; ,U tpHpfshfg; nghw;wpdu;.
.Kk
,t;t[z;ikia btspg;gLj;Jfpd;w E}y;fns jpUbtk;ghit/ jpUg;ghit/ jpUg;g[fH;/
fhtor;rpe;J KjyhditahFk;.
fhtoapd; fUg;bghUs;:
fhtoj;jz;od; ,U gf;fKs;s gyiffs; fe;jdpd; jpUtofs;.
wI
me;jj; jpUtofisj; njhspy; Rkg;gJ bgUk; ngW vdf; fUjp/ KUfdoahu;fs;

LV
nfhtpy; nehf;fpr; bry;fpd;wdu;.

w
KUfdoahu; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L Mog;ghoa tHp

eilg; ghly;fns fhtor;rpe;J MFk;.
beLtpdh
A
//w
1. fhtor;rpe;J xU tHpeilg; ghly; ? ,f;Tw;iw mz;zhkiyahupd; ghly;tHp kjpg;gPL

bra;f.
s:K
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
fhtor;rpe;J ? njhw;wk;
fhtor;rpe;J ? ghtotk;
cyfk; nghw;Wk; mz;zhkiyjhrdpd; kJuftp
tp
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tsk;

jpUg;g[fH; KGf;fk; bry;Yk; ,lk;
mUs; bgWk; gf;ju;fs;
Kot[iu
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Kd;Diu:
jkpHh; tHpghl;oy; ,ira[k; eldKk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthfj; jpfH;fpd;wd. bja;tj;ij
tz=;Ftjw;Fg; g[{khiya[k; ghkhiya[k; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bgWfpd;wd. me;j tifapy;
fhtor;rpe;J xU tHpeilg; ghlyhf KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;oy; ,lk;bgWtij
L al
,dpf; fhzyhk;.
fhtor; rpe;J ? njhw;wk;:
fhto/ jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; TWfSs; xd;W. jkpHu;fs; Fd;WnjhWk; tPw;wpUf;Fk;
A d
KUfd; nfhtpy;fspy; fhto vLj;J MLtJ tHf;fk;. fhto vLj;Jr; bry;nthu;/ mijr;
Rikahf vz;zhky;/ ghoathnw bry;tjw;F tHpeilg; ghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
fhtor;rpe;J ? gh totk;:
D ika
jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; tHf;fpYs;s ,irkug[ fhtor;rpe;J.
KUfdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; nghd;w bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;tu;. mtu;fs; Mly;
ghly;fSld; Myak; nehf;fpr; bry;tu;. mtu;fspd; tHpeilg; ghly;fspypUe;J fhtor;
rpe;J vd;Dk; gh totk; njhd;wpaJ.
cyfk; nghw;Wk; mz;zhkiyjhrdpd; kJuftp:
Alv
brd;dpFsk; ? mz;zhkiyjhrd; ghoa cyfk; nghw;Wk; fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk;
kJukhd ftpkhiyiaj; jd; kiy nghd;w mfd;w njhs;fspy; rhj;jpf; bfhs;fpwhd;
KUfd;.
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tsk;: a
flypy; thGk; kPd;/ kfuk; nghd;w cUtikg;g[fs; bfhz;l bfhofs; rpwf;f/ KUfd;
.Kk
nfhapy; jpfH;fpwJ.
jpUg;g[fH; KGf;fk; bry;Yk; ,lk;:
fhto vLf;Fk; moahu;fs; ghLk; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ mkuhtjp gl;odj;jpy;
cs;s njtu;fspd; brtpiar; brd;W milfpwJ.
wI
mUs; bgWk; gf;ju;fs;:

LV
be+;rk; befpH;e;JUf/ j=;fj;jpDk; nkyhd fhtoiaj; njhspy; J}f;fpf; fdypy;

cUfpa bkGbfd KUfid nehf;fp tUk; gf;ju;fs; KUfd; mUisg; bgWtu;. ,d;gk;
w
miltu;.
Kot[iu:
mz;zhkiyahh;/ fGFkiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfr;
A
//w
bry;nthhpd; jpUg;gfH; ghly; KHf;fj;jpidg; nghw;wp ciug;gjhy; xU rpwe;j

tHpeilg;ghlyhff; fhtor;rpe;J rpwf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
s:K
``mkuhtjp ,iknahu;brtp milf;Fk;...~~

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[.
gPL bgw epy;
khnj – tpsp
jhtp – tpidbar;rk;
brhy;ntd; – jd;ik xUik vjpu;fhy tpidKw;W
tp
Vwpa – bgabur;rk;
tUgtu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gyt[k; – Kw;Wk;ik
ht
cau;e;njh=;Fk; – xUbghUl;gd;bkhHp
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.in
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
tUfpd;w = th(tU) + fpd;W + m

th(tU) gFjp/ `tU~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;
L al
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
A d
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
D ika
3 1. jpUg;g[fH;
jpU + g[fH;
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;
Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `g;~
jpU + g; + g[fH;
vd;whdJ.
,ay;
kpFe;J/
2. cau;e;njh=;Fk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L cah;e;(j; + c) +
cau;e;J + XLk;~~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `c~fuk; X=;Fk;
Alv
X=;Fk; bfl;L/ cau;e;j; + X=;Fk;
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cau;e;njh=;Fk;
,ay;ng~ (j; + X = njh) vd;whdJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
a gf;fk;: 63
.Kk
1. ve;bje;j ehLfspy; fhto Ml;lk; ,d;wst[k; epfH;j;jg;gLfpwJ> mjw;fhd fhuz=;fisj;
jpul;o/ fye;Jiuahly; epfH;j;Jf.
KUfid tHpgLtjw;fhfg; bry;nthu; tHpghl;Lg; bghUs;fisj; jz;od;
,Ug[wKk; itj;J njhspy; Rke;J Mog;gho bry;tu;. ,f;fhto Ml;lk; ve;bje;j
wI
ehLfspy; eilbgWfpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wp ,t;tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLnthk;.

LV
KUfd; : fhto Ml;lk; ij khjKk;/ g=;Fdp khjKk; kpft[k; rpwg;ghf eilbgWk;.

w
vd; rnfhjup xUtu; rp=;fg;g{upy; cs;shu;. mtUk; fhto vLj;J KUfDf;F

neu;j;jp fld; bra;thu;. mg;nghJ mij vd; khkh mtu; miyngrpapy;
neuiyahf mDg;gpaij ehd; fz;L kfpH;e;njd;.
A
//w
ts;sp : jkpHu;fs; v=;bfy;yhk; thH;fpwhu;fnsh m=;bfy;yhk; jkpH;f;flt[s;

KUfDf;Ff; fhto vLg;ghu;fs;. cyfpy; kpfr;rpwg;g[ tha;e;j knyrpahtpy;
caukhd KUfd; rpiy kiyaothuj;jpy;/ ,f;nfhapy; g[yk;bgau;e;j
s:K
jkpHu;fshy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,d;wst[ m=;Ff; fhto vLj;J kf;fs; neu;j;jpf;

flid epiwntw;Wtu;.
khyh : fhy=;fhykhf ,t;tHf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;yhky; ,y=;ifapYk;
KUfdJ bgUikiag; nghw;Wk;tifapy; fjpu;fpuhkk; vd;w gFjpapy;
fhto vLj;J tpHh bra;fpd;wdu;.
tp
Mrpupau; : ey;yJ/ khztu;fns- v=;bfy;yhk; jkpHu;fs; thH;fpwhu;fnsh m=;bfy;yhk;

KUfDf;Ff; fhto vLj;J tpHh bra;tu;. fhtoahdJ/ ghy;fhto/ gd;dPu;
fhto/ g[&;g fhto vdg; gytif cz;L. mjw;nfw;g/ ghliyg; gho
KUfg;bgUkhid tHpgLtu;.
ht
ey;yJ. ,d;iwa tFg;g[ ,dpnj epiwt[w;wJ. ed;wp-

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. eP=;fs; tpUk;g[k; jiyg;gpy; vJif/ nkhid/ re;jeak; bfhz;l ghly; xd;iw vGjp.
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
jkpH;f;flt[s;
,y=;if KUfDf;nfhu;
L al
fjpu;fhkk; ? bghUs;
,y=;Fk; knyrpahtpy; ? gy
fpuhkk; Jy=;Fk;
A d
,yz;lDf;Fk; bjhlu;e;J te;jhd; ? v=;fs;
Rthkp ehjd; mUisr;
D ika
Ruf;f te;jhd;
vJif:
ghlypd; moapnyh rPupnyh ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif MFk;.
v.fh: ,y=;if/ ,y=;Fk;/ ,yz;ld;
nkhid:
Alv
ghlypd; moapnyh rPupnyh Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ nkhid MFk;.
v.fh: ,y=;if/ ,y=;Fk;/ ,yz;ld;" Rthkp/ Ruf;f
re;j eak;:
a
,g;ghly; jdpr;brhy;Yld; rpe;Jg;ghtpy; mike;J rpwg;g[WfpwJ.
khztu;fns- ,jidg;nghy eP=;fSk; ghly;fisr; nrfupj;J ea=;fisf; fz;L
.Kk
,d;g[W=;fs;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
wI
gyt[s; bjupf
LV
1. fhtor;rpe;jpd; je;ij vd miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.

w
m) brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
M) ghujpahu;
,) ghujpjhrd;
A
//w
<) fhsnkfg;g[ytu; tpil: m) brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;

2. mz;zhkiyahu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fisf; fz;lwp.
i) ru!;tjp me;jhjp ii) rlnfhgu; me;jhjp
s:K
iii) r=;fud;nfhtpy; jpupge;jhjp iv) nfhkjp me;jhjp

gPL bgw epy;
m) i, ii - rup M) iii, iv - rup
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) ii, iii, iv - rup tpil: M) iii, iv ? rup
3. mz;zhkiyahu; ________ E}w;whz;ilr; nru;e;jtu;.
m) 17 Mk; M) 18 Mk;
tp
,) 19 Mk;; <) 16 Mk; tpil: ,) 19 Mk;

4. fhtor;rpe;ijg; ghoatu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) FkuFUguu;
ht
,) jha[khdtu; <) mz;zhkiyahu; tpil: <) mz;zhkiyahu;

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5. jpUg;g[fiH mUspatu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) FkuFUguu;
,) mz;zhkiyahu; <) jha[khdtu; tpil: m) mUzfpupahu;
6. mUzfpupahupd; jpUg;g[fH;j; jhf;fj;jhy; tpise;j rpwe;j re;j ,yf;fpak; ________.
L al
m) fhtor;rpe;J M) ePjpbewptpsf;fk;
,) nfhkjp me;jhjp <) jpUke;jpuk; tpil: m) fhtor;rpe;J
7. jkpHpy; Kjd;Kjypy; tz;zr;rpe;J ghoatu; ________.
A d
m) mUzfpupahu; M) ghujpahu;
,) mz;zhkiyahu; <) xsitahu; tpil: ,) mz;zhkiyahu;
D ika
3 8. fhtor;rpe;J ghlypd; bkl;oid mikj;jtu; ________.
m) mUzfpupahu; M) mz;zhkiyahu;
,ay;
,) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjk; <) ,isauh$h tpil: M) mz;zhkiyahu;

9. mz;zhkiyahu; ________ mitapy; muritg; g[ytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
m) ,Ujahya kUjg;gj; njtUila
Alv
M) ,Ujahya ntyg;gj;njtUila
,) mupku;j;jd ghz;oaUila
<) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;f nrhHUila tpil: m) ,Ujahya kUjg;gj; njtUila
m) 16 M) 18
a
10. mz;zhkiyahu; Cw;W kiyf;Fr; brd;wnghJ taJ ________.
.Kk
,) 19 <) 20 tpil: M) 18
11. mz;zhkiyahupd; Cu; ________.
m) bgupaFsk; M) bgU=;Fsj;J}u;
wI
,) brd;dpFsk; <) Fspj;jiy tpil: ,) brd;dpFsk;

LV

w
i) tpyhrk; ? 1. njtu;
ii) E}g[uk; ? 2. kjpy;
iii) ,+;rp ? 3. rpyk;g[
A
//w
iv) ck;gu; ? 4. mHF

m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
s:K
13. ryuhrp vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.

m) flypy; fpilf;Fk; Kj;Jf;fs;
M) flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fs;
,) thdpy; ,Uf;Fk; rpwg;g[ tpz;kPd;fs;
<) g{kpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fdpk ts=;fs;
tp
tpil: M) flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fs;

14. j;t$!;jk;gk; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) kjpy; nkypUf;Fk; bfho M) bfho kuk;
ht
,) kuf;fd;W <) fg;gypy; gwf;Fk; bfho tpil: M) bfho kuk;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
i) g[ak; ? 1. cyfk;
ii) $fk; ? 2. njhs;
iii) td;dk; ? 3. nkfk;
L al
iv) g[ay; ? 4. mHF
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
A d
16. `jhtp~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
m) tpidbar;rk; M) bgabur;rk;
D ika
,) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W <) brhy;ypir msbgil tpil: m) tpidbar;rk;
17. `khnj~ vd;gjd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[ ________.
m) cupr;brhw;bwhlu; M) tpsp
,) md;bkhHpj; bjhif <) bgabur;rk; tpil: M) tpsp
18. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy; ________.
Alv
m) jpUg;g[fH; M) cau;e;njh=;Fk;
,) VHpir <) befpH;e;JUf tpil: m) jpUg;g[fH;
19. `tUfpd;w~ vd;w brhy;ypd; gFjp ________.
m) th
,) t
M) tU
a
<) tUfpd;W tpil: m) th
.Kk
20. cau;e;njh=;Fk; ? vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
ii) cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
m) i - rup M) ii - rup
wI
,) i, ii - rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) i, ii ? rup

LV
21. kJukhd ftpkhiyiaj; njhspy; rhu;j;jpf; bfhs;gtu; ________.

w
m) mUfd; M) KUfd;
,) rptd; <) jpUkhy; tpil: M) KUfd;
A
//w
22. fGFkiyj; jiytd; vd;W nghw;wg;gLgtu; ________.

m) fz;zg;gu; M) Ffd;
,) KUfd; <) rptnfhrupahu; tpil: ,) KUfd;
s:K
23. fhto vLf;Fk; moahu;fs; ghLk; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ/ ________ gl;odj;jpYs;s

gPL bgw epy;
njtu;fspd; brtpiar; brd;wilfpwJ.
m) mkuhtjp M) mk;gpfhtjp
,) brd;dpFsk; <) jpUkiy tpil: m) mkuhtjp
24. jkpH;ehl;oy; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; ehl;lhu; ? tHf;fhw;wpYs;s ,ir kug[ ________.
tp
m) fu;ehlfk; M) ,e;J!;jhdp
,) ,e;jsk; <) fhtor;rpe;J tpil: <) fhtor;rpe;J
25. Tw;W i) : KUfg;bgUkhdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf;
ht
bfhz;L bry;nthu;/ Mly; ghly;fSld; Mya=;fis nehf;fpr; bry;tu;

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.in
Tw;W ii): tHpeilg; ghly; tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;Dk; ghtotk; njhd;wpaJ.
m) Tw;W: i ? rup M) Tw;W: ii ? rup
,) Tw;W: i, ii ? rup <) Tw;W: i, ii ? jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: i, ii ? rup
26. `fGfhrygjp~ vd;gjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Cu; ________.
L al
m) fGFkiy M) jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk;
,) Midkiy <) FlFkiy tpil: m) fGFkiy
A d
FWtpdh
1. `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ahu;>
D ika
3 `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;Dk; E}ypd; ghl;Lilj;jiytd;/ jpUbey;ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s
fGFkiyapy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfd; Mthd;.
,ay;
2. `fhtor;rpe;J~ vd;w totk; vt;thW njhd;wpaJ>

`fhtor;rpe;J~ : Fd;WnjhWk; tPw;wpUf;Fk; KUfdpd; tHpghl;ow;fhfg; ghy; Kjyhd
tHpghl;Lg; bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L bry;tJ tHf;fk;.
Alv
mt;thW fhto vLj;Jr; bry;nthu; Mly; ghly;fSld; bry;Yk;/ tHpeilg; ghly;
tiffspypUe;J fhtor;rpe;J vd;w gh totk; njhd;wpaJ.
3. `ryuhrp~ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLgit ahit>
a
`ryuhrp~ vd;gJ flypy; thGk; kPd; Kjypa capu;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
4. fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; tpkhdk; Fwpj;Jf; fhtor; rpe;J TWtJ ahJ>
.Kk
mJ j=;fj;jhyhdJ.
mJ tpz;Qyfpy; cs;s njtu;fspd; nfhtpy; nfhg[u tpkhdr; rpfuj;ijf; fle;J
cau;e;jpUf;Fk;.
mjd; xsp/ khR goahky; fz;fs; TRk;goahd mHnfhL gy cyf=;fspYk; tps=;Fk;.
wI
LV
5. vtw;iw eof;Fk;/ jhf;Fk; vdf; fhtor; rpe;J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>

fGFkiyf; nfhtpypy;/ j=;fs; fhw;rpyk;g[ xypf;Fk;go/ rpw;wpil bfhz;l bgz;ou;
w
eldkhLtij èof;Fk;~ vdt[k;/

ghk;g[fs; ,J ,o KHf;fnkh vd m+;rpj; jiy J}f;fpg; ghu;f;Fk;go nfhtpy; gyfzpapy;
itf;fg;gl;oUf;Fk; KHtpid mog;gjhy; vGk; ngbuhyp/ ehd;F jpirfspYk; brd;W
A
//w
nkhjp xypg;gijj; `jhf;Fk;~ vdt[k;

fhtor;rpe;J Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
s:K
6. `fhtor;rpe;J~ Mrpupau; fGFkiy KUfd; nfhtpy; fk;gk; vg;goj; njhd;WfpwJ vd;W

TWfpwhu;>
ePupy; thGk; kPd;fs; Tl;lj;ijg; nghd;w totj;ijf; bfhz;l Fk;g ,uhrpiar; Nupad;
jd; jiyf;F nky; Rke;jpUg;gJ nghy/ fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; re;epjp Kd;nd bfho gwf;Fk;
fk;gKk; kpf cau;e;njh=;fpf; fhzg;gLk; vdf; fhtor;rpe;J Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
7. `cw=;Fk; kpd;dpf; fw=;Fk;~ ? vJ> v=;F cw=;fp kpd;dpf; fw=;Fk;>
tp
fGFkiyf; nfhtpy; kjpy;fs; tpz;zpYs;s njtu;fspd; bghd;dhl;ila[k; kPWk;

mst[f;F cau;e;J tps=;Fk;.
mjdhy;/ kpft[k; Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa kiH nkf=;fs; gyt[k; mk;kjpy;fspy; j=;Fk;.
mof;fo kpd;dp/ ,o KHf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. vJ brtp milf;Fk;/ mz;lk; cilf;Fk;>
mUzfpupahu; vGjpa jpUg;g[fH;g; ghly;fisg; gyKiw ghog; gHfpa gapw;rpahy;/
KUfd; moahu; gyUk; mg;ghly;fisf; Tl;lkha;g; ghLtu;.
me;jj; jpUg;g[fH; KHf;fkhdJ/ tpz;zpYs;s mkuhtjp vd;Dk; efupy; thGk;
L al
njtu;fspd; brtpfis milf;FkhW bra;a[k;.
gy cyf=;fisf; bfhz;l ,e;j mz;lj;ijna cila[k;go bra;a[k;.
9. vtu; `,fnk fjp~ fhz;ghu;/ ,d;gk; g{z;lhu;>
A d
moahu;fspd; tha;/ fUizna cUthd KUfidg; nghw;wpg; ghLk;.
mtu;fspd; njhs;kPJ fhto tPw;wpUf;Fk;.
D ika
mtu;fs; cs;sk;/ mst[f;fjpfkhd btg;gj;jhy; cUFk; bkGifg;nghy; gf;jpahy;
fiue;jpUf;Fk;.
,j;jifa moahu;fs; ,t;t[yfpy; cau;e;j epiy bgw;W/ ,d;gkha; thH;tu;.
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. ts;sp gjk; gzpa[k; nerid vt;thbwy;yhk; kwntd; vd mz;zhkiyahu; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
TWfpwhu;>
cyfk; nghw;Wk; tz;zk; ehd; bjhLj;j ,dpa ftp khiyia/ kiy nghd;w jd;
njhs;fspy; mzpe;jtd; KUfd;. a
jpz;zpad;" ntiyf; ifapy; bfhz;oUf;Fk; tPuk; brwpe;jtd;;" mHfpa kapy;kPJ
.Kk
mku;e;jpUf;Fk; <rd;.
jd; kidtpa[k;/ Fwtu;f; Fyj;jpy; njhd;wpatSkhfpa ts;spapd; mHfpa ghj=;fisf;
fhjyhy; gzpfpd;w moatd;.
moahu;fSf;F ntz;Ltdtw;iw tH=;fpf; bfhz;L/ fGfhryk; vd;Dk; efupy;
wI
vGe;jUspapUf;fpd;w ,j;jifa KUfid ehd; kwntd; vd mz;zhkiyahu;

LV
TWfpwhu;.
w
***
A
//w
s:K
gPL bgw epy;

tp
ht
101
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.in
bra;a[s;
FWe;bjhif
,ay; 3 ? bts;sptPjpahu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
3 1. bts;sptPjpahu;
2. mz;zhkiyahu;
m) g[wehD}W
M) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
,ay;
3. thothry; ,) FWe;bjhif
4. ,sk;bgUtGjp <) fhtor;rpe;J
1) m M , < 2) M < m ,
Alv
3) , < M m 4) , < m M tpil: 3) , < M m
2. `,dpbjd~ ? ,r;brhy;ypy; mike;j g[zu;r;rp tpjpfis tupirg;gLj;Jf.
a
m) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;/ cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng.
M) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;/ capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;.
,) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng/ jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;.
.Kk
<) jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;/ capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;.
tpil: m) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;/ cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng.
FWtpdh
wI
LV
1. FWe;bjhif Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpa[k; bra;jp ahJ>

w
FWe;bjhif vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W.

ehd;fo Kjy; vl;lofs; tiu mike;j FWfpa ghf;fshy; MdJ.
mfj;jpiz rhu;e;j 401 ghly;fis cilaJ.
A
//w
ciuahrphpah;fs; gyuhYk; mjpfkhf nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l E}y;.

Kjypy; bjhFf;fg;gl;l bjhif E}yhf ,e;E}y; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,e;E}iyj; bjhFj;jtu; g{upf;nfh Mthu;.
s:K
`èy;y FWe;bjhif~~ vd mil bfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLtJ.

,e;E}ypd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhu; Mthu;.
rpWtpdh
1. r=;ffhyj;jpy; eilbgw;w r@f epfH;t[ bts;sptPjpahu; ghlypy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tp
,f;fhyr; r@f epfH;t[fs; vGj;jpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia xg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

r=;f fhyj;jpypUe;nj ,d;iwa tiuapy; r@fj;jpy; kzf;bfhil vd;gJ gutyhf
cs;sJ vd;gija[k;/ mtw;wpy; rpy khw;w=;fisa[k; fhz ,aYk; vdyhk;.
bts;sptPjpahu; ghlypy; tUk; jiytDk; jiytpa[k; xUtiubahUtu; tpUk;gpdu;.
ht
102
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
mtu;fs; cwit mwpe;j jiytp tPl;lhu;/ mtis btspna bry;ytplhky; tPl;oy;
rpiw itj;jdu;.
mjid mwpe;j jiytd;/ kzk; ngrp tUkhW/ @j;njhu; rpyiu mDg;gp itj;jhd;.
mtu;fSk; brd;W/ jiytp tPl;lhUld;/ eak;glg; ngrpj; jiytpiaj; jiytDf;F
L al
kzk; g[upe;J ju/ jiytp tPl;lhu; ,ira[k;go bra;jdu;.
Mdhy; ,d;W kzkfd; tPl;lhUf;Fg; bgz; tPl;lhu; kzf;bfhil je;J kfisj;
jpUkzk; bra;tpf;Fk; epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
A d
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
D ika
gpupe;njhu;/ g[zu;g;nghu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;
ed;W ed;W – mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
btz;liy – gz;gj
[ ;bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
Alv
gpupe;njhu; = gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; g[zu;g;nghu; = g[zu; + g; + g; + Xu;
gpup gFjp g[zu; gFjp
j;(e;) re;jp (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) g; re;jp
j;
Xu;
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy;
a g;
Xu;
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
.Kk
tpidKw;W tpFjp tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

wI
LV
1. jz;Lil `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tp;l;L jz;l; + cil

jz;L + cil XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
w
jz;(l; + c) + epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/

cil `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ jz;Lil
,ay;ng~ (l; + c = L) vd;whdJ.
A
//w
2. ek;@u; `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;xw;W capu;tupd; ek;k; + Cu;

ek;; + Cu; ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `k~fu xw;W
,ul;oj;J/
s:K
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ek;@u; vd;whdJ.

,ay;ng~ (k; + C = @)
gPL bgw epy;
3. btz;liy btz;ik vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.

btz;ik + `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ btz; + jiy
jiy epiybkhHpaPw;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
tp
`zsKd; lzt[k; MFk; jef;fs;~ btz;liy

vd;Dk; tpjpg;go jfuk;/ lfukhfp vd;whdJ.
ht
103
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
1. jpUkz=;fspy; kzf;bfhil nfl;gJ Fw;wnk ? tpthjpf;f.

kzf;bfhil nfl;gJ Fw;wnk-
L al
r=;f fhyj;jpy; kzkfd; tPl;lhu;/ bgz; tPl;lhu; nghJk; vd;wst[f;Fg; bghd;
bfhLj;J bgz; nfl;ldu;. mJ ,d;W Kw;wpYk; khwptpl;lJ.
A d
ts;Stg; bgUe;jif/
`md;g[k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thH;f;if
D ika
gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ~ vd;whu;.
3 Mdhy; ,d;nwh/
eifa[k; el;Lk; tz;oa[k; ,Ue;jhy; fy;ahzk; fhl;rp elf;Fk; vd;whfptpl;lJ. ,jpy;
,ay;
VjhtJ Fiwe;jhYk; jpUkzk; jilgLk;. ,J fl;lha tNyhfptpl;lJ.

jd; kfDf;Fr; bra;j bryitg; bgz; tPl;lhuplk; bgwj; Jof;fpd;wdu;. FzKk;
Alv
kzKk; ghu;j;Jj; jpUkzk; bra;j fhyk; khwp/ gzKk; g=;fsht[k; ,Ue;jhy; jpUkzk;
vd;w epiyahfptpl;lJ. fl;lha kzf;bfhilahy; kuz=;fs; cUthfptpl;ld.
xU r@fj;ij fl;likf;ff;Toa ,y;thH;nthu; r@f tpnuhjpfshf khWfpd;wdu;.
a
kzf;bfhil jtpu;j;J kuzky;yh bgUthH;t[ thHt[k;/ r@fg; gpur;rid cUthfhky;
,Uf;ft[k; ``kzf;bfhil bfhLg;gJ Fw;wk;/ th=;FtJ Fw;wnk-~~ vd;gijf;
Twpf;bfhs;fpnwd;.
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. jz;L vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.

w
m) E}w;fz;L M) Cd;Wnfhy;
,) Jyhf;nfhy; <) kzpf;Tz;L tpil: M) Cd;Wnfhy;
2. FWe;bjhifapy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
A
//w
m) 401 M) 201
,) 256 <) 101 tpil: m) 401
s:K
3. ciuahrpupau;fs; gyuhYk; mjpfkhf nkw;nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l E}y; ________.

m) g[wehD}W M) mfehD}W
,) FWe;bjhif <) beLey;thil tpil: ,) FWe;bjhif
4. èy;y~ vd;w milbkhHpia cila vl;Lj;bjhif E}y; ________.
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W
tp
,) g[wehD}W <) gupghly; tpil: m) FWe;bjhif

5. FWe;bjhif E}iyj; bjhFj;jtu; ________.
m) g{upf;nfh M) cUj;jpurd;ku;
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) fgpyu; tpil: m) g{upf;nfh
ht
104
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. Kjypy; bjhFf;fg;gl;l vl;Lj;bjhif E}yhff; fUjg;gLtJ ________.
m) ew;wpiz M) FWe;bjhif
,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W tpil: M) FWe;bjhif
7. bts;sptPjpahu; r=;fj;bjhif E}y;fspy; ghoa[s;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________.
L al
m) 13 M) 12
,) 10 <) 14 tpil: m) 13
8. FWe;bjhifapd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ________.
A d
m) bts;sptPjpahu; M) g{upf;nfh
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) tue;jUthu; tpil: ,) bgUe;njtdhu;
D ika
9. ghujk; ghoatu; ________.
m) g{upf;nfh M) fgpyu;
,) bgUe;njtdhu; <) tue;jUthu; tpil: ,) bgUe;njtdhu;
10. btz;liyr; rpjtyu; ? ,jpy; rpjty; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) fhjzp M) fhw;rpyk;g[
Alv
,) jiyg;ghif <) tisay; tpil: ,) jiyg;ghif
11. FWe;bjhif fhl;Lk; mf;fhy r@f epfH;t[ ________.
m) bghUsPl;ly; M) nghu;
a
,) kzf;bfhil bfhLj;jy; <) el;g[ tpil: ,) kzf;bfhil bfhLj;jy;
12. `mk;kthHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifg; ghlypd; ghtif ________.
.Kk
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) mWrPu;f;fHp beoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) fyp btz;gh tpil: m) neupir Mrpupag;gh
13. `mk;kthHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifg; ghly; ahu; ? ahuplk; TwpaJ>
wI
m) njhHp ? jiytdplk; TwpaJ

LV
M) ew;wha; njhHpaplk; TwpaJ

w
,) ghfd; ? jiytdplk; TwpaJ

<) njhHp ? jiytpaplk; TwpaJ tpil: <) njhHp ? jiytpaplk; TwpaJ
14. gpupe;njhu;/ ed;W ed;W ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;igf; fz;lwpf.
A
//w
m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;

M) mLf;Fj;bjhlu;/ tpidbar;rk;
,) bgabur;rk;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
s:K
<) bjhHpw;bgau;/ ,ul;ilf;fpstp gPL bgw epy;

tpil: m) tpidahyiza[k; bgau;/ mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
15. jz;Lil ? vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpjpfs; ________.
i) capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;
ii) cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
tp
iii) y/ s ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; w/ l?t[k; MFk;

,) ii, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; jtW tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
ht
105
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.in
16. gpupe;njhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzj;jpd;go gpupj;bjGJk; Kiw ________.
m) gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu; M) gpup + j; + j; + Xu;
,) gpupe;J + Xu; <) gpup + e; + j; + Xu; tpil: m) gpup + j;(e;) + j; + Xu;
L al
FWtpdh
1. FWe;bjhif ? bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.
FWik + bjhif ? FWe;bjhif.
A d
,e;E}y; 4 mo Kjy; 8 mofs; tiu FWfpa Mrpupag;ghf;fisf; bfhz;L bjhFf;fg;
gl;l E}y;.
D ika
3 ,J msthy; bgw;w bgauhFk;.
nkYk; ,e;E}ypy; 400 ghly;fs; cs;sikahy; ,J `FWe;bjhif ehD}W~ vdt[k;
tH=;fg; bgWk;.
,ay;
FWe;bjhif @yk; gz;ilj; jkpHupd; xGf;fk;/ thH;f;if Kiw/ gHf;ftHf;f=;fs;/

gz;ghL/ ehfupfr; rpwg;g[ Kjypa bra;jpfis ed;F czuyhk;.
Alv
2. bts;sptPjpahu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bts;sptPjpahu; r=;ffhyg; bgz;ghw; g[ytu;fspy; xUtu;.
r=;fj;bjhif E}y;fspy; 13 ghly;fs; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;lit.
a
,tu; kJiuapy; bts;spak;gyj; bjUtpy; ,Ue;jjhy;/ ,g;bgau; bgw;whu; nghYbkdj;
bjupfpwJ.
.Kk
rpWtpdh
1. FWe;bjhifg; ghly; TWk; fUj;jpida[k; mjd; gpd;dzpiaa[k; tpsf;Ff.
FWe;bjhifg; ghly; TWk; fUj;Jk; mjd; gpd;dzpa[k;:
wI
jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; gpwuwpahjthW/ jdpna gy Kiw re;jpj;Jf; fhjy; bfhz;L

LV
fst[ kzk; nkw;bfhz;ldu;. Mdhy; jiytp/ mf;fst[ kzk; ePof;ff; TlhJ" Cuhu;
w
mwpaj; jiytd; jd;id kze;J bfhs;s ntz;Lbkd tpUk;gpdhs;.

mt;thnw jiytd;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrp tUkhW/ jd; cwtpdu; rpyiuj; jiytp
,y;yj;jpw;F mDg;gpdhu;. jiytpf;F cwtpdu; mtu;fnshL kzk; gw;wp/ tPl;ow;F
A
//w
Kd; cs;s gFjpapy; ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;jdu;. mjid tPl;oDs; ,Ue;J ftdpj;Jf;

bfhz;oUe;j jiytp/ `xUntis ek; cwtpdu; vd;idj; jiytDf;Fj; jpUkzk;
bra;J bfhLf;f kWg;gnuh-~ vd;W vz;zp tUe;jpdhs;.
s:K
jiytpapd; tUj;jj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; mwpe;j njhHp/ ``mt;thW fUjhnj" re;jpf;f

,ayhJ gpupe;jpUf;Fk; c=;fisf; To kfpGkhW bra;a ntz;Lbkd;W fUJk;
rhd;nwhUk;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; mf;Tl;lj;jpy; cs;shu;. `,ij
vt;thW mwptha;>~ vd eP nfl;fyhk;. m=;nf jiytdpd; cwtpdu; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/
èd;W ed;W~ vd kfpH;e;J/ ek; cwtpdu; cld;gl;Lf; TWfpd;wdu;. nkYk; `ck; tUif
vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~ vd;W jiytdJ cwtpduplk; Twp kfpH;fpd;wdu;.
tp
mjdhy;jhd; ,t;thW TWfpnwd;~~ vd;whs;.

ht
106
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
1. `gpupe;njhu;g; g[zu;g;nghu; ,Ue;jdu;.~
,lk;:
L al
bts;sp tPjpahu; vd;Dk; g[ytu; ,aw;wpa FWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,t;to ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
A d
gpupe;njhiur; nru;j;J itg;nghu; cs;sdu;.
tpsf;fk;:
D ika
Kd;g[/ jiytd; jiytp Mfpnahu; bfhz;oUe;j fhjYwitj; jiytpapd;
bgw;nwhUk; cwtpdUk; mwpe;J/ jiytpia tPl;il tpl;Lr; bry;yhjthW/ tPl;onyna
rpiwapl;ldu;. ,t;thW md;W/ ``g[zu;e;njhu;g; gpupg;nghuha;~ ,Ue;jdu;/ Mdhy;/ ,d;W
mtu;fns jiytpiaj; jiytDf;F kzk; Koj;Jj; ju ,irtjd; @yk; ``gpupe;njhu;
g[zu;g;nghu;~~ Mapdu; vd;fpwhs; njhHp.
Alv
2. ed;W ed;W vd;Dk; khf;fnshL
,d;W bgupbjd;Dk; M=;fz jitna.
,lk;:
a
bts;sp tPjpahu; vd;Dk; bgz;ghw; g[ytu; ,aw;wpa/ FWe;bjhif vd;Dk; E}ypy;
,t;to ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
.Kk
bghUs;:
jiytd; tPl;L thapw; gFjpapy;/ jiytd; tPl;lhUk;/ jiytp tPl;lhUk; kzk;
Fwpj;Jg; ngrpdu;. mg;nghJ jiytdJ cwtpdu; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/ jiytpapd; cwtpdu;
`èd;W ed;W~~ vd;W TwpaJld; ``c=;fs; tUif vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~~
wI
vd;wdu;.
LV
tpsf;fk;:
`èk; cwtpdUk;/ jiytd; tPl;L cwtpdUk;/ kzk; Fwpj;Jg; ngrpf;
w
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wdu;. jiytdpd; tPl;lhh; TWtjw;bfy;yhk;/ èy;yJ ey;yJ~ vd;W

ek; tPl;lhu; Twp `c=;fs; tUif vkf;Fg; bgUk; ngwha; mike;jJ~ vd;fpd;wdu;. ``,jd;
tHp/ c=;fs; jpUkzj;ij elj;jpl ,U tPl;lhUk; ,ire;jdu; vd;gJ btspg;gLfpwJ
A
//w
md;nwh>~~ vdf; Twpj; njhHp jiytpia kfpH;tpj;jhs;.
***
s:K
gPL bgw epy;

tp
ht
107
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
bra;a[s;
g[wehD}W
,ay; 3 ? ,sk;bgUtGjp
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. jkpHu;fs; g[fH;/ gHp Mfpatw;iw vt;thW Vw;wjhfg; g[wehD}W TWfpwJ>
3 g[fH; : jkpHu;fs; g[fH; tUbkd;why; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gu;.
gHp : gHp tUbkd;why;/ cyfk; KGtJk; fpilj;jhYk;/ Vw;Wf;bfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;.
,ay;
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypd; fUj;jpw;F ,izahd Fwl;ghf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; Fwl;gh
cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;a
mkpH;jk; ,iatJ MapDk;/ ,dpJ vdj;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu.
tpUe;J g[wj;jjhj; jhDz;ly; rhth
kUe;bjdpDk; ntz;lw;ghw;W md;W.
.Kk
gpwu; m+;RtJ m+;rp m+;RtJ m+;rhik ngijik m+;RtJ
m+;ry; mwpthu; bjhHpy;.
J+;rYk; ,yu; CiHa[k; cg;gf;fk; fhz;gu; ciyt[,d;wpj;
wI
jhHhJ c+w;W gtu;.

LV
g[fH; vdpd; capU=; bfhLf;Ftu; kapu;ePg;gpd; thHhu; ftupkhd; md;du;

capu;ePg;gu; khdk; tupd;.
w
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
mk;k mirepiy
A
–
//w
cz;ly;/ J+;ry; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;

Kayh – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
s:K
m+;Rjy;/ Kdpjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;

KaYeu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
J+;ry; = J+;R + my; Kdptpyu; = Kdp + t;; + ,y; + mu;

tp
J+;R gFjp Kdpt[ gFjp

my; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp t; clk;gLbka; re;jp"
,y; vjph;kiw ,ilepiy
ht
mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. g[fbHdpd; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ g[fbHdpd;
L al
g[fH; + vdpd; ,ay;ng~ (H; + v = bH) vd;whdJ.
2. ,iatjhapDk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L ,iatj; +
,iatJ + XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ MapDk;
A d
MapDk; epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/
,iat (j; + c) `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,iatjhapDk;
D ika
+ MapDk; ,ay;ng~ (j;; + M = jh) vd;whdJ.
3. Kdptpyu; `Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuhtHp~ vDk; Kdpt; + ,yu;
Kdpt[ + ,yu; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk;
Kdpt[ (t; + c) bfl;L/
+ ,yu; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ Kdptpyu;
,ay;ng~ (t; + , = tp) vd;whdJ.
Alv
4. m+;Rtj+;rp `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L m+;Rtj; + m+;rp
m+;RtJ + XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
m+;rp epiybkhHpaPw;W `c~fuk; bfl;L/
a
,ay;ng~ (j; + m = j)
m+;Rtj+;rp
vd;whdJ.
.Kk
5. gHpbadpd; `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ gHp + a; + vdpd;
gHp + vdpd; afu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ gHpbadpd;
,ay;ng~ (a; + v = ba) vd;whdJ.
wI
LV

w
1. cyfpay; fUj;Jfisg; ngRk; VnjDk; Xu; ,yf;fpag; ghlypd; eaKk; brhy;Yk; bghUSk;
Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ngRf.
cyfpay; fUj;Jfis eak;gl brhy;Yk; bgUik xsitahiu tpl;lhy; ntW vtnuDk;
A
//w
,y;iy vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W

fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk; vd;ghu;fs;. mg;gog;gl;l fk;gid .................
s:K
bgUik xsitahiur; rhUk;.

nrhHd; mitapy; fk;gd; bgupJk; nghw;wg;gl;ltu;. mstw;w md;g[k; bfhz;ltu;.
gPL bgw epy;
xsitapd; ghliyf; nfl;L nrhHnd fy=;fpdhd;.
``thd;FUtp apd;TL ty;yuf;Fj; bjhy;fiwahd;
njd;rpyk;gp ahtu;f;F+; bra;aupjhy; ? ahk;bgupJk;
ty;nyhnk vd;W typikbrhy ntz;lh=;fhz;
tp
vy;yhu;f;Fk; xt;bthd; bwspJ~~

nrhHnd-
J}f;fzh=;FUtp fl;oa TLnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-
ht
fiuahd; vt;tst[ mHfhf El;gkha;g; g[w;W fl;LfpwJ mJnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-

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.in
rpye;jp tiyiag; nghy; vtuhYk; fl;lKoa[kh-
njdPf;fs; fl;Lk; TLnghy; fl;lKoa[kh-
,tw;iw ahuhYk; bra;a ,ayhJ. xt;bthUtUf;F xU jpwik cz;L. fk;gu;
? tpUj;jk; vd;why;/ g[fnHe;jp ? btz;gh. Mjyhy; xU jpwikia itj;J mtu;
L al
midj;jpYk; jpwik vd;W nghw;wf;TlhJ.
2. c=;fSf;Fj; bjupe;j/ eP=;fs; nfs;tpa[w;w `gpwu;f;bfd KaYeu;~ vtnuDk; xUtu; Fwpj;j
jfty;fisj; jpul;of; fl;Liu cUthf;Ff.
A d
jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;judhu;
jkpH; ,is+u; Kjy; Kjpatu; tiu kd=;fspy; thH;gtu; jpU.tp.f. jkpGf;Fk;/
D ika
3 jkpH;ehl;Lf;Fk; vz;zw;w bjhz;L bra;jtu;.
,tu; ngr;R bgUk;g[ayhft[k;/ vGj;J vupkiyahft[k;/ bra;jp rpw;gpahft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
,ay;
jkpH;ehl;Lf; fhe;jp vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu;.

jkpGf;Fk;/ jkpH; vGj;jhsu;fSf;Fk; je;ijahft[k;/ bjhHpyhsu;fSf;Fj; jhahft[k;
tps=;fpatu;.
Alv
@d;bwGj;J rfhg;jk;/ Md;w vGj;jhsu;/ nju;e;j rpe;jidahsu;/ ciuahrpupau;/
bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;/ ftp+u;/ ,iwg;gzpa[k; jkpH;g;gzpa[k; ehl;Lew;gzpa[k; bfhz;ltu;.
bkhj;jj;jpy; jdf;bfd thHhg; gpwu;f;bfd KaYk; nguUs; be+;rk; bfhz;ltu;.
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jkpHupd; thH;tpay; fUt{ykhf tps=;Fk; E}y; ________.
wI
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
LV
,) FWe;bjhif <) gupghly; tpil: M) g[wehD}W

w
2. Tw;W i) : jkpHupd; tPuj;ija[k; <uj;ija[k; kl;Lk; ngrhky;/ thH;tpd; tpGkpa=;fisa[k;

ngRk; E}y; g[wehD}W MFk;.
Tw;W ii) : jdf;bfd thHh kdpju;fisg; gw;wpg; g[wehD}W ngRfpwJ.
A
//w

,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
s:K
i) jhs; ? 1. Kaw;rp
ii) Kdpjy; ? 2. btWj;jy;
iii) J+;ry; ? 3. typik
iv) nehd;ik ? 4. nrhk;gy;
m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
tp
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 3/4 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3

4. g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp bgau;j;jtu; ________.
m) $p.a[.nghg; M) $hu;$; vy;.\hu;l;
ht
,) tPukhKdptu; <) fhy;Lbty; tpil: m) $p.a[.nghg;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. g[wehD}W ________ ghf;fshy; MdJ.
m) btz;gh M) mftw;gh
,) Fwl;gh <) fypg;gh tpil: M) mftw;gh
6. flw;bryt[ xd;wpy; ,we;J nghdtu; ________.
L al
m) beL+;brHpad; M) ,sk;bgUtGjp
,) khwd;tGjp <) Re;jughz;oad; tpil: M) ,sk;bgUtGjp
7. `bgUtGjp~ vd;Dk; bgau; Fwpg;gJ ________.
A d
m) nruid M) ghz;oaiu
,) nrhHid <) gy;ytiu tpil: M) ghz;oaiu
D ika
i) mk;k ? 1. mirepiy
ii) J+;ry; ? 2. bjhHpw;bgau;
iii) Kayh ? 3. <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
m) 1/ 2/ 3 M) 1/ 3/ 2
Alv
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3
9. J+;ry; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fupa tpFjp ________.
m) ry; M) jy;
,) my;
a
<) ,y; tpil: ,) my;
.Kk
10. g[wehD}W ________ Mk; Mz;L ________ mtu;fshy; Kjd; Kjyhf mr;rpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;L
btspaplg;gl;lJ.
m) 1894/ c.nt.rh M) 1884/ c.nt.rh
,) 1894/ k.bgh.rp <) 1884/ fp.M.bg tpil: m) 1894/ c.nt.rh
wI
FWtpdh
LV
w
1. g[wehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs; ahit>

gz;ilj; jkpHu;fspd; cau;e;j ehfupfk;/ murpay;/ nghu;j;jpwk;/ rKjhag; gz;ghL/
gHf;ftHf;f=;fs; Mfpatw;iw czu;tjw;Ff; fUtpahfg; g[wehD}W jpfH;fpwJ.
A
//w
,e;E}y; jkpHupd; rpwe;j fUt{ykhFk;.

,itna g[wehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs; MFk;.
s:K
2. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fs; ahit> mtw;Ws; mfk;/ g[wk; gw;wpa E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

mfg;bghUs; gw;wpad:
gPL bgw epy;
ew;wpiz/ fypj;bjhif/ FWe;bjhif/ mfehD}W/ I=;FWE}W Mfpa Ie;Jk; mfg;bghUs;
gw;wpad.
g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpad:
tp
gjpw;Wg;gj;J/ g[wehD}W Mfpa ,uz;Lk; g[wg;bghUs; gw;wpad.

mfKk;/ g[wKk;:
gupghly; mfKk;/ g[wKk; gw;wpaJ.
ht
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.in
3. `cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGjpatu; ahu;> mtiug; gw;wp ePtpu;
mwptd ahit>
`cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghliy vGjpatu; flYs; kha;e;j
,sk;bgUtGjp Mthu;.
L al
`tGjp~ vd;Dk; bgauhy; ,tu; ghz;oa Fyj;jtu; vd mwpfpd;nwhk;.
,sikapnyna nguwptpdhy; bgUik bgw;wtu; vd;gJ njhd;w/ ,tu; `,sk;bgUtGjp~
vdg;gl;lhu;.
A d
flw;nghupy; ,tu; ,we;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
mjdhy; ,tu;/ gpw;fhyj;jtuhy;/ `flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp~ vd tH=;fg;gl;lhu;.
D ika
4. ,t;t[yfk; vjdhy; epiy bgw;wpUf;fpwJ>
3 jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLgtu;/ gyu; ,Uj;jyhy;jhd;
,t;t[yfk; epiybgw;wpUf;fpwJ.
,ay;
5. `jkpau; cz;lYk; ,yu;~ ? vtu;> vij>

jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLgtu;/ fpilj;jw;fupa njtu;
cz;Qk; mKjk; fpl;odhYk;/ mBJ ,dpikahdJ vd;W fUjpj; jhnk jdpj;J cz;z
Alv
khl;lhu;.
6. `m+;RtJ m+;rpj; J+;rYk; ,yu;~ ? tpsf;Ff.
jkf;bfd thHhJ gpwUf;bfd thH;gtu;/ m+;r ntz;oatw;wpw;F m+;RtnjhL
a
epd;wplhky;/ mtw;iwj; jPu;j;jw;F/ VjhtJ tHp cz;lhapd; mjida[k; nrhk;gypd;wpr;
bra;tu; vd;gjhk;.
.Kk
7. Rtofspy; ,Ue;j g[wehD}w;wpid mr;rpnyw;wp E}yha;j; je;jtu; vtu;>
Rtofspy; ,Ue;j g[wehD}w;wpid/ mr;rpnyw;wp E}yha;j; je;jtu; lhf;lu; c.nt.
rhkpehijau; Mthu;.
8. g[wehD}w;iwg; gpw bkhHpapy; btspapl;l gpwbkhHpahsu; ahtu;>
wI
LV
nguhrpupau; $hu;$; vy;. \hu;l; vd;ghu;/ g[wehD}W KGtija[k;/ M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp

bgau;j;J btspapl;lhu;.
w
nkdhl;lwp+u; $p.a{.nghg; mtu;fs; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iw bkhHpbgau;j;J

btspapl;lhu;.
rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. `cz;lhy; mk;k~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghly; bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rp MtJ vt;thW>

s:K
mkpH;jnk fpilj;jhYk; gynuhL cz;Qjy; ntz;Lk;.

gpwuplk; btWg;g[f; bfhs;sf; TlhJ.
gpwu; m+;rj;jf;ftw;Wf;Fj; jhKk; m+;Rjy; ntz;Lk;.
g[fiH tUe;jpa[k; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
gHpapid vt;tst[ ed;iktupDk; bfhs;Sjy; TlhJ.
jk; bghUl;ld;wpg; gpwu; bghUl;nl capu; thH;f;if ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
tp
vd;Dk; cz;ikg; bghUs;fs; kf;fSf;F ,k;ik/ kWikfl;F cWjp gaf;Fbkd;W/ jkJ

mDgtj;jpy; bjspe;J ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;sikahy;/ ,r;bra;a[s; bghUz;bkhHpf;
fh+;rp Mapw;W.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. bghJtpay; jpiz ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
jpiz tpsf;fk; :
btl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; tiu cs;s jpizfspy; Twg;glhj bra;jpfisa[k; gpw bghJthd
bra;jpfisa[k; bjhFj;Jf; TWtJ bghJtpay; jpizahFk;.
L al
rhd;W :
`cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;
A d
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu Kdptpyu;-...~
tpsf;fk; :
D ika
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhfg; bgupa Kaw;rpa[ld; ciHg;gtu;fs;/ ,e;jpuDf;Fupa
mkpH;jk; fpilj;jhYk; mBJ capu;f;fhg;gJ vd;gjw;fhfj; jdpj;J cz;zkhl;lhu;fs;.
bghUj;jk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhft[k; ciHg;gtu;fshy; kl;Lnk ,t;t[yfk; ,a=;fpf;
bfhz;oUg;gjhfg; g[wj;jpizfSf;bfy;yhk; bghJthd bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy; ,BJ
Alv
``bghJtpay; jpiz~~ Mapw;W.
3. bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rpj;Jiw ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
Jiw tpsf;fk; :
a
kf;fSf;F eyk; bra;a[k; thH;tpay; bewpfis vLj;Jf; TWjy; bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rpj;
JiwahFk;.
.Kk
rhd;W :
`cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;t[yfk; ,e;jpuu;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,ynu" Kdptpyu;-...~
wI
LV
tpsf;fk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhfg; bgupa Kaw;rpa[ld; ciHg;gtu;fs;/ ,e;jpuDf;Fupa
w
mkpH;jk; fpilj;jhYk; mBJ capu;fhg;gJ vd;gjw;fhfj; jdpj;J cz;zkhl;lhu;fs;.

bghUj;jk; :
jkf;fhf ciHf;fhky; gpwu;f;fhft[k; ciHg;gtu;fshy; kl;Lnk ,t;t[yfk; ,a=;fpf;
A
//w
bfhz;oUg;gjhf thH;tpay; bewpfis vLj;Jf; TWtjhy; ,BJ ``bghUz;bkhHpf;

fh+;rpj;Jiw~~ Mapw;W.
s:K
4. ,t;t[yfk; epiybgw;wpUg;gjw;Ff; flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;s bra;jpfisj;

bjhFj;bjGJf.
gPL bgw epy;
njtu;fl;F cupa mKjk; bjatj;jpdhyhtJ/ jtj;jpdhyhtJ jkf;F te;J
TLtjhapDk;/ mBJ ,dpikahdbjd;W fUjpj; jhnk jdpj;J cz;zhjtu;"
vtnuhLk; btWg;g[f; bfhs;SjYk; ,y;yhjtu;"
gpwu; m+;rj; jFe;j Jd;gj;jpw;Fj; jhKk; m+;rp/ mjidj; jPu;f;fr; nrhk;gp ,Uj;jYk;
tp
,y;yhjtu;"
jkf;Fg; g[fH; fpl;Ltjhapd;/ mjw;fhfj; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gtu;"
gHp fpl;Lkhapd;/ mjdhy; cyfk; KGtJk; fpilg;gjhapUe;jhYk; bfhs;shjtu;"
ht
kdf;ftiy bfhs;Sjy; ,y;yhjtu;.

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,t;thwhd khl;rpikg;gl;l jd;ikauhfpj; jk; thH;t[f;bfd;W Kaw;rpapid
nkw;bfhs;shJ/ gpwu; bghUl;Lr; bra;gtu; ,Uj;jyhy;jhd;/ ,e;j cyfk; ,d;Dk;
epiybgw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,itna flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp Twpa[s;s
bra;jpfshFk;.
L al
,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
1. ........................,e;jpuu;
A d
mkpH;jk; ,iatjhapDk; ,dpbjdj;
jkpau; cz;lYk; ,yu;.
D ika
,lk;:
3 flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp vGjpa/ `cz;lhy; mk;k-` vdj; bjhl=;Fk; g[wehD}w;Wr;
bra;a[spy; ,t;to ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
,ay;
bghUs;"
njtu;fl;F cupa mKjk; jkf;Ff; fpl;Ltjha; ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjd; ,dpik fUjpj;
Alv
jhnk jdpj;J cz;zhjtu;.
tpsf;fk;:
jd;id cz;lhiur; rhfhky; fhg;gJ mKjk;. mj;jd;ika[ila njtu;fspd;
a
czt[ gpwUf;Ff; fpilf;fhJ. mj;jifa mKjnk bja;tj;jpdhnyh/ jtj;jpdhnyh/
jkf;Ff; fpilj;jhYk;/ jkf;bfd thHhg; bgupnahu;fs; jhk; kl;Lk; mijj; jdpj;J
cz;z khl;lhu;fs;. gynuhL gfpu;e;J cz;ghu;fs;. ,j;jifatu; ,Ug;gjhy; cyfpay;
.Kk
epiybgWfpwJ vd;fpwhd;/ ,sk;bgUtGjp.
2. ``g[fbHdpd; capUk; bfhLf;Ftu;/ gHpbadpd;
cyFld; bgwpDk; bfhs;syu;~~
wI
,lk;:
LV
flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp vGjpa/ `cz;lhy; mk;k-~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk;

g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; ,t;to ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
w
bghUs;:
g[fH; fpilg;gjhapd; jk; capiua[k; bfhLg;gu;. gHp fpilg;gjhapd;/ mjdhy; cyfk;
KGtJk; bgWtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;shu;.
A
//w
tpsf;fk;:
jk; thH;tpidg; bgupjha;f; fUjhky;/ gpwu; ed;ikiana ehLk; nknyhu;fs;/ g[fH;
s:K
cz;lhFbkd;why; mjw;fhfj; jkJ cly;/ bghUs; Mfpatw;iw kl;Lky;yhky;/ jk; mupa

capiua[k; bfhLg;ghu;fs;. Mdhy;/ bra;aj; jfhj bray;fisr; bra;tjw;fhf/ ,t;t[yfnk
jkf;Ff; fpilg;gjhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjid Vw;Wf; bfhs;skhl;lhu;fs; vd;gjhk;.
***
tp
ht
114
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Jizg;ghlk;
thothry;
,ay; 3 ? rp.R. bry;yg;gh
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. thothry; fij thapyhf eP=;fs; czu;e;j fUj;Jfis tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhis-
k=;ifaupd; tPut[zu;t[- fhisia mlf;fpdhd;" fs=;fk;
Alv
fhisfis mlf;Fk; fhisfs; Jilj;jhd;
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR Kot[iu
Kd;Diu: a
Mrpupau; rp.R. bry;yg;gh rpWfij/ g[jpdk;/ ftpij/ bkhHpbgau;g;g[ Kjyhd
,yf;fpaj;jpd; gy;ntW js=;fspy; g=;fspg;g[r; bra;jpUf;fpwhu;. ``vGj;J~~ ,jHpidj;
.Kk
bjhl=;fp/ etPd jkpHpyf;fpa kWkyu;r;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ltu;. thothry;/ Rje;jpu jhfk;/
$Ptdhk;rk; nghd;wit ,tuJ gilg;g[fshFk;. ,tUila ``Rje;jpu jhfk;~~ g[jpdj;jpw;F
2001 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ fpilj;jJ.
k=;ifaupd; tPut[zu;t[-
wI
tPuj;jpd; tpisepyk; jkpHfk;. nghu; KuR nfl;lt[ld;/ fy=;fhJ ifapy; nty; vLj;Jf;
LV
bfhLj;J/ `bew;wpapy; jpyfkpl;L/ nghuplr; brd;W/ btw;wpa[ld; tUf- vd tHpaDg;gp

w
itf;Fk; k=;ifaiuf; bfhz;l ehL.

fhisfis mlf;Fk; fhisfs;-
,j;jifa tPukf;fs; ,d;Wk; jkpHfj;jpy; thH;e;J bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. jpd;W
A
//w
bfhGj;Jj; jpdbtLj;J tsu;e;jpUf;Fk; fhisfis vjpu;j;J epd;why;/ mf;fhisfspd;

Tupa bfhk;g[fshy; Fj;Jg;gl;Lr; rhf neupLk; my;yJ bgU=;fhaKw;W tPH neupLk;
vd;gij vy;nyhUk; mwptu;. vdpDk;/ mjidg; g[we;js;sp/ nghuho/ fhisfis mlf;fp
s:K
btw;wp bgwg; gyE}W tPu ,is+u;fs; $y;ypf;fl;L epfGk;nghJ Kd; tUtijf;

fhQk;nghJ tpag;g[ nkypLfpwJ.
gPL bgw epy;
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR-
nkw;Fwpj;j tPukugpy; te;jtd;jhd; `thothry;~ fijapy; ,lk;bgWk;/ gpr;rp. mtd;
$y;ypf;fl;Lg; nghl;oapy; fye;J bfhz;lhd;. mLj;jLj;J xt;bthU fhisiaa[k;
mtpH;j;J tpl;ldu;. mit Js;spa[k;/ Fjpj;Jk;/ bfhk;g[fis mirj;Jf; bfhz;Lk;/
tp
`vtnuDk; beU=;fpdhy; mt;tst[jhd;~ vd;W TWtJ nghyg; bgU@r;R tpl;Lf;

bfhz;Lk; te;jd. mg;go te;j fhisfSs; xd;Wjhd; thog[uj;Jf; fhis. mJ
fhisad;W/ fUg;g[g; gprhR- Mk;" cly; tsj;jhYk;/ epwj;jhYk; mJ mg;goj; njhd;wpaJ.
mjidf; fz;L gyUk; gpd; th=;fpdu;. Mdhy;/ gpr;rp typiknahL mjd; Kd;g[ epd;whd;.
ht
115
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je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhis-
mjidf; fz;L m=;fpUe;njhu; midtUk; mr;rj;jpy; ciwe;J epd;wdu;. `gpr;rpf;F
,d;W rht[ epr;rae;jhd;-~ vd;nw Kot[ fl;odu;. Mdhy;/ gpr;rp mjd; bfhk;g[f;F neu;
vjpu;epd;whd;. `mg;gd; Mirf;F kl;Lkd;wp/ capUf;nf ciyitj;j fhup. mjd; bfhk;gpy;
L al
,d;Dk; mg;gd; ,uj;jk; tHpe;J bfhz;oUg;gJ nghd;w gpuik mtDf;F Vw;gl;lJ-~
vd;fpwhu; fijahrpupau;.
fhisia mlf;fpdhd;" fs=;fk; Jilj;jhd;-
A d
Mk;- fle;j $y;ypf;fl;od; nghJ mf;fhupia mlf;fg; gpr;rpapd; mg;gd; Kaw;rp bra;jhu;"
Mdhy;/ mf;fhisahy; Fj;jg;gl;L ,we;jhu;. mjw;Fg; gHpth=;fnt gpr;rp mf;fhisia
,g;nghJ vjpu;j;J epw;fpd;whd;. jd; je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhisiaf; bfhy;tjw;fhf md;W"
D ika
3 jd; je;ijiaf; bfhd;w fhisapid mlf;fpj; jd; tPug;guk;giuf;F Vw;gl;l fs=;fj;ijf;
Jilg;gjw;fhf. mt;thnw mf;fhisnahL Kk;Kiw nkhjp/ mjid tPH;j;jpj; jiuapy;
rhar; bra;jhd;.
,ay;
``fs=;fk; fiue;jJ"
tPuk; epiyj;jJ-~~
Alv
Kot[iu:
gpr;rpiag; ghu;j;J/
a
``crpyD}u; mk;gpypapd; bgaiuf;
fhg;ghw;wp tpl;lhalh. eP kDrDf;Fg;
bghwf;fnylh/ g[ypf;Fg; bghwe;j ga/
.Kk
ntbwj;ijr; brhy;wJ~~
vd;W cUkhg;gl;iliaf; fpHtd; ePl;l/ gpr;rpapd; fz;fspypUe;J Mde;jf; fz;zPu;
tHpe;J bfhz;oUe;jJ.
wI

LV
1. eP=;fs; fz;Lfspj;j VW jGt[jy; epfH;tpd; fhl;rpfis tFg;gpy; neu;Kf tUzid

w
bra;J fhl;Lf.
v=;fs; Cu; kJiu. kJiu vd;whny $y;ypf;fl;Lf;F bgau; nghd ,lk;. tHf;fk;
nghy; bgh=;fy; md;nw fisf;fl;l Muk;gpj;jJ.
A
//w
bgh=;fYf;F Kd;dnu mjw;Fz;lhd Vw;ghLfisr; bra;tu;. gupRj;bjhifa[k;

Vw;ghL bra;J itg;gu;.
s:K
tpHh md;W fhiyapny fhisnahL/ fhisapd; cupikahsu;/ cwt[fs; vy;yhk;

te;J nru;e;J tpLthu;fs;.
xt;bthU fhisf;Fk; g=;nfw;g[ milahs ml;il tH=;fg;gLk;. tupirg;go
thothrYf;F miHj;Jtug;gLk;. thothriyj; jpwe;jt[ld; rPwpg;gha[k; fhisfis
mlf;Fk; ,is+u;fspd; gl;lhsk; Ftpa[k;. mtu;fSf;Fk; milahs ml;il
tp
tH=;fg;gLk;.
fhisapd; ntfj;jpw;F Vw;g gupRj; bjhifa[k; VWk;. rpy fhisfspy; gupRg;bghUSk;
,Uf;Fk;. fhisfs; kz;izf; Fj;jp fpsWk;. mg;nghJ/
tlf;fj;jpahd; tuhd;-
ht
116 fUg;g[g; gprhR khjpup flY}u; fhis tUJ- thothriy tpl;L btspna tUJ-
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ga brj;jhd;-
buz;L gt[d; j=;fk;-
thlh thlh mlf;F xUgf;fk;-
Ko+;rh mlf;fp ghU xUgf;fk;-
L al
ju;kfj;jhtpd; gupR @d;W gt[d; gupR Vwpf;bfhz;nl tUJ-
capUf;nf ciyitf;Fk; uh$hsp khjpup epf;FJ-
tlf;fpj;jpahd; tuhd; bky;y tuhd; te;jpl;lhd;-
A d
xnu Fj;J J}f;fpg;nghl;lJ-
Inah mk;kh vd;W fjwpatd; kPz;Lk; tuhd; bky;y/ bky;y-
D ika
xnu mKf;F mKf;fpl;lhd;-
btw;wp btw;wp tlf;fpj;jpahd; btw;wp bgw;Wtpl;lhd;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. xj;ijf;F xj;ijahff; nfhjhtpy; ,w=;Fk; kpUfj;Jf;Fk;/ kD&Df;Fk; elf;Fk;
tptfhuj;Jf;F ,uz;obyhU Kot[ fhQk; ,lk; ________.
m) bjd; my=;fk;
,) beLthry;
a
M) thothry;
<) ikjhdk; tpil: M) thothry;
.Kk
2. thothry; vd;Dk; FWk; g[jpdj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh M) rp.R.rpd;dg;gh
,) ,e;jpud; <) b$afhe;jd; tpil: m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
wI
3. `bfhy;nyw;Wf; nfhl+;Rthid kWika[k; g[y;yhns~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.

LV
m) g[wehD}W M) fypj;bjhif
,) FWe;bjhif <) mfehD}W tpil: M) fypj;bjhif
w
4. gpr;rp btd;bwLj;j fhisapd; Cu; ________.

m) my=;fhey;Y}u; M) crpyD}u;
A
//w
,) mtzpahg[uk; <) thog[uk; tpil: <) thog[uk;

5. thog[uk; fhisapd; bgau; ________.
s:K
m) fhup M) gpr;rp
,) kUjd; <) mk;gpyp tpil: m) fhup
gPL bgw epy;
6. rp.R. bry;yg;gh cjtp Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,jH;fs; ________.
i) re;jpnuhjak; ii) jpdkzp
iii) jpdg{kp iv) jPf;fjpu;
m) i, ii - rup M) ii, iii - rup
tp
,) iii, iv - rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: m) i, ii ? rup

7. rp.R.bry;yg;gh bjhl=;fpa ,jH; ________.
m) bjd;wy; M) Fapy;
ht
,) vGj;J <) fizahHp tpil: ,) vGj;J 117

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8. rp.R. bry;yg;gh ________ vd;w g[jpdj;jpw;fhf ________ Mk; Mz;L rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp
tpUJ bgw;whu;.
m) thothry;/ 2000 M) Rje;jpu jhfk;/ 2001
,) $Ptdhk;rk;/ 2002 <) jhfk;/ 2000 tpil: M) Rje;jpu jhfk;/ 2001
L al
9. gp.vy;.uhikahtpd; rpWfijg;ghzp/ jkpH;r; rpWfij gpwf;fpwJ vd;w gilg;gf[ spd; Mrpupau;
m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh M) mfj;jpayp=;fk;
,) ,e;jpuh ghu;j;jrhujp <) ,e;jpud; tpil: m) rp.R.bry;yg;gh
A d
10. thothry; vd;gJ ________.
m) g[jpdk; M) FWk; g[jpdk;
D ika
,) rpWfij <) tuyhW tpil: M) FWk; g[jpdk;
3 ***
,ay;
,ay; 3 gFgj cWg;g[fs;
Alv
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
a
.Kk
1. gFgj cWg;g[fSs; ,lk;bgWk; mog;gil cWg;g[fs; vit>
m) gFjp/ ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ rhupia/ tpFjp/ tpfhuk;
M) gFjp/ ,ilepiy/ rhupia
wI
,) gFjp/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;

LV
<) gFjp/ tpFjp tpil: <) gFjp/ tpFjp

w
rpWtpdh
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
A
//w
tUfpd;whs; = th(tU) + fpd;W + Ms; thH;thd; = thH; + t; + Md;

th(tU) gFjp/ `tU~ vdj; jpupe;jJ tpfhuk;. thH; gFjp
s:K
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy

Ms; glu;f;ifg; bgz;ghy; Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp tpidKw;W tpFjp
fhz;gpg;ghu; = fhz;gp + g; + g; + Mu; gpupe;j = gpup + j;(e;) + j; + m
fhz;gp gFjp gpup gFjp
tp
g; re;jp j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;

g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W m bgabur;r tpFjp
ht
tpFjp
118
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. ciueilg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s vitnaDk; gj;Jr; brhw;fSf;Fg; gFgj
cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
L al
czh;fpnwd; = czh; + fpW + Vd; ele;J = el + j;(e;) + j; + c
czh; gFjp el gFjp
fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy" j; re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;"
A d
Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy"
tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp
D ika
tpspj;J = tpsp + j; + j; + c Foj;J = Fo + j; + j; + c
tpsp gFjp Fo gFjp
j; re;jp j; re;jp/
Alv
mwpe;J = mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c cGjy; = cG + jy;
mwp gFjp cG gFjp
j;
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
a
re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;" jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
.Kk
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
gUFfpwhh; = gUF + fpW + Mu; fle;j = fl + j;(e;) + j; + m
gUF gFjp fl gFjp
fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy j; re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
wI
Mu; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

LV
m bgabur;r tpFjp
w
fw;gpj;jhu; = fw;gp + j; + j; + Mu; thH;jy; = thH; + jy;

fw;gp gFjp thH; gFjp
j; re;jp jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
A
//w
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
s:K

gPL bgw epy;
1. gFgj cWg;g[fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>

gFgj cWg;g[fs; MW MFk;.
mit: gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ rhupia/ tpfhuk; vd;gdthFk;.
tp
2. fhyk;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

,we;jfhy ,ilepiy ? j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d; vd;gd.
epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfs; ? fpW/ fpd;W/ Mepd;W vd;gd.
ht
vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs; ? g;/ t; vd;gd.

119
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v.fh:
bra;jhd; – bra; + j; + Md; – ,we;jfhyk;
cz;fpwhd; – cz; + fpW + Md; – epfH;fhyk;
bra;thd; – bra; + t; + Md; – vjpu;fhyk;
L al
3. gFgjj;jpy; re;jp/ rhupia vt;btt;tpl=;fspy; mika[k;>
re;jp:
A d
re;jp vd;gjw;Fg; g[zu;r;rp vd;W bgau;.
gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy Mfpa gFgj cWg;g[fs; g[zUk;nghJ ,ilapy; njhd;Wk;
D ika
cWg;g[/ re;jp vdg;gLk;.
3 re;jp/ gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ tHf;F.
v.fh: mirj;jhd; ? mir + j; + j;; + Md;
,ay;
rhupia:
gFgjj;jpy; gFjpnahL ,ilepiyiaa[k;/ ,ilepiynahL tpFjpiaa[k;
bghUj;jkha;r; rhu;e;J ,iaa tUk; cWg;g[/ rhupia vdg;gLk;.
Alv
bgUk;ghYk; rhupia ,ilepiyf;Fk;/ tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUk;.
v.fh: jUFbtd; ? jh(jU) + F + t;; + vd;
4. tpFjpfs; vtw;iw czu;j;Jk;> a
jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpatw;iw czu;j;Jk;.
.Kk
5. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
vz; brhw;fs; gFjp re;jp tpfhuk; ,ilepiy rhupia tpFjp
1. mike;J mik j; e; j; c
wI
2. ghu;j;jhd; ghu; j; j; Md;

LV
3. njhd;wp njhd;W ,
w
4. tUfpwhu; th tU fpW Mu;

5. bra;f bra; f
6. ele;jdd; el j; e; j; md; md;
A
//w
7. bfhLj;j bfhL j; j; m
6. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; bghUe;jhj ,iziaj; nju;f.

s:K
m) md; ? te;jdd; M) ,d; ? Kwpe;jJ

,) F ? fhz;Ftd; <) md; ? brd;wd tpil: M) ,d; ? Kwpe;jJ
7. gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
,d;
ngR
tp
fpW
vGJ Md;
t;
tz=;F
M
ht
120
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ngR + ,d; + Md; ? ngrpdhd; ngR + fpW + Md; ? ngRfpwhd;
vGJ + ,d; + Md; ? vGjpdhd; vGJ + fpW + Md; ? vGJfpwhd;
tz=;F + ,d; + Md; ? tz=;fpdhd; tz=;F + fpW + Md; ? tz=;Ffpwhd;
ngR + t; + Md; ? ngRthd; ngR + M + Md; ? ngrhd;
L al
vGJ + t; + Md; ? vGJthd; vGJ + M + Md; ? vGjhd;
tz=;F + t; + Md; ? tz=;Fthd; tz=;F + M + Md; ? tz=;fhd;
8. ntu;r;brhy;/ vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy/ tpFjp Mfpatw;iwr; nru;j;Jr; brhw;fis cUthf;Ff.
A d
ghu; M Md; ghu; + M + Md; ? ghuhd;
D ika
fhz; my; ms; fhz;(fz;) + l; + ,y; + ms; ? fz;oys;
ciu ,y; mu; ciu + j; + j; + ,y; + mu; ? ciuj;jpyu;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gFjpia ________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
m) Kjdpiy
,) Kjw;brhy;
a
M) KjbyGj;J
<) epiybkhHp tpil: m) Kjdpiy
.Kk
2. tpFjp bgwhj Vty; tpidahf tUtJ ________.
m) ,ilepiy M) tpidr;brhy;
,) tpidKw;W <) gFjp tpil: <) gFjp
wI
3. mBwpiz xd;wd;ghy;/ glu;f;if ,lk; vd;gdtw;iw btspg;gLj;Jk; tpFjp ________.

LV
m) Md; M) Ms;
w
,) J <) mu; tpil: ,) J

4. epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfSf;Fg; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) fpW M) fpd;W
A
//w
,) Mepd;W <) g;/ t; tpil: <) g;/ t;

5. Xu; Mf;fg;bgau; brhy;ypy; bgau;g; gFjpia tpFjpnahL ,izg;gjw;F tUk; ,ilepiy
________ MFk;.
s:K
m) Mf;f ,ilepiy M) vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy

tpil: <) bgau; ,ilepiy
gPL bgw epy;
,) fhy ,ilepiy <) bgau; ,ilepiy
6. Tw;W i) : re;jp vd;gjw;Fj; jkpHpy; g[zu;r;rp vd;W bgau;.
Tw;W ii) : re;jp/ gFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilapy; tUtJ bgUtHf;fhFk;.
tp
,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup tpil : <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
7. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ml=;fhky; VHhtJ cWg;ghf tUk; g[wj;JWg;g[ ________.
m) vGj;Jg;ngW M) g[wepiy
ht
,) ,yf;fzg;nghyp <) jdp epiy tpil: m) vGj;Jg;ngW

121
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8. jkpH; Xu; ________ bkhHp.
m) ntw;W epiy M) xl;L epiy
,) xl;lhj epiy <) khw;W epiy tpil: M) xl;L epiy
9. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ________ f;Fg; bghUs; ,y;iy.
L al
m) tpFjp M) rhupia
,) ,ilepiy <) gFjp tpil: M) rhupia
10. Tw;W i) : md; vd;gJ tpFjpahf tUk;nghJ `md;~ vd;gnj rhupiaahf tUk;.
A d
Tw;W ii) : Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; tpFjpfs; tUk;nghJ `md;~ rhupiaahf tuhJ.
D ika
3 ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup <) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) Tw;W: ,uz;Lk; rup
11. gFgj cWg;g[fspy; `tpFjp~ btspg;gLj;jp czu;j;Jgit ________.
,ay;
m) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; M) ,ilepiy/ capuPW/ bka;aP

,) re;jp/ rhupia tpfhuk; <) vr;rk;/ Kw;W/ ntw;Wik
tpil: m) jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk;
Alv
12. gFgjj;jpy; ________ vd;gitna bghUs; jUk; cWg;g[fshFk;.
m) gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy M) rhupia/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;
,) vr;rk;/ Kw;W/ rhupia a
<) ,ilepiy/ re;jp/ tpfhuk;
tpil: m) gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy
.Kk
13. gFjp/ tpFjp ,ilepiy Mfpait g[zUk;nghJ mtw;wpd; totj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;
________ vdg;gLk;.
m) re;jp M) rhupia
,) vGj;Jg;ngW <) tpfhuk; tpil: <) tpfhuk;
wI
14. vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.

LV
m) M M) My;
w
,) ,y; <) jy; tpil: <) jy;

15. glu;f;if xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjpfspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
m) J M) W
A
//w
,) L <) f tpil: <) f

16. xU bkhHpapd; mog;gilahd ntu;r;brhy; ________.
s:K
m) gFjp M) tpFjp
,) ,ilepiy <) vGj;Jg;ngW tpil: m) gFjp
17. ________ fhyk; fhl;lhJ.
m) ,ilepiy M) fhy ,ilepiy
,) vGj;Jg;ngW <) tpidr;brhy; tpil: ,) vGj;Jg;ngW
tp
18. g[zu;r;rpapd; nghJ Vw;gLk; tpfhu=;fs; ________.

i) njhd;wy; ii) jpupjy;
iii) bfLjy; iv) vJt[kpy;iy
m) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup M) ehd;Fk; rup
ht
,) ehd;F kl;Lk; rup <) i, ii - rup tpil: m) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup

122
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
19. ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
m) j; M) l;
,) w; <) t; tpil: <) t;
20. tpa=;nfhs;/ bjhHpw;bgau;/ bgabur;rk;/ tpidbar;rk; nghd;w gy;ntW ,yf;fzg;
L al
bghUz;ikfis czu;j;jg; gad;gLtJ ________.
m) gFjp M) tpFjp
,) rhupia <) re;jp tpil: M) tpFjp
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. gjk; vd;gJ ahJ>
Xu; vGj;J jdpj;J te;njh/ gy vGj;Jfs; nru;e;J bjhlu;e;J te;njh xU bghUs; jUkhapd;
mJ gjk; vdg;gLk;.
2. gjj;jpd; ntWbgau;fs; ahit>
gjj;jpd; ntW bgau;fs;:
Alv
brhy;  bkhHp  fpstp
3. gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
gjk; ,U tifg;gLk;. mit: gFgjk;/ gfhg;gjk; MFk;.
4. gfhg;gjk; ? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
a
gFjp/ tpFjp Kjypa cWg;g[fsha;g; gpupf;f Koahj/ gpupj;jhy; bghUs; juhj/ ,LFwpaha;
.Kk
mike;j brhy; gfhg;gjk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ehL/ kz;.
5. gfhg;gjk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.
gfhg;gjk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
wI
1. bgau;g;gfhg;gjk; 2. tpidg;gfhg;gjk; 3. ,ilg;gfhg;gjk; 4. cupg;gfhg;gjk;

LV
v.fh:
w
bgau;g;gfhg;gjk; – md;id/ jiy/ ePu;/ ge;J

tpidg;gfhg;gjk; – el/ bra;/ cz;/ jpd;
,ilg;gfhg;gjk; – ck;/ kw;W/ nghy/ My;
A
//w
cupg;gfhg;gjk; – rhy/ cW/ jt/ edp

6. vit gfhg;gj=;fshfnt ,Uf;Fk;>
s:K
,ilr;brhy;Yk;/ cupr;brhy;Yk; gfhg;gj=;fshfnt ,Uf;Fk;.

7. gFgjk; vd;why; vd;d> rhd;Wld; tptup.
gPL bgw epy;
gFjp/ tpFjp Kjypa cWg;g[fsha;g; gpupf;ff; ToaJk;/ gpupj;jhy; bghUs; jUtJkhd
brhy; gFgjk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: mwp+d; ? ,r;brhy;iy mwp + +; + md; vdg; gpupf;fyhk;. gpupj;jgpd; `mwp~ vd;gJ
tp
mwpita[k;/ `md;~ vd;gJ Mz;ghiya[k; czu;j;Jk;.

8. bgau;g; gFgjk; vtw;wpd; moaha;g; gpwf;Fk;>
bgau;g; gFgjk;/ bghUs;/ ,lk;/ fhyk;/ rpid/ Fzk;/ bjhHpy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; moaha;g;
gpwf;Fk;.
ht
123
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.in
9. mWtifg; bgau;g; gFgj=;fSf;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
bghd;dd; – bghUl;bgau;g; gFgjk;
kJiuahd; – ,lg;;bgau;g; gFgjk;
rpj;jpiuahd; – fhyg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
L al
jiyad; – rpidg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
,dpad; – Fzg;bgau;g; gFgjk;
Xl;Leu; – bjhHpw;bgau;g; gFgjk;
A d
10. gFgjj;jpd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy/ rhupia/ re;jp/ tpfhuk; vd;Dk; MWk; gFgjj;jpd; cWg;g[fshFk;.
D ika
11. gFgj cWg;g[fSs; Kf;fpakhd cWg;g[fs; ahit> vjdhy; mit Kf;fpakhdit
3 vdg;gLfpd;wd>
gFgj cWg;g[fSs; gFjp/ tpFjp/ ,ilepiy vd;Dk; @d;W cWg;g[fSk; Kf;fpakhd
,ay;
cWg;g[fshFk;.
gFjpahy; bjhHpYk;/ tpFjpahy; jpiz/ ghy;/ vz;/ ,lk; Mfpadt[k;/ ,ilepiyahy;
fhyKk; tps=;Fk;. vdnt ,it Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
Alv
12. vt;t[Wg;g[fs; ,d;wpa[k; gFgjk; mika[k;>
re;jp/ rhupia/ tpfhuk; vd;gd ,d;wpa[k; gFgjk; mika[k;.
a
13. ,ilepiy vd;why; vd;d> mjd; tiffs; ahit>
gFgjj;jpy; gFjpf;Fk; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epw;Fk; cWg;g[ ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
,J bgau; ,ilepiy/ tpid ,ilepiy vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
.Kk
14. bgaupil epiy vd;why; vd;d> rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
bgau;g; gFgjj;jpy; tUk; ,ilepiy bgau; ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ftp+d; ? ftp + +; + md;.
wI
,r;brhy;ypy; `+;~ vd;gJ ,ilepiy. ,J fhy=;fhl;lhJ.

LV
15. tpid ,ilepiy vd;why; vd;d> mBJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>

w
tpidg; gFgjj;jpy; cs;s ,ilepiy tpid ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;. tpid

,ilepiy fhy=;fhl;Lk;.
tpid ,ilepiyia/ ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ epfH;fhy ,ilepiy/ vjpu;fhy
,ilepiy vd @d;W tiffsha;g; gpupg;gu;.
A
//w
16. fhy=;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfisf; TWf.

,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs; : j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d; bra;jhd; – bra; + j; + Md;
s:K
epfH;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : fpW/ fpd;W/ Mepd;W cz;fpwhd; – cz; + fpW + Md;

vjpu;fhy ,ilepiyfs; : g;/ t;/ f; eof;Fk; – eo + f; + f; + ck;
17. vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfisr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
,y;/ my;/ M vd;gd vjpu;kiw ,ilepiyfs; MFk;.
v.fh: fz;oyd; ? fhz; (fz;) + l; + ,y; + md;
tp
18. tpfhuk; vd;gJ ahJ> rhd;W fhl;o tpsf;Ff.

gFjp jpupe;J (khwp) tUtJk;/ re;jp jpupe;J tUtJk; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: je;jhd; ? jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; + Md;
jh(j) ? gFjp/ `j~ vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk;/ j;(e;) ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;/ j; ? ,we;jfhy
ht
,ilepiy/ Md; ? glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.

124
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
19. vGj;Jg; ngW vd;gJ ahJ> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; je;J tpsf;Ff.
gFgj cWg;g[fspy; ml=;fhky; VHhtJ cWg;ghf tUk; g[wj;Jwg;g[ vGj;Jg;ngW
vdg;gLk;.
rhhpia tuntz;oa ,lj;jpy; g[s;sp bgw;w vGj;J caph; Vw ,lkspj;J te;jhy;
L al
mjid vGj;Jg;ngW vd;gu;.
tpFjp jdpna tuhky; Jizahfg; bgw;W tUk; vGj;nj vGj;Jg;ngW MFk;.
vGj;Jg;ngW fhyk; fhl;lhJ.
A d
v.fh:
ghLjp ? ghL + j;; + ,
D ika
bkhHpahjhd; ? bkhHp + a; + M + j; + Md;
,r;brhw;fspy; `,~ vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjpf;F Kd;Dk; `M~ vd;Dk;
vjph;kiw ,ilepiyf;Fg; gpd;Dk; tUk; `j;~ vd;gJ vGj;Jg;ngwhFk;.
21. re;jpaha; tUk; vGj;Jfs; ahit;>
bgUk;ghYk; j;/ g;/ f; Mfpa @d;W vGj;JfSs; xd;W re;jpaha; tUk;.
Alv
22. md;/ Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; ? Mfpa tpFjpfs; tUk;nghJ vJ rhupiaaha; tUk;>
md;/ Md;/ Ms;/ Mu; ? Mfpad tpFjpaha; tUk;nghJ/ `md;~ vd;gnj rhupiaahf tUk;.
23. `tpfhuk;~ vt;thW Vw;gLk;>
a
Xu; vGj;J kw;nwhu; vGj;jha;j; jpupe;Jk;/ bfl;Lk;/ beoy; Fwpyhft[k; khw;wk; bgWk;.
,j;jifa khw;wnk tpfhukhFk;.
.Kk
v.fh: epd;whd; ? epy;(d;) + w; + Md;
,jpy; èpy;~ vd;Dk; gFjpapy; cs;s `y;~ `d;~ Mfj; jpupe;jJ.

wI
LV
`jkpH;g; gjpg;g[yfpd; jiykfd;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gLk; rp.it.
w
jhnkhjudhu; ,y=;if/ ahH;g;ghzj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;. jkpH;ehl;Lf;F

tUifg[upe;J/ jk; ,UgjhtJ tajpnyna èPjpbewp tpsf;fk;~ vd;Dk;
E}iy ciua[ld; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;L/ mwp+u;fspd; ftdj;ijf;
A
//w
ftu;e;jhu;. 1868 Mk; Mz;L/ bjhy;fhg;gpar; brhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;Fr;

nrdhtiuau; ciuiaa[k; gpd;du;f; fypj;bjhif/ ,iwadhu;
mfg;bghUs;/ tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l gy E}y;fisa[k; brk;ikahfg;
s:K
gjpg;gpj;Jg; g[fH;bfhz;lhu;. mj;Jld; epy;yhJ/ fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/

el;rj;jpu khiy/ Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa E}y;fisa[k; vGjpa[s;shu;.
gPL bgw epy;
rp.it. jhnkhjudhu; Mwhk; thrfg; g[j;jfk; cs;spl;l gs;spg;ghlE}y;fisa[k; vGjpdhu;.
(1832 ? 1901) mtUila jkpH;g;gzpiaf; fz;l bgu;rpty; ghjpupahu;/ mtiuj;
jhk; elj;jpa `jpdtu;j;jkhdp~ vd;Dk; ,jGf;F Mrpupauhf;fpdhu;.
mt;tkak; mtu; M=;fpnyau; gyUf;Fk; jkpH; fw;Wj; je;jhu;. murh=;fj;jhuhy;/ brd;id
tp
khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpH;g; gz;ojuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpwF/ gp.vy;. nju;tpYk; nju;r;rp bgw;W/
Fk;gnfhzj;jpy; tHf;fwp+uhfg; gzpahw;wp/ 1884 Mk; Mz;oy; g[Jf;nfhl;il cau;ePjpkd;w
ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. jhnkhjudhu; ve;jg; gzp Mw;wpdhYk; jkJ brhe;jg; gzpahff;
fUjpf; flikahw;wpdhu;.
ht
125
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.in
1. khepyf;fy;Y}up ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
khepyf;fy;Y}up ? khepyk; + fy;Y}up
`kt;tPW xw;wpHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHpaPw;W `k~fu bka;(k;)
bfl;L khepy + fy;Y}up vd;whdJ.
L al
gpd; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ `f~fu
xw;W(f;) kpFe;J/ khepy + f; + fy;Y}up ? khepyf; fy;Y}up vd;W g[zu;e;jJ.
2. Mrpupauhf;fpdhu; ? ,jd; gFjp
A d
m) MR M) Mrpup
,) Mrpupauhf;F <) Mrp tpil: m) MR
D ika
3 3. rpW rpW bjhlu;fshf khw;wp vGJf.
jhnkhjudhu; ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;Lf; fypj;bjhif/
,ay;
tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jf; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/ el;rj;jpu khiy/

Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa E}y;fis vGjpa[s;shu;.
tpil:
Alv
jhnkhjudhu; ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; vd;w E}iyg; gjpg;gpj;J btspapl;lhu;.
jhnkhjudhu; fypj;bjhif/ tPunrhHpak; cs;spl;l E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;.
jhnkhjudhu; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw/ el;rj;jpu khiy/ Nshkzp trdk; Mfpa
E}y;fis vGjpa[s;shu;. a
4. bgUk;g[fH; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
.Kk
bgUk;g[fH; ? gz;g[j;bjhif.
5. fy;Y}up/ cau;ePjpkd;wk;/ tuyhW/ gzp Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; bghUj;jkhd M=;fpyr; brhw;fis
vGJf.
wI
fy;Y}up – College tuyhW – History

LV
cau;ePjpkd;wk; – High court gzp – Job

w
6. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.

1. Fkuid gw;wp bjupe;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lkh> vd; tPl;ow;F tUifj; jhU=;fs;. vd;
tPl;ow;F gf;fj;J tPLjhd; FkudJ tPL.
2. midj;Jj;JiwfspYk; Mz;fis nghyntg; bgz;fSk; muR gzpia bgwntz;Lk;.
A
//w
3. fy;tp nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtu; ed;ikj; jPikfis g[upe;J ngRtu;.

4. jkpHu; Mw;W jz;zPiu njf;fp nrkpj;J fhy;tha; btl;og; ghrdk; bra;jdu;.
s:K
5. rhd;nwhu; kpFe;jg; bghWg;g[ld; rpwg;ghd nritg; g[upe;J bfhs;ifia epiyehl;l

bra;jdu;.
tpil:
1. Fkuidg; gw;wpj; bjupe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lkh> vd; tPl;ow;F tUif jhU=;fs;. vd;
tPl;ow;Fg; gf;fj;J tPLjhd;/ FkudJ tPL.
2. midj;Jj;JiwfspYk; Mz;fisg; nghynt/ bgz;fSk; muRg; gzpiag;
tp
bgwntz;Lk;.
3. fy;tp nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;jtu;/ ed;ik jPikfisg; g[upe;J ngRtu;.
4. jkpHu; Mw;Wj; jz;zPiuj; njf;fpr; nrkpj;Jf; fhy;tha; btl;og; ghrdk; bra;jdu;.
5. rhd;nwhu; kpFe;j bghWg;g[ld; rpwg;ghd nrit g[upe;J bfhs;ifia epiyehl;lr;
ht
126 bra;jdu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
7. jkpHhf;fk; jUf:
1. Education is the most powerful weapon, which you can use to change the world.
fy;tp vd;gJ/ cyifna khw;wf; Toa kpft[k; rf;jp tha;e;j Ma[jkhFk;.
2. Looking at beauty in the world is the first step of purifying the mind.
L al
cyfpy; cs;s mHif ,urpg;gJ kdijj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kjy; goahFk;.
3. Culture does not make people. People make culture.
gz;ghL kf;fis cUthf;fhJ" kf;fs; gz;ghl;il cUthf;Ffpwhu;fs;.
A d
4. A people without the knowledge of their past history and culture is like a tree without roots.
jk; Kd;ndhupd; tuyhw;iwa[k;/ gz;ghl;ila[k;/ mwpahj kf;fs;/ ntuw;w kuk; nghy;tu;.
D ika
5. A nation's culture resides in the hearts and in the soul of its people.
xU ehl;od; gz;ghL vd;gJ/ me;ehl;L kf;fspd; cs;sj;jpYk;/ Md;khtpYk;
thH;fpwJ'j=;fpa[s;sJ.
8. fPH;f;fhQk; bra;jpiag; goj;J mwptpg;g[g; gjhif xd;iw cUthf;Ff.
Alv
jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;ju=;F
$dtup ? 10/ kJiu. kJiuia ikakhff; bfhz;L ,a=;fp tUk; r@fey

jkpHu;fspd;
gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;g[f;
Fwpj;Jk;/ gz;ghL
a
mikg;ghd rpwFfs; rhu;gpy; xUehs; fUj;ju=;fk; bjg;gf;Fsk;
mUfpy;/ ghujp fiyf;Tl mu=;fpy; $dtup 13Mk; ehs; eilbgw
cs;sJ. ,jpy; jkpHu;fspd; gz;ghl;Lr; rpwg;g[f; Fwpj;Jk; bjhiyj;j
.Kk
Fwpj;jhd njlypd; gz;ghl;il kPl;blLg;gJ Fwpj;Jk; ``gz;ghLfshy; thGk;
njit Fwpj;Jk; jkpHu;~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; r@f Mu;tyUk; ftp+Ukhd md;gurp
rpwFfs; r@f ngrtpUf;fpwhu;. ,jd; ,Wjpg;gFjpahff; fye;JiuahlYk;
mikg;gpd; rhu;ghf eilbgw ,Uf;fpwJ. tpUg;gk; cs;s r@f Mu;tyu;fs;/ fy;Y}up
wI
xUehs; fUj;ju=;fk; khztu;fs;/ gs;sp khztu;fs; fye;J bfhs;syhk; vd;W rpwFfs;

LV
eilbgw cs;sJ. mikg;gpd; xU=;fpizg;ghsuhd ,dpad; bjuptpj;Js;shu;.

w
jkpH;g;gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;ju=;F
ehs; : 13.01.2021
A
//w
,lk; : kJiu bjg;gf;Fsk; ? ghujp fiyf;Tlk;

rpwg;g[iu : ftp+h; md;gurp/ r@f Mu;tyu;
s:K
jiyg;g[ : gz;ghLfshy; thGk; jkpHh;

gPL bgw epy;
tpiHt[ : r@f Mh;tyu;fs;/ fy;Y}hp khzth;fs;/ gs;sp khzth;fs; cs;spl;nlhhpd;
tUifa[k; fye;JiuahlYk;.
miHg;gpd; kfpH;tpy;/
tp
,dpad;/
xU=;fpizg;ghsu;/
`rpwFfs;~ mikg;g[/
kJiu.
ht
127
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.in
fl;Liu vGJf.
1. ``gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhg;nghk;
L al
gFj;jwpt[ nghw;Wnthk;~~ ? vd;Dk; bghUs;gl xU gf;f mstpy; fl;Liu vGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
A d
Kd;Diu
gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;
D ika
3 thH;it Kd;ndw;Wk; tskhd bjhlu;fs;
me;epau; Ml;rpapy; mtyk;
,ay;
mr;rj;jpd; cr;repiy
Kot[iu
Alv
Kd;Diu:
ehL vdg;gLtJ ahJ> vd;Dk; tpdht[f;F/ ey;ypirg; g[ytu; xsitahu; mUikahd
tpsf;fk; xd;W jUfpwhu;. ve;ehl;oy; Mltu; ew;gz;g[k; ew;braYk;/ bfhz;ltuha;
thH;fpwhnuh/ me;ehnl èhL~ vdg;gLk; vd;fpwhu;. mj;jifa gz;ghl;nlhL thH;e;jtu;
jkpHu;.
gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d>
a
.Kk
`gz;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; `jFjp~ vd;gjhFk;. epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy; vd;W
TWtjd; bghUs; ahJ> ,ila{whd fy; Kjyhdtw;iw mfw;wp/ MH mfy/ cGJ/
ePu; gha;r;rp/ bkd;ikahf;fp/ gapu; tpistjw;fhd jFjpia Vw;gLj;JjyhFk;. mJnghy/
xUtdplKs;s nguhir/ nfhgk;/ bfhiybtwp nghd;w jPadtw;iw mfw;wp/ mtidr;
wI
rKjhaj;njhL ,iae;J thH;tjw;fhd `jFjp~iag; bgwr; bra;tJjhd; gz;ghlhFk;.

LV
,j;jifa gz;ghl;il xUtDf;F mspg;git mwpt[ E}y;fnsahFk;.

w
mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;:
jkpHu;fspd; mwpt[f; fs+;rpa=;fs;/ r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fs;. mit btWk; bghGJnghf;F
E}y;fs; my;y" thH;f;if mDgtj;jpypUe;J bgwg;gl;l Kj;Jfis Vuhskha;g;
bgw;Ws;sit. mj;jifa Kj;jhd fUj;Jfs; kdpjid khz;g[s;stdhf;Fgit.
A
//w
mr;rj;jpd; cr;repiy:
mr;rj;jpd; cr;rj;jpy; md;iwa jkpHu;fs; thH;e;jikf;Ff; fhuzk; gFj;jwpa[k;
s:K
jpwd; ,y;yhikna MFk;. vdnt/ Kd;ndhu;fs; ekf;F mspj;j gz;ghl;L bewpfisg;

gpd;tUk; jiyKiwapdu; ngzpf; fhf;f ntz;Lk;.
``vg;bghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; nfl;gpDk; mg;bghUs;
bka;g;bghUs; fhz;g jwpt[.~~
vd;Dk; bgha;ah bkhHpg; g[ytuhfpa ts;Stu; thf;fpw;nfw;wthW/ vija[k; ,J
tp
Vw;fj; jf;fjh vd Muha;e;J mwpe;J gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk;. mr;rk; bfhz;L mwpahikf;F

mo gzpaf; TlhJ.
Kot[iu:
`jpUe;jpa gz;g[k; rPu;j;j ehfupfKk;~ bfhz;l ek;kpilna/ nkiy ehl;od; gHf;f
ht
128 tHf;f=;fs; CLUtp/ ek; gz;ghl;oidr; rPu;Fiyf;f Kidfpd;wd. mjpypUe;J kPz;L/
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
gFj;jwpitg; nghw;wp/ ek; gz;ghl;oidg; ghJfhj;J/ cyf mu=;fpy; jkpHu; cau;e;njh=;fp
thH Kay;nthk;- gz;ghl;L czu;t[k;/ gFj;jwpa[k; jpwDk; bfhz;l rKjhae;jhd;
thH;tpd; rpwe;J tps=;Fk; vdf; Twpd; kpifahfhJ md;nwh-
rpj;jpuf;ftp
L al
jkpH;f; ftpijfSs; rpj;jpuftp mikg;g[k; xd;whFk;. rpj;jpuftpapy; gy tiffs;
cs;sd. rpj;jpuftp vd;gJ VnjDk; xU bghUisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; ftpijapida[k;
mjw;Fs;shf mikj;J vGJtjhFk;.
A d
khiykhw;W
khiykhw;W rpj;jpuftp tiffSs; vspikahdJ (khiy ? g{f;fshy; tupirahfj;
D ika
bjhLj;jJ.) khiyapd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; cs;s ,uz;L KidfspypUe;J fPH;nehf;fpdhYk;
khiyapd; Koghf cs;s xU KidapypUe;J nky;nehf;fpr; brd;whYk; mk;khiy xnu
jd;ik cilajhfj; njhd;Wk;. mJnghy xU ghliy KjypypUe;J nehf;fpdhYk;
KotpypUe;J nehf;fpdhYk; mnj vGj;Jfs; mike;j ghlyhf khiykhw;W mika[k;.
M=;fpyj;jpy; PALINDROME vd;Dk; totKk; ,j;jifaJ vd;W xUthW Twyhk;.
Alv
vGjpg;gHFf.
a
.Kk
wI
LV
njU tUnj eP th ghg;gh khkh eP th khkh

khkh th eP khkh
w
ghg;gh th eP njU tUnj

cld;gl;Lk; kWj;Jk; ngRf.
M=;fpnyau; tUif (cld;gly;)
A
//w
M=;fpnyau; tUifahy; ,e;jpah KGtJk; ,uapy; ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[ trjp mtu;fshnyna mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ekJ ehl;od;
s:K
kpfg;bgupa mYtyff; fl;ll=;fs; mtu;fs; fl;Lkhdj;jhy; Mditna. nkYk;/ ekJ

bjhHpy;Jiwia nkk;gLj;jpaJk; mtu;fns. mtu;fspd; fhyk;/ tsu;r;rpg; goepiyapd;
tpoaw;fhyk;.
gPL bgw epy;
M=;fpnyau; tUif (kWj;jy;)

M=;fpnyau; ,e;jpahtpy; ,uapy; ghijfisj; JiwKf=;fnshL ,izj;J
mjd; tHpahf ekJ mupa bry;t=;fisa[k; cw;gj;jpg; bghUs;fisa[k; gpupl;lDf;Ff;
tp
bfhz;L brd;wJ mtu;fs; thH;it nkk;gLj;jpf; bfhs;tjw;fhfnt. bjhiyj;bjhlu;g[

trjpfisa[k; bgupa fl;ll=;fisa[k; ,e;jpau;fSf;fhfr; bra;J bfhLf;ftpy;iy.
mtu;fspd; Ml;rpKiwj; njitfSf;fhfnt bra;J bfhz;ldu;. vdnt/ M=;fpnyau;
ek;ik Ml;rp bra;j fhyk; ek;ik ehnk bjhiyj;jpUe;j ,Us; fhyk;.
ht
129
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.in
nkYk;/
m) bjhHpy;El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tsu;r;rpna'tPH;r;rpna.
M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;it tsu;f;fpwJ'Fiwf;fpwJ.
,) jkpHu;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; jf;f itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;'js;sp itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; Mfpa
L al
jiyg;g[fspy; ngrt[k; vGjt[k; bra;f.
m) bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tsh;r;rpna (cld;ghL) :
bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; cUthd Fsph;g;gjdk; kw;Wk; Fsph;rhjdg; bgl;ofspypUe;J
A d
btsptUk; tha[f;fs; er;Rj;jd;ik cilajhy;/ mit xnrhd; glyj;ijna ghjpf;Fk;
vd mwptpany TWfpd;wJ.
D ika
tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cu=;fSk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfSk; gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F
3 cjtpdhYk; czt[g;bghUs;fspDnl fye;J gw;gy neha; cz;lhff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
ghypjPd; (befpH;t[) igfshy; epyj;jo ePh;g;ghJfhg;g[k;/ kz;tsKk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
,ay;
bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfd=;fshy; cz;lhFk; g[if tha[ kz;lyj;ijna

ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shf;FfpwJ.
m) bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; tpise;jJ tPH;r;rpna (kWj;jy;) :
Alv
bjhHpy; El;gj;jhy; cUthd Fsph;g;gjdk; kw;Wk; Fsph;rhjdg; bgl;ofspypUe;J
btsptUk; tha[f;fs; er;Rj;jd;ik cilajhy;/ mit xnrhd; glyj;ijna ghjpf;Fk;
vd mwptpany TWfpd;wJ.
a
tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cu=;fSk; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypfSk; gaph; tsh;r;rpf;F
cjtpdhYk; czt[g;bghUs;fspDnl fye;J gw;gy neha; cz;lhff; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
.Kk
ghypjPd; (befpH;t[) igfshy; epyj;jo ePh;g;ghJfhg;g[k;/ kz;tsKk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
bjhHpw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfd=;fshy; cz;lhFk; g[if tha[ kz;lyj;ijna
ghjpg;g[f;Fs;shf;FfpwJ.
M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;it tsh;f;fpwJ (cld;gly;) :
wI
jw;nghJ jahhpf;fg;gLk; czt[fspd; tiffs; jukhf/ rhptpfpjr; rj;Js;sjhf

LV
,Ug;gjhy; kf;fs; bghpJk; tpUk;g[fpd;wdh;.

w
jpd;gz;l=;fs; jahhpf;fg;gLk; Kiw jukhdjhft[k;/ Rfhjhukhdjhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

rpw;Wz;ofs; Ritahdjhft[k;/ juKs;sjhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
rhd;whf ,iwr;rpfisf; bfhz;L gw;gy tifahd czt[fs; jahhpf;fg;gl;L
A
//w
kf;fisg; bghpJk; <h;g;gjhf cs;sd.

M) jw;nghija czt[Kiw ey;thH;itf; Fiwf;fpwJ (kWj;jy;) :
jw;nghija czt[ kdpj clypy; gy rj;Jfisr; nrh;g;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
s:K
neha;fisj;jhd; nrh;f;fpwJ. ghypy; a{hpaht[k;/ gH=;fspy; g{r;rpf;bfhy;ypa[k;/ ikjh

nghd;w kht[g; bghUl;fspy; er;Rk;/ Fsph;ghd=;fspy; g{r;rp kUe;J ,Ug;gjhft[k;/
mhprpapy;Tl gpsh!;of;/ Kl;ilapYk; braw;if vdg;gy jug;gl;l bghUl;fspy;
clYf;F xt;thg; bghUl;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
Jhpj czt[ tiffspy; gad;gLj;JtJ Rj;jk; bra;ag;glhj vz;bza; MFk;.
behWf;Fj;jPdp bra;ag;gLk; vz;bza; mof;fo khw;whky; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;
tp
Rfhjhuf;Fiwt[ Vw;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; gw;gy neha;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
mtru epiyapy; bra;ag;gLk; Jhpj czt[ Ritahf ,Ug;gpDk;/ mjw;F ehk;
ht
moikahfp neha;f;Fs; tpGe;J tpLfpnwhk;.

130
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Fwpg;ghf vz;bzahy; bghwpf;fg;gl;l jpd;gz;l=;fs;/ ikjh/ lhy;lh ,itaht[k;
clYf;F cghij cz;L bra;fpd;wd.
,) jkpHh;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; jf;f itf;fpwhh;fs; (cld;gly;) :
jkpHh;fs; ,is+h; Kjy; Kjpath; tiu Mil cLj;Jtjpy; ,d;Dk; ftdk;
L al
brYj;Jfpd;wdh;.
cz;Qk; cztpy; ,d;Dk; jkpHh;fs; gHikiana cz;L kfpH;fpd;wdh;.
,iw tHpghl;oYk; ,d;Dk; kpFe;j gf;jp cilath;fshfnt ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
A d
kUj;Jtj;jpYk; @ypif kUj;Jtk;/ ghl;o itj;jpak; ,d;Dk; if bfhLf;fpd;wJ.
tpUe;njhk;gypy; ,d;Dk; cgrhpg;gpy; JspasntDk; Fiwtpy;yhky; ele;njWfpwJ.
D ika
,) jkpHh;fs; gz;ghl;ilj; js;sp itf;fpwhh;fs; (kWj;jy;) :
,d;iwa ,is+h;fs; MQk;/ bgz;Qk; ghuk;ghpa cilfis kwe;J
nkiyehLfspd; Mil tpUk;gpfshf khwptpl;ldh;.
ghuk;ghpa tptrhaj;ij xJf;fptpl;L/ btt;ntW bjhHpy;fspny Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
czt[ cz;gjpYk; nkiyehLfspd; jahhpg;g[fisna bghpJk; tpUk;gp cz;fpd;wdh;.
Alv
Tl;Lf;FLk;g thH;f;if kiwe;J jdpf;Foj;jdk; nknyh=;fp cwt[fs; eype;Jtpl;ld.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
vz; ntiyfs;
a Mz; ' bgz; VnjDk;
Mz; bgz; ,UtUk; xd;iw kl;Lk; nju;t[ bra;jhy;
.Kk
mjw;fhd fhuzj;ij vGJf.
1. g{j;bjhLj;jy; – –  –
2. fzpdpapy; gzp – –  –
wI
3. fhtyu; – –  –
LV
4. rikg;gJ – –  –

w
5. kUj;Jtk; – – –
6. tHf;fwp+u; – –  –
7. tPl;od; J}a;ik – –  –
A
//w
8. bjhHpy; Kidnthu; – –  –
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
s:K
,df;FG – Ethnic Group

gPL bgw epy;
Kd;bdhl;L – Prefix
g[tpr;NHy; – Earth Environment
gpd;bdhl;L – Suffix
tp
ntu;r;brhy; mfuhjp – Etymological Dictionary

gz;ghl;Lf;TWfs; – Cultural Elements
***
ht
131
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thH;tpay;
jpUf;Fws;
,ay; 3 ? jpUts;Stu;
L al
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk; : 87
A d
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F va;jyhy; bra;jtk;
D ika
<z;L Kayg; gLk;.
3 M) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if csnghy
,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;.
,ay;
,) epiyapd; jpupahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;

kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ.
Alv
tpil: ,) epiyapd; jpupahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ.
2. Jd;gg;gLgtu; ________.
m) jPf;fhak; gl;ltu;
,) bghUisf; fhf;fhjtu;
a
M) jPapdhy; Rl;ltu;
<) ehitf; fhf;fhjtu; tpil: <) ehitf; fhf;fhjtu;
.Kk
3. gpd;tUk; ehyoahu; ghlypd; bghUSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
kiykpirj; njhd;Wk; kjpak;nghy; ahidj;
jiykpirf; bfhz;l Filau; ? epykpirj;
wI
J+;rpdhu; vd;bwLj;Jj; J}w;wg;gl; lhuy;yhy;

LV
v+;rpdhu; ,t;t[yfj; jpy;

m) xd;wh cyfj;J cau;e;j g[fHy;yhy;
w
bghd;whJ epw;gbjhd;W ,y;.

M) beUey; csbdhUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;
bgUik cilj;J,t; t[yF.
A
//w
,) mstwpe;J thHhjhd; thH;f;if csnghy

,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLk;.
s:K
tpil: M) beUey; csbdhUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk;

bgUik cilj;J,t; t[yF.
4. fPH;f;fhQk; g[Jf;ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
g{f;fSf;Fk; Kl;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; m) mUtpid bad;g csnth fUtpahd;
g[H=;FfpwJ nahrid fhyk; mwpe;J brapd;.
tp
ghrj;Jf;Fk; epahaj;Jf;Fk; eLtpy;

M) gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
eR=;FfpwJ mwk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;.
,d;gj;Jf;Fk; nguhirf;Fk; elf;Fk;
nghuhl;lj;jpy; btof;fpd;wd ,) ,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk; mthbtd;Dk;
ht
btspapy; Fz;LfSk; Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk; bfod;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tPl;oy; rz;ilfSk;. . . . . tpil: ,) ,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk; mthbtd;Dk;
Mir mWj;jy; vspjy;y- Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk; bfod;.
Kad;W ghu;f;fyhk; th-
L al
5. xg;g[ut[ vd;gjd; bghUs; _________.
m) mlf;fKilaJ M) gz;g[ilaJ
,) CUf;F cjt[tJ <) bry;tKilaJ tpil: ,) CUf;F cjt[tJ
A d
6. bghUj;Jf.
m) thH;gtd; i) fhj;jpUg;gtd;
D ika
M) thHhjtd; ii) kUe;jhFk; kukhdtd;
,) njhd;Wgtd; iii) xj;jjwpgtd;
<) bty;y epidg;gtd; iv) g[fH; jUk; gz;g[ilatd;
c) bgUk; gz;g[ilatd; v) ,irbahHpj;jtd;
vi) tPH;gtd; tpil: m.iii M.v ,.iv <.i c.ii
Alv
7. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) Rlr;RlUk; – tpidbar;rk;
M) Rlr; RlUk; bghd; – bgabur;rk;
,) Rlr;Rl
8. tpiue;J bfLgtd; ahu;>
a – mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
.Kk
m) gpwUld; xj;Jg;nghdtd;/ jd; typik mwpe;jtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidg;gtd;.
M) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf
epidf;fhjtd;.
,) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghdtd;/ jd; typik mwpe;jtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidf;fhjtd;.
wI
<) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf

LV
epidg;gtd;.
w
tpil: <) gpwUld; xj;Jg; nghfhjtd;/ jd; typik mwpahjtd;/ jd;id cau;thf epidg;gtd;.
9. ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L ? bghUs; TWf.
ntshz;ik bra;jw; bghUl;L ? cjtp bra;tjw;fhf.
A
//w
10. gw;W eP=;fpatDf;F cz;lhtJ ? gw;ww;wtidg; gw;Wtjhy; cz;lhtJ

m) gw;Wfs; bgUFk; ? bghUs;fspd; ,d;gk; bgUFk;.
s:K
M) gw;Wfs; mfYk; ? bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk;.

,) bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk; ? gw;Wfs; mfYk;.
gPL bgw epy;
<) bghUs;fspd; ,d;gk; bgUFk; ? gw;Wfs; bgUFk;.
tpil: ,) bghUs;fspd; Jd;gk; mfYk; ? gw;Wfs; mfYk;.
11. mUtpid ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
tp
mUtpid ? mUik + tpid

`mUik~ vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.
`<Wnghjy;~ vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp <w;W ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L/
ht
mU + tpid mUtpid vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.

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.in
FWtpdh
1. jPapdhy; Rl;lijg; g[z; vd;Wk;/ ehtpdhy; Rl;lij tL vd;Wk; ts;Stu; TWtJ Vd;>
xUtid/ xUtd; jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clypy; tpiue;J Mwhtpl;lhYk;/ cs;sj;jpy;
L al
MwptpLk;.
Mdhy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidg; g[z;gLk;go ngrpaJ vd;Wk; mtd; kdj;jpy; Mwhj;
jGk;gha; ,Uf;Fk;.
A d
mjdhy; ts;Stk;/ jPapdhy; Rl;lijg; `g[z;~ vd;Wk;/ ehtpdhy; Rl;lij `tL~ vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
D ika
2. ``kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
3 bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god;~~
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
,ay;
ctik :
jd; vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; neha;f;F kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kuk;.
ctnkak;:
Alv
gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cs;stdplj;jpy; brd;W nrUk; bry;tk;
ctk cUg[:
mw;W (nghy)
tpsf;fk;:
a
kUe;Jkuk; jd; ,iy/ g{/ fha;/ fdp Kjypatw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
.Kk
jd; nkw;gl;il Kjypatw;iwr; brJf;fpf; bfhz;lnghJk;/ mJ jd; Fiwiag;
bghUl;gLj;jhJ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;. mJnghy xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk;/
gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd; Fiwita[k; nehf;fhJ/ vy;yhUila
tUj;jj;ija[k; jtwhky; jPu;f;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
wI
bghUj;jk;:
LV
bgUe;jifahDf;F kUe;JkuKk;/ bgUe;jifahd; bry;tk; kUe;J kuj;jpd;

gaDf;Fk; bghUe;Jfpd;wd.
w
3. vjw;F Kd; ey;y bray;fis tpiue;J bra;a ntz;Lk; vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ>
tPL ngw;wpw;fhd ew;bray;fis tpiue;J bra;J tpl ntz;Lk;.
A
//w
,y;iybadp;y; xUtd; jhd; vz;zpa vz;zj;ij vLj;Jr; brhy;y ,ayhjthW/

ehtpid ,Gj;J/ tpf;fy; tplhJ te;J ,wf;f neUk;.
4. rPu; J}f;fp Muhantz;oa Mw;wy;fs; ahit>
s:K
jhd; bra;af; fUjpa braypd; typik/

mijr; bra;a tpUk;g[k; jd; typik/
mjw;F CW bra;J tpyf;ff; Toa giftdJ typik/
jdf;Fj; Jizahthu;/ giftu;;f;Fj; Jizahthu; typik Mfpadthk;.
5. kUe;J kukhf ,Ug;gtu; ahu;> kUe;J vJ>
tp
kUe;J kukha; ,Ug;gtd;/ gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cilatd;.

kUe;J/ mtdplk; nrUk; bry;tk;.
ht
134
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. ``jPapdhw; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL.~~
L al
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpiar; tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ntw;Wikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
A d
Kjypy; ,UbghUs;fSf;F ,ilna cs;s xw;Wikiaf; Twpg; gpd;du; mtw;iw
ntWgLj;jp/ xd;W kw;bwhd;iw tpl ntWgl;lJ vdf; TWjy; ntw;Wikazp MFk;.
D ika
bghUs;:
jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clypy; tpiue;J Mwhtpl;lhYk;/ cs;sj;jpy; MwptpLk;. Mdhy;
ehtpdhy; Rl;lg[z;/ cs;sj;jpy; eP=;fhj jGk;ig cz;lhf;fp tpLk;. jP cliyr; RLk;" jPa
brhy; cs;sj;ijr; RLk;.jPapdhy; Rl;l g[z; rpy ehs;fspy; tpiue;J Mwp tpLk;" Mdhy;
ehtpdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ MwhJ. kdj;jpy; tLtha; epiyj;J epw;ff; ToaJ vd ntWgLj;jp
,U bghUs;fSk; xw;Wik ciladthapDk;/ jPia tpl/ jPa brhy; (fL+;rhy;)
Alv
bfhoaJ vd;W ntWgLj;jpajhy; ,f;Fws; ntw;Wikazpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
mzpg; bghUj;jk;:
jPa[k;/ jPa brhy;Yk; RLk; jd;ikahy; xw;Wik cilad.
a
2. g[fGf;Fupa gz;g[fshf ePtpu; fUJtd ahit> g[fHpd; bgUikiag; bghJkiw tHpepd;W
TWf.
.Kk
g[fGf;Fupa Fz=;fsha; ehd; fUJtd/ ,uf;fk;/ <jy; MFk;.
,uf;fk; fhuzkha; <jy; epfGk;.
<jy; fhuzkha;f; fhupakhfpa g[fH; epw;Fk;.
clnyhL thH;tJ/ capUf;F ed;ik njof; bfhs;tjw;nf MFk;;.
wI
g[fH; ,y;yhky; thH;gtiu/ cyfk; mwpahJ.

LV
mtu;fs; capnuhL thH;e;jhYk;/ gpwe;Jk; gpwthjtuhfnt fUjg;gLthu;.

w
Mjyhy;/ mtu;fis ,we;jtu; (eilg;gpzk;) vd;whu;.

3. ehr;brw;W tpf;Fs;nky; thuhKd; ey;tpid
nkw;brd;W bra;ag; gLk; ? ,f;Fwl;ghit myfpl;L tha;ghL TWf.
A
//w
vz; rPu; mir tha;ghL

1. ehr;'brw;'W neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
s:K
2. tpf;'Fs;'nky; neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;

3. th'uh'Kd; neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
gPL bgw epy;
4. ey;'tpid neu; + epiu Ttpsk;

5. nkw;'brd;'W neu; + neu; + neu; njkh=;fha;
6. bra;'ag; neu; + neu; njkh
tp
7. gLk; epiu `kyu;~ vd;Dk; tha;ghL

,f;Fwl;gh ``kyu;~~ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;lhy; Koe;Js;sJ.
ht
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4. brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazpia tpsf;fpf; fPH;f;fhQk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag;
bghUj;jp vGJf.
tpidtypa[k; jd;typa[k; khw;whd; typa[k;
Jiztypa[k; J}f;fpr; bray;
L al
? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; `brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp~ mike;Js;sJ.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
xU bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy;Yk;/ bghUSk; gpd;du;g; gyKiw tUkhW
A d
TWtJ brhw;bghUl; gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;.
bghUs; :
D ika
3 xU braiyr; bra;aj; bjhl=;Fk; Kd;/ me;jr; braypd; typika[k;/ jd; typika[k;/
giftdpd; typika[k;/ Jizahthu; typika[k; gw;wpr; rPu;J}f;fp Muha;jy; ntz;Lk;.
,ay;
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
,f;Fwspy; `typik~ vd;Dk; bghUspy;/ Kd;du; te;j `typ~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ mnj
bghUspy; gpd;du;g; gyKiw te;jikahy;/ ,f;Fws; brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiy
Alv
mzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
5. tpUk;gpaij miltJ vg;go> Fws;tHp tpsf;Ff.
+hyk; fUjpDk; if TLk;:
a
xUtd; jf;f fhykwpe;J/ Vw;w ,lk; mwpe;J/ xU braiyr; bra;thdhapd;/ mtd;
,t;t[yfj;jpidna Msf; fUjpdhYk;/ mJ ifTLk; vd;fpwhu;/ bja;tg; g[ytu;
.Kk
jpUts;Stu;.
`+hyk; fUjpDk; ifTLk; fhyk;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; brapd;~
wI
xUtDf;F Vw;w fhyk; tha;f;ftpy;iy vd;why;/ mtd; jd; typik Kjypatw;why;

LV
Kad;whYk;/ bra;J Kof;f tpUk;g[k; bray;fisr; bra;J Kof;f ,ayhJ.

jd; typik Kjypatw;why;/ Vw;w fhyj;ij tUtpf;ft[k; ,ayhJ.
w
Mfnt/ xUtd; jd; bray;fisr; bra;J Kog;gjw;F/ Vw;w fhyk; miktJ mUik
vd;gJ njhd;w `,iae;j fhy;~ vd;whu;.
A
//w
``va;jw;F mupaJ ,iae;jf;fhy; me;epiyna

bra;jw;F mupa bray;~~
s:K
fhyj;nj Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;:

vdnt/ fhyk; ePoj;J epy;yhky; tpiue;J bry;Yk; jd;ikaJ vd;gij czu;e;J/
Vw;w fhyk; tha;j;jnghJ/ bra;jw;fupa bray;fis vy;yhk; Koj;jy; ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;
bgha;ahbkhHpg; g[ytu; jpUts;Stu;.
beLtpdh
tp
1. bfhilapy; rpwe;J tps=;f ts;Stk; TWk; tHpfis xg;g[utwpjy; mjpfhuk;tHp epWt[f.

ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu vspjha; vy;yhu;f;Fk; gad;gLk;
<l;LtJ <tjw;nf- jd; Fiw nehf;fhJ gpwu; Fiw jPu;f;Fk;-
L al
cyfeilia mwpe;J el- Kot[iu
kUe;J kuk;
Kd;Diu
A d
mwf;fUj;Jfis ,uz;nl mofspy; vLj;Jiug;gjpy; cyf ,yf;fpa=;fspnyna
Kd;epw;gJ jpUf;Fws;. gpwUf;F cjt[tijg; bghpJk; nghw;WfpwJ ts;Stk;.
xg;g[utwpjy; mjpfhuj;jpd; tHpna bfhilapy; rpwe;J tps=;f ts;Stk; TWk;
D ika
fUj;Jfisf; fhz;nghk;.
<l;LtJ <tjw;nf-:
cyf eilapid mwpe;J rKjhaj;jpw;F cjtp thH;jny xg;g[uthFk;. xUtu; Kad;W
bghUs; <l;LtJ jf;ftu;f;F cjtp bra;tjw;nfahFk;. jhnk cz;gjw;fhft[k;/ nru;j;J
itj;J ,Hg;gjw;fhft[k; bghUs; <l;lyhfhJ.
Alv
cyfeilia mwpe;J el-
cyfeilia mwpe;J elj;jny capUilahu;f;F mwpt[k; braYkhFk;.
cyfeilia mwpe;J eltjhtuplk;/ mt;twpt[k; braYk; fhzg;glhikahy;/ mtu;fs;
capnuhoUe;jhYk; gpzkhfnt kjpf;fj; jf;ftu; Mthu;.
a
kUe;J kuk;:
gpwu;f;F cjtp bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cilatdplj;jpy; bry;tk; nrUkhdhy;
.Kk
mr;bry;tk;/ jd; vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kUe;J kuk; nghy
vy;nyhu;f;Fk; vy;yh tifapYk; gad;gLk;.
vspjha; vy;yhu;f;Fk; gad;gLk;:
wI
xUtd; brd;W bfhs;tjw;F ,ayhj br=;Fj;jhd cr;rpfspypUe;jhYk;/ gpwtw;why;

LV
kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk;/ xU fhyj;jpy; brHpj;jpUe;J ntbwhU fhyj;jpy; ,y;yhky;

mHpe;J nghff; ToajhapUe;jhYk; kUe;J kuk; gad;glhJ.
w
m=;=dkpd;wpf; bfhs;tjw;F vspjha;/ gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;glhjjha;/ vy;yhf;

fhyj;jpYk; fpilf;ff; Toajha;/ vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;Jf;Fg; gad;glf; Toajha;
cs;s kuk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad; jUtjpy; jtwhJ.
A
//w
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bgw;w bry;tKk; vy;yh tifapYk; vspjha; midtUf;Fk;

gad;gLk;.
jd; Fiw nehf;fhJ gpwu; Fiw jPu;f;Fk;-
s:K
kUe;J kuk; gpwu; jd; ,iy/ g{/ fha;/ fdp Kjyptw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
gPL bgw epy;
bghUl;gLj;jhJ/ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;.
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk; gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd;
Fiwita[k; nehf;fhJ/ vy;nyhUila tUj;jj;ija[k; jg;ghky; jPu;f;Fk;.
tp
Kot[iu:
jhd; bgw;Ws;s bry;tk; vd;gJ jdf;fhdJ kl;Lkd;W" gpwUf;fhd cjtpiar;
bra;tjw;FkhdJjhd; vd;gij ts;Stk; mHfha; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
``kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
ht
bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god;~~

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2. `mlf;fKilik xUtiu thH;tpdpy; cau;j;Jk;~ ? ,f;Tw;iw Kg;ghy;tHp tpsf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
L al
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ
ehfhf;f fhthf;fhy; nrhfhg;gu;-
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL cs; MwhJ-
A d
Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
D ika
mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; Kg;ghypd; tHpna kdpj thH;tpDf;fhd midj;Jf;
3 fUj;Jfisa[k; vLj;jpak;g[fpwJ ts;Stk;. me;j tifapy; mlf;fKilikna xUtiu
thH;tpdpy; cah;j;Jk; vd;gij Kg;ghypy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s fUj;Jfshy; mwpayhk;.
,ay;
kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ:

mlf;fKilik vd;gJ jd; kdk;/ bkhHp/ bka; Mfpad jPa bewpapy; bry;yhJ/
ml=;fp thH;jyhFk;. ,j;jifa mlf;fk; cs;stdpd; cau;thdJ/ vy;yhuhYk; ghu;f;ff;
Alv
Toa kpfg; bgupa njhw;wk; bfhz;l/ kiyia tpl kpfg; bgupajhFk;.
ehfhf;f fhthf;fhy; nrhfhg;gu;-
mlf;fpahs ntz;oa kdk;/ bkhHp/ bka; Mfpatw;Ws;Sk; ehtlf;fk;
a
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ehtlf;fk; ,y;yhky; ngrpdhy;/ brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;L/ mjd;
fhuzkha;g; gy Jd;g=;fs; te;J nrUk;.
.Kk
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL cs; MwhJ-
xUtid beUg;gpdhy; Rl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l g[z;/ clystpy; tLtha; khwhJ
,Ue;jhYk;/ cs;sj;jstpy; Vw;gl;l mj;Jd;gk; tpiue;J Mwp tpLk;. Mdhy;/
bfhLbkhHpahy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidr; Rl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l tL/ vd;Wk; khwhJ. mtd;
wI
be+;rpy; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;. Mjyhy;/ gpw mlf;f=;fspDk; ehtlf;fk; xUtDf;F kpf

LV
,d;wpaikajjhFk;.
w
Kot[iu:
mlf;fk; vd;gJ xUtiu thH;tpy; cah;j;Jk; mUk;gz;ghFk;. vdnt mlf;fKilik
vd;gij midtUk; thH;tpdpy; gpd;gw;w ntz;Lk; vd;W Kg;ghy; tHpfhl;LfpwJ.
A
//w
`èpiyapd; jphpahJ ml=;fpahd; njhw;wk;

kiyapDk; khzg; bghpJ~~
s:K
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
kiyapDk; – ck; – cau;t[ rpwg;g[k;ik
ehfhf;f – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
fhf;f/ njhd;Wf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;Wfs;
nrhfhg;gu; – gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W
tp
Rl;l g[z;/ Rl;l tL – bgabur;r=;fs;

Mw;wpj; je;j – tpidbar;rk;
jg;gh kuk; – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
bgUe;jif – gz;g[j;bjhif
ht
bra;jtk; – tpidj;bjhif
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
thuh – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ey;tpid – gz;g[j;bjhif
nehjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
gw;Wf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
L al
jUk; – `bra;a[k;~ vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W
mUtpid – gz;g[j;bjhif
fUJgtu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
A d
g[zu;r;rp tpjp.
D ika
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. jhshw;wp `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ jhshw;wp
jhs; + Mw;wp ,ay;ng~ (s; + M) = sh vd;whdJ.
2. bghUbsy;yhk; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ bghUbsy;yhk;
bghUs; + ,ay;ng~ (s; + v = by) vd;whdJ.
Alv
vy;yhk;
3. mr;rpWk; `capu; tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L mr;(r;+c)+ ,Wk;
mr;R + ,Wk; XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ epiybkhHp mr;r; + ,Wk;
a
<w;W cfuk; bfl;L/
,ay;ng~ (r; + , = rp)
mr;rpWk;
vd;whdJ.
.Kk
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;.
fhf;f = fh + f; + f ml=;fpahd; = ml=;F + ,(d;) + a; + Md;

wI
fh gFjp ml=;F gFjp

LV
f; re;jp ,(d;) ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy" dfuk; g[zu;e;J

w
bfl;lJ.
f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W a; clk;gL bka;
tpFjp Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
A
//w
thH;thd; = thH; + t; + Md; thHhjhd; = thH; + M + j; + Md;

thH; gFjp thH; gFjp
s:K
t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy M vjpu;kiw ,ilepiy

Md; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; j; vGj;Jg;ngW
gPL bgw epy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
tpae;jhd; = tpa + j;(e;); + j; + Md; Rl;l = RL (Rl;L) + m
tpa gFjp RL gFjp/ `Rl;L~ vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;j
(Rl;L) fhyk; fhl;oaJ.
tp
j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;

j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m bgabur;r tpFjp
Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy;
tpidKw;W tpFjp
ht
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TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. cyfg; bghJkiw vd;W nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.
m) g[wehD}W M) ehyoahu;
,) jpUf;Fws; <) jpUthrfk; tpil: ,) jpUf;Fws;
A d
2. jpUf;Fws; ________ E}y;fSs; xd;W.
m) vl;Lj;bjhif M) gj;Jg;ghl;L
D ika
3 ,) gjpbdz; fPHf;fzf;F <) gjpbdz; nkw;fzf;F
tpil: ,) gjpbdz; fPHf;fzf;F
,ay;
3. jpUf;Fwspd; ghtif ________.

m) Fws; btz;gh M) neupir Mrpupag;gh
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) fyp btz;gh tpil: m) Fws; btz;gh
Alv
4. ghtpd; tifiaj; jd; bgauhff; bfhz;Ls;s E}y; ________.
m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) FWe;bjhif a
<) mfehD}W tpil: m) jpUf;Fws;
5. jpUf;FwSf;Fg; ________ ngUila ciu ,Ug;gjhfg; gHk;ghly; xd;W TWfpwJ.
.Kk
m) gj;J M) gjpd;@d;W
,) gjpdhd;F <) gjpdhW tpil: m) gj;J
6. jpUf;FwSf;F ciu vGjhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
m) kzf;Fltu; M) fhyp=;fu;
wI
,) gupg;bgUkhs; <) kiwkiyaofs; tpil: <) kiwkiyaofs;

LV
7. jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;gpid tpsf;fg; g[ytu; ghoa ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ E}y; ________.

w
m) tzf;fk; ts;St M) ts;StKk; thH;tpaYk;

,) Fwnshtpak; <) jpUts;Stkhiy tpil: <) jpUts;Stkhiy
8. jpUts;Stiuf; Fwpg;gplhj rpwg;g[g; bgaiuf; fz;lwp.
A
//w
m) bgUehtyu; M) Kjw;ghtyu;
,) bgha;apy; g[ytu; <) ehtyu; tpil: <) ehtyu;
s:K
9. VG rPu;fspy; thH;tpay; bewpfisg; ngRk; E}y; ________.

m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahu;
,) esbtz;gh <) jpUg;g[fH; tpil: m) jpUf;Fws;
10. jPapdhy; Rl;lg[z; cs;shWk; Mwhnj
ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
tp
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp

,) gpd;tUepiy mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp tpil: m) ntw;Wik mzp
11. kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh kuj;jw;why; bry;tk;
ht
bgUe;jif ahd;fz; god; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) ctik mzp
,) cUtf mzp <) Vfnjr cUtf mzp tpil: M) ctik mzp
12. Rlr;RUk;; bghd;nghy; xsptpLk; Jd;gk;
Rlr;Rl nehw;fpw; gtu;f;F ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
L al
m) ctik mzp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp tpil: m) ctik mzp
A d
13. gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
D ika
,) brhy; gpd;tUepiyazp <) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
tpil: ,) brhy; gpd;tUepiyazp
14. gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd; ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ntw;Wik mzp M) ctik mzp
Alv
,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp <) ,y;bghUs; ctik mzp
tpil: ,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp
15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf. a
i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) fw;gpay;
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) xHpgpay;
.Kk
iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) CHpay;
m) 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3
,) 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 2/ 1
wI

LV
i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) 70 mjpfhu=;fs;
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) 25 mjpfhu=;fs;
w
iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) 38 mjpfhu=;fs;

m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 1 <) 1/ 2/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
A
//w

i) mwj;Jg;ghy; ? 1) 3 ,ay;fs;
s:K
ii) bghUl;ghy; ? 2) 2 ,ay;fs;

iii) ,d;gj;Jg;ghy; ? 3) 4 ,ay;fs;
gPL bgw epy;
m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
18. mwj;Jg;ghypy; bghUe;jhj ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
tp
m) ghaputpay; M) ,y;ywtpay;
,) Jwtwtpay; <) muR ,ay; tpil: <) muR ,ay;
19. bghUl;ghypy; bghUe;jhj ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
m) muR ,ay; M) mikr;R ,ay;
ht
,) xHpgpay; <) CHpay; tpil: <) CHpay;

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20. ,d;gj;Jg;ghypy; ,lk;bgWk; ,aiyf; fz;lwp.
m) ,y;ywtpay; M) Jwtwtpay;
,) xHpgpay; <) fstpay; tpil: <) fstpay;
21. jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s mjpfhu=;fs; ________, Fwl;ghf;fs; ________.
L al
m) 133/ 1330 M) 130/ 1300
,) 125/ 1250 <) 135/ 1350 tpil: m) 133/ 1330
22. xUtu; vijf; fhf;fhtpl;lhYk; fhf;f ntz;oaJ ________.
A d
m) tPl;il M) ehia
,) ehit <) gzpia tpil: ,) ehit
D ika
3 23. bgUe;jifahsdplk; cs;s bry;tk; xg;gplg;gLtJ ________.
m) kUe;J kuj;Jld; M) njtUyf czt[ld;
,ay;
,) fw;gf tpUl;rj;Jld; <) gad;glh kuj;Jld; tpil: m) kUe;J kuj;Jld;

24. jtkpUg;gtiuj; Jd;gk; tUj;j tUj;j ________ tsUk;.
m) +hdk; M) bry;tk;
Alv
,) mGif <) mHpt[ tpil: m) +hdk;
FWtpdh
1. jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>
a
.Kk
jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs;:
,e;E}y; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; @d;W bgUk;gpupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
133 mjpfhu=;fis cilaJ.
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gj;Jg; ghly;fs; tPjk; bkhj;jk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
wI
2. jpUf;FwSf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>

LV
Kg;ghy; bgha;ahbkhHp
w
cj;ju ntjk; tha[iw thH;j;J

bja;tE}y; jkpH;kiw
cyfg; bghJkiw Mfpadthk;
A
//w
3. jpUts;StUf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>

ehadhu; khjhDg=;fp
njtu; bre;ehg;nghjhu;
s:K
Kjw;ghtyu; bgUehtyu;
bja;tg;g[ytu; bgha;apy;g[ytu; vd;gdthk;.
ehd;Kfd;
4. kiyapDk; khzg; bgupJ vJ>
kiyiaf; fhl;oYk; kpfg; bgupaJ/ jdf;Fupa epiyapypUe;J khWglhky;/ mlf;fj;njhL
tp
thH;gtDila cau;thFk;.
5. brhy;ypGf;Fg; gl;Lr; nrhfhg;gu; ? ahu;>
xUtu; vjid mlf;fp Mshtpl;lhYk;/ ehf;F xd;widahtJ mlf;fp Ms ntz;Lk;.
ht
mt;thW mlf;fp Mshtpl;lhy;/ ngRk;nghJ brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;Lj; Jd;g[Wtu;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. jhshw;wpj; je;j bghUspd; gad; ahJ>
xUtd; Kaw;rp bra;J ghLgl;Lj; njoa bghUspd; gad;/ jFjp cilahu;f;F ntshz;ik
(cjtp) bra;tjw;nf MFk;.
7. xj;j mwpthd; capu; thH;thd; vd;W ts;Stu; ahiuf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;> Vd;>
L al
capu; thH;thd; vd;W ts;Stu;/ cyf eilahfpa xg;g[utpid mwpe;J gpwUf;F cjtp
thH;gtidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
nkYk; cyf eilia mwpe;J elj;jny/ capUilahu;f;F cupa mwpt[k; braYk;
A d
MFk;.
Mjyhy;/ mjid cilatnd capu; thH;thd; vd;whu;.
D ika
8. bgUe;jifahd;fz; gLk; bry;tk; vjw;F xg;ghdjhFk;>
gpwUf;F cgfhuk; bra;a[k; bgUe;jd;ik cs;stdplj;jpy; brd;W nrUk; bry;tk;/ jd;
vy;yh cWg;g[fSk;/ kUe;jhfpg; gad;gLjypy; jtwhj kUe;J kuj;jpw;F xg;ghdjhFk;.
9. cyfpy; bghd;whJ epw;gJ vJ>
jdf;F ,izapy;yhjjha;/ cau;e;J tps=;Fk; g[fnH/ ,t;t[yfpy; mHptpy;yhjjha;
epiyj;J epw;Fk;.
Alv
Vidait aht[k; mHpaf; Toaitnaahk;.
10. njhd;whik ed;W ? Vd;>
ntz;Lk;.
a
,t;t[yfpy; kf;fsha;g; gpwe;jhy;/ g[fGf;Ff; fhuzkhfpa Fz=;fnshL gpwf;f
mf;Fz=;fs; ,y;yhjtu; kf;fsha;g; gpwthky;/ tpy=;fha;g; gpwj;jny ey;yjhk;.

.Kk
11. tir xHpe;j thH;t[/ ,ir xHe;j thH;t[ gw;wp ts;Stu; fUj;J ahJ>
jk; kPJ gHp eP=;fg;/ g[fH; bgUf/ thGk; thH;nt cau;;e;j thH;thFk;.
g[fH; cz;lhfhky;/ gHp cz;lhf thGk; thH;t[ thH;thfhJ" mtu;fs; thH;t[ ,wg;g[f;Fr;
rkk;.
wI
,it ts;Stu; fUj;jhFk;.

LV
12. jtk; bra;thu;f;Fupa jFjpfs; ahit>

w
jtk; bra;gtu; jk; Ik;g[yd;fis mlf;f ntz;Lk;.

gpw capu;fSf;Fj; Jd;gk; epfHhjthW ele;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
jkf;F Vw;gLk; Jd;g=;fisg; bghWj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
A
//w
,itna jtk; bra;thu;f;Fupa jFjpfshFk;.

13. ``ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F va;jyhy;~~ ? tpsf;Ff.
s:K
jt typik bgw;wtuhy; vija[k; Mf;f ,aYk;.

vija[k; fhf;f ,aYk;
gPL bgw epy;
vija[k; mHpf;f ,aYk;
mtu; ,j;jifa typik tha;e;jtu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;f ``ntz;oa ntz;oah=;F
va;jyhy;~~ vd;whu;.
tp
14. `nehw;fpw;gtu;f;F Jd;gk; Rlr;Rl xsptpLk;~ ? tpsf;Ff.

mwpahik/ Mir/ nfhgk; nghd;w mGf;nfhL fye;J jd; jd;ikia ,He;jpUf;fpwJ
capu;.
mt;t[apiuj; Jd;gk; vd;Dk; beUg;gpy; Rlr;Rl/ jtk; vd;Dk; xsptpl;L/ gyuhYk;
ht
nghw;wg;gLfpd;w bgUikapid milfpwJ.

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15. vj;jifa bgUikia cilj;J ,t;t[yF>
new;W capnuhL ,Ue;j mtnd/ ,d;W capnuhL ,y;iy vd;W brhy;Yk; mst[f;F
,t;t[yF epiyahikia kpFjpaha;f; bfhz;lJ.
16. vtiu `xU bghGJk; thH;tJ mwpahu;~ vd;whu; ts;Stu;>
L al
xUtd;/ Kd; bra;j tpidf;Fj; jf;f msthfnt ,t;t[yfpy; thH;thd; vdg; gyUk;
mwptu;. Mdhy;/ me;j tpidapd; mst[ vt;tst[ fhyk; vd mwpa khl;lhu;.
vdpDk;/ jhk; ePz;l fhyk; thH;nthk; vdf; fUjpf; bfhz;L gythW bra;fpd;wdu;"
A d
ngRfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa kaf;f mwptpdiuna/ ``xUbghGJk; thH;tJ mwpahu;~~
vd;whu; ts;Stu;.
D ika
17. `nfhoa[k; my;y" gy fUJg~ ? ,f;Fwso czu;j;Jk; cz;ik ahJ>
3 ,t;toahdJ `thH;t[ khakhdJ" mk;kha thH;f;ifapid mwpa ,ayhJ.
vdnt/ mj;jifa thH;itg; bgw;wtd;/ gythW vz;Qtijj; jtpu;j;J/ cWjpg;
,ay;
gadha; xd;iwna milaf; fUj ntz;Lk;~ vd;Dk; cz;ikia btspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

18. Jwt[ vd;gJ ahJ>
g[wj;nj cs;s bry;tj;jpd; kPJ bfhz;Ls;s gw;wpida[k;/ mfkhfpa clypd; kPJ
Alv
bfhz;Ls;s gw;wpida[k; tpLjny Jwt[ MFk;.
19. `vtd; Jd;gk; miljy; ,yd;~ ? vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ>
ve;j ve;jg; bghUspdplj;JkpUe;Jk;/ gw;iw tpl;L eP=;fpdtd;/ me;j me;jg; bghUshy;
a
Jd;gk; miljy; ,yd; vd;W Fws; TWfpwJ.
20. `gw;ww;whd; gw;wpidg; gw;Wf~/ vd;W ts;Stu; TWtjd; bghUs; ahJ>
.Kk
xd;iwr; rhu;e;j capuhy; ,Uf;f Koa[k;.
mj;jifa capuhy;/ jdf;F Xu; Mjhukhd gw;Wf; nfhod;wpj; jdpj;J epw;f ,ayhJ.
mjdhy;jhd; capu; cliya[k;/ clYf;F Mjhukhd cyfj;ija[k;/ cyfj;J ,d;g
Efu;r;rpiaa[k; gw;wp epw;fpwJ.
wI
me;j cyfj;ija[k;/ ,d;g Efu;r;rpiaa[k; capu; Jwe;J tpl;lhy;/ mJ gw;wp epw;gjw;F

LV
ntW xd;W ntz;Lk; md;nwh> mjdhy;jhd; ts;Stu; ``gw;ww;whd; gw;wpidg;

gw;Wf~~ vd;fpwhu;.
w
21. `gw;Wf gw;ww;whd;~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzpapidr; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
`gw;Wf gw;ww;whd;~~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; Fwl;ghtpy; brhw;gpd;tUepiyazp
mike;Js;sJ.
A
//w
,f;Fwspy; `gw;W~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ gy Kiw te;Js;sJ.

Mdhy;/ mJ `mfg[wg; gw;W~/ `gpoj;Jf; bfhs;sy;~ vd btt;ntW bghUs; jUtjhy;/
s:K
mJ brhw;gpd;tUepiy mzpahFk;.
22. `,d;gk; ,ilawhJ <z;Lk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
mth vd;W brhy;yg;gLfpd;w Jd;g=;fSf;Fs; Kjyhd bgUe;Jd;gk; ,y;iy vd;why;/
,d;gnk v=;Fk; bgUfp epw;Fk;.
23. mthitj; `Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk;~ vd;wJ Vd;>
tp
capUf;F ,ay;gha; mike;Js;s mwpahikapd; Fzk;/ mth.

mJ/ gaidf; bfhLf;Fk;nghJ/ Jd;gkha; KofpwJ.
cly; Jd;gk;/ kdj;Jd;gk;/ tpidapdhy; Vw;gLk; capu;j;Jd;gk; Mfpa @tifj;
Jd;gj;Jf;Fk; Kjyha; epw;gJ mth.
ht
Mfnt mthitj; `Jd;gj;Js; Jd;gk;~ vd;whu;.

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.in
24. vJ tPl;od;gj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;>
Mir/ vjdhYk; epuk;ghj ,ay;gpidf; bfhz;lJ
mjid xUtd; ePf;fp tpl;lhy;/ me;epiyna xnu epiyikaha; ,Uf;Fk;
,ay;gpdjhfpa tPl;od;gj;ijj; jUk;.
L al
25. `Muh ,aw;if mth~ ? tpsf;Ff.
vjidg; bgw;whYk;/ vjid mDgtpj;jhYk; nkYk; Xu; ,d;gk; ,Ug;gjha;r; bry;Yk;
,ay;gpida[ilaJ/ Mir.
A d
mjdhy;/ mJ `Muh ,aw;if mth~ vdg;gl;lJ.
26. vg;nghJ gw;ww;wdhfpa ,iwtd; rhu;g[ jhdha; te;J nrUk;>
D ika
mthtpid ePj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
mjw;F cliyj; jwpnghy; epWj;j ntz;Lk;
kdj;ijg; g[yd; tHp XlhJ jLf;f ntz;Lk;
capupidg; bgha;r;rhu;gpdpd;Wk; tpyf;fj; jdpj;J epWj;j ntz;Lk;.
capu; jdpj;J epw;Fk; ,ay;gpdJ md;W.
Alv
me;epiyapy; gw;ww;whdhfpa ,iwtd; rhu;g[ jhdha; te;J nrUk;.
27. vtd; tpiue;J bfLthd;>
may; nte;jnuhL/ mtu;fs; typik bjupe;J bghUe;j xGfhkYk;
a
jd; typikapd; msit mwpe;J bfhs;shkYk;
jhnd jd; typikia tpae;jtdha;
.Kk
may;nte;jnuhL gif bfhz;l murd; tpiutha;f; bfl;lHpthd;.
28. gPypbga; rhfhL czu;j;Jk; cz;ik ahJ>
kpft[k; bky;ypa kapypwifna/ jh=;Fk; mst[f;F nky; Vw;wpdhy;/ typa tz;oapd;
mr;R Kupe;J tpLk;.
wI
mJnghy/ jdpj;jdpna nehf;fpd; vspauhapDk;/ gyu; xd;W Todhy; mtu; kpf;f

LV
typauhtu; vd;gjhk;.
w
29. csnghy ,y;yhfpj; njhd;whf; bfLtJ ahJ>

jdf;F cs;s bghUspd; msit mwpe;J/ mjw;nfw;gr; bryit mlf;fpr; rpf;fdkha;
thHg; gHf ntz;Lk;.
A
//w
mt;thW gHfhJ/ tut[f;F mjpfkha;r; brytHpj;J/ thH;gtDila thH;f;iffs;

cs;sd nghyg; gfl;lha;j; njhd;wp/ cz;ikapy; ,y;yhjdtha;/ Kotpy;
mj;njhw;wKk; ,y;yhky; mHpe;bjhHpa[k;.
s:K
30. `mUtpid vd;g csnth~ ? ahUf;F>

gPL bgw epy;
xU braiyr; bra;J Kog;gjw;nfw;w/ fUtpfnshL/ ey;y fhyj;ija[k; mwpe;J
bra;gtu;f;F mupa bray;fs; vd;git ,y;iy.
31. `+hyk; fUjpDk; ifTLk;~ ? vg;nghJ>
tp
xUtd; jf;f fhyKk; ,lKk; mwpe;J bray;gLthdhapd;/ mtd; ,t;t[yfj;ijna Msf;

fUjpdhYk;/ mJ ifTLk;.
32. `fhyk; fUjp ,Ug;gu;~ ? ahu;>
cyfk; KGtija[k; iff;bfhs;s tpUk;g[gtu;/ jk; typikapDk;/ Vw;w fhyj;ijna
ht
vjpu;ghu;j;jpUg;gu;.
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33. +hyk; bty;yf; fUJgtu; ahJ bra;tu;>
,e;j cyfk; KGtija[k; bty;yf; fUJgtu;/ jf;f fhyj;jpida[k; Vw;w ,lj;jpida[k;
mwpe;J bray;gLtu;.
34. fhykwpe;J bray;gLtJ vt;thW>
L al
jhk; epidj;j bray; Kotjw;nfw;w fhyk; tha;f;Fk;nghJ/ mjidj; jtw tplhky;
mr;braiyr; bra;J Koj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
35. Kg;ghypd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>
A d
vz; ghy; mjpfhuk; ,ay; ,ay;fspd; bgau;fs;
D ika
1. mwk; 38 4 ghaputpay; 04/ ,y;ywtpay; 20/ Jwtwtpay; 13/
3 2. bghUs; 70 3
CHpay; 01
murpay; 25/ mikr;rpay; 32/ xHpgpay; 13
,ay;
3. ,d;gk; 25 2 fstpay; 07/ fw;gpay; 18
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. xUtd; ehtlf;fk; ngz ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; Fws; tHpna vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
ehtpid mlf;fp Ms;f: a
xUtd; jd; ehtpid mlf;fp Msntz;Lk;. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; brhw;Fw;wk; Vw;gl;Lj;
Jd;g[Wthd;.
.Kk
jPahy; Vw;gl;l g[z;Qk; ehthy; Vw;gl;l g[z;Qk;:
xUtd;/ xUtid beUg;gpdhy; Rl;l g[z;/ clk;gpy; ,Ue;jhYk;/ kdj;jpy; MwptpLk;.
Mdhy;/ ehtpdhy; xUtidg; g[z;gLk;go ngrpaJ/ mtd; kdj;jpy; vg;nghJk;
MwhJ/ tLtha; mike;J Jd;g[Wj;Jk;. Mfnt xUtd; ehtlf;fk; ngz ntz;Lk;.
wI
LV
2. kUe;jhfpj; jg;gh ? tpsf;Ff.

jg;ghikahtJ ? gad;gLjypy; jtwhik.
w
xUtd; brd;W bfhs;tjw;F ,ayhj/ br=;Fj;jhd kiya[r;rpfspypUe;jhYk;/

gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;gl;oUe;jhYk;/ xU fhyj;jpy; brHpj;jpUe;J/ ntbwhU fhyj;jpy;
,y;yhky; mHpe;J nghff; Toajha; ,Ue;jhYk; kUe;J kuk; gad;glhJ.
A
//w
mt;thW ,y;yhky; bfhs;tjw;F vspjha;/ gpwtw;why; kiwf;fg;glhjjha;/ vy;yhf;

fhyj;jpYk; fpilf;ff; Toajha;/ vy;yh cWg;g[fSk; kUe;Jf;Fg; gad;glf; Toajha;
cs;s kuk; kf;fSf;Fg; gad; jUtjpy; jtwhJ.
s:K
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bgw;w bry;tKk; vy;yh tifapYk; vspjha; midtUf;Fk;

gad;gLk; vd;gjhk;.
kUe;J kuk; gpwu; jd; ,iy/ g{ fha;/ fdp Kjypatw;iwg; gwpj;jnyhL mikahky;/
bghUl;gLj;jhJ/ mtu;fs; nehiag; nghf;Fk;.
tp
mJnghy/ xg;g[uthsd; bry;tKk; gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; jd;

Fiwia nehf;fhJ/ vy;nyhUila tUj;jj;ija[k; jg;ghky; jPu;f;Fk;.
ht
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3. xg;g[utpd; rpwg;g[ ahJ>
<l;Ltd bty;yhk; <tjw;nf:
xUtd; ghLgl;L ciHj;Jg; bghUs; <l;Ltbjy;yhk/ jhnd cz;gjw;fhft[k;/
nru;j;J itj;J ,Hg;gjw;fhft[k; my;y"
L al
jFjp cilatu;f;F cjtp bra;tjw;nf MFk;.
,Ue;jhYk; ,we;jtnd:
xg;g[uthfpa cyf eilia mwpe;J/ gpwUf;F cjtp thH;gtnd capu; thH;gtd;
A d
Mthd;.
me;j xg;g[uit mwpahjtd;/ cyfpy; capnuhL thH;e;jhYk;/ brj;jtUs; xUtdhfnt
D ika
fUjg;gLthd;.
kUe;J kuk; nghd;wJ:
xg;g[uthsd;/ bry;tk;/ gad;bfhLj;jypy; jg;ghj kUe;J kuk;/ midtu;f;Fk; vspjpy;
gad;gLtJ nghd;wjhFk;.
mBjhtJ/ mr;bry;tk; vy;nyhUk; vspjpy; bgw;Wg; gad; bgw cjt[k;.
Alv
4. brhw;gpd; tUepiy mzpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
a
bra;a[spy; xU brhy; gy Kiw te;J/ btt;ntW bghUs;fisj; jUtJ brhw;gpd;
tUepiy mzpahFk;.
.Kk
v.fh:
``gw;Wf gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplw;F.~~
tpsf;fk;:
wI
gw;Wfis mfw;Wtjw;fhfnt gw;wpy;yhjtidg; gw;wp epw;f ntz;Lk;.

LV
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
w
,g;ghlypy; `gw;W~ vd;w brhy; gy Kiw gapd;W te;J/ gpd;gw;Wjy;/ Mir

,y;yhjtd;/ el;g[/ Mir vd;w ntW ntW bghUl;fisj; je;Js;sjhy;/ ,f; Fwl;gh
,t;tzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhkapw;W.
A
//w
5. ``Rlr; RlUk; bghd;nghy; xsptpLk; Jd;gk;

Rlr;Rl nehw;fpw; gtu;f;F~~
? ,f;Fwspy; mike;Js;s mzpia tpsf;fpg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
s:K
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ctikazp gapd;W te;Js;sJ. gPL bgw epy;

mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; xU thf;fpakhft[k; mike;J/ ,ilapy;
nghy/ nghd;w ctk cUg[fs; btspg;gilahfg; bgw;W/ bghJj;jd;ika[k; bgw;W
tUtJ ctikazpahFk;.
tp
ctik (ctkhdk;) : Rlr;RlUk; bghd; xsptpLk;.

ctnkak; : nehw;fpw;gtu;f;Fj; Jd;gk; Rlr;Rl xsp tpLk;.
ctik cUg[ : nghy.
ht
bghJj;jd;ik : xsptpLjy;.
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tpsf;fk; :
Ru=;fj;jpy; btl;o vLf;fg;gLk; bghd;idj; jPapypl;L khRnghf;fp xsp bgwr;
bra;tu;. mJngy/ mwpahik/ Mir/ nfhgk; nghd;w mGf;nfhL fye;J jd; epiyia
,He;jpUf;Fk; capu;/ Jd;gk; vd;Dk; beUg;g[ Rlr;Rlj; jtk; vd;Dk; xsp tpl;Lg;
L al
gpufhrpf;Fk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
capUf;Fg; bghd;Dk;/ Jd;gj;jpw;Fj; jPa[k; bghUj;j ctikfsha; mike;J/ nghy
A d
vd;w ctk cUg[ btspg;gilahf te;jikahy;/ ctikazpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
6. gpwpJ bkhHpjyzpia tpsf;fpf; FwnshL bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
D ika
3 mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ftp+d; xU bra;a[spy; ctikia kl;Lk; Twp/ mjd; @yk; ctnkaj;ijg; bgw
,ay;
itg;gJ gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;. ,jid xl;lzp vdt[k; TWtu;.

v.fh:
``gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;
Alv
rhy kpFj;Jg; bgapd;~~.
tpsf;fk; :
bkd;ikahd kapypwFjhd; vd;whYk;/ mst[f;F kpFjpahf tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy;/
tz;oapd; mr;R Kwpe;J tpLk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
a
.Kk
kpf bkd;ikahd kapypwif/ mst[f;F mjpfkha; tz;oapy; Vw;wpdhy;/ kpf
typikahd tz;oapd; mr;Rk; Kupe;J tpLk;. ,e;j ctikapypUe;J/ xUtd; typand
MapDk;/ mtd;/ vspau; vd;W giftu;nky; bry;thdhapd;/ mtu;fs; gyu; xd;W Todhy;/
mtd; typaHpe;J bfl neUk; vd;Dk; ctnkag; bghUs; bgwg;gLtjhy;/ ,f;Fwl;gh
wI
gpwpJbkhHpjyzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
LV
w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
148
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in

,ay; nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
L al
ciueil jkpHff; fy;tp tuyhW
gps;isf;Tlk;
4
,uh. kPdhl;rp
ew;wpiz nghjdhu;
A d
bra;a[s;
bjhy;fhg;gpak;
rpwg;gg[ g; hapu ciu tpsf;fg; ghly;
D ika
Jizg;ghlk; ,jHhsu; ghujp
,yf;fzk; gilg;ghf;f cj;jpfs;
ciueil
4
Alv
,ay; jkpHff; fy;tp tuyhW
a
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. VL/ Rto/ bghj;jfk;/ gDty; Kjypa brhw;fs; jUk; bghUs; _________ vd;gjhFk;.
LV
m) E}y; M) Xiy
,) vGj;jhzp <) jhs; tpil: M) Xiy
w
FWtpdh
A
//w
1. r=;ffhyj;jpy; jkpH;bkhHpapd; epiy gw;wp ,uhrkhzpf;fdhupd; Tw;W ahJ>
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
r=;ffhyj;jpy;/ jkpH; Ml;rp bkhHpahft[k;/ gapw;W bkhHpahft[k;/ ,yf;fpa bkhHpahft[k;
tps=;fpaJ.
s:K
rkak;/ thzpfk; nghd;w vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; bghJbkhHpahft[k; tps=;fpaJ.

,t;thW jkpH; bkhHpapd; epiy Fwpj;J ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu; TWfpwhu;.
2. c.nt.rh. mtu;fs; gapd;w fy;tpKiw Fwpj;Jf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
c.nt.rh. gapd;w fy;tp Kiw ? cah;epiyf; fy;tp Kiw
jpUthtLJiw MjPd klj;jpy; jiyikg; g[ytuha; tps=;fpatu; kfhtpj;Jthd;
tp
kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is Mthu;.

,tuplj;jpy; jkpH;j; jhj;jh c.nt.rhkpehju; ghlk; gapd;whu;.
jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; cau;epiyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; c.nt.rh fy;tp
gapd;Ws;shu;.
ht
149
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fy;tp Fwpj;J eP=;fs;; mwpe;j bra;jpfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; fy;tp Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpe;j bra;jpfs;
L al
1. fy;tp fw;fg; gpupe;J bry;tJ Xjw; gpupt[ bjhy;fhg;gpak;
2. fy;tpapdhy; bgUkpjk; njhd;Wk; bjhy;fhg;gpak;
3. Mrpupau;?khztu; Mfpatu;f;fhd ,yf;fz=;fs; bjhy;fhg;gpak;/ ed;D}y;
A d
4. cw;WHp cjtpa[k; cWg;bghUs; bfhLj;Jk; gpw;iw epiy g[wehD}W
KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;W.
D ika
5. Jizaha; tUtJ J}a ew;fy;tp jpUke;jpuk;
4 6. fy;tp mHnf mHF ehyoahu;
7. ,sikapy; fy; xsitahu;
,ay;
2. rkzg; gs;spfSk; bgz; fy;tpa[k; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

rkzg; gs;spfs;:
Alv
rkz rkaj;ijr; nru;e;j jpfk;guj; Jwtpfs;/ kiyf; Fiffspy; j=;fp/ khztu;fSf;Ff;
fy;tpapida[k;/ rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisa[k; nghjpj;jdu;.
mj;Jwtpaupd; `gLf;if~ vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;Fg; `gs;sp~ vd;W bghUs;.
tH=;fyhapw;W.
a
mg;gLf;ifapd; kPJ khztu;fs; mku;e;J fw;wjdhy;/ fy;tpf;Tlk; `gs;spf;Tlk;~ vd
rkzg; gs;spfspy; gapd;w khztu;fs;/ j=;fs; Mrpupau;fSf;F vLj;j gLf;iffs;

.Kk
gw;wpj; jpUr;rp kiyf;nfhl;ilapYk;/ jkpHfj;jpd; g[fH;bgw;w rkzf; Fd;whd
fGFkiyapYk; cs;s fy;btl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
bgz;fy;tp:
te;jthrp mUfpYs;s ``ntly;~~ vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;s rkzg; gs;spapy;/ bgz; rkz
wI
Mrpupau; xUtu; 500 khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpj;jhu;.

LV
gl;odpf;Fuj;jp vd;Dk; rkzg; bgz; Mrpupau;/ tpshg;ghf;fj;jpy; rkzg; gs;sp xd;iw

w
epWtpa[s;shu;.
rkzg; gs;spfspy; bgz;fSk; Mrpupau;fshf ,Ue;Js;sdu; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
bgz;fSf;bfdj; jdpahff; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; rkzg; gs;spfs; ``bgz;fs; gs;spfs;~~
vd miHf;fg;gl;ld.
A
//w
beLtpdh
s:K
1. bgsj;jf; fy;tp/ rkzf; fy;tp/ kug[tHpf; fy;tp Kiwfshy; jkpHff; fy;tp Kiwapy;
Vw;gl;l gy;ntW khWjy;fis tptupf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
rkz kjj;jpd; fy;tp Kiw
tp
a[thd; Rth=; rPdg;gazp

kug[tHpf; fy;tp Kiw
M=;fpnyau; nghw;wpa jpz;izg;gs;spf; fy;tpKiw
cau;epiyf; fy;tp Kiw
ht
Kot[iu
150
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Kd;Diu:
fy;tp vd;gJ/ jdp kdpjidr; rKjhaj;jpw;F Vw;wtdha; khw;Wk; ty;yik
bfhz;ljha; ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. me;j tiapy; ,jidna Kjd;ik nehf;fhff; bfhz;L
jkpHfk; ,r;rPhpa gzpapy; fle;J te;j ghij nghw;WjYf;FhpaJ.
L al
rkz kjj;jpd; fy;tp Kiw:
fy;tp/ kUe;J/ czt[/ milf;fyk; Mfpa ehd;F bfhilfSk; rkzj;jpd; jiyaha
mw=;fs;.
A d
rkz kjj;ijr; nru;e;j jpfk;guj; Jwtpfs; kiyf;Fifapy; j=;fpf; fy;tpiaa[k; rkzf;
fUj;Jfisa[k; khztu;f;Fg; nghjpj;jdu;.
D ika
gs;sp vdg; bghUs;gLk; gLf;iffspd; kPJ mku;e;J fw;wjdhy; fy;tpf;Tlk;/
gs;spf;Tlk; vd;whapw;W.
gs;sp vd;Dk; brhy; rkz/ bgsj;j rka=;fspd; bfhilahFk;.
rkzg; gs;spfspy; gapd;w khztu;fs; j=;fs; Mrpupau;fSf;F vLj;j gLf;iffs;
gw;wpj; jpUr;rp kiyf;nfhl;ilapYk;/ rkzf; Fd;whd fGFkiyf; fy;btl;oYk;
Fwpg;g[fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Alv
te;jthrp ? ntly; vd;Dk; Cupy; ,Ue;j rkzg; gs;spapy; bgz; Mrpupau; xUtu; 500
khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpj;jhu;.
gl;odf;Fuj;jp vd;Dk; rkzg;bgz; Mrpupau; tpshg;ghf;fj;jpy; rkzg;gs;sp xd;iw
epWtpdhu;. a
bgz;fSf;bfdf; fw;gpf;Fk; gs;spfs; bgz; gs;spfs; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ld.
.Kk
gl;o kz;lgk; vd;w fiytotk; rkaj; JiwapypUe;Jjhd; njhd;wpaJ. gl;okz;lgk;
vd;gJ rkaf; fUj;Jfs; tpthjpf;Fk; ,lk;.
``xl;oa rkaj;J cWbghUs;thjpfs;
gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~~
wI
vd;W kzpnkfiy ngRfpwJ.

LV
a[thd; Rth=; rPdg;gazp:

w
jkpHf ? fh+;rpg[uj;jpYs;s bgsj;jg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; j=;fp a[thd; Rth=; rpwg;g[iu

Mw;wpapUf;fpwhu;.
,r;bra;jp bgsj;jKk; rkzKk; jkpHfj;jpd; fy;tp tuyhw;Wf;Fr; bra;j
A
//w
bgUk;g=;fpid tpsf;FfpwJ.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kug[tHpf; fy;tp Kiw:
,k;Kiwapy; khkztu;fs; Mrpupau;fis mQfp/ mtUld; gy Mz;Lfs; j=;fp/
s:K
mtUf;Fj; njitg;gLk; gzpfisr; bra;J fy;tp fw;wdu;.

bra;J fw;wy;/ thH;e;J fw;wy;/ vspikahf thH;jy; vd;Dk; mog;gilapy; FUFyf;
fy;tp Kiw mike;jpUe;jJ.
,k;Kiw nghjdh Kiwiaj;jhz;o thH;tpaiyf; fl;likg;gjhf tps=;fpaJ.
M=;fpnyau; nghw;wpa jpz;izg;gs;spf; fy;tpKiw:
tp
19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,ilg;gFjpapy; fpuhk=;fs;njhWk; jpz;izg; gs;spfs;

,Ue;jd.
jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tl Mrpupau;fs; fzf;fhau;fs; vdg;gl;ldu;. mf;fhyf; fy;tpKiw
jpz;izg; gs;spKiw vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
ht
,g;gs;spfs; xnu khjpupahd tud;Kiwa[ld; bray;gltpy;iy. 151

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.in
jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp mikg;g[fis M=;fpnyau; ehl;Lf;fy;tp vd;W miHj;jdu;.
,g;gs;spfspy; ghlj;jpl;lk;/ gs;sp neuk;/ gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw Mfpad Mrpupaupd;
tpUg;gg;gona mike;jpUe;jd.
bghJ kf;fspd; fy;tpj; njitia ,g;gs;spfs; Xust[ g{u;j;jp bra;jd.
L al
`jpz;izg; gs;spfspd; fy;tpj;juk; Inuhg;gpa ehLfspd;
mg;nghija juj;ijf; fhl;oYk; cau;e;jJ~ ? jhk!; kd;nwh.
A d
cau;epiyf; fy;tp Kiw:
jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; fy;tp cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw vd;w tifik
MFk;.
D ika
4 kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isaplk; c.nt.rh ghlk; gapd;w Kiw ,JthFk;.
nkw;Twpa fy;tpKiwfs; jkpHfj;jpy; gy;ntW khWjy;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.
,ay;
Kot[iu:
xUthpd; thH;f;if KGtJk; bjhlu; eilKiwahfj; jpfGk; fy;tpahdJ r@f
khw;wj;jpd; ,d;wpaikahf; fhuzpahf miktij ed;F mwpa KofpwJ.
Alv
a
1. jkpHfj;jpd; gz;ilf; fy;tpKiwfs; Fwpj;Jr; bra;jpg;glf; fl;Liu VL xd;iw
cUthf;Ff.
.Kk
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp
r=;ffhyf; fy;tp cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw
fw;gpf;Fk; ,l=;fs; Inuhg;gpaupd; fy;tpg;gzp
wI
FUFyf; fy;tpKiw Kot[iu

LV
w
Kd;Diu:
fy;tpapy; rpwe;j jkpH;ehl;oy; fhye;njhWk; kf;fspd; njitfSf;nfw;g fw;wYk;
fw;gpj;jYk; gy;ntW gupzhk=;fisg; bgw;W tsu;e;Js;sd.
A
//w
r=;ffhyf; fy;tp:
r=;ffhyj;jpy; jkpH; Ml;rp bkhHpahf/ gapw;W bkhHpahf/ ,yf;fpa bkhHpahf ,Ue;jJ.
mjdhy; tzpfk; kw;Wk; rkaj;JiwfspYk; bghJbkhHpahf tps=;fpaJ. r=;fk; vd;w
s:K
mikg;ng gyu;To tpthjpf;Fk; ,lkhdJ. nkYk; mw=;Tu; mitak;/ rkzg;gs;sp/

g[j;jg;gs;sp nghd;w mikg;g[fs; r=;fk; kw;Wk; r=;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; fw;gpj;jy;gzpiar;
bra;J te;jd.
fw;gpf;Fk; ,l=;fs;:
fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ,l=;fis gs;sp vd;Wk; fy;Y}up vd;Wk; ,yf;fpa=;fs;
Fwpf;fpd;wd.
tp
FUFyf; fy;tpKiw:
,k;Kiwapy; khztu;fs; Mrpupau;fis mQfp/ mtu;fSld; j=;fp/ Mrpupau;f;Fj;
njitahd gzpfisr; bra;J fy;tp fw;wdu;.
ht
152
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp:
fpuhk=;fs; njhWk; jpz;izg; gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd. ,g;gs;sp Mrpupau;fs; fzf;fhau;
vdg;gl;ldu;. ,g;gs;spfspy; ghlj;jpl;lk;/ gs;sp neuk;/ gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw ,it
Mrpupaupd; tpUg;gg;gona ele;jd.
L al
cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw:
jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; fy;tp cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw vdg;gl;lJ.
Inuhg;gpaupd; fy;tpg;gzp:
A d
lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; rkag; gug;g[r; r=;fk; Kjd;Kjypy; ju=;fk;ghoapy; fy;tpg; gzpiaj;
bjhl=;fpaJ. ,tu;fs; mwg;gs;spfis epWtpanjhL Mrpupau; gapw;rpg; gs;spfisa[k;
bjhl=;fpdu;.
D ika
Kot[iu:
gz;ila fy;tpKiw vd;gJ kdpj thH;tpanyhL beU=;fpa bjhlh;igf;
bfhz;oUe;Js;sJ. gy;ntW gapw;rpfisa[k;/ fiyfisa[k; fw;Wf;bfhs;tjhf ,f;fy;tp
rpwe;jpUe;jJ vdyhk;.
2. jkpHfj;jpy; tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF fy;tpKiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fs; Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy;
Alv
fye;Jiuaho Kot[fisg; gjpt[ bra;f.
fy;tp
xU ehl;od; tsu;r;rp vd;gJ mjd; fy;tp nkk;ghL mog;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
a
tpLjiyf;F Kd; fy;tp/ bkhHpiag; gapy;tjhfnt ,Ue;jJ. tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF
njitfSf;F Vw;g kWrPuikg;g[ bra;jdu;.
.Kk
r@fk;/ ePjp/ rkak;/ rkju;kk;/ czt[/ bjhHpy;/ mwptpay;/ bjhHpy;El;gk; nghd;wit
mog;gilahff; bfhz;lJ.
1948 ? lhf;lu; uhjhfpU&;zd;
1952 ? A. byl;Rkz Rthkp
wI
1964 ? nfhj;jhup
LV
1968 ? njrpafy;tpf; bfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;L nkk;gLj;jpdu;.

midtUf;Fk; fy;tp jpwe;jbtsp gs;sp
w
fUk;gyifj; jpl;lk; gy;fiyf;fHf=;fs;

,ilepiyf; fy;tp bjhHpy;El;g epWtd=;fs;
A
fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; fy;tp rYiffs;

//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
nghd;wit nkk;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; fy;tp tsu;r;rp bgw;wJ.
s:K
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fy;tpapd; bghUl;L xUtUf;F ________ njhd;Wk; vd;W bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWfpwJ.
m) tPuk; M) md;g[
tp
,) fspg;g[ <) bgUkpjk; tpil: <) bgUkpjk;

2. fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfg; gpupe;J bry;tij ________ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
m) bghUs;tapw; gpupt[ M) Xjw; gpupt[
ht
,) fy;tpapw; gpupt[ <) mwj;njhL epw;wy; tpil: M) Xjw; gpupt[

153
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3. cw;WHp cjtpa[k; cWbghUs; bfhLj;Jk;/ gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;nw vd;W
ghoatu; ________ ghlg;gl;l E}y; ________.
m) Mupag;gil fle;j beL+;brHpad;/ g[wehD}W
M) flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp/ g[wehD}W
,) jiyahd=;fhdj;J brUbtd;w ghz;oad;/ gjpw;Wg;gj;J
L al
<) fps;sptstd;/ Kj;bjhs;shapuk;
tpil: m) Mupag;gil fle;j beL+;brHpad;/ g[wehD}W
4. rka E}Yk; jj;Jt E}Yk; fw;gpg;nghu; ________ vdg;gl;ldu;.
A d
m) fzf;fhau; M) Mrpupau;
,) Futu; <) Fwtu; tpil: ,) Futu;
D ika
4 5. `gs;sp~ vd;w brhy;Yf;F ________ vd;W bghUs;.
m) gz;g[ M) gHFjy;
,) gLf;if <) goj;jy; tpil: ,) gLf;if
,ay;
6. gl;odpf;Fuj;jp vd;Dk; rkzg; bgz; Mrpupau; rkzg; gs;spia epWtpa ,lk; ________.
m) E=;fk;ghf;fk; M) kPdk;ghf;fk;
Alv
,) Mjk;ghf;fk; <) tpshg;ghf;fk; tpil: <) tpshg;ghf;fk;
7. butbuz;l; bgy; vd;w ghjpupahu; ________ ehl;ilr; nru;e;jtu;.
m) ,=;fpyhe;J M) fdlh
,) !;fhl;yhe;J <) gpuhd;!;
a tpil: ,) !;fhl;yhe;J
8. jkpH;j;jhj;jh c.nt.rhkpehju; ghlk; gapd;w Kiw ________.
m) FUFyf; fy;tpKiw M) jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tpKiw
.Kk
,) cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw <) rkaf; fy;tpKiw
tpil: ,) cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiw
9. ________ klj;jpd; jiyikg;g[ytuhf kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is tps=;fpdhu;.
m) kJiu MjPd M) jpUg;gde;jhs; MjPd
wI
,) jpUg;ghjpupg;g[ypa{u; MjPd <) jpUthtLJiw MjPd

LV
tpil: <) jpUthtLJiw MjPd

w
10. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isaplk; ghlk; gapd;wtu; ________.

m) K. tujuhrdhu; M) c.nt. rhkpehju;
,) jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhu; <) MWKf ehtyu; tpil: M) c.nt. rhkpehju;
A
//w
11. `fzf;fhau; ,y;yhj CUk; gpzf;fWf;Fk;~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.

m) ehyoahu; M) ehd;kzpf;foif
,) Vyhjp <) jpupfLfk; tpil: <) jpupfLfk;
s:K

i) bghJf; fy;tp thupak; bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 1. 1910
ii) jkpH;ehL ,ilepiyf; fy;tp thupak; bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 2. 1826
iii) Kjy; bghJf;fy;tp ,af;Feu; epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 3. 1794
iv) !;Ty; Mg; ru;nt bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ? 4. 1854
tp
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
13. 1859 ,y; fpz;o bghwpapay; fy;Y}upahf tsu;r;rpaile;j epWtdk; ________.
m) !;Ty; MBg; ru;tP!; M) !;Ty; MBg; ru;nt
ht
,) fhny$; MBg; ru;tP!; <) fhny$; MBg; ru;nt tpil: M) !;Ty; MBg; ru;nt
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
14. fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; ________ gpuptpduhf ,Ue;jdu;.
m) ,Utifg; M) @tifg;
,) mWtifg; <) Itifg; tpil: M) @tifg;
15. fy;tpapd; bghUl;L njhd;Wk; bka;g;ghL ________.
L al
m) eif M) ,sptuy;
,) bgUkpjk; <) mGif tpil: ,) bgUkpjk;
16. jpz;izg;gs;spfs; ________ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;ld.
A d
m) bjspe;j gs;spfs; M) bjw;wpg; gs;spfs;
,) FUFyg; gs;spfs; <) cau;epiyg; gs;spfs; tpil: M) bjw;wpg; gs;spfs;
D ika
17. jpz;izg; gs;spfs;/ ghlrhiyfs;/ kf;fhg[fs;/ kju!hf;fs; nghd;w fy;tp mikg;g[fis
________ vd;W M=;fpnyau; miHj;jdu;.
m) tPl;Lf;fy;tp M) ehl;Lf;fy;tp
,) Vl;Lf;fy;tp <) kf;fs; fy;tp tpil: M) ehl;Lf;fy;tp
18. ahUila Mizf;fpz=;fg; bghJf;fy;tp thupak; bjhl=;fg;gl;J.
m) ru;. jhk!; kd;nwh M) jhk!; nuh
Alv
,) bkf;fhny gpug[ <) rhu;y!;t[l; tpil: m) ru;. jhk!; kd;nwh
19. gs;spapWjp tFg;g[ ? khepy mstpyhd bghJj;nju;tpy; eilKiwf;F te;j Mz;L
m) 1910 M) 1911
,) 1912
a
<) 1913 tpil: M) 1911
20. brd;id kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}up ________ bjhl=;fg;gl;l Kjy; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upfSs;
.Kk
xd;W.
m) Mrpahtpy; M) bjw;fhrpahtpy;
,) ,e;jpahtpy; <) bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; tpil: ,) ,e;jpahtpy;
21. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; mr;nrwpa bkhHp ________.
wI
m) jkpH; M) M=;fpyk;
LV
,) bjY=;F <) ,e;jp tpil: m) jkpH;

w
22. $hd; Tl;ld;gu;f;fpd; ehL ________.

m) ,j;jhyp M) b$u;kdp
,) !;fhl;yhe;J <) ,=;fpyhe;J tpil: M) b$u;kdp
A
//w
23. jkpHfj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf mr;Rf;Tlk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lk; ________.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
m) ehfg;gl;odk; M) g{k;g[fhu;
,) ju=;fk;gho <) fh+;rpg[uk; tpil: ,) ju=;fk;gho
s:K
24. bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ________.

m) 1834 M) 1844
,) 1835 <) 1837 tpil: ,) 1835
25. ,e;jpaf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapd; kfhrhrdk; vd;W nghw;wg;gLtJ ________.
m) 1835 Mk; Mz;L fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
tp
M) 1813 Mk; Mz;L rhrdr; rl;lk;

,) 1882 Mk; Mz;L \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
<) 1854 Mk; Mz;L rhu;y!;t[l; mwpf;if
tpil: <) 1854 Mk; Mz;L rhu;y!;t[l; mwpf;if
ht
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26. rPUil Kiw/ jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tp nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;lhakhf;fpa fy;tpf;FG ________.
m) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG M) rhu;y!;t[l; fy;tpf;FG
,) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG <) nfhj;jhup fy;tpf;FG tpil: ,) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG
27. mwg;gs;spfisa[k;/ Mrpupau; gapw;rpg; gs;spfisa[k; mikj;jtu;fs; ________.
L al
m) gpbu+;Rf;fhuu;fs; M) M=;fpnyau;fs;
,) lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; <) nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; tpil: ,) lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
28. fPiHj;njathjpfs;/ nkw;fj;jpathjpfs; ,ilnaahd fUj;J ntWghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf
A d
cUthd fy;tpf;FG ________.
m) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG M) jhk!; kd;nwh fy;tpf;FG
D ika
,) rhu;y!; t[l; fy;tpf;FG <) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG tpil: m) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG
4 29. 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midtUf;Fk; fl;lha ,ytrf; fy;tp tH=;fg;gl ntz;Lk; vd;gij
typa[Wj;jpa ,e;jpa murpay;ikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; gpupt[ ________.
,ay;
m) 44 M) 45
,) 46 <) 47 tpil: M) 45
30. jw;fhyf; fy;tpa[k; nju;t[Kiwa[k; cUthf mog;gilahf mike;j mwpf;if ________.
Alv
m) jhk!; kd;nwh fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
M) bkf;fhny fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
,) rhu;y!; t[l; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
<) \z;lu; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if a tpil: ,) rhu;y!; t[l; fy;tpf;FG mwpf;if
31. jdpepiyapy; g[ytu;fsplj;Jf; fw;Fk; cau;epiyf; fy;tpKiwapy; goj;jtu; ________.
.Kk
m) c.nt. rhkpehju; M) K.tujuhrdhu;
,) ghujpjhrd; <) Rujh tpil: m) c.nt. rhkpehju;
32. rupahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) fy;tpapd; nehf;fk; ehfupfj;ija[k; gz;ghl;ila[k; tsu;g;gjhFk;.
wI
ii) fy;tpapd; Kjd;ikahd nehf;fk; ``jdpkdpjidr; rKjhaj;Jf;F Vw;wtdhf khw;Wjy;.

LV
iii) fy;tpapy; rpwe;jJ jkpH;ehL

m) @d;Wk; rup M) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
w
,) i, iii ? rup <) ii, iii ? rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup

33. fw;gtu; kdj;jpy; MHg; g[ije;Js;s jpwd;fisj; njhz;o btspf; bfhz;L tUtjhy;
________ vd;w bghUspd; mog;gilapy; fy;tp vd tH=;fyhapw;W.
A
//w
m) fy;Yjy; M) fs;Sjy;
,) tpGjy; <) js;Sjy; tpil: m) fy;Yjy;
s:K
34. mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij totikj;jtu; ________ mikj;j Mz;L ________.

m) nkf;kpy;yd;/ 1450 M) $hd; Tl;ld;gu;f;/ 1453
,) rPfd;ghy;f;/ 1753 <) $pah$; a{f;nsh/ 1652
tpil: M) $hd; Tl;ld;gu;f;/ 1453
35. bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWk; bka;g;ghLfspd; tif ________.
tp
m) 6 M) 7
,) 8 <) 9 tpil: ,) 8
36. brd;id kUj;Jtf;fy;Y}up bjhl=;fg;gl;l Mz;L ________.
m) 1835 M) 1825
ht
,) 1815 <) 1805 tpil: m) 1835

156
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
37. ,e;jpau;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;Lf;F xU ,yl;rk; xJf;fpa ghuhSkd;wk; ________.
m) ,yz;ld; M) gpuhd;!;
,) bkf;rpnfh <) mbkupf;fh tpil: m) ,yz;ld;
38. jkpHfj; jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tpKiwiaf; fz;L tpae;jtu; ________.
L al
m) butbuz;l; bgy; M) bubuz;l; bty;
,) bkf;fhny <) rhu;y!;t[l; tpil: m) butbuz;l; bgy;
39. jkpHu;fs; ,d;W gutyhf Vw;Wf;bfhz;oUf;Fk; gl;okz;lgk; vd;w fiytotk; ________
A d
JiwapypUe;J njhd;wpaJ.
m) tuyhw;Wj; M) rkaj;
D ika
,) murpay; <) ,yf;fpaj; tpil: M) rkaj;
40. `xl;oa rkaj;J cWbghUs;thjpfs; gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; ________.
m) kzpnkfiy M) rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,) esbtz;gh <) bjhy;fhg;gpak; tpil: m) kzpnkfiy
Alv
FWtpdh
1. fy;tpapd; Kjd;ik nehf;fk; ahJ>
``jdp kdpjidr; rKjhaj;jpw;F Vw;wtdhf khw;Wjy;~~ vd;Dk; rPupa gzpna fy;tpapd;
Kjd;ik nehf;fkhFk;. a
2. `fy;;tp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUis tpsf;Ff.
.Kk
fw;gtu; kdj;jpy;/ MHg; g[ije;Js;s jpwd;fisj; njhz;o btspf; bfhz;L tUfpwJ/
fy;tp.
mjdhy;/ mJ/ fy;Yjy; vd;Dk; bghUspd; mog;gilapy; `fy;tp~ vd tH=;fyhapw;W.
3. khztu;fs; vt;thW fy;tp fw;wdu; vd;W g[wehD}w;W mofs; Fwpf;fpd;wd>
wI
``cw;WHp cjtpa[k; cWbghUs; bfhLj;Jk;

LV
gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;nw~~

w
vd;W g[wehD}w;W mofs; bghUs; bfhLj;Jk;/ bjhz;L bra;Jk; Mrpupauplk; khztu;fs;

fy;tp fw;wijr; rpwg;g[ld; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
4. r=;f fhyj;jpy; fw;gpj;jy; gzpapid nkw;bfhz;oUe;j mikg;g[fs; ahit>
A
//w
r=;f fhyj;jpy; kd;wk;/ rhd;nwhu; mit/ mw=;Twitak;/ rkzg; gs;sp/ bgsj;jg;gs;sp
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
nghd;w mikg;g[fs; fw;gpj;jy; gzpapid nkw;bfhz;oUe;jd.
s:K
5. fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; ,l=;fis ,yf;fpa=;fs; vt;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd>

``gs;sp~~ vd;W bgupa jpUbkhHpa[k;
``XJk;gs;sp~~ vd;W jpthfu epfz;Lk;
``fy;Y}up~~ vd;W rPtf rpe;jhkzpa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
6. @tif Mrpupag; bgUkf;fs; ahtu;> mtu;fs; fw;gpj;jit ahit>
tp
fzf;fhau;/ Mrpupau;/ Futu; Mfpnahu; @tif Mrpupag; bgUkf;fshtu;.

fzf;fhau; vd;nghu; vGj;J/ ,yf;fpak;/ epfz;L/ fzf;F Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpg;ghu;.
Mrpupau; vdg;gLnthu; @tif ,yf;fzj;ija[k;/ mtw;wpw;fhd ngupyf;fpa=;fisa[k;
fw;gpg;ghu;.
ht
Futu; vdg;gLnthu; rka E}iya[k;/ jj;Jt E}iya[k; fw;gpg;ghu;.

157
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7. rkz rkaj;jpd; jiyaha mw=;fs; ahit>
fy;tp/ kUe;J/ czt[/ milf;fyk; Mfpa ehd;F bfhilfSk; rkz rkaj;jpd; jiyaha
mw=;fshFk;.
8. gs;spfs;/ kd;wk;/ rhd;nwhu; mit ? ,tw;iw tpsf;Ff.
L al
gs;spfs; – fiyfs;/ fy;tp Mfpatw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; ,lk;.
kd;wk; – fw;w tpj;ijapid mu=;nfw;Wk; ,lk;.
rhd;nwhu; nguit – bray;fisr; rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;f;Fk; ,lk;.
A d
9. ``gs;sp~~ vd;w brhy; cUthff; fhuzk; vd;d>
``gs;sp~~ vd;w brhy;Yf;Fg; ``gLf;if~~ vd;W bghUs;.
D ika
rkzu;fspd; gLf;iffspd;kPJ/ khztu;fs; mku;e;J fw;wjdhy;/ fy;tpf; Tlk;/
4 gs;spf;Tlk; vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
``gs;sp~~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ rkz bgsj;j rka=;fspd; bfhilahFk;.
,ay;
10. ``gl;o kz;lgk;~~ Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit>

gl;o kz;lgk; vd;gJ/ rkaf; fUj;Jfs; tpthjpf;fg;gLk; ,lkhFk;. ,J gw;wpf; TWk;
Alv
E}y; ``kzpnkfiy~~.
``xl;oa rkaj;J cWbghUs;thjpfs;
gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~~ vdr; Rl;LfpwJ.
a
11. bkl;uh!; rp!;lk; vd;gJ ahJ tpsf;Ff.
butbuz;l; bgy; vd;Dk; !;fhl;yhe;J ghjpupahu;/ jkpHfj; jpz;izg; gs;spf; fy;tp
Kiwiaf; fz;L tpae;jhu;.
.Kk
mk;Kiwapy; mike;j xU gs;spapid !;fhl;yhe;jpy; `bkl;uh!; fhny$;~ vd;Dk;
bgaupy; epWtpdhu;.
,J bkl;uh!; rp!;lk;/ bgy; rp!;lk; kw;Wk; khdplup rp!;lk; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lJ.
wI
12. FUFyf; fy;tp Kiw Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit>

LV
FUFyf; fy;tp Kiwapy;/ khztu;fs; Mrpupaiu mQfp/ mtUld; gy Mz;L fhyk;

j=;Ftu;.
w
mtUf;Fj; njitg;gLk; gzpfisr; bra;J fy;tp fw;wdu;.

bra;J fw;wy;/ thH;e;J fw;wy;/ vspikaha; thH;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; mog;gilapy;
,f;fy;tp Kiw mike;jpUe;jJ.
A
//w
13. `èhl;Lf; fy;tp~~ vd;W M=;fpnyau;fs; ve;j mikg;g[fis miHj;jdu;>

jpz;izg; gs;spfs;/ ghlrhiyfs;/ kf;jhg[fs;/ kju!hf;fs; nghd;w fy;tp mikg;g[fis
M=;fpnyau;fs; `èhl;Lf; fy;tp~~ vd;W miHj;jdu;.
s:K
14. jpz;izg; gs;spf;Tlk; gw;wp vGJf.

19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,ilg;gFjpapy; Vuhskhd jpz;izg; gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd.
mtw;iwj; bjw;wpg; gs;spfs; vdt[k; tH=;fpdu;.
mg;gs;spahrpupau;fs; fzf;fhau; vdg;gl;ldu;.
mt;thrpupau;fspd; tpUg;gg;gona ghlj;jpl;lk;/ gs;sp neuk;/ gapw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiw
tp
Mfpad mike;jd.
15. jkpH;ehl;oy; fy;tpg; gzpapy; <Lgl;l btspehl;L mikg;g[ vJ> mJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jkpH;ehl;oy; fy;tpg; gzpapy; <Lgl;l btspehl;L mikg;g[/ lr;Rf;fhuu;fspd; rkag;
gug;g[r; r=;fkhFk;.
ht
158 lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; mwg;gs;spfisa[k;/ Mrpupau; gapw;rpg; gs;spfisa[k; epWtpdu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
mg;gs;spfspy; gapy;nthUf;Fupa E}y;fis mr;rpl/ ju=;fk;ghoapy; Xu; mr;Rf;Tlk;
mikj;jdu;.
16. ``,e;jpaf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapd; kfhrhrdk;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ vJ> mjd; gadha;
mike;jJ ahJ>
L al
``,e;jpaf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapd; kfhrhrdk;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ/ rhu;y!; t[l;od;
mwpf;if.
mjd; gadha;j; jw;fhyf; fy;tpa[k;/ nju;t[ Kiwa[k; cUbtLj;jd.
A d
***
D ika
bra;a[s;
gps;isf;Tlk;
,ay; 4 ? ,uh. kPdhl;rp
Alv
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh a
1. ,=;nf/ Ik;gjhz;L ntk;g[
.Kk
nfhilapy; bfhl;Lk; g{f;fis
vz;zr; brhy;fpwhu;fs; ? vz;zr; brhy;fpwtu;fs; ahu;> vz;Qgtu;fs; ahu;>
vz;zr; brhy;fpwtu; ? jkpH;bkhHp fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;.
vz;Qgtu;fs; ? khztu;fs;.
wI

LV
w
1. jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tp gw;wpa c=;fs; vz;z=;fisf; ftpijahf;Ff.

jha;bkhHptHpf; fy;tp
tskhd ehl;Lf;F mog;gil mwptpd; r=;fehjk; jha;bkhHp
A
//w
jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpna- Mw;wypd; ,Ug;gplk; jha;bkhHp
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kdpj Mw;wiy tskhf;Fk; vk;bkhHpf; fw;whYk;
gilg;ghw;wiy mjpfg;gLj;Jk; Vw;wkpF mwpitj; jUtJ
s:K
rpe;jidj; jpwDf;F jpwt[nfhy; jha;bkhHpf; fy;tpna.......-

r@fkhw;wj;jpw;F kfj;jhdJ
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
tp
1. `gps;isf;Tlk;~ vd;w ftpijia vGjpatu; ________.

m) kPdhl;rpRe;juk; M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
,) Re;judhu; <) ,uh. fhkhl;rp tpil: M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
ht
159
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2. ,uh. kPdhl;rp vGjj; bjhl=;fpa fhyk; ________.
m) 1960 M) 1950
,) 1970 <) 1980 tpil: ,) 1970
3. `cjaefupypUe;J~ vd;gJ ,uh. kPdhl;rpapd; ________.
L al
m) fl;LiuE}y; M) gazf;fl;Liu
,) g[jpdk; <) ftpijj;bjhFg;g[ tpil: <) ftpijj;bjhFg;g[
4. ftp+u;. ,uh. kPdhl;rpapd; thH;tplk; ________.
A d
m) fhiuf;fhy; M) Mnuhtpy;
,) Mw;fhL <) fhiuf;Fo tpil: M) Mnuhtpy;
D ika
5. rupahd Tw;wpidj; nju;e;bjL.
4 1. ftp+u; ,uh. kPdhl;rp Mrpupag;gzpapy; cs;stu;.
2. nkYk; ,tu; fpuhk nkk;ghl;oy; <LghL bfhz;ltu;.
,ay;
m) 1 ? rup M) 2 ? rup
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup
6. vj;jid Mz;Lfs; cila ntk;g[ nfhilapy; g{f;fisf; bfhl;Ltjhf ,uh. kPdhl;rp
Alv
TWfpwhu;>
m) 30 M) 40
,) 45 <) 50 tpil: <) 50
m) mzpy;
a
7. fU=;fy; J}zpy; mku;e;J jpahdk; bra;tjhf ,uh. kPdhl;rp Fwpg;gpLk; capupdk; ________
M) Xzhd;
.Kk
,) Fu=;F <) kapy; tpil: M) Xzhd;
8. brhe;jbkhHp fw;gpf;Fk; ,e;jg; gs;spf;Tlk; kpft[k; gpoj;Jg; ngha;tpl;lJ vd;W TWgtu;
________.
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;
wI
,) ,uh. kPdhl;rp <) fhe;jpaofs; tpil: ,) ,uh. kPdhl;rp

LV
9. `gps;isf;Tlk;~ vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk; bgw;w E}y; ________.

w
m) bfhotpsf;F M) kWgazk;
,) RLg{f;fs; <) thridg;g[y; tpil: m) bfhotpsf;F
10. ,sikapd; rpwif Kwpf;fhjjhf ,Uf;f ntz;oaJ ________.
A
//w
m) tpisahl;L M) gs;spf;Tlk;
,) fiy <) FLk;gk; tpil: M) gs;spf;Tlk;
11. ,uh. kPdhl;rpapd; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fspy; bghUe;jhjJ ________.
s:K
m) beU+;rp M) kWgazk;
,) thridg;g[y; <) rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs; tpil: <) rhk;gy; thu;j;ijfs;
FWtpdh
1. ``brhe;jbkhHp fw;gpf;Fk;
tp
,e;jg; gs;spf;Tlk;
kpft[k; gpoj;Jg; ngha;tpl;lJ~~ ? vd;W kPdhl;rp TWtd ahit>
brhe;jbkhHp vd;gJ/ ek; jha;bkhHp.
,yf;fzk; fw;fhkny/ ,sikapny ,yf;fzj;njhL ,ay;gha;g; ngRk; bkhHp.
ht
160
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vt;tpj ,lu;g;ghLkpd;wpr; ruskha; ek; fUj;ij btspaplt[k;/ gpwu; fUj;ij
czu;e;jplt[k; gad;gLk; fUtp.
Mfnt/ brhe;j bkhHpahfpa jha;bkhHp @yk; fy;tp vd;Dk; bgU+;bry;tj;ijg; bgw
,aYk; gs;spapy; nrug; gps;isf;Tlg; ghlyhrpupau; tpUk;g[fpwhu;.
L al
2. brk;kz;jhSk;/ tz;zf;Fr;rpfSk; jUfpwhu;fs; ? ahu; ahUf;F/ Vd;>
``gps;isf;Tlk;~~ vd;Dk; ftpijapy;/ brk;kz; jhisa[k;/ tz;zf; Fr;rpfisa[k;
Mrpupau;fs; gs;sp khztu;fSf;Fj; jUfpwhu;fs;.
A d
khztu;fs;/ bga;a[k; kiHj;Jspfspd; totj;jpid cs;th=;fp/ Xtpakha;j; jPl;o/
Xtpau;fsha; cUthf tha;g;gspf;fpwhu;fs;.
D ika
3. ``ku=;fspd; KJfpidr; bry;ykha; tUotpl ntz;Lk;" FW+;brofSld; cw;rhfkha;g;
ngr ntz;Lk;~~ ? tpsf;Ff.
ku=;fSk;/ brofSk; Xuwpt[ capupd=;fs;jhk;.
vdpDk; mtw;wpw;Fj; bjhL g[ydwpt[ cz;L.
``,it kue;jhnd/ rpWbrojhnd-~~ vd mw;gkha;f; fUjhJ/ capupfs; vd czu;e;J/
md;nghL mtw;iw mQfp/ ,jkha; tUl ntz;Lk;" cwthl ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;
Alv
gps;isf;Tlf; ftp+u;.
rpWtpdh
a
1. ``jha;bkhHpapny gapd;W/ ahJk; Cbud/
cyfpd; cwthfnt tpUk;g[fpnwd; ehd;~~ ? ,BJ vtu; Tw;W> tpsf;Ff.
.Kk
,J/ ``gps;isf;Tlk;~~ vd;Dk; ftpijahrpupaupd; Tw;W.
jha;bkhHpf;fy;tpna jiy rpwe;jJ:
bkhHp xU fUtpjhd;" vdpDk; ,sikbjhl;L/ ek;nkhL ,uz;lwf; fye;Jtpl;l
wI
bkhHp/ jha;bkhHpna MFk;.

LV
mk;bkhHp @yk; fy;tp gapd;why; vija[k; vspjpy; g[upe;J bfhs;s ,aYk;.

mt;thwpUf;fg; gHfp mwpe;j fUtpahd jha;bkhHpia tpLj;Jg; gHfp mwpahj
w
fUtpahd may;bkhHpia ehLtJ mwpt[ilikad;W vd;gij typa[Wj;Jk;

tifapy; `jha;bkhHpapny~ vd `V~fhuk; nru;j;Jf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; ftp+u;.
àhJk; Cnu- ahtUk; nfspu;-~:
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
,d;W cyfpy; thGk; kf;fbsy;yhk; ehL/ bkhHp/ ,dk;/ kjk;/ rhjp vdj; jLg;g[r;
Rtu;fis vGg;gpf; bfhz;L gpupe;J thH;fpwhu;fs;/ ,e;jj; jLg;g[r; Rtu;fbsy;yhk;
s:K
jfu;e;J jtpL bghoahFk; tifapy; g[wehD}w;Wg; g[ytd; g[fd;wJnghy;/ ,t;t[yfpy;

cs;s Cu;fs; aht[k; vk;@nu" ,t;t[yfpy; thGk; kf;fs; ahtUk; vk; cwtpdnu vd thH
tpUk;g[fpnwd; vdg; g[fH;fpwhu; ftp+u;.
***
tp
ht
161
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.in
bra;a[s;
ew;wpiz
,ay; 4 ? nghjdhu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. 9 mo rpw;bwy;iya[k; 12 mo ngbuy;iya[k; bfhz;l E}y;
4 m) ew;wpiz
,) mfehD}W
M) FWe;bjhif
<) I=;FWE}W tpil: m) ew;wpiz
,ay;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. bfhG+;nrhW ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
bfhG+;nrhW ? bfhGik + nrhW
`<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ik tpFjp bfl;L/ bfhG + nrhW.
a
`,dkpfy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `r~ fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd/ `+~fuk; kpFe;J/
bfhG + +; + nrhW = bfhG+;nrhW vdg; g[zu;e;jJ.
.Kk
rpWtpdh
1. ``Vty; kWf;Fk; rpWtpis ahl;o
mwpt[k; xGf;fKk; ahz;Lzu;e;jds; bfhy;~~ ? ,l+; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
wI
,lk;:
LV
nghjdhu; ,aw;wpa ew;wpiz ghiyj;jpizapy; 110 MtJ ghly;.

w
bghUs;:
jpUkzk; Koj;J fztd; tPl;oy; thGk; jiytpiaf; fhzr;brd;w njhHp mts;
,y;ywk; elj;Jk; gh=;if mtisg; bgw;w jhaplk; TWk;nghJ/ ``mwpt[k; xGf;fKk;
ahz;Lzu;e;jjds; bfhy;-~~ vd;W Twp tpaf;fpd;whs; brtpyp.
A
//w
tpsf;fk;:
``,sikapy; njd; fye;j ghiyg; bghw;fyj;jpy; Ve;jp/ `cz;~ vd ntz;oa[k;/ cz;z
s:K
kWj;J Xl;lbkLj;jts; ek; kfs;. jd;id kze;j fztd; FLk;gk; tWik tha;g;gl;L
tUe;Jk; epiyapYk;/ je;ij tPl;oYs;s bfhGtpa czit mts; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
fztd; tPl;oypUe;J/ xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;L thGk; kdtypik
tha;e;jtsha; cs;shs;. ,j;jifa mwpita[k;/ xGf;fj;ija[k; mts; vt;thWjhd;
mwpe;J bfhz;lhnsh>~~ vd;W tpae;J TWfpwhs; brtpypj;jha;.
2. `rpd;dbjhU Jz;ilj;
tp
jpUk;gj; jpUk;gf; fl;o

mHF ghu;f;fpwhs; bry;y kfs;
Ke;jhidia ,Gj;Jg; nghu;j;jpf; bfhs;fpwhs;
xU Fl;o ehw;fhypna tPlhfptpLfpwJ
ht
162 Jz;ilf; fl;of;bfhz;L jhahft[k;
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
khwpf;bfhs;s KofpwJ mtshy;.
Jz;L xd;Wjhd;...
mJnt mtsJ kfpH;r;rpa[k;
vd; Jf;fKk;~
L al
? ,g;g[Jf;ftpijapy; btspg;gLk; fUj;ij Muha;e;J vGJf.
vy;yhr; rpWkpg; nghy; mtshy; thH ,aytpy;iy.
tWik/ Mdhy; fw;gidapy; kpjf;fpwhs;.
A d
jd; je;ijapd; Jz;il ,ilapy; itj;J mHF ghu;f;fpwhs;.
Ke;jhzpia ,Gj;Jg; nghu;j;jpf; bfhs;fpwhs;. mts; mg;nghJ jhahfpwhs;.
D ika
mg;gona ehw;fhypapy; mku;fpwhs;. mJjhd; mtsJ Fl;o tPlhfpwJ. mJ mtspd;
kfpH;r;rp.
je;ijapd; Jd;gk;:
je;ij ,f;fhl;rpiaf; fz;L Jd;gk; milfpwhu;.
ek;kplk; cs;snjh xU Jz;L mJ xU g[wk;.
Alv
,g;go kfpGk; bry;y kfis jhd; ed;whf thH;tpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W je;ij tpUk;g[fpwhh;.
beLtpdh
a
1. jiytpapd; ,y;ywg; gh=;fpidg; gw;wpr; brtpypj;jha; ew;whaplk; tpae;J TWtd ahit>
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
.Kk
Kd;Diu
njDk; ghYk; fye;j czt[
tpisahl;Lg; bgz;
tWikapy; brk;ik
wI
Kot[iu
LV
w
Kd;Diu:
tsika[k; tWika[k; thH;f;ifbad;Dk; ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;f=;fshFk;. tskhd
kidapy; gpwe;j bgz;bzhUj;jp/ Fiwe;j tsKila jiytd; tPl;oYk; jd;dpiy
khwhJ tWikapYk; brk;ikaha; thH;fpd;w gh=;fpidg; gw;wpr; brtpypj;jha; ew;wha;
A
//w
tpae;J TWk; bra;jpia ew;wpizapd; tHpna mwpnthk;.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
njDk; ghYk; fye;j czt[:
s:K
`èk; kfs; rpWkpaha; ,Ue;j bghGJ/ brtpypj;jhau;/ jk; xU ifapy;/ njd; fye;j
btz;ikahd Ritkpf;f ,dpa ghYzit/ xsp tPRk; bghd;dhy; bra;ag;gl;l
ghj;jpuj;jpy;/ ,l;L Ve;jpf; bfhs;tu;" jk; kWifapy; g[ilg;ghfr; Rw;wg;gl;l g{it Edpapy;
bfhz;l rpwpa bfhk;gpidg; gpoj;Jf; bfhs;tu;. mf;bfhk;ig X=;fp/ `,g;ghYzit
cz;ghahf~ vdf; Twp mof;f Kay;tJ nghy; mr;RWj;Jtu;.
tpisahl;Lg; bgz;:
tp
Mdhy;/ bky;ypa eiuj;j Te;jiyf; bfhz;l Kjpa mr;brtpypj;jhau; gw;w

Koahky;/ jsu;r;rpa[w;Wj; jk; Kaw;rpapidf; iftpl;L tpLtu;. kfnsh/ bjspthd
xspiaf; bfhz;l/ Kj;Jg; guy;fis cila rpyk;g[fs; xypf;f/ Kw;wj;jpy; cs;s ge;jupd;
fPH;j;jhtp Xo/ `cz;nzd;~ vd kWj;Jiuf;Fk; rpwpa tpisahl;ilf; bfhz;ltsha;
ht
,Ue;jhs;.
163
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.in
tWikapy; brk;ik:
``Mdhy;/ ,g;bghGJ mts;/ jd;id kze;J bfhz;l fztdJ FLk;gk; tWik
tha;g;gl;L tUe;Jk; epiyapYk;/ jd; je;ijapd; bry;tr; rpwg;g[ld; Toa tskhd
czit epidf;ftpy;iy. XLk; ePUf;F ,ilna M=;fh=;F ,ilaPLw;W bky;ypa
L al
fUkzy; fhzg;gLk;. mJnghy/ xU ntis tpl;L xUntis cz;Qk; kd typik
cilatsha; ,Uf;fpd;whs;- ,j;jifa mwpita[k;/ xGf;fj;ija[k; ,ts; vg;go mwpe;J
bfhz;lhnsh>~~ vd;W ,uf;fKk; tpag;g[k; bfhz;L Twpdhs; brtpypj;jha;.
Kot[iu:
A d
tWikapy; brk;ikaha; thH mwpt[Wj;JtJ fy;tp. ,k;khz;g[ rpyUf;F ,ay;gpnyna
ifTLk; vd;gij ew;wpizapy; jiytp gw;wpa bra;jpfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
D ika
4 ,yf;fzk;
1. ghiyj; jpiz tpsf;Ff.
,ay;
Kjw;bghUs; :
epyk; : btg;gk; kpFe;j RuKk; Ruk; rhu;e;j ,lKk; (m) kzYk; kzy; rhu;e;j
Alv
,lKk;.
bghGJ : bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
bgUk;bghGJ : ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;/ gpd;gdp
rpWbghGJ : ez;gfy;
fUg;bghUs;fs;:
a
.Kk
bja;tk; : Ju;f;if
kf;fs; : kPsp/ tpliy/ vapdu;/ vapw;wpau;
gwit : fGF/ gUe;J/ g[wh
tpy=;F : typik ,He;j g[yp/ bre;eha;
wI
Cu; : FWk;g[
LV
ePu; : ePu; tw;wpa Rid/ fpzW.

g{ : kuh/ Fuh/ ghjpup
w
kuk; : ,Ug;ig/ Xik

czt[ : tHpg;gwp bra;j bghUs;
giw : nghu;g;giw
A
//w
gz; : ghiyg;gz;
ahH; : ghiy ahH;
bjhHpy; : tHpg;gwp bra;jy;
s:K
cupg;bghUs;:
gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jKk;
v.fh: ``gpurk; fye;j btz;Ritj; jPk;ghy;~~
jpizg;bghUj;jk;:
jhd; kze;J bfhz;l fztd; tPl;oy;/ tWika[w;w epiyapYk;/ jd; je;ijapd;
tp
tPl;oy; bgw;w tskhd cztpidg; gw;wp epidj;Jg; ghu;f;fhj jiytpapd; tWikapYk;

brk;ikaha; thH;fpd;w jd;ikiaf; TWtJ ghiyj;jpizf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
ht
164
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. Jiw ? tpsf;Ff.
kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
jiytndhL cld; brd;w tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; khwhj kfs;/ ,y;ywk; Mw;Wk;
L al
gh=;if ew;whaplk;/ brtpypj;jha; vz;zpf; TWtJ ``kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;~~ JiwahFk;.
,j;Jiw ``kidkUl;rp~~ vd;Wk; Twg;gLk;.
v.fh :
A d
``gpurk; fye;j btz;Ritj; jPk;ghy;~~
Jiwg;bghUj;jk;:
D ika
tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; khwhj jiytp/ ,y;ywk; elj;Jk; gh=;fpid ew;whaplk;/
brtpypj;jha; tpae;J TWtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ``kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;~~ Jiwf;Fg;
bghUj;jkhapw;W.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
btz;Rit/ bfhG+;nrhW/ jPk;ghy; – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
Alv
tpupfjpu;/ xGFePu; – tpidj;bjhiffs;
bghw;fyk;/ bghw;rpyk;g[ – @d;whk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f
bjhiffs;
mwpt[k; xGf;fKk;
bfhz;l
a
– vz;Qk;ik
– bgabur;rk;
.Kk
ge;jh; – ge;jy; vd;gjd; <w;Wg;nghyp
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
wI
bkype;J = bkyp + j;(e;) + j; + c kWj;J = kW + j; + j; + c

LV
bkyp gFjp kW gFjp

w
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) j; re;jp

A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
s:K
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. rpWnfhy; rpWik vd;gJ gz;g[g; bgau;.
rpWik + nfhy; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ rpWnfhy;
tpFjp bfl;L vd;whdJ.
2. bghw;rpyk;g[ `zd ty;ypdk; tu lwt[k; MFk;~ bghw;rpyk;g[
tp
bghd; + rpyk;g[ vDk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp Kjypy; vd;whdJ.

ty;ypdk; (r;; + , = rp) te;jjhy;/
epiybkhHpaPw;W `d~fuk; `w~ fukhfp
ht
165
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.in
3. g{e;jiy `g{g;bgau; Kd; ,d bkd;ika[k; g{e;jiy
g{ + jiy njhd;Wk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ tUbkhHp vd;whdJ.
Kjypy; te;j ty;ypdj;jpw;F ,dkhd/
bky;ypd bka;iag; (e;) bgw;W/
L al
1. NHnyhL bghUe;jpf; fy;tpia tsu;j;Jf;bfhs;gtu; bgz;nz- Mnz- ? fye;Jiuahly;
A d
epfH;j;Jf.
g=;nfw;nghh;: Mrphpah;/ mfpyd;/ ,yf;fpah/ Kfpyd;/ ,dpah
D ika
4 Mrphpah;
khzth;fs;
: tzf;fk; khzth;fns-
: tzf;fk; Iah-
,ay;
Mrphpah; : ,d;iwa ek;Kila tFg;gpy; NHnyhL bghUe;jpf; fy;tpia

tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;gth; bgz;zh/ Mzh vd;w jiyg;gpy; fye;Jiuahl
,Uf;fpd;nwhk; khzth;fns-
Alv
khzth;fs; : eh=;fs; jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;nwhk; Iah-
Mrphpah; : fy;tp vd;gJ btWk; g[j;jfj;ijg; gog;gjd;W. goj;jij thH;f;ifapy;
gad;gLj;Jk;nghJjhd; fw;w fy;tp KGik bgWk;.
a
mfpyd; : Iah/ eP=;fs; brhy;Yk; mwpt[iufisbay;yhk; eh=;fs; bjhlh;e;J
gpd;gw;w Kaw;rp bra;fpnwhk; Iah...
.Kk
`,y;yhh;f;F xd;W <tnj <if~ vd;W TwpdPh;fs;.
mjdhy; r@fj;jpy; iftplg;gl;l bghpnahh;f;Fj; njor;brd;W czt[g;
bghUl;fis tHp=;fpndhk;. bgz;fisf; fhl;oYk; Mz;fshfpa eh=;fs;
ghJfhg;nghL brd;W cjtpfisr; bra;a KofpwJ Iah....
wI
LV
Mrphpah; : mUik/ mfpyd;-

,yf;fpah : Iah... eh=;fSk; Tlj;jhd; v=;fs; njhHpahpy; ahnuDk; czt[ vLj;J
w
tuhtpl;lhy; gfph;e;J cz;fpd;nwhk;. VH;ik epiyapYs;s v=;fs; njhHp

fkyht[f;F tUfpd;w jPghtsp gz;oiff;F eh=;fns g[j;jhil vLj;Jj;
jug; nghfpd;nwhk; Iah...
A
//w
Mrphpah; : mUik/ mUik...

vjph;fhyj;jpy; j=;fs; NHYf;nfw;w tifapy; fy;tpia tsh;j;Jf;
s:K
bfhs;tJ Mz;fsh/ bgz;fsh....

Kfpyd; : Iah... cWjpahf Mz;fs;jhd;. gs;sp mstpy; vt;tst[ ed;whfg;
goj;jhYk; bgz;fis cah;fy;tpf;F mDg;g rpy bgw;nwhh; nahrpf;fnt
bra;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy; Mz;fs; jh=;fs; tpUk;g[fpd;w vj;Jiwiaa[k;
fw;Wj; j=;fis tsh;j;Jf; bfhs;s KofpwJ. bgz;fisf; fhl;oYk;
Mz;fSf;nf tha;g;g[ mjpfk;.
tp
,dpah : Iah... ,ij Kw;wpYk; kWf;fpnwd;. Kfpyd; kpfg; gH=;fijiaf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. bgz;fshfpa eh=;fs;/ Mz;fSf;F epfuhf/ Vd;
mth;fis tpl xUgonky; NHy;fis btd;bwLj;J v=;fis tsh;j;Jf;
bfhz;L rhjpj;Jf; bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpnwhk;. eh=;fs; ,y;yhj Jiwfns
ht
,d;iwf;F ,y;iy... Iah...

166
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Mrphpah; : mUik... rpwg;g[...
Mz;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk;...
bgz;fshf ,Uf;fl;Lk;...
NHnyhL bghUe;jpf; fy;tpia tsh;j;Jf; bfhz;L eykhd thH;it
L al
thH ntz;oaJ kpft[k; Kf;fpak;. thH;j;Jfs; khzth;fns-
khzth;fs; : ed;wp Iah-
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
D ika
gyt[s; bjupf
1. jiytpapd; bghw;rpyk;gpy; ,Ue;j guy;fs;
m) Kj;J M) khzpf;fk;
,) it#upak; <) kufjk; tpil: m) Kj;J
2. kfis cz;z itg;gjw;fhf ifapy; brtpypau; itj;jpUg;gJ ________.
Alv
m) g{r;Rw;wpa bkd;ikahd rpWnfhy;
M) tz;zk; jPl;oa rpWnfhy;
,) tise;j rpWnfhy;
<) mHfpa bghk;ik tpil: m) g{r;Rw;wpa bkd;ikahd rpWnfhy;
i) btz;Rit
a
? 1. <w;Wg;nghyp
.Kk
ii) tpupfjpu; ? 2. bgabur;rk;
iii) bfhz;l ? 3. tpidj;bjhif
iv) ge;ju; ? 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
wI
,) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
LV
i) gpurk; ? 1. fztd;
w
ii) twd; ? 2. bgUkpjk;

iii) kJif ? 3. tWik
iv) bfhGed; ? 4. njd;
A
//w
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
5. btz;Rit/ tpupfjpu; ? ,tw;wpw;fhd ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[fisf; fz;lwp.
s:K
m) bgabur;rk;/ tpidbar;rk;
M) gz;g[j;bjhif/ tpidbar;rk;
,) gz;g[j;bjhif/ tpidj;bjhif
<) cUtfk;/ ctikj;bjhif tpil: ,) gz;g[j;bjhif/ tpidj;bjhif
i) jPk;ghy; ? 1. <w;Wg;nghyp
tp
ii) xGFePu; ? 2. bgabur;rk;

iii) bfhz;l ? 3. tpidj;bjhif
iv) ge;ju; ? 4. gz;g[j;bjhif
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
ht
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 167

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.in
7. mwpt[k; xGf;fKk; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) ck;ikj;bjhif M) cUtfk;
,) vz;Qk;ik <) ctikj;bjhif tpil: ,) vz;Qk;ik
8. bkype;J ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
L al
m) bkyp + j; + j; + c M) bkype;J + c
,) bkyp + e; + j; + c <) bkyp + j;(e;) + j; + c tpil: <) bkyp + j;(e;) + j; + c
9. `rpWnfhy;~ vd;gjw;fhd g[zu;r;rp tpjp ________.
A d
m) <Wnghjy; M) ,dkpfy;
,) MjpePly; <) Kd;epd;w bka;jpupjy; tpil: m) <Wnghjy;
D ika
10. bghw;rpyk;g[ ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
4 m) zd ty;ypdk; tu lwt[k;
M) ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;
,ay;
,) kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;

<) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) zd ty;ypdk; tu lwt[k;
11. ew;wpizg; ghly;fspd; motiuaiw ________.
Alv
m) 4?8 M) 13?31
,) 9?12 <) 3?6 tpil: ,) 9?12
12. ew;wpiz E}iyj; bjhFg;gpj;jtu; ________.
,) cUj;jpurd;ku;
a
m) ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp M) flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp
<) bgUe;njtdhu; tpil: m) ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp
.Kk
13. ew;wpizapd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ________.
m) bgUe;njtdhu; M) ngadhu;
,) nghjdhu; <) guzu; tpil: m) bgUe;njtdhu;
14. ew;wpizapd; 110 Mk; ghliy kl;Lk; ghoatu; ________.
wI
m) ngadhu; M) nkhrpfPudhu;
LV
,) nghjdhu; <) guzu; tpil: ,) nghjdhu;

w
15. `gpurk; fye;j~ vd;Dk; ew;wpiz ghlypy; mike;Js;s Jiw ________.

m) ,ad;bkhHp thH;j;J M) @jpd; Ky;iy
,) kidkUl;rp <) bghUz;bkhHpf;fh+;rp tpil: ,) kidkUl;rp
A
//w
16. `gpurk; fye;j~ vd;Dk; ew;wpizg; ghly; ahUila Tw;W>

m) njhHp Tw;W M) ew;wha; Tw;W
,) brtpypj;jha; Tw;W <) jiytp Tw;W tpil: ,) brtpypj;jha; Tw;W
s:K
17. `gpurk; fye;j~ vd;Dk; ew;wpizg; ghlypy; mike;Js;s jpiz ________.

m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy
,) ghiy <) bghJtpay; tpil: ,) ghiy
FWtpdh
tp
1. nghjdhu; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ew;wpizia ,aw;wpatu; nghjdhu;.
,tu; filr;r=;f fhyj;jpy; thH;e;jtu;. ,tuJ fhyk; fp.gp 2 Mk; E}w;whz;L.
ht
,tiug; gw;wp ntW vJt[k; mwpa ,aytpy;iy.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ew;wpiz gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ew;wpiz/ vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; Kjy; E}y;.
ey;y vd;w milbkhHpahy; nghw;wg;gLk; rpwg;gpid cilaJ.
ew;wpizapy; cs;s ghly;fs; aht[k; Mrpupag;ghf;fshy; Mdit.
L al
9 mo Kjy; 12 mofs; tiua[s;s Mrpupag;ghf;fs; ehD}W ,e;E}ypy; cs;sd.
mjdhy; ,J ew;wpiz ehD}W vdt[k; tH=;fg; bgWk;.
,e;E}iyj; bjhFg;gpj;jtu; gd;dhL je;j ghz;oad; khwd; tGjp.
A d
,e;E}ypd; flt[s; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg; ghoatu; ghujk; ghoa bgUe;njtdhu; Mthu;.
3. ew;wpizg; ghly; vj;Jiwiar; rhu;e;jJ> tpsf;Ff.
D ika
ew;wpizg; ghly; ``kfs; epiy ciuj;jy;~~ vd;Dk; Jiwiar; rhu;e;jJ.
mBjhtJ/ tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; eP=;fhj jk; kfs;/ vtUkwpahJ/ jiytDld;
brd;W/ mtid kze;J/ ,y;ywk; Mw;Wk; gh=;ifr; brtpypj; jha; ew;whaplk;
TwpajhFk;.
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. brtpypj;jha; rpWtpisahl;ow;F czt{l;oa epfH;it vGJf.
brtpypj;jha;; njd; fye;j ,dpa Ritkpf;f ghYztpid xsp tPRk; bghd;dhy;
a
bra;ag;gl;l ghj;jpuj;jpy; bfhz;ldu;.
g{tpidr; Rw;wpa Edpia nfhypid kW ifapdpy; itj;jpUg;ghs;;.
.Kk
mf;nfhypidf; bfhz;L/ `cz;ghahf-~ vd;W mr;RWj;Jths;.
rpWgps;isahd jiytp/ jd; fhypy; mzpe;Js;s Kj;Jg;guy;fisf; bfhz;l
bghw;rpyk;g[ xypf;f XLths;;.
mtu;fshy; gpof;f ,ayhjthW ge;jypd; fPnH jhtp Xo/ `cz;nzd;~ vd;W kWj;Jf;
wI
Twpdhs;.
LV
2. kfspd; ,y;yw thH;t[ fz;L brtpypj;jha; tpae;jJ Vd;>

w
brtpypau;; njd; fye;j ghiyg; bghw;fyj;jpy; Ve;jpf; bfhz;L/ g{tpidr; Rw;wpa

nfhypd; Edpia kWifapy; gpoj;J X=;fpathW/ `cz;f~ vd;W mr;RWj;Jtu;.
mg;nghJ jiytp/ `cz;nzd;~ vdf; Twp kWj;J XLths;.
mts; ,g;nghJ jd;id kze;J bfhz;l fztd; FLk;gk; tWik tha;g;gl;L/
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
tUe;Jtij vz;zpf; fy=;ftpy;iy"
nkYk;/ jd; je;ij tPl;oy; cs;s tskhd cztpida[k; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
s:K
xUbghGJ tpl;L xUbghGJ cz;Qk; kd typik bfhz;ltsha; thH;fpd;whs;.

,j;jifa mwpita[k; xGf;fj;jpida[k; jd; kfs; vt;thW mwpe;J bfhz;lhnsh>
vd;W vz;zpj; jd; kfspd; ,y;yw thH;t[ fz;L brtpypj;jha; tpae;jhs;.
3. bgz;fspd; ,y;yw thH;t[ vt;thW ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk; vdg; nghjdhu; mwpt[Wj;Jfpwhu;>
ew;wpizj; jiytp/ jd;id kze;J bfhz;l fztdpd; FLk;gk;/ tWik
tp
tha;g;gl;L tUe;Jtij vz;zpf; fy=;ftpy;iy"

jd; je;ijapd; tPl;oy; cs;s tskhd czit tpUk;gt[kpy;iy"
fztd; tPl;oy; xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;Qk; epiyia Vw;Fk; kdtypik
cilatsha[k; ,Ue;jhs;.
ht
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,t;thW jiytpapdJ epiyiar; brtpyp TWtjpypUe;J/ jd;id kze;J
bfhz;l fztdpd; FLk;gk; tWiktha;g;gl;L tUe;Jk; epiyapypUe;jhYk;/
mt;tWikiag; g[wj;jhu; mwpahjthW nghw;w ntz;Lk;"
jd; je;ijapd; FLk;gk; vt;tst[ bry;tr; rpwg;g[ld; ,Ue;jhYk;/ jd; fztdpd;
L al
tWik epiyia vz;zpj; jd; je;ijaplkpUe;J cjtpia vjpu;ghu;f;ff; TlhJ"
g[Fe;j FLk;gj;jpd; NH;epiyf;nfw;gj; jd; thH;f;ifia mikj;Jf; bfhz;L thH
ntz;Lk;.
A d
,y;thH;tpy; <Lgl;l bgz;fSf;F mJnt bgUik jUk; vd;W nghjdhu;
mwpt[Wj;Jfpwhu;.
4. `xGFePu; Ez=;fwy; nghy~ ? ,t;t[tikia tpsf;fpg; bghUnshL bghUj;Jf.
D ika
4 ctik : XLfpd;w ePhpny fplf;Fk; Ez;kzypy; cs;s ,ilbtsp
ctnkak; : jiytp xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;Qjy;.
,ay;
ctk cUg[ : nghy

bghUj;jk; : XLfpd;w ePhpny fplf;Fk; Ez;kzypy; ,ilbtsp ,Ug;gJnghy;
jiytp kze;j fztd; FLk;gk; tWikg;gl;Ls;sjhy;/ mts; @d;W
Alv
neuKk; cz;z ,ayhky;/ xUntis tpl;L xUntis cz;L thH
ntz;oa[s;sJ vd;gjhk;.
a ***
bra;a[s;
.Kk
bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,ay; 4 ? bjhy;fhg;gpau;
wI
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
LV
w
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rupahd tpiliaj; nju;f.
A
//w
m) fy;tp mHnf mHF ? 1. bjhy;fhg;gpar; rpwg;g[g;ghapu ciug;ghly;

M) ,sikapy; fy; ? 2. jpUke;jpuk;
,) Jizaha; tUtJ J}aew;fy;tp ? 3. Mj;jpNo
s:K
<) ghlk; nghw;wy; nfl;lit epidj;jy; ? 4. jpUf;Fws;

? 5. ehyoahu;
i) m?2/ M?3/ ,?4/ <?1 ii) m?3/ M?4/ ,?1/ <?2
iii) m?5/ M?3/ ,?2/ <?1 iv) m?4/ M?1/ ,?2/ <?5 tpil: iii) m?5/ M?3/ ,?2/ <?1
2. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYs;s bkhj;j ,ay;fspd; vz;zpf;if _________.
m) 9 M) 3
tp
,) 27 <) 13 tpil: ,) 27
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
mwpjy;/ nghw;wy;/ epidj;jy;/ nfl;ly;/
gapwy;/ tpdhjy;/ tpLj;jy; – bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
L al
edp ,ff;Fk; – cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
,ff;Fk;/ ciuf;Fk; – bra;a[k; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;Wfs;
nfl;nghd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
A d
tpLj;jy; = tpL + j; + jy; mwpe;J = mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
D ika
tpL gFjp mwp gFjp
j; re;jp j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c tpidbar;r tpFjp
nfl;ly; = nfs;(l;) + l; + my; bgUf = bgU + f
Alv
nfs;(l;) gFjp bgU gFjp
l; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
my; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
a
.Kk
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. ,Gf;fpd;wp `capu; tupd; cf;Fws; bka; ,Gf;f; + ,d;wp
,Gf;F + ,d;wp tpl;L XLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
wI
,Gf;(f; + c) + epiybkhHpaPw;W cfuk; (F = f; + c)

LV
,d;wp bfl;L/
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,Gf;fpd;wp
w
,ay;ng~ (f; + m) = fp vd;whdJ.

2. Kiwawpe;J `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ Kiw + a; + mwpe;J
Kiw + mwpe;J à~fu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ Kiwawpe;J
,ay;ng~ (a; + m = a) vd;whdJ.
s:K
1. bjhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwpe;j bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J xg;gilt[ cUthf;Ff.

bjhy;fhg;gpak;:
bjhd;ik + fhg;gpak; ? bjhy;fhg;gpak;.
tp
bjhy;fhg;gpak; ,d;Wk; fpilf;fg;bgWk; kpfg;giHa jkpH; ,yf;fz E}y;.

,yf;fpa totpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,yf;fz E}y;.
gH=;fhyj;J E}yhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;iwa jkpH; ,yf;fz tpjpfSf;F mog;gilahd
ht
E}y;. 1602 E}w;ghf;fs; bfhz;lJ.

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@d;W mjpfhuk;: vGj;J/ brhy;/ bghUs;.
ghapuk; je;jtu; : gdk;ghudhu;" ciuahrpupau; : ,sk;g{uzu;
rpwg;g[: bjhy;fhg;gpak; gue;Jgl;l Xu; ,yf;fzf;fly; tpupe;j E}yhapDk; brwpe;j
fUj;Jfis jd;dfj;nj bfhz;lJ. jkpHfj;jpd; gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;Wr;
L al
rhd;WfSld; mwpa cjt[k; E}y; MFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
4 1. thH;tpd; ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;Jf; TWk; E}y; ________.
m) ed;D}y; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ,yf;fztpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,ay;
2. khztu; vt;thW fw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;Fk; bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; gFjp ________.

m) rpwg;g[g;ghapu ciutpsf;fg;ghly;
Alv
M) bka;g;ghl;oay;
,) bghJg;ghapu ciutpsf;fg;ghly;
<) mfj;jpizapay;
a tpil: m) rpwg;g[g;ghapu ciutpsf;fg;ghly;
3. ghlf;fUj;Jfisg; gpwu;f;F Kiwahf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Mw;wy; bgw;wtu; ________.
.Kk
m) xUKiw nfl;nghu; M) ,UKiw nfl;nghu;
,) @d;WKiw nfl;nghu; <) rpyKiw nfl;nghu; tpil: ,) @d;WKiw nfl;nghu;
4. `,Gf;F~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) Fw;wk; M) ,dpik
wI
,) Fw;wkpd;ik <) gpiHaw;w tpil: m) Fw;wk;

LV
5. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.

w
m) mfj;jpau; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) gtze;jp <) Iaupdhju; tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
6. fhyj;jhy; gHikahd ,yf;fzE}y; ________.
A
//w
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; M) ed;D}y;
,) ,yf;fztpsf;fk; <) bjhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; tpil: m) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
7. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; cs;s ,ay;fs; ________.
s:K
m) 27 M) 25
,) 9 <) 16 tpil: m) 27
8. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; mjpfhu=;fs; ________.
m) 3 M) 4
,) 5 <) 6 tpil: m) 3
tp
i) mwpjy; ? 1. nfl;lit
ii) edp ,ff;Fk; ? 2. ePf;Fk;
iii) ,ff;Fk; ? 3. cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
ht
iv) tpdhait ? 4. bjhHpw;bgau;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
FWtpdh
L al
1. `tHf;fpd; ,yf;fzk; ,Gf;fpd;wp mwpjy;~ ? ,j;bjhlupy; cs;s tHf;F vd;gJ vtw;iwf;
Fwpf;fpwJ>
`tHf;F~ vd;Dk; brhy; cyf tHf;F/ E}y; tHf;F Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
A d
2. kwthikf;F mog;gil vJ>
Mrpupauplk; ghlkha;f; nfl;ltw;iw kPz;Lk; epidt[gLj;jpr; rpe;jpg;gnj kwthikf;F
D ika
mog;gilahFk;.
3. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ciuahrpupau;fspy; rpyiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,sk;g{uzu; nrdhtiuau;
er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau; bja;tr;rpiyau;
fy;yhldu; nguhrpupau;
Alv
4. Mrhd; rhu;e;J miktuf; nfl;ly; ? tpsf;Ff.
Mrpupauplk; ghlk; nfl;ltw;iwr; rpe;jpf;Fk;nghJ Ia=;fs; vHyhk;"
mit mfy/ Mrpupaiu mQfp/ kPz;Lk; nfl;Lj; bjspt[ bgwy; ntz;Lk;.
a
5. xUtUld; fy;tp gapYk; xU rhiy khzhf;fiu mk;khz;g[ilnahu; vdr; Rl;of; TwpaJ
Vd;>
.Kk
fy;tpiana fUj;jha;f; bfhz;oUf;Fk; khzhf;fu;fSlnd gHFjy; ntz;Lk;.
fy;tpapy; fUj;jpy;yhjtu; xU rhiy khzhf;fuhapDk; mtu;fSld; gHFjy; TlhJ
vd tw;g[Wj;j `mk;khz;g[ilnahu;~ vdr; Rl;of; Twpdhu;.
6. khztu;fs; ahUld; fye;Jiuahog; gapw;rp bgWtu;>
wI
khztu;fs; Mrpupau;fisg; nghd;w cau; rpe;jid cilatu;fSld; fye;Jiuaho/

LV
gapw;rp bgWtu;.
w
7. goj;j ghlk; kwthky; epiybgWtnjhL IaKk; mfYk; ? vg;nghJ>

jd;ndhL xj;j khzhf;fUld; nru;e;J/ tpdh ? tpil @yk; gapd;why;/ goj;j ghlk;
kwthky; epiybgWtnjhL IaKk; mfYk;.
A
8. fw;wtu; ahu;;>
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
xUtd;/ xU E}iy xUKiw ghlk; nfl;ljndhL mikahky;/ ,UKiw nfl;ghdhapd;
mtd; bgUk;ghYk; jtwpy;yhky; fw;wtd; Mthd;.
s:K
9. gpwUf;Fg; ghlk; brhy;y ty;ytd; ahu;>

xU E}iy/ @d;W Kiw ghlk; nfl;L mwpe;jtd;/ jhDk; ghlk; brhy;Yk; Kiwia
mwpe;J gpwu;f;Fg; ghlk; brhy;y ty;ytd; Mthd;.
beLtpdh
tp
1. khztu; ghlk; nfl;Fk; tuyhw;iwj; bjhFj;J vGJf.

khztu; ghlk; nfl;Fk; tuyhW:
rpwg;g[ila khztu;:
khztu; jhk; fw;wtw;wpw;Fupa cyf tHf;F/ bra;a[s; tHf;F Mfpatw;wpid mwpjy;
ht
ntz;Lk;.
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jhk; ghlk; nfl;ltw;iw kPz;Lk; epidt[gLj;jpr; rpe;jpg;gnj kwthikf;F
mog;gilahFk;.
ghlk; nfl;ltw;iwr; rpe;jpf;Fk;nghJ Vw;gLk; Iak; mfy/ Mrpupaiu mLj;J/ kPz;Lk;
nfl;Lj; bjspjy; ntz;Lk;.
L al
cld; gapy;gtu;fSs; fy;tpna fUj;jha; cilatu;fSld; gHFjy; ntz;Lk;.
goj;j ghlk; kwthky; epiybgwt[k; Iak; mfyt[k; jd;ndhL xj;j khztUld;
nru;e;J tpdh?tpil @yk; gapy ntz;Lk;.
A d
,UKiw nfl;nghu;:
Mrpupau; TWk; fUj;Jfis xUKiwf;F ,UKiw nfl;Fk; khztu; E}iyg; gpiHapd;wpf;
D ika
fw;Fk; jpwd; bgWtu;.
4 @d;W Kiw nfl;nghu;:
@d;W Kiw nfl;nghu; ghlf;fUj;Jfisg; gpwu;f;F Kiwahf vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Mw;wy;
,ay;
bgWtu;.
,j;jd;ikapy; ghlk; nfl;liyf; flikahff; bfhz;l khztu;fs;/
Alv
mwpahikapypUe;J tpyfpr; rpwe;J tps=;Ftu;.
***
a
Jizg;ghlk;
.Kk
,ay; 4 ,jHhsu; ghujp
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
wI
LV
beLtpdh
w
1. ghujpapd; ,jHhsu; Kfk; Fwpj;J eP=;fs; mwptd ahit>

A
//w
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu fUj;Jg;gl=;fs;
ghujpapd; gd;Kf=;fs; bray; tPuu;
s:K
,jHhrpupau; gzp Kot[iu

,jHpay; mwk; cilatu;
Kd;Diu:
`vGj;Jj; bja;tk;/ vGJnfhYk; bja;tk;~ vd;Dk; xg;gw;w mupa nehf;F/ ghujpapd;
tp
cs;sj;jpy; MH Cd;wpf; fhy;gjpj;J epd;wJ. vGJtJ mtuJ ,dpa gzp vd;whYk;/

mijf; fhrhf;Fk; fiyahf mtu; fUjptpltpy;iy. ehnl jk; tPbld vz;zpj; jk;
ftpij @yk; nghu; KuRk; bfhl;oatu;" ftpij vd;Dk; ifths; xd;W kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy;
nghjhJ" ehspjH; vd;Dk; ntYk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;/ Kg;gJ nfho kf;fis moikr; nrw;wpy;
ht
mGj;jf; fUJk; M=;fpy muR vd;Dk; muf;fid bty;y ,aYk; vd;W KobtLj;jhu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ghujpapd; gd;Kf=;fs;:
ghujp ftp+u; kl;Lky;yu;" rpwe;j ngr;rhsu;" ghlfu;" fl;Liuahsu;" fijahrpupau;"
bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;" murpay; mwp+u;" Md;kPfthjp. ,it midj;jpw;Fk; nkyhf kpfr;
rpwe;j ,jHhsu;.
L al
,jHhrpupau; gzp:
ghujpahu;/ ,jHpay; vd;Dk; Vzpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; fhy; gjpj;jJ Rnjrkpj;jpud;
vd;Dk; ehspjH; goapy;jhd;" gpd; gy;ntW fhuz=;fshy; mtu; rf;futu;j;jpdp/ ,e;jpah/
A d
ghyghujp Kjyhd ,jH;fspy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; nj=;fp epd;w tpLjiyj;
jhfnkh Fiwatpy;iy.
D ika
,jHpay; mwk; cilatu;:
fUj;Jfs; kf;fisr; brd;wile;jhy; nghJk; vd;bwz;zp ghujp TL tpl;Lf;
TL gha;tJ nghy; jk; bgaiu tpLj;J/ b&y;ypjhrd;/ fhspjhrd;/ ntjhe;jp
bry;yk;kh/ rhtpj;jpup/ fpU&;zd; vdg; gw;gy bgah;fspy; tpLjiya[zh;it vGg;gpf;
bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
fUj;Jg; gl=;fs;:
Alv
goj;Jg; g[upe;J bfhs;sr; bra;a[k; vGj;Jfis tplg; ghu;j;jt[ld; fUj;ij vspjpy;
g[upe;J bfhs;sr; bra;a[k; jpwk; bfhz;lit fUj;Jg; gl=;fSk; nfypr; rpj;jpu=;fSkhFk;.
,jid ed;Fzu;e;j ghujp/ jkpH; ,jHpay; Jiwapy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jpah/ tp$ah Mfpa
a
,U ,jH;fspYk; fUj;Jg; ghl=;fis btspapl;L/ Kd;ndhoaha; tps=;fpdhu;.
bray; tPuu;:
.Kk
`àhkwpe;j bkhHpfspny jkpH; bkhHp nghy; ,dpjhtJ v=;Fk; fhnzhk;~~ vd;W
brhy;ystpy; Fwpj;j jk; jkpH;g;gw;iw epWj;jpf; bfhz;ltuy;yu;/ ghujp. `miuFiwahf
M=;fpyf; fyg;nghL ngRtJjhd; mwpt[ ,Ug;gjw;F milahsk;~ vd @lj;jdkha;j;
jkpHf kf;fs; fUjpf; bfhz;oUe;j mf;fhyj;jpny/ jkpH; ,jH;fspy; Mz;L/ jp=;fs;/
wI
ehs; Mfpatw;iw Kjd; Kjyhff; Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ghujp. jkpH; ,jH;fspy; jkpHpy;

LV
jiyg;gpLtjw;Fk; ghujpna Kd;ndhoahfj; jpfH;e;jhu;. jiyg;gpliy ``kFlkply;~~

vd;nw TWfpwhu;. mtuJ ngr;Rk; @r;Rk; gzpa[k; jkpHpd; tsu;r;rpia Kd;dpl;nl ,Ue;jJ.
w
``ntiyiar; bra;nthk;" rk;gsj;ijg; bgWnthk;" bte;jijj; jpd;W tpjp te;jhy;

rhnthk;~~ vdr; rhjhuz kdpjdha;g; ghujp thH tpUk;gtpy;iy.
A
//w
``njor; nrhWepjk; jpd;W ? gy
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
rpd;d+; rpWfijfs; ngrp
....................................................
s:K
.....................................................
ntof;if kdpjiug; nghy; ? ehd;
tPH;ntd; vd;W epidj;jhnah>~~
vd;W ntW Xu; ,lj;jpy; mtu; Twpajw;fpz=;f/ ntW gy JiwfspYk; rpwe;J
tps=;FtJ nghy;/ ,jHhsu; gzpapYk; Kd; tupirapy; epw;fpwtu; ghujp.
tp
Kot[iu:
ve;j beUf;foahd fhyfl;lj;jpYk; ghujp jk; ,jHpay; gzpiaf; iftpltpy;iy.
,tuJ ,jH;fs; vy;yhk; bjhFf;fg;gl;L/ ,d;W E}yhf;fk; bgw;Ws;sd. ghujpapd;
foj=;fSk;/ fUj;Jg; glj;bjhFg;g[k; E}yhf;fk; bgw;Ws;sJ ek; ``jkpHpdj;jpd; ngW~~
ht
MFk;.
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.in
1. ghujp gzpg[upe;j ,jH;fspd; ml;ilg; gl=;fisa[k; fUj;Jg;gl=;fisa[k; ,izaj;jpy;

nrfupj;Jg; glj; bjhFg;g[ bra;at[k;.
L al
A d
D ika
4
,ay;
Alv
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. ________ rk!;jhdj;jpd; gzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;oypUe;J btspnawpdhu; ghujp.
m) vl;ilag[uk; M) g[Jf;nfhl;il
wI
,) ,uhkehjg[uk; <) rptf=;if tpil: m) vl;ilag[uk;

LV
2. ghujp cjtp Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,jH; ________.

m) Fapy; M) bjd;wy;
w
,) Rnjrkpj;jpud; <) nfhFyk; tpil: ,) Rnjrkpj;jpud;

3. jkpH; ,jHpay; Jiwapy; Kjd;Kjyhff; fUj;Jg;gl=;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ________.
A
//w
,) fz;zjhrd; <) fy;fp. fpU&;z@u;j;jp tpil: m) ghujpahu;

4. ghujp bgz;fSf;fhf ve;j,jHpy; Fws;btz;gh vGjpa[s;shu;.
s:K
m) Rnjrkpj;jpud; M) rf;utu;j;jpdp
,) ,e;jpah <) ghyghujp tpil: M) rf;utu;j;jpdp
5. rupahd Tw;wpidj; nju;f.
1. ghujp `,e;jpah~ ,jiHr; rptg;g[ tz;zj;jpy; btspapl;lhu;.
2. rptg;g[ tz;zk; g[ul;rpiaa[k;/ tpLjiyiaa[k; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.
m) 1 ? rup M) 2 ? rup
tp

6. fz;zk;kh/ ts;sp vd;Dk; g[idbgau;fshy; ghujpahy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu; ________.
m) jkpH;j;jha; M) ghujj;jha;
ht
,) bry;yk;kh <) f!;J}upgha; tpil: ,) bry;yk;kh

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
7. jkpH; ,jH;fspy; jkpHpy; jiyg;gpLtjw;F Kd;ndho ________.
m) ghujpahu; M) jpU.tp.f
,) fz;zjhrd; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
8. jiyg;gpliyf; Fwpg;gpl ghujpahu; gad;gLj;jpa brhy; ________.
L al
m) jdpr;rpwg;g[ M) nguHF
,) ,izaw;wJ <) kFlkply; tpil: <) kFlkply;
9. ,jH;fspy; M=;fpyj; jiyg;g[ itg;gijg; ghujp rho vGjpa ,jH; ________.
A d
m) Rnjrkpj;jpud; M) rf;futu;j;jpdp
,) ,e;jpah <) tp$ah tpil: m) Rnjrkpj;jpud;
D ika
10. M=;fpnyau;fspd; bfLgpoahy; ghujp ghz;or;nrup brd;wnghJ ________ ,jGk; cld;
brd;wJ.
m) Rnjrkpj;jpud; M) rf;futu;j;jpdp
,) ,e;jpah <) tp$ah tpil: ,) ,e;jpah
11. ``mkhDy;yhfhidg; gw;wp xU tpahrk; vGjp MgpRf;F vLj;Jf;bfhz;L nghf ntz;Lk;~~
vd;W ,wg;gjw;F Kjy;ehs; ,ut[ Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ________.
Alv
m) ghujpahu; M) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
,) mg;Jy; fyhk; <) jpU.tp.f tpil: m) ghujpahu;
12. jkpH; ,jH;fspy; Mz;L/ jp=;fs;/ ehs; Mfpatw;iw Kjd; Kjypy; Fwpj;jtu; ________.
m) ghujpahu;
,) fz;zjhrd;
a
M) ghujpjhrd;
<) Mjpj;jdhu; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
.Kk
13. bry;yk;kh vd;w g[idbgaupYk; vGjpatu; ________.
m) ghujpahu; M) rp.R. bry;yg;gh
14. ghujp ahid kpjpj;Jr; rhftpy;iy. ________ kpjpj;Jr; brj;jhu; vd v=;nfnah ftpj;Jtkhfg;
wI
goj;j epidt[.
LV
m) Mjpf;fr;rf;jp M) Kjyhspj;Jtk;
,) tWik <) bry;tk; tpil: ,) tWik
w
15. ,jHpay; Jiwapy; ``jhd;~~ vd;w xd;iw xHpj;jtu; ________.

m) ghujpahu; M) ,uhkRg;g[
,) Mjpj;jdhu; <) nrh tpil: m) ghujpahu;
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
16. ,sir Rg;ukzpad;/ rhtpj;jpup/ rp.R. ghujp/ ntjhe;jp/ epj;jpa jPuu;/ cj;jkj; njrhgpkhdp/
b&y;ypjhrd;/ fhspjhrd;/ rf;jpjhrd;/ up&pFkhud;/ fhrp/ ru!;tjp/ gp+;Rf; fhspjhrd;/
s:K
fpU&;zd; vdg; gy g[idbgau;fspy; vGjpatu; ________.

,) fpU&;z@u;j;jp <) fz;zjhrd; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
17. gp.gp. Rg;igah/ \up\uu;/ vd;.ehfrhkp/ t. uhkrhkp/ guyp. R. bey;iyag;gu;/ fdfyp=;fk;
nghd;nwhu; ahuplk; Jizahrpupau;fshfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;fs;>
m) ghujpahu; M) fpU&;z@u;j;jp
tp
,) ghujpjhrd; <) fz;zjhrd; tpil: m) ghujpahu;

18. ,jHhsu; ghujp vd;Dk; ghlg;gFjpapy; kfshf ,lk;bgWgtupd; bgau; vd;d>
m) ky;ypfh M) thdjp
,) khyjp <) ftpjh tpil: M) thdjp
ht
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.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 4 gilg;ghf;f cj;jpfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
4 1. epHy;nghyj; bjhlu;e;jhd; ? ,J vt;tif ctik>
m) tpid M) gad;
,) totk; <) cU tpil: m) tpid
,ay;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. ctik/ cUtfk; ? ntWgLj;Jf.
ctik cUtfk;
ctikj;bjhlupy; ctik
ctnkak; gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
v.fh: gtsk; nghd;w tha;.
a
Kd;Dk;/ cUtfj;bjhlupy; ctnkak; Kd;Dk;/
ctik gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
v.fh: tha;g;gtsk;.
.Kk
ctik mzpapy; ctkhdKk;/ cUtfj;jpy;/ ctik ntW/ ctnkak;
ctnkaKk; ntW ntwhdit. ntW vdj;njhd;wh tz;zk;/ ,uz;Lk;
xd;nw vdj; njhd;WkhW mike;jpUf;Fk;.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
1. cs;Siw ctik/ ,iwr;rp ? vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff.

w
cs;Siw ctik:
ftp+u; jhd; Twf; fUjpa bghUis btspg;gilahff; Twhky;/ mfkhe;ju;fspd;
kdczu;t[fisf; fUg;bghUs;fs; @yk; ctikg;gLj;JtJ.
A
//w
v.fh:
`<ay; g[w;wj;J ....~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;.
s:K
tpsf;fk;:
grpa[ld; miye;j fuo <ry; g[w;wpy; iftpl;lJ. g[w;wpy; ,Ue;j ghk;gpd; nky; fuoapd;
efk; gl;ljhy; ghk;g[ tUe;jpaJ vd;gJ ,jd; bghUs;. ,jpy; jiytd; ,utpy; fhl;ilf;
fle;J tUtij vz;zp jiytp tUe;JtJ kiwKfkhf Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fuo? jiytd;" ghk;g[ ? jiytp.
tp
,iwr;rp:
cupg;bghUnshL neupilj; bjhlu;g[ ,y;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUs; MFk;.
v.fh:
èir bgupJ ....~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; FWe;bjhifapd; ghly;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpsf;fk;:
jiytpia Mw;Wtpf;Fk; njhHp/ jiytd; bry;Yk; tHpapy; Mz; ahid/ jd; bgz;
ahidapd; grpiag; nghf;f àh~ kuj;jpd; gl;ilia chpj;J mjd; <ur;Ritiag; gUfr;
bra;a[k; vd;gJ bghUs;. ,jd;@yk; Mz; ahidapd; md;gpidg; ghu;f;Fk; jiytd;/
L al
cd;idj; njo tUthd; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
A d
1. g{it tpl;L ,w=;fhnj 2. kdpju;f;F czthtij vz;zp
,wf;if Kwpe;j tz;zj;Jg; g{r;rpna fz;zPu; tpl;ldnth kPd;fs;
D ika
cdf;fhf vWk;g[fs;. fly; ePupy; cg;g[.
? ,f;ftpijfs; gilg;ghf;f cj;jpfshy; jdpj;Jtk; bgw;Ws;sd ? tpsf;Ff.
gpd;dh; tuf;Toa Jd;gj;ij gpd;dhy; jdf;F Vw;glf;Toa
Kd;dhnyna mwpt[Wj;Jk; a[f;jp. mtyj;ij Kd;dnu mwpe;J
ftp+d; jd; kdf;Fwpg;igf; Jd;g[Wjy;.
ftpijapy; Vw;wpf; TWtJ. ftp+h; jhd; epidf;Fk; fUj;jpidg;
Alv
jw;Fwpg;g[ Vw;w mzp tifahFk;. ghly;fspy; Vw;wpf;TWtJ. ,Jt[k;
g{it tpl;L ,w=;fpdhy; jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzptifahFk;.
cd;idj; Jd;g[Wj;j vWk;g[fs; kPd;/ jhd; kdpjh;f;F czthfg;
fhj;jpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W
vjph;bfhs;stpUf;Fk; Jd;gj;ij
a nghfpnwhk; vd;W tUe;jp tpl;lf;
fz;zPh;jhd; fly;ePhpy; cg;g[ fye;J
.Kk
Kd;Tl;ona mwptpf;Fk; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vd;gij
a[f;jpahFk;. mwptpf;Fk; xU a[f;jpahFk;.
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 110

wI
1. ctik vt;bttw;wpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;>

LV
ctik tpid/ gad;/ totk;/ cU vd;w ehd;fd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.

w
2. ctikj;bjhlu;fshy; miHf;fg;bgWk; r=;fg;g[ytu;fs; bgau;fisj; bjhFj;J/ mtw;wpy;

cs;s ctikfisf; fz;lwpf.
r=;fg; g[ytu;fs; ctik
brk;g[yg;bgay;ePuhu; brk;g[yk;
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
nja;g[upgH=;fapw;wpdhu; – gH=;fapW
mzpyhL Kd;wpyhu; – mzpy;
s:K
Fg;igf; nfhHpahu; – Fg;ig

XnuUHtu; – Vu;
3. xl;Lg; nghlhj
Mfhak; nghy ? ,e;j
cyfKk; xd;nwjhd;... ? ,f;ftpijapy; gapd;WtUtJ
m) ctik M) cUtfk;
tp
,) cs;Siw <) ,iwr;rp tpil: m) ctik

4. fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; `,iwr;rp~ gw;wpa Tw;iwj; nju;f.
m) FwpaPLfisf; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk;.
M) xg;gPl;Lr; brwpt[k; bghUs; mGj;jKk; rpwf;f mika[k;.
ht
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.in
,) tpid/ gad;/ totk;/ epwk; Mfpa ehd;fpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk;.
<) cupg;bghUnshL neupilj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUs;.
tpil: <) cupg;bghUnshL neupilj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUs;.
5. cs;Siwf;Fk; ,iwr;rpf;Fk; cs;s ntWghl;oidr; rhd;WfSld; Ma;f.
L al
cs;Siw ,iwr;rp
ctikf;Fs; kw;bwhU bghUisf; Fwpg;g[g; bghUSf;Fs; nkYk; xU Fwpg;g[g;
A d
Fwpg;ghf czu;j;jpdhy; cs;Siw. bghUs; mike;jpUf;Fkhdhy; mJ ,iwr;rp.
cs;Siw ctik ftpijg; bghUnshL ,iwr;rp ftpijg; bghUnshL g[wj;nj
D ika
nru;e;J tUtJ. btspg;gLk;.
4 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjupf
Alv
1. ctik tpid/ gad;/ totk;/ cU vd;w ehd;fpd; mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk; vd;wtu;
m) mfj;jpau; M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
,) gtze;jp <) tPukhKdptu; tpil: M) bjhy;fhg;gpau;
m) ctnkak;
a
2. fz;zd; g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd; vd;gjpy; fz;zd; vd;gJ ________.
M) ctkhdk;
.Kk
,) ctk cUg[ <) bghJj;jd;ik tpil: m) ctnkak;
3. mjpakhdpd; btw;wpg; g[fiHa[k; tPur;rpwg;iga[k; kpfr; RU=;fpa mofspy; mHfhfg;
g[ide;jtu; ________.
m) fgpyu; M) Xjyhe;ijahu;
wI
,) xsitahu; <) eg;griyahu; tpil: ,) xsitahu;

LV
4. ctikapd; brwpthu;e;j totnk ________.

w
m) cUtfk; M) gz;g[j;bjhif
,) tpidj;bjhif <) vz;Qk;ik tpil: m) cUtfk;
5. jP nghy; rpdk; vd;gijr; rpdj;jP vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ________.
A
//w
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) thyp

,) ghujpahu; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: ,) ghujpahu;
6. fUg;bghUs; bfhz;L tpsf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;g[g; bghUshfpa ________ jkpHpyf;fpaj;jpd;
s:K
neupa/ ,dpa/ ehfupf tHpahFk;.

m) ctik M) cUtfk;
,) cs;Siw ctkk; <) ,iwr;rp tpil: ,) cs;Siw ctkk;
7. bgU=;fpd;W}u; fpHhu; ghoa ghly; xd;wpy; mike;Js;s cs;Siw ctkk; ahUf;F ahu;
brhy;tJ nghy; mikfpwJ>
tp
m) njhHp jiytpf;Ff; TwpaJ

M) njhHp jiytdplk; TwpaJ
,) ew;wha; njhHpaplk; TwpaJ
<) njhHpf;Fr; brhy;tJnghy; jiytp kiwe;J epw;Fk; jiytDf;Ff; TwpaJ
ht
tpil: <) njhHpf;Fr; brhy;tJnghy; jiytp kiwe;J epw;Fk; jiytDf;Ff; TwpaJ

180
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. ,Wj;jy; vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) j=;Fjy; M) bjh=;Fjy;
,) ,Uj;jy; <) ,wj;jy; tpil: m) j=;Fjy;
9. guprpyu;f;F ,dpad;/ giftu;f;F ,d;dhjtd; ________.
L al
m) mjpakhd; M) mwpt[ilek;gp
,) ey=;fps;sp <) beL=;fps;sp tpil: m) mjpakhd;
10. r=;fg;ghly;fspy; bgUk;ghd;ikahf ,lk;bgWk; mzp ________.
A d
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp tpil: m) ctik mzp
D ika
11. mjpakhDf;F ctikahff; Twg;gLk; tpy=;F ________.
m) ahid M) g[yp
,) Fjpiu <) fhis tpil: m) ahid
12. ctikiaf; bfhz;L bgau; Nl;lg;glhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
m) brk;g[yg;bgay;ePuhu; M) nja;g[upgH=;fapw;wpdhu;
Alv
,) mzpyhL Kd;wpyhu; <) xsitahu; tpil: <) xsitahu;
13. ctikapd; mog;giliag; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd; ? 1. epwk;
iv) jspu; nghYk; nkdp

a
ii) kiH nghyf; bfhLf;Fk; if ? 2. totk;
iii) Jo nghYk; ,il ? 3. gad;
? 4. bjhHpy;
.Kk
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
14. rpdj;jP ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
wI
m) cUtfk; M) ctikj;bjhif
,) cupr;brhw;bwhlu; <) vz;Qk;ik tpil: m) cUtfk;
LV
15. gh+;rhyp rgjj;jpy; fjputd; xspgl;L tpjtpjkhd kha=;bfhs;Sk; nkf=;fSf;Ff;

w
TWfpd;w cUtf=;fs; ahu; ? ahuplk; TwpaJ>

m) tpJud; ? mUr;Rddplk; M) ju;kd; ? mUr;Rddplk;
,) gh+;rhyp ? mUr;Rddplk; <) mUr;Rdd; ? gh+;rhypaplk;
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
tpil: <) mUr;Rdd; ? gh+;rhypaplk;
16. mfkhe;jupd; kd czu;t[fisf; fUg;bghUs;fs; @yk; ctikg;gLj;Jtij ________
s:K
vd;gu;.
m) cs;Siw ctkk; M) cUtfk;
,) ,iwr;rp <) ctikj;bjhif tpil: m) cs;Siw ctkk;
17. ________ vd;gJ jkpH; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;nf cupa xg;gw;w bewp.
m) xGf;fk; M) fw;g[
,) cs;Siw ctkk; <) cUtfk; tpil: ,) cs;Siw ctkk;
tp

i) cs;Siw tpid/ gad; nghd;w mog;gilfspy; njhd;Wk;.
ii) FwpaPLfisf; bfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk;.
m) i ? rup M) ii ? rup
ht
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,uz;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup 181

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19. Xtpak;/ rpw;gk; Kjypa Ez;fiyfspYk; ________ bghUs;fs; cz;L.
m) Fwpg;g[g; M) kiw
,) btspg;gil <) ,urpf;Fk; tpil: m) Fwpg;g[g;
20. jiytDf;Fk;/ jiytpf;Fk; FwpaPLfsha;g; bgU=;Fd;W}u; fpHhu; ghlypy; mike;jit
L al
m) fuo/ ghk;g[ M) g[yp/ khd;
,) rp=;fk;/ Kay; <) Fu=;F/ nfhl;lhd; tpil: m) fuo/ ghk;g[
A d
i) ,iwr;rp tlbkhHpapdu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w bjhdpf;F ,izahdJ
ii) bjhdp mfg;ghly;fspYk;/ g[wg;ghlypYk; tUk;.
iii) ,iwr;rp mfg;ghlypy; kl;Lnk tUk;.
D ika
4 m) i, ii ? rup
,) ii, iii ? rup
M) ii, iii ? rup
<) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
,ay;
22. Mz;ahid bgz; ahidapd; grpiag;nghf;f ________ kuj;jpd; gl;ilia cupj;J

mjpYs;s <ur;Ritiar; gUfr; bra;a[k;
m) ah M) bfhd;iw
Alv
,) nt=;if <) g[d;id tpil: m) ah
23. vk;kuj;ijj; jdf;Fj; j=;if vd;W ew;wha; Twpajhfj; jiytp jiytdplk; TWfpwhs;>
m) g[d;id M) ah
,) bfhd;iw
a
<) nt=;if tpil: m) g[d;id
.Kk
i) ahida[k; mjpakhDk; ? 1. ew;wpiz
ii) fuoa[k; ghk;g[k; ? 2. FWe;bjhif
iii) ah kuk; ? 3. mfehD}W
iv) g[d;id kuk; ? 4. g[wehD}W
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
wI
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
LV
FWtpdh
w
1. ctik vd;why; vd;d>

xU bghUis kw;bwhU bghUnshL xg;g[ik njhd;wf; TWjy; ctikahFk;.
A
//w
2. ctikj; bjhlu; vt;thW mika[k;> rhd;W jUf.

ctikj; bjhlupy; ctik Kd;Dk;/ ctnkak; gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
s:K
v.fh: jhkiu nghd;w Kfk; ? ,BJ ctikj; bjhlu;.

jhkiu ? ctik" Kjypy; te;jJ. Kfk; ? ctnkak;" gpd; te;jJ.
3. cUtfk; vd;why; vd;d>
ctik ntW/ ctnkak; ntW vdj; njhd;whky;/ ,uz;Lk; xd;nw vdj; njhd;WkhW
TWtJ cUtfkhFk;. v.fh: Kfkjp.
tp
4. cUtfj; bjhlu; vt;thW mika[k;> rhd;W jUf.

cUtfj; bjhlupy; ctnkak; Kd;Dk; ctik gpd;Dk; mika[k;.
v.fh: Kfj;jhkiu ? ,j;bjhlupy; Kfkhfpa ctnkak; KjypYk;/ ctikahfpa jhkiu
gpd;Dk; te;Js;sd.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. ctik ? cUtf khw;wk;.
ctik cUtfk; cUtfk; ctik
kyuo mokyu; jhs;kyu; kyu;j;jhs;
L al
kyu;f;fz; fz;kyu; g[ag;bghd; bghw;g[ak;
njd;bkhHp bkhHpj;njd; jkpHd;id md;idj;jkpH;
jhkiuKfk; Kfj;jhkiu bkhHpj;jha; jha;bkhHp
A d
kyu;f;if ifk;kyu; bkhHpaKJ mKjbkhHp
FKjtha; tha;f;FKjk;
D ika
6. ctik vt;tog;gilapy; njhd;Wk; vd;fpwhu;/ bjhy;fhg;gpau;> rhd;W jUf.
ctik/ tpid (bjhHpy;)/ gad;/ totk; (bka;)/ cU (epwk;) vd;Dk; ehd;fd;
mog;gilapy; njhd;Wk; vd;fpwhu;/ bjhy;fhg;gpau;.
v.fh: g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd;. (tpid) kiH nghyf; if. (gad;)
Jo nghYk; ,il. (totk;) jspu; nghYk; nkdp. (epwk;)
Alv
7. ve;j ehd;F cWg;g[fs; ctikapid mikf;fpd;wd> rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
ctik/ ctk cUg[/ bghJj;jd;ik/ ctnkak; Mfpa ehd;F cWg;g[fSk; nru;e;J
ctikapid mikf;fpd;wd.
a
v.fh: fe;jd; g[yp nghyg; gha;e;jhd;.
,j;bjhlupy;/ g[yp ? ctik" fe;jd; ? ctnkak;" nghy ? ctk cUg[" gha;jy; ? bghJj;
jd;ik.
.Kk
8. ctikahy; bgau; bgw;w r=;fg; g[ytu;fs; rpyiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.
XnuUHtu; nja;g[up gH=;fapw;wpdhu;
brk;g[yg; bgay; ePuhu; mzpyhL Kd;wpyhu; Mtu;
wI
9. mjpakhid ahidnahL xg;gpl;Lg; ghoa ghlypd; fUj;ij tpsf;Ff.

LV
Fsj;jpy; Cu;r; rpW gps;isfs; ahidkPJ ePiu ,iwj;Jk;/ mjd; btz;bfhk;g[fisf;

fGtpa[k; tpisahLtu;.
w
Mdhy;/ me;j ahid kjk; bfhz;lhy;/ vtUk; mjid mQf ,ayhJ.

mJnghy/ guprpyu; vtUk; jd;id beU=;Ftjw;F/ mjpakhd; ,dpatdha; ,Ug;ghd;.
Mdhy;/ giftuhnyh mtid mQfnt ,ayhJ.
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
ctikaha; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; ahid/ ,g;ghlYf;F capql;LfpwJ.
10. gpd;tUk; g[Jf;ftpijapy; mike;Js;s ctik/ ctk cUg[/ bghJj; jd;ik/ ctnkak;
s:K
Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
fz;zPiu eP
Jilj;j nghJ
el;rj;jpu=;fs; Jilf;fg;gl;l
thdk; nghy
,Uz;L nghapUe;jJ.
tp
,jpy;/
ctik – el;rj;jpu=;fs; ,y;yhj thdk;
ctnkak; – toe;j fz;zPu; Jilf;fg;gl;l Kfk;
ctk cUg[ – nghy
ht
bghJj;jd;ik – Jilf;fg;gLjy; (ePf;fg;gLjy;)

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11. ctik/ ctikj; bjhifahfp/ cUtfkhapw;W. tpsf;Ff.
v.fh: fay; nghd;w tpHp ? ,BJ ctikahFk;.
,j;bjhlupYs;s `nghd;w~ vd;Dk; ctk cUig ePf;fpdhy;/ `fay;tpHp~ vd;gJ ctikj;
bjhifahFk;.
L al
me;j ctikj; bjhifapYs;s brhw;fis Kd; gpd;dhf khw;wp mikj;jhy;/ `tpHpf;fay;~
vd cUtfkhFk;.
12. ctikia tpl cUtfk; MHkhdJ ? vg;go>
A d
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf/
`jPg; nghd;w rpdk;~ vd;Dk; ctik mzpapy;/ jPf;Fk;/ rpdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilna `nghy~
vd;Dk; ctk cUg[ ,Ue;J/ `jP~ ntW/ `rpdk;~ ntW vdf; fUjj; J}z;LfpwJ.
D ika
4 `rpdj;jP~ vd;Dk; cUtfj;jpy;/ `rpdk;~/ `jP~ Mfpa ,uz;Lk; xd;nw vdf; fUjj;
J}z;LfpwJ.
,ay;
mjdhy;/ ctikia tpl cUtfk; MHkhdJ.

13. cUtfj;ij vt;thW gFf;fyhk;> rhd;W jUf.
cUtfj;ij ehd;F tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
Alv
v.fh:
vz;z tiy gpd;Dk; @isr; rpye;jp – tpid
Mntrg; g[ay;fshYk; mirf;f ,ayhj Mfhag; g{ – gad;
ePy taypd; el;rj;jpu kzpfs; a
kiyf;fpHtpapd; eiuj;j Te;jy; (mUtp)
–
–
bka;
epwk;
.Kk
14. cs;Siw ctkk; vd;gJ ahJ>
ftp+d; cs;Siw ctikia mikf;Fk;nghJ/ me;je;j ehl;oYs;s
fUg;bghUs;fisf; TWtJ nghy mikg;ghd;.
nfl;nghUf;F mg;bghUs;fspd; jd;ikfis btspg;gilaha; tUzpj;Jr; brhy;tJ
wI
nghy; ,Uf;Fk;.
LV
Mdhy;/ mg;gor; brhy;Yk;nghJ tUzidapd; cs;ns mog;gilaha; ntbwhU

fUj;J ciwe;jpUf;Fk;. mJnt cs;Siw ctkk; MFk;.
w
15. `,iwr;rp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUis tpsf;Ff. ,ij tlbkhHpapdu; vt;thW

Fwpg;gpLtu;>
`,Wj;jy;~ vd;gjd; bghUs; `j=;Fjy;~ MFk;.
A
//w
me;j `,W~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; moapw; gpwe;jJ `,iwr;rp~ MFk;.

chpg;bghUnshL nehpilj; bjhlh;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[g; bghUns ,iwr;rp MFk;.
s:K
,ij tlbkhHpapdu; `bjhdp~ vd;gu;.

16. vjw;F ,iwr;rp cj;jp gad;gLfpwJ>
jiytdpd; braiyf; fz;og;gjw;Fk;/ vs;sp eifahLtjw;Fk;/ tUj;jj;ij
btspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;/ jpUkzj;ij typa[Wj;Jtjw;Fk; ,iwr;rp cj;jp gad;gLfpwJ.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 112

tp
$p.a[. nghg;
bre;jkpH;r; brk;ky; `lhf;lu; $p.a[. nghg;~/ 1839 Mk; Mz;oy;/ bjd;dpe;jpaht[f;F
ht
te;jhu;. brd;idia mile;j nghg;/ `rhe;njhk;~ vd;Dk; ;,lj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhfj; jkpH;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ciuiag; goj;Jr; brhw;bghHpthw;wpdhu;. M=;fpnyauhd mtupd; jkpGiu ToapUe;j
jkpHu;fSf;Fg; bgUtpag;gspj;jJ. jkpH; bkhHpiag; gapyj;bjhl=;fpa rpwpJ fhyj;jpnyna/
Inuhg;gpaUk; goj;Jg; gad;bgw ntz;Lbkd;w vz;zj;jpy;/ jkpH; E}y;fis M=;fpyj;jpy;
bkhHpbgau;j;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,tuJ jpUf;Fws;/ jpUthrf M=;fpy bkhHpbgau;g;g[fs;
L al
rpwg;g[ tha;e;jit.
nghg; mtu;fs; j+;rht{upy; thH;e;jnghJ/ jkpH; ,yf;fpa
,yf;fz=;fisj; bjspt[w mwpe;jhu;. mg;nghJjhd; bjhy;fhg;gpak;/
ed;D}y; Kjypa ngupyf;fz E}y;fisg; ghlrhiy khztu; gog;gJ
A d
vspjd;W vd;gijf; fz;L/ rpwpa jkpH; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; rpytw;iw vGjp
btspapl;lhu;. Inuhg;gpau;/ jkpH; bkhHpiaf; fw;Wf; bfhs;tjw;Fupa E}y;
D ika
xd;iw (Tamil Hand Book) vGjpdhu;. M=;fpy bkhHpapy; vGjg; bgw;wpUe;j
jkpH;ehl;L tuyhw;iw/ jkpHpy; vGjpg; gjpg;gpj;jhu;. gs;spf;Tl=;fspy;
gapYk; khztu;fs;/ jha;bkhHp tHpahfnt midj;Jj; Jiwf; fy;tpiaa[k;
bgWjny Kiwahdbjd;Wk;/ mj;jifa fy;tpna gadspf;Fbkd;Wk; nghg; fUjpdhu;. vGgJ
Mz;Lfs; jkpnHhL thH;e;jpUe;J/ jkpGf;F eyk; bra;j bgupahu; $p.a[. nghg; Mthu;.
Alv
fPH;f;fhQk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
1. ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf. m) gpwe;jhu; M) mUspa
m) gpwe;jhu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
M) mUspa – bgabur;rk; a
2. jpUf;Fwis Inuhg;gpaUk; goj;Jg; gad;bgw ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy;/ mij
.Kk
M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; $p.a[.nghg; ? tpilf;nfw;w tpdhit vGJf.
Inuhg;gpaUk; goj;Jg; gad; bgw ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; jpUf;Fwis M=;fpyj;jpy;
bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ahu;>
3. gjpg;gpj;jhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
wI
gjpg;gpj;jhu; ? gjpg;gp + j;; + j;; + Mu;

LV
gjpg;gp ? gFjp/ j; ? re;jp/ j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;g;ghy; tpidKw;W

w
tpFjp.
4. ty;ypd bka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.
gs;spTl=;fspy; gapYk; khztu;fs;/ jha;bkhHp tHpahfnt midj;Jj; Jiw fy;tpiaa[k;
A
//w
bgWjny Kiwahdbjd;Wk;/ mj;jifaf; fy;tpnag; gadspf;Fbkd;Wk; nghg; fUjpdhu;.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
tpil:
gs;sp f; Tl=;fspy; gapYk; khztu;fs;/ jha;bkhHp tHpahfnt midj;J j; Jiw f;
s:K
fy;tpiaa[k; bgWjny Kiwahdbjd;Wk;/ mj;jifa f; fy;tpna g; gadspf;Fbkd;Wk;

nghg; fUjpdhu;.
5. bghUj;Jf.
m) bjhy;fhg;gpak; – i) r=;f E}y;
M) jpUf;Fws; – ii) gf;jp E}y;
tp
,) g[wehD}W – iii) mw E}y;

<) jpUthrfk; – iv) ,yf;fz E}y; tpil: m) iv M) iii ,) i <) ii
ht
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bra;jpf;Ff; fPGs;s M=;fpyr; brhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpH;r; brhw;fis bkhHpbgau;g;g[g;
gFjpapypUe;J fz;lwpe;J vGJf.
The Chinese have no religious science. rPdht[f;bfd;W jdpahf kj=;fs; ,y;iy.
L al
The practices of their religion (Buddhism) are ,e;jpahtpd; kjj;ij (bgsj;jk;) mtu;fs;
derived from India. They believe that it is the filg;gpof;fpd;wdu;. rpiyfisj; j=;fSf;F
Indians who brought idols to them and that the mwpKfk; bra;njhu; ,e;jpau;fs; vd;W ek;g[k;
latter were their religious educators. In China and
rPdu;fs;/ ,e;jpau;fns j=;fspd; kj Mrpupau;fs;
A d
in India they believe in metempsychosis. The
vd;Wk; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,e;jpahtpYk;
Chinese and Indians draw from the same religious
principles different conclusions. In India medicine
rPdhtpYk; kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhd kWgpwg;ig
D ika
ek;g[fpd;wdu;. xnu kj nfhl;ghL ,Ue;jhYk;/
4 and philosophy are practiced. The Chinese
practice medicine equally. Their chief treatment is
cauterization. The Chinese practice astronomy but
rPdu;fSk; ,e;jpau;fSk;
jPu;khd=;fSf;F tUfpwhu;fs;.
btt;ntW
,ay;
the Indians practice this science still more. ,e;jpahtpy; kUj;JtKk;/ jj;JtKk;
Written by Abu Zayd Al Sirafi, traveller, eilKiwapy; cs;sd. mtu;fSf;Fr; rkkhfr;
10th century.
rPdu;fSk; kUj;Jtj;ij eilKiwapy;
Alv
– Foreign notices of South India by K.A.
itj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. `jPa;j;jy;~ mtu;fsJ gpujhd
Neelakanda Sastri
rpfpr;ir Kiw. rPdu;fs; thdpay; rh!;jpug;
gapw;rpapy; <LgLfpwhu;fs;. Mdhy; ,e;j
a mwptpaiy ,e;jpau;fs; ,d;Dk; mjpfkha;g;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
.Kk
tpil:
Religion – kjk; Science – mwptpay;
Philosophy – jj;Jtk; Idols – rpiyfs;
Medicine kUj;Jtk;
wI
–
LV
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpapy; cs;s cUtf=;fisa[k; ctikfisa[k; gl;oaypLf. cUtf=;fis

ctikfshf khw;Wf. ctikfis vt;tif ctikfs; vd;W vGJf.
w
tpHpr;Rlu; thrypy; cl;fhu;e;jpUe;jhs;. mtsJ vz;ztiyapy; kpd;dy;fisg;

nghd;w brhw;fs; njhd;wp kiwe;jd. mLf;fpitf;fg;glhj g[j;jf=;fisg; nghyf; FHk;gpa
vz;z=;fis xG=;FgLj;j epidj;jhs;. neuk; ej;ijiag;nghy bkJthf efu;e;jJ.
A
//w
mz;zhe;J ghu;j;jhs;. ePyg;gl;L cLj;jpaijg; nghd;w thdk; mk;khit epidt{l;oaJ.

g{idf;Fl;oiag;nghy mk;khtpd; Ke;jhidf;Fs; RUz;Lbfhs;s epidj;jhs;.
g{idf;Fl;oia koapy; itj;Jf;bfhz;lijg;nghy mk;khtpd; fjfjg;ig czu;e;jhs;.
s:K
grpf;fapw;why; Rz;otplg;gl;lts;/ g{l;oapUe;j tPl;Lf;fjtpd;nky; rha;e;jgo mk;khtpd;

tUiff;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fj; bjhl=;fpdhs;.
cUtfk; tpHpr;Rlu;/ grpf;fapW/ vz;ztiy.
ctik Rlu;tpHp/ fapw;Wg;grp/ tiy nghd;w vz;zk;.
tp
ctik cUtfk;
kpd;dy;fs; nghd;w brhw;fs;. brhy; kpd;dy;
mLf;fp itf;fg;glhj g[j;jf=;fisg; nghyf; FHk;gpa vz;z=;fs;. gad; ctik
ht
neuk; ej;ijiag; nghy bkJtha; efu;e;jJ. tpid ctik

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.in
ePyg;gl;L cLj;jpaijg; nghd;w thdk;. cU ctik
g{idf;Fl;oiag; nghy mk;khtpd; Ke;jhidf;Fs; RUz;L bka; ctik.
bfhs;s.
g{idf;Fl;oia koapy; itj;Jf; bfhz;lijg; nghy mk;khtpd; gad; ctik
L al
fjfjg;ig czu;e;jhs;.
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpfisg; goj;J @d;wpy; xU g=;fhfr; RUf;fp vGJf.
A d
fy;tp vd;why; vd;d> mJ E}y;fisg; gog;gjh> my;yJ mJ gytifahdijf;
Fwpj;j mwpth> mJt[k; ,y;iy. vj;jifa gapw;rpapd;@yk; kdj;jpd; Mw;wYk; mJ btspg;gLk;
jd;ika[k; fl;Lg;ghl;ow;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Lg; gad;jUk; tifapy; mikfpwnjh/ me;jg;
D ika
gapw;rpjhd; fy;tpahFk;. mf;fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;F xnu xU tHpjhd; cz;L. mJjhd; kdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rp. fy;tpapd; nehf;fk; bra;jpfisg; gw;wpa mwpitr; nrkpg;gjd;W.
fy;tpapd; nehf;fnk kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;JtJjhd;. kdbthUikg;ghnl fy;tpapd;
mog;gil.
vy;nyhUk; j=;fs; mwpt[ tsu;r;rpf;F mk;Kiwiaj;jhd; gpd;gw;wpahf ntz;Lk;.
kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jk; mst[f;F mwpt[k; tsUk;. ,aw;ifahy; @lg;gl;oUf;Fk;
Alv
mwpt[r;Rliuj; jpwg;gjw;F ,Jbthd;nw rpwe;j tHpahFk;. kdpjd; jd; rf;jpia E}w;Wf;Fj;
bjhz;Q}W tpGf;fhL tPz; bra;J tpLfpwhd;. ,jdhy;jhd;/ mtd; mof;fo jtWfs;
bra;fpwhd;. gz;g[ila kdj;ijg; bgw;wtd; xU jtw;iwa[k; bra;a khl;lhd;.
a
kdpjDf;Fk; tpy=;Ff;Fk; cs;s Kf;fpa ntWghL kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jtjpy;jhd;
,Uf;fpwJ. vj;JiwapYk; btw;wp bgWtJ/ ,ijg; bghWj;Jj;jhd; mikfpwJ. ,ir/ Xtpak;/
.Kk
rpw;gk; Kjypa vy;yhf; fiyfspYk; rpwg;ghfj; nju;r;rp bgwr; bra;tJ kd xUikg;ghLjhd;.
nkYk;/ cyfj;jpd; g[jpu;fis @o itj;jpUf;Fk; fjt[fisj; jpwf;ff;Toa typikia ehk; bgw
ntz;Lk;. ,t;typikia ekf;F mspf;ff;ToaJ kd xUikg;ghLjhd;. mJnt fy;tpf;F
mog;gilahFk;. (Rthkp tpntfhde;ju; ? fy;tp)
wI
jpUe;jhg; gotk;:
LV
jiyg;g[: fy;tpapd; mog;gil

w
vj;jifa gapw;rpapd; @yk; kdt[Wjpapd; ntfKk; mjd; btspg;gLk; jd;ika[k;

fl;Lg;ghl;ow;F cl;gl;Lg; gad; jUfpwnjh mJnt fy;tpahFk;. fy;tpapd; nehf;fk;
kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;Jtnj" kdbthUikg;ghnl fy;tpapd; mog;gil. kdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;Jtjhy; ,aw;ifahy; @lg;gl;oUf;Fk; mwpt[r;Rliug; bgwyhk;. gz;g[ila
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kdj;ijg; bgw;wtd; xU jtiwa[k; bra;a khl;lhd;. kdpjDf;Fk;/ tp=;fpw;FKs;s ntWghnl
kdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;JtJjhd;" ,ir Kjypa fiyfspy; nju;r;rp bgwt[k;. cyfj;jpd;
s:K
g[jpu;fis @o itj;jpUf;Fk; fjt[fisj; jpwf;ff; ToaJk; kdxUik;ghgnl" mJnt fy;tpf;F

mog;gilahFk;.
jpUe;jpa gotk;:
jiyg;g[: fy;tpapd; mog;gil
vj;jifa gapw;rp kdt[Wjpahd ntfj;ija[k;/ btspg;gLk; jd;ikiaa[k;
tp
fl;Lg;ghl;ow;Fl;Lj;jpg; gad; jUfpwnjh mJnt fy;tpahFk;. fy;tpapd; nehf;fk; kdj;ij

xUKfg;gLj;Jtnj. kdj;ij xUKfg;gLtjhy; mwpt[r;Rlu; bgUFk;. gz;g[ila kdj;ijg;
bgw;wtd; xU jtiwa[k; bra;a khl;lhd;. kdpjDf;Fk; tpy=;fpw;FKs;s ntWghnl kdj;ij
xUKfg;gLj;JtJjhd;. ,ir/ Xtpak;/ rpw;gk; Kjypa fiyfspy; nju;r;rp bgwt[k;/ cyfj;jpd;
ht
g[jph;fspd; @oiaj; jpwf;ff; ToaJk; kd xUikg;ghnl" mJnt fy;tpf;F mog;gil MFk;. 187
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.in
bkhj;j brhw;fs; 137
jpUe;jhg; gotk; 52 brhw;fs;
jpUe;jpa gotk; 45 brhw;fs;
L al
,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf.
bgz;Qf;F +hdj;ij itj;jhd; ? g[tp
ngzp tsu;j;jpLk; <rd;"
A d
kz;Qf;Fs;ns rpy@lu; ? ey;y
khju; mwpitf; bfLj;jhu;.
D ika
fz;fs; ,uz;odpy; xd;iwf; ? Fj;jp
4 fhl;rp bfLj;jpl yhnkh>
bgz;fs; mwpit tsu;j;jhy; ? itak;
,ay;
ngjik aw;wpLk; fhzPu;

? ghujpahu;
Kd;Diu:
Alv
bjd; ghz;oa ehL tH=;fpa ew;wkpH;f; ftp+u;. rp. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;. `capu;epfu;
jkpiH cau;t[wr; bra;jtu;~ Mthu;.
`ìge;jkpH;j; nju;g;ghfd;" mtbdhU
a
bre;jkpH;j; njdP" rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij"
ePLJapy; ePf;f te;j epyh"
.Kk
fhL fkGk; fw;g{ur; brhw;nfh~~
vd;bwy;yhk; ghnte;ju; ghujpjhrdhy; ghuhl;lg;gl;l bgUikf;Fupatu;. `bgw;w
jha[k; gpwe;j bghd;dhLk; ew;wt thdpDk; edp rpwe;jdbtdg;~ nghw;wpa ftp+u;. kf;fis
moikj; jisapypUe;J kPl;blLf;f/ ,tu; ghoa vGr;rp kpf;f ghly;fs;/ nfl;nghiu tPW
wI
bfhz;L vHr; bra;J/ mf;dpf; F+;Rfsha;r; rpwF Kisf;fr; bra;jJ.

LV
jpuz;l fUj;J:
cyfj;ijg; gilj;Jf; fhj;jpLk; ,iwtd;/ Mz;fSf;F mspj;jijg; nghyg;
w
bgz;fSf;Fk; nkyhd mwptpid mspj;jhd;. Mdhy;/ kz;Qyfpy; thGk; @l Mltu;

rpyu;/ `mLg;g{Jk; bgz;fSf;Fg; gog;bgjw;F vd;W Twp/ bgz;fs; fy;tpawpt[ bgw;Wr;
rpwe;jplhjthW jLj;J tpl;ldu;. ek; fz;fs; ,uz;lDs;/ xd;iwf; bfLj;Jtpl;L/ ey;y
A
//w
fhl;rpfis KGikaha;f; fhz ,ayhjthW jLj;jpLjy; ed;nwh> rKjhaj;jpd; ,U

fz;fs; Mz;/ bgz; Mtu;. mtu;fSs; Mz;fSf;Ff; fy;tp mspj;J/ nkd;ikg;gLkhW
bra;tJ nghy/ bgz;fSf;Fk; fy;tp mspj;jhy;/ cyfpy; mwpahik mw;Wg; ngha; tpLk;.
s:K
ikaf; fUj;J:
cyifg; gilj;Jf; fhf;Fk; ,iwtd;/ Miza[k;/ bgz;iza[k; rkepiyapy;
thGkhW gilj;jhd;. Mdhy;/ kf;fSs; rpyu;/ bgz;fs; fy;tp bgwhJ jLj;J/ mtu;fis
mwpahikapy; MH;j;jpdu;. bgz;fs; fy;tpawpt[ bgw;why;/ cyfpy; mwpahik mfd;W
XLk;.
tp
bjhil eak;:
vJifj; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; Kjw;rPupd; KjbyGj;Jfs; jk;Ks; msbthj;J epw;f/
,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ mo vJifj; bjhilahFk;.
ht
v.fh: bgz;Qf;F/ kz;Qf;Fs;ns" fz;fs;/ bgz;fs;

188
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
nkhidj; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tuj; bjhLg;gJ
nkhid vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: bgz;Qf;F/ ngzp" kz;Qf;Fs;ns/ khju;" fz;fs;/ fhl;rp" bgz;fs;/ ngjik
L al
Kuz; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; vjpu;r; brhw;fs; bgw;W tUtJ Kuz; bjhilahFk;.
v.fh: +hdk; × @lu;" tsu;j;jy; × bfLj;jy;" mwpt[ × ngjik
A d
mzp eak;:
,uz;L fz;fs; nghd;nw MQk;/ bgz;Qk; Mfpa ,UtUnk Kf;fpak;.
``fz;fs; ,uz;odpy; xd;iwf; ? Fj;jpf;
D ika
fhl;rp bfLj;jpl yhnkh>~~
vd;Dk; ctik @yk;/ ,uz;L fz;fspy; xd;iw kl;Lk; bfLj;J tpl;lhy;/ fhl;rpapy;
Fiw Vw;gLky;yth> vd;W ,ay;ghd fUj;Jfisf; TwpapUg;gjhy;/ ,g;ghlypy; ,ay;g[
etpw;rp mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
nkYk;/ fy;tp bgw/ MQf;F kl;Lk; tha;g;g[ mspj;J tpl;L/ mt;tha;g;igg;
bgz;Qf;F kWg;gJ bgUe;jP=;fha; Koa[k; vd;gija[k; ftp+u; ctik @yk;
Alv
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
re;j eak;:
monjhWk; jdpr;brhy; bgw;W tUtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; rpe;Jg; ghtifapidr; rhu;e;jJ.
a
brg;gnyhiriag; bgw;W tUtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ,uhfj;njhLk; jhsj;njhLk;/ gz;
mikj;Jg; ghodhy; re;j eakpf;f Vw;g[ila ghlyhfj; jpfGk;.
.Kk
jiyg;g[:
bgz;fy;tp.
Kot[iu:
ghl;Lf;bfhU g[ytdhk; ghujp/ ,aw;wpa ,g;ghlypy; cs;s ea=;fs; fw;nghu; kdijf;
fspg;gilar; bra;a[k;. nkYk; ,yf;fpa eak; kpf;f ,dpikahd ,g;ghly; vd;iwf;Fk; ek;
wI
rpe;jidapy; tpUe;jhf mika[k; vd;gjpy; vs;sst[k; Iakpy;iy.

LV
w
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 115

vz;z=;fis vGj;jhf;Ff.
,e;j cyfpy; vj;jidnah ntiytha;g;g[fs; gue;J mike;Js;sd.
A
//w
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
kUj;Jtuhfyhk;" tpkhdj;ij Xl;Lk; `tpkhdp~ Mfyhk;"
MH;fly;kPJ bry;Yk; fg;giy Xl;Lk; khYkp Mfyhk;"
s:K
jpiug;glj; Jiwapy; eofuhfyhk;" ,af;Feu; Mfyhk;"

xspg;gjpthsuhfyhk;" ,d;Dk; fhty; Jiw/ rl;lj;Jiw/
ntshz;ikj; Jiw/ Mil totikg;g[j; Jiw/ ePjpj;Jiw/
tzpfj;Jiw/ ijay; Jiw/ fl;olf; fiyj; Jiw nghd;w
vz;zw;w Jiwfs;" ``th- th-~~ vd;W if ePl;o tuntw;fpd;wd.
mtw;iw mila ek;kplk; ,Uf;f ntz;oa jFjp- fy;tp- xUtu; vt;tst[f;bft;tst[
tp
fy;tp fw;W caUfpwhnuh/ mt;tst[f;ft;tst[ caukhd cd;djg; gjtpfisg; bgWtu;.

`Ìnah- ehd; vd; trjpf;Fg; gs;sp ,Wjpj; nju;t[r; rhd;wpjiHj;jhd; bgw ,ad;wJ.~~
`èhd; +2tpy; nju;r;rp bgw;Ws;nsd;" vdf;F vd;d ntiy tha;g;g[f; fpl;Lk;>~~ vd;W rpyu;
nfl;fyhk;. mtu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fs; fy;tpj; jFjpf;nfw;w ntiytha;g;g[f; fpl;Lk;. Mdhy;/
ht
jFjpf;F kPwpa tha;g;gpy; Mir bfhs;shjPu;fs;-

189
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.in
nfhHpf;Fk; ,wf;if cz;L" Mdhy; mjdhy; Xust[ cauj;jpw;nf gwf;f ,aYk;.
fhf;if/ FUtp Kjyhdtw;why; ,d;Dk; rw;W nkny gwf;f ,aYk;. gUe;jpdhnyh/
vy;yhg; gwitfis tpl kpf cauj;jpy; gwf;ftpaYk;-
Mk;- eP=;fs; bgw;w fy;tpjhd;/ eP=;fs; gwf;f epidf;Fk; cauj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;.
L al
Mfnt/ fy;tp xd;wpny fUj;ijg; gjpa[=;fs;" fdt[ edthFk;.
kiwe;jpUf;Fk; brhw;fisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
nfh !h y; R ah k; kh z; g[ bgs
A d
j; u t t $ w ah $ tp j;
jh j D o tp d; jp nt f; j
D ika
4 up
u;
k
k;
g
f
l;
e
o
w;
k
wp
z;
iz
l
y;
g
ngh l
k;
,ay;
dh z z k; gh u; g; u j T
l f f; f y ah g k; dh f;
yh f; fh j gh jp s; z u; is
Alv
y; y a j; u u sp k F s;
f , d; bgh jp gh k; r u gp
tpilfs;
nfhj;jhup fy;yhldhhu;
a kju!h ,yf;fzk; gDty;
.Kk
fzf;fhad; Rto bghj;jfk; tp$ah ghyghujp
gl;okz;lgk; gpurk; bghjp kd;wk; ghujpahu;
khah jpz;izg;gs;sp khz;g[ ntly; rkzk;
nghjdhu; bgsj;jk; g[tp gps;isf;Tlk; ew;wpiz
wI
brhy;iyg; gpup;j;Jk; nru;j;Jk; bjhluikf;f.

LV
v.fh: fhy;eil
fhy;eilfis nka;r;ry; epyj;jpw;F Xl;of; bfhz;L nghdhu;fs;.
w
rpwpa bjhiyitf; flf;ff; fhy; eilahfr; bry;tJ clYf;F eyk; gaf;Fk;.

1. gpz;zhf;F ? khLfs; jtpL/ gpz;zhf;F Mfpatw;iw cl;bfhz;L/
`bfhG bfhG~ vd;Ws;sd.
A
//w
gps; ehf;F (gpst[gl;l ehf;F) ? ghk;gpd; ehf;F gps; ehf;F MFk;.

2. vl;Ltiu (vl;L kiyfs;) ? ml;lkh rpj;jpfs; tha;f;fg;bgw;wtu; vl;L tiufisa[k;
s:K
vspjpy; flg;gu;.
vs;Jtiu ? vs;Jtiu jhdpa=;fs; clYf;Fj; jP=;F tpistpf;fhJ
vl;Lk;tiu ? ek; ,yf;fpid vl;Lk; tiu Kad;W bfhz;nl ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.
3. mwptpy;yhjtd; ? Mj;jpuj;jpy; mwptpy;yhjtd; nghy; ele;J bfhs;tu;.
mwptpy; Mjtd; ? Mrpupau; vd;idg; ghu;j;J/ ``nla;- mwptpy;yhjtnd/
tp
tFg;ig tpl;L btspnaW-~~ vd;wt[ld; ehd;/ `Ìah- ehd;

mwptpy; Mjtd;jhd;" ehd; btspnawp tpl;lhy; tFg;g[
,Uz;L tpLnk-~~ vd;nwd; mijf; nfl;L Mrpupau; cl;gl
midtUk; rpupj;jdu;.
ht
190
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. j=;if ? vd; j=;if vd; kPJ md;g[ bfhz;ltu;.
jk; if ? vjw;Fk; gpwu; cjtpapidna vjpu;ghuhnj" `jk; if jkf;F
cjtp~ vd;gij epidtpw;bfhs;~~ vd;whu;/ je;ij.
5. itif ? kJiuapYs;s itifahw;wpy; fs;sHfu; ,w=;Ftijf;
L al
fhz kf;fs; Tl;lk; miynkhJk;.
it if ? ìt if~ vd;wt[ld;/ xUtu; if kPJ xUtu; if itj;J/
xw;Wika[ld; ,dp thH;tjha; cWjp g{z;ldu;.
A d
6. e+;rpUf;Fk; (iee;jpUf;Fk;) ? ,U Milfisna/ khw;wp khw;;wpj; Jitj;J cLj;Jtjhy;/
me;j ViHapd; Milfs; e+;rpUf;Fk; (iee;jpUf;Fk;)
D ika
e+;R ,Uf;Fk; ? e+;R ,Uf;Fk; ghk;gpidf; Tl ek;gp mjDld; ,Uf;fyhk;"
Mdhy; eat+;rfUld; xU tpehoa[k; cldpUf;f ,ayhJ.
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
fy;tp/ ek;ikg; gz;gLj;j ntz;Lk;. ehk; gz;gl;oUf;fpnwhkh>
Alv
vz; fy;tpapd; tpist[ vd;d bra;jPu;fs;' bra;tPu;fs;>
1. bgupatu;fSf;F Mrpupau;fisa[k;/ cwtpdu;fisa[k;/ @j;njhu;fisa[k;
kjpg;gspj;jy; fz;lt[ld; tzf;fk; bjuptpg;ngd;.
2. gFj;jwpt[r; rpe;jidia
tsu;j;jy;
a vd; jhaplKk;/ ghl;oaplKk; ,Ue;j
@lek;gpf;iffis ePf;fp cs;nsd;.
.Kk
3. bghWikiaf; ahUlDk; rz;il ,l;ljpy;iy.
filg;gpoj;jy;
4. jd;id mwpjy;/ khw;Wj;jpwdhsh;fisf; fhQk;nghJ vd;dplKs;s
jd;dk;gpf;if tsu;j;jy; ,uf;fFzk; btspg;gLk;. vy;yh tpjkhd
wI
,ila{Wisa[k; rkhspj;J thH;ntd;.

LV
5. rkj;Jtk; ngQjy; rkge;jp tpUe;jpy; fye;J bfhs;ntd;. v=;fs; Cu;

w
kf;fspilna xw;Wik vz;zk; tsu;g;ngd;.

6. capu;fsplj;jpy; md;g[ v=;fs; bjUtpYs;s fhy;eilfSf;bfd kUj;Jt
brYj;Jjy; trjp bra;J bfhLj;Js;nsd;. kf;fspilna ,uf;f
A
//w
capupf;ft[zh;it tsur; bra;ntd;.
nfoy; tpGr;bry;tk;
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
s:K
fy;tpf;FG – Education Committee

cs;fl;likg;g[ – Infrastructure
brk;bkhHp – Classical Language
@jhijau; – Ancestor
kjpg;g[f;fy;tp – Value Education
tp
kd Mw;wy; – Mental Abilities
***
ht
191
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.in

,ay; ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
L al
ciueil Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
5 bra;a[s;
rPwhg;g[uhzk;
mfehD}W
ckWg;g[ytu;
tPiu btspad; jpj;jdhu;
A d
Jizg;ghlk; gpk;gk; gpug+;rd;
D ika
,yf;fzk; gh ? ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
5 thH;tpay; jpUf;Fws; jpUts;Stu;
,ay;
ciueil
Alv
,ay; 5 Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
a
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bghUe;jhijj; nju;f.
wI
m) Mde;ju=;fu; vGjpa ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; gd;dpuz;L bjhFjpfshf btspte;Js;sd.

LV
M) xt;bthUehs; epfH;t[f;Fk; Mz;L/ jp=;fs;/ ehs;/ fpHik/ neuk;/ epfH;tplk;

Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplhky; bra;jpfis vGjpa[s;shu;.
w
,) Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[ 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; jkpH;r; r@fj;ijg; glk;gpoj;Jf;

fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ.
<) Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpahit milaf; fg;gy;fSf;F vl;Lj;jp=;fs; njitg;gl;ld.
A
//w
i) m/ M ii) M/ ,
iii) m/ , iv) M/ < tpil: iv) M/ <
2. Mde;ju=;fUf;Fj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[ vJ>
s:K
m) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu; M) ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR

,) jiyikj; Jtpgh&p <) cyf ehl;Fwpg;g[ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij
tpil: <) cyf ehl;Fwpg;g[ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij
FWtpdh
tp
1. Mde;ju=;fupd; tUzidj; jpwDf;F Xu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

g[Jr;nrupf;Ff; fg;gy;fs; tUfpd;w bra;jpiaf; nfl;lJk;/ e&;lg;gl;l jputpak;
kPz;Lk; fpilj;jhw; nghyt[k;/
ht
kuzKw;w cwtpdu;fs; capu;bgw;W vGe;J te;jJ nghyt[k;/

192
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ePz;l ehs; jtkpUe;J g[j;jpug; ghf;fpak; fpl;odhw; nghyt[k;/
njthkpu;jj;ijr; Ritj;jJ nghyt[k; kf;fs; re;njh&pj;jhu;fs; vd;W gjpt[ bra;Js;shu;.
rpWtpdh
L al
1. Mde;ju=;fu; xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau; vd;gijg; ghlg;gFjptHp vLj;jf;fhl;Lf.
tuyhw;whrpupau; xU epfH;it tpsf;Ffpwhu; vd;why;/ nfl;gtu; me;epfH;itg; gw;wpa
vt;tpdht[k; vGg;gj; njitapy;yhj tifapy; tpupthd tpsf;fj;ijj; je;jpLtu;.
A d
mt;thnw/ Mde;ju=;fUk; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy;/ xU epfH;t[ ve;j Mz;L/ ve;jj; jp=;fs;/
ve;jf; fpHik/ ve;neuk;/ vt;tplj;jpy; epfH;e;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
D ika
gilbaLg;g[fSk; Kw;WiffSk;:
njtdhk; gl;lzj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf M=;fpnyaUld; gpbu+;R muR elj;jpa
gilbaLg;g[.
g[fH;bgw;w Mk;g{u;g; nghu; gw;wpa bra;jpfs;.
j+;irf; nfhl;il kPJ elj;jpa Kw;Wif.
Alv
,uhgu;l; fpistpd; gilbaLg;g[.
M=;fpnyau; g[Jr;nrupia Kw;Wifaply; Kjypatw;iwbay;yhk; xU tuyhw;W
Mrpupaiug; nghd;W/ Mde;ju=;fu; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; tpsf;fpf; Twpa[s;shu;.
beLtpdh
a
.Kk
1. jhk; thH;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; ehfupfg; g[ijayhf ehl;Fwpg;igg; gad;gLj;jpatu;
Mde;ju=;fu; vd;gij epWt[f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
wI
Kd;Diu
LV
,e;jpa ehl;Fwpg;gpd; je;ij

murpy; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs;
w
Kot[iu
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
Kd;Diu:
A
//w
`Mde;ju=;fdpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[ 18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; jkpH;r;rKfj;ij glk; gpoj;J

fhl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ.gz;ghL/ rkak;/ rhjp/ ePjp/ tzpfk;/ ek;gpf;if Kjyhd gy;ntW
TWfisf; bfhz;ljhf mikfpwJ.
s:K
,e;jpa ehl;Fwpg;gpd; je;ij:

Mde;ju=;fu; kpfr; rhjhuz kdpjnu Mthu;.
mtu; Kjypy; gu=;fpg;ngl;il bert[r;rhiyf;Fk;/ rhak; Jitf;Fk; fpl=;Ff;Fk;
jiytu; Mdhu;.
gpd;/ jk; ciHg;ghYk;/ cz;ikna ciuf;Fk; jpwj;jhYk; Kd;ndwp/ gpbu+;R MSeu;
tp
Ja;g;ns mtu;fsplk; jiyik bkhHpbgah;g;ghsuhfg; Jtpgh&pahag;; gzpahw;wj;

bjhl=;fpdhu;.
mjdhy; ty;yhz;ik kpf;f gpbu+;R Ml;rpahsu;fnshL beU=;fpg; gHFk;
tha;g;gpidg; bgw;whu;.
ht
193
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.in
tuyhw;iw cUthf;Fk; ty;yik bgw;w mtu;fshy; epfGk; epfH;t[fisf; Tu;e;J
ftdpj;jhu;.
md;whlk; mtw;iwj; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; gjpaj; bjhl=;fpdhu;.
murpy; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs;:
L al
gpbu+;R MSeu; #kh!;/ ehza mr;rog;g[ cupikiag; bgWtjw;fhfr; brytHpj;j
bgUe;bjhifia/ Mde;ju=;fu; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; Fwpj;Js;shu;.
njtdhk;gl;lzj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf M=;fpnyau; kPJ gpbu+;R muR elj;jpa
A d
gilbaLg;g[/ g[fH;bgw;w Mk;g{u;g; nghu;/ j+;irf; nfhl;il kPJ elj;jpa Kw;Wif/
,uhgu;l; fpistpd; gilbaLg;g[/ M=;fpnyau; g[Jr;nrupapid Kw;Wifapl;lJ
D ika
Kjypatw;iwbay;yhk; Mde;ju=;fu; jpwk;gl vGjpa[s;shu;.
5 1758 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy;/ brd;idf; nfhl;ilia yy;yp Kw;Wifapl;lhu;. mtu;
nfhl;ilia ,oj;jhu;" tPLfisj; jiukl;lkhf;fpdhu;" kjpiy ,oj;J mfHpiaj;
,ay;
J}u;j;jhu;" MapDk; mtuhy;/ brd;idf; nfhl;iliaf; ifg;gw;w Koatpy;iy.

,t;thW kpf cau;e;j gjtpapy; ,Ug;gtnuhL/ beUf;fKw;wpUe;j Mde;ju=;fu;/
md;whlk; epfH;e;j epfH;t[fisj; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; Fwpj;Jf; bfhz;lhu;.
Alv
,it md;iwa Mde;ju=;fUf;Fr; rhjhuz bray;fsha; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
Mdhy;/ mit 25 Mz;L fhyj; bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpid btspg;gLj;Jk;
g[ijayhFk;.
a
mf;fhyj;jpa gpbu+;R muR gw;wp mwpa cjt[k; rpwe;j tuyhw;Wf; fUt{yk;" Mtzk;"
Vd;/ rpwe;j ,yf;fpaKk; MFk;.
.Kk
nkw;fz;lit @yk; jhk; thH;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; ehfupfg; g[ijayhf ehl;Fwpg;igg;
gad;gLj;jpatu; Mde;ju=;fu; vd;gij epWtyhk;.
Kot[iu:
gd;bkhHpg; g[yika[k; gy;Jiw MSika[k; bfhz;l Mde;ju=;fhpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[/
wI
18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; g[Jit tuyhw;wpid mwpe;Jbfhs;s ekf;Ff; fpilj;j mhpa

LV
bgl;;lfkhfj; jpfH;fpwJ. g[Jr;nrhpapy; gpbu+;R Ml;rpapd; vGr;rpa[k; tPH;r;rpa[k; mthpd;

w
thH;nthL xd;wp ehfhpfg; g[ijayhf mtuJ ehl;Fwpg;g[ tps=;Ftij mwpaKofpwJ.

A
//w
1. c=;fsJ xU thuj;jpa epfH;t[fis ehl;Fwpg;gpy; gjpt[ bra;f.

brg;lk;gu; 1 ? jp=;fs;
s:K
fhiy 4 kzp fz;tpHpj;jy;

fhiy 5 ? 6 kzp rpwg;g[ tFg;g[
fhiy 7 kzp gs;sp bry;Yjy;
khiy 6 kzp tPL jpUk;g[jy;
khiy 7 ? 9 kzp md;iwa ghlk; goj;jy;
,ut[ 9 ? 10 kzp tPl;Lg;ghlk; jahupj;jy;
tp
,ut[ 10 kzp J}=;fr; bry;Yjy;

gs;sp khztdhfpa ehd; jp=;fs; fpHik Kjy; rdpf;fpHik tiu vd; ehl;Fwpg;gpy;
gjptpLntd;.
ht
194
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
+hapw;Wf;fpHik
fhiy 7 kzp fz; tpHpj;jy;
fhiy 8 kzp fhiy czt[ cz;Qjy;
fhiy 9 ? 10 kzp bjhiyf;fhl;rpg; ghu;j;jy;
L al
fhiy 10 ? 12 kzp je;ija[ld; filf;Fr; bry;Yjy;
kjpak; 12 ? 1 kzp kjpa czt[ cz;Qjy;
khiy 1 ? 3 kzp Xa;t[ vLj;jy;
khiy 3 ? 6 kzp tpisahLjy;
A d
khiy 6 ? 8 kzp gof;fr; bry;Yjy;
,ut[ 9 kzp J}=;fr; bry;Yjy;
D ika
2. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ tptupf;Fk; epfH;t[fisf; fhyf;nfhl;oy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
1700 Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ tptupf;Fk; fhyf;nfhL
1 myF ? gj;J Mz;Lfs;
Alv
1710 1709 Mde;j=;fu; gpwg;g[
a
.Kk
1720
1726 berthiy jiytu;

wI
LV
1730
w
1736 #kh!; ehza mr;rog;g[ cupikiag; bgw;wik
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
1740 1739 bghJ btspapy; fhiyf;fld; fHpg;gth;fSf;Fj;

jz;lk; tpjpg;g[
s:K
1745 g[Jr;nrupapy; nguplu; ' ,=;fpyhe;J ? gpuhd;!; nghu;

1746 gpbu+;R muR brd;idiaf; ifg;gw;wy;
1750
tp
1758 yy;ypahy; brd;idf;nfhl;il Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ

1760 1760 g[Jr;nrupiaj; jhf;f M=;fpnyau; fg;gy; tUif
1761 Mde;j=;fu; kiwt[
ht
195
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.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; g[Jit tuyhw;wpid mwpe;Jbfhs;s cjt[k; mwpa bgl;lfk;
m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ M) g[Jr;nrup tuyhW
,) g[Jit md;Wk; ,d;Wk; <) tpLjiyf;F Kd; ,e;jpah
A d
tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
2. ehl;Fwpg;g[ vd;gij ________ vd;W M=;fpyj;jpy; miHg;gu;.
D ika
5 m) bla;yp
,) nehl;!;
M) ilup
<) nll;lh tpil: M) ilup
,ay;
3. ilup vd;Dk; brhy; ________ vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; brhy;ypd; @ykhd il!; vd;w brhy;ypy;
,Ue;J cUthapw;W.
m) ilu!; M) ilnuh!;
Alv
,) ilupak; <) ilup!; tpil: ,) ilupak;
i) ehl;Fwpg;g[fspd; Kd;ndhoahfj; jpfH;tJ EPHEMERIDES
a
ii) EPHEMERIDES vd;gJ fpnuf;ff; Fwpg;ngL MFk;.
iii) EPHEMERIDES vd;gjd; bghUs; xU ehSf;fhd Kot[ vd;gjhFk;.
.Kk
,) ii, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
5. Kfyha kd;du;fspy; ________ fhyk; Kjy; ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJk; tHf;fk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.
m) ghgu; M) ckha{d;
tpil: m) ghgu;
wI
,) mf;gu; <) &h$fhd;

LV
6. ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGJtijj; jil bra;jpUe;j Kfyha kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; ________.

m) ghgu; M) mf;gu;
w
,) &h$fhd; <) xsu=;frPg; tpil: <) xsu=;frPg;

7. Inuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpaht[f;Ff; fly; tHpiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jtu; ________/ Mz;L
_______ .
A
//w
m) ghu;j;jnyhkpnahla!;/ 1498
M) th!;nfhlfhkh/ 1498
,) ru; jhk!; nuh/ 1453
s:K
<) My;thnuh bty;nyh/ 1453 tpil: M) th!;nfhlfhkh/ 1498

8. th!;nfhlfhkh vd;gtu; _______.
m) nghu;r;RfPrpa khYkp M) nghu;r;RfPrpa mSeu;
,) gpbu+;R khYkp <) M=;fpnya kUj;Jtu; tpil: m) nghu;r;RfPrpa khYkp
9. th!;nfhlfhkhtpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fisg; gjpt[ bra;jtu; _______.
tp
m) ru; jhk!; nuh M) Mde;ju=;fu;

,) My;thnuh bty;nyh <) ghu;j;jnyhkpnahla!; tpil: ,) My;thnuh bty;nyh
10. Mde;ju=;fu; ________ Mk; E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;jtu;.
ht
m) 16 M) 17
196 ,) 18 <) 19 tpil: ,) 18
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
11. Mde;ju=;fu; ________ fpHf;fpe;jpaf; FGkj;jpd; bkhHpbgau;g;ghsu;.
m) gpbu+;Rf; M) M=;fpyf;
,) lr;Rf; <) nghu;rR
; fPrpaf; tpil: m) gpbu+;Rf;
12. Ja;g;ns vd;gtu; ________ Mthu;.
L al
m) M=;fpy MSeu; M) gpbu+;R MSeu;
,) gpbu+;R khYkp <) lr;R kUj;Jtu; tpil: M) gpbu+;R MSeu;
13. Ja;g;ns vd;w gpbu+;R MSeupd; ________ gzpahw;wpatu; Mde;ju=;fu;.
A d
m) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsuhfg; M) cjtpahsuhfg;
,) Mizauhfg; <) vGj;juhfg; tpil: m) bkhHpbgau;g;ghsuhfg;
D ika
14. Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; ________ Mz;Lfhyj; bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iw btspg;
gLj;Jfpd;wd.
m) 20 M) 25
,) 23 <) 21 tpil: M) 25
15. mf;fhyj;jpy; gpbu+;R muR gw;wp mwpa cjt[k; rpwe;j tuyhw;W Mtzkhf/ ,yf;fpakhfj;
Alv
jpfH;tJ _______.
m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ M) Mde;ju=;fu; gps;isj; jkpH;
,) g[Jr;nrup tuyhW ? 1800 <) g[Jita[k; gpuhd;Rk;
a tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
16. gpuhd;Rth ku;j;njDf;Fg; gpwF g[Jr;nrupapd; jiyikg; bghWg;ig Vw;wtu; _______.
.Kk
m) Ja;g;ns M) fpnahk; Me;j;nu vngu;
,) My;thnuh bty;nyh <) iedpag;gu; tpil: M) fpnahk; Me;j;nu vngu;
17. fpnahk; Me;j;nu vngu; vd;ghupd; jufu; _______ .
m) iedpag;gu; M) Mde;ju=;fu;
wI
,) jpUnt=;flk; <) My;thnuh bty;nyh tpil: m) iedpag;gu;

LV
18. iedpag;gupd; ikj;Jdu; _______.

w
m) jpUnt=;flk; M) njthuk;
,) jpUthrfk; <) rpjk;guk; tpil: m) jpUnt=;flk;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
19. Mde;ju=;fupd; je;ij _______.
A
//w
m) jpUnt=;flk; M) iedpag;gu;
,) rpjk;guk; <) bey;iyag;gu; tpil: m) jpUnt=;flk;
s:K
20. Mde;ju=;fu; je;ijia ,He;j nghJ taJ _______.

m) 17 M) 18
,) 16 <) 14 tpil: m) 17
i) myDthu; - 1. gpbu+;Rf; fg;gy; jsgjp
ii) iedpag;gu; - 2. gpbu+;R MSeu;
tp
iii) Ja;g;ns - 3. jufu;

iv) byg{u;bjhnd - 4. gpbu+;R nkyjpfhup
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
ht
197
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.in
22. 10. 09. 1736 Mk; ehs; Fwpg;g[ gpbu+;R MSeu; #kh!; ________ cupikiag; bgw;wij
tpsf;FfpwJ.
m) tzpf M) ehza mr;rog;g[
,) g[j;jf btspaPl;L <) Ml;rp tpil: M) ehza mr;rog;g[
L al
23. rhKnty; bgg;gpRtpd; gzp
m) gpbu+;Rf; flw;gilapy; M) M=;fpnyaf; flw;gilapy;
,) M=;fpy kUj;Jtuhfg; <) gpbu+;R kUj;Jtuhfg;
A d
tpil: M) M=;fpnyaf; flw;gilapy;
24. rhKnty; bgg;gpR ________ kd;du; fhyj;J epfH;t[fis (1660 ? 1669) ehl;Fwpg;ghfg;
D ika
5 gjpt[ bra;Js;shu;.
m) Kjyhk; rhu;y!; M) ,uz;lhk; rhu;y!;
,) ,uz;lhk; bfa;ru; tpy;ypak; <) Kjyhk; mbyf;rhz;lu; tpil: M) ,uz;lhk; rhu;y!;
,ay;
25. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ vGjpa[s;s fhyf;fl;lk; _______ .

m) 06.09.1736 Kjy; 11.01.1761 tiu
Alv
M) 09.06.1736 Kjy; 01.11.1761 tiu
,) 06.09.1734 Kjy; 11.01.1760 tiu
<) 09.06.1732 Kjy; 11.01.1765 tiu
a tpil: m) 06.09.1736 Kjy; 11.01.1761 tiu
26. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd ehl;Fwpg;g[ _______ .
.Kk
m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ M) fhe;jpapd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
,) neUtpd; ehl;Fwpg;g[ <) ghujpapd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[
27. ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; _______ .
wI
m) fhe;jpaofs; M) Mde;ju=;fu;
LV
,) ghujpahu; <) thzpjhrd; tpil: M) Mde;ju=;fu;

w
28. 1758 Mk; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; brd;idf; nfhl;il Kw;Wifiaj; bjhl=;fpatu; _______ .
m) byg{u;jhnd M) yy;yp
,) myDthu; <) nk!;ju;gpfl; tpil: M) yy;yp
A
//w
29. brd;idf;nfhl;ilapd; ftu;duhf ,Ue;J yy;ypia btd;wtu; _______ .

m) nk!;ju; gpfl; M) byg{u;jhnd
,) myDthu; <) Ja;kh tpil: m) nk!;ju; gpfl;
s:K
30. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;od; jkpH;r; r@fj;ijg; glk; gpoj;Jf; fhl;LtJ _______ .

m) Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
M) Inuhg;gpa ,yf;fpa=;fs;
,) th!;nfhlfhkh gazg; gjpt[fs;
<) bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhW tpil: m) Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[
tp
31. g[Jr;nrup gl;lzk; kw;Wk; mJ rhu;e;j gFjpfspy; rhiyf;fld; fHpg;gtu;fSf;F MW

gzk; jz;lk; tpjpj;jtu; _______ .
m) Ja;g;ns M) Ja;kh
,) yy;yp <) byg{u;jhnd tpil: M) Ja;kh
ht
198
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
32. g[Jr;nrupapy; ,Ue;J kzpyht[f;Fr; brd;w fg;gypy; gzpahw;wpa jkpH; khYkp _______ .
m) iedpag;gu; M) mHfg;gd;
,) jpUnt=;flk; <) md;gHfd; tpil: M) mHfg;gd;
33. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;gpd; bgUk;gFjp ________ bra;jpfisna tptupj;Js;sJ.
L al
m) tzpfr; M) tuyhw;Wr;
,) murpay; <) ,yf;fpar; tpil: m) tzpfr;
34. fHfj;jpd; tu;j;jfu; ________ vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; MW jp=;fSf;Fs; fHfj;jpw;Fg; gzj;ijr;
A d
brYj;jp tpLtjhff; ifbaGj;jpl;Lf; bfhLj;jdu;.
m) 100 f;F 120 M) 100 f;F 140
D ika
,) 100 f;F 240 <) 100 f;F 320 tpil: <) 100 f;F 320
35. Jzptu;j;jfk; rhu;e;j tzpff; fHfj;jpd; mjpfhup _______ .
m) yy;yp M) myDthu;
,) byg{u;jhnd <) bfhu;nd tpil: <) bfhu;nd
36. g[Jr;nrupapd; MSeuhf ________ ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;/ g[Jr;nrupapd; ,uhQt murpay;
bra;jpfis KfyhaUf;Fk;/ M=;fpnyaUf;Fk; TWtjhf Mde;ju=;fu; kPJ gHp
Alv
Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.
m) bywp M) bfhu;nd
,) JBg;ns <) Ja;kh tpil: m) bfhu;nd
m) ethg;gplk;
a
37. g[Jr;nrupapy; ehzak; mr;rpLk; Kiwia ________ ,Ue;J gpbu+;R tzpff; fHfk; bgw;wJ.
M) ep$hkplk;
.Kk
,) Kfyhauplk; <) M=;fpnyauplk; tpil: M) ep$hkplk;
38. ________ khw;Wf;Ff; Fiwthd tuhf ehza=;fis itj;jpUg;gJ jz;lidf;Fupa
Fw;wk; vd;W gpbu+;R kd;dupd; Mizapy; ngupy; _______ Mk; Mz;L nk jp=;fspy;
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ>
wI
m) vl;L/ 1739 M) MW/ 1739

LV
,) vl;L/ 1741 <) MW/ 1971 tpil: m) vl;L/ 1739

w
39. g[Jr;nrupiag; bgU=;fhw;W R{iwahoa ehs;/ _______

m) 1745/ 21 Mk; ehs;/ tpahHd;/ khiy
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
M) 1742/ 20 Mk; ehs;/ bts;sp/ fhiy
A
//w
,) 1745/ 12 Mk; ehs;/ g[jd;/ khiy

<) 1743/ 21 Mk; ehs;/ tpahHd;/ fhiy
tpil: m) 1745/ 21 Mk; ehs;/ tpahHd;/ khiy
s:K
40. g[Jr;nrupg; bgU=;fhw;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;nlhUf;Ff; bgU+;nrhW mspj;J xGfiuapny

jkpHupd; ,uf;fj;ija[k; <uj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpatu; _______ .
m) fdfuhau; M) iedpag;gu;
,) Mde;ju=;fu; <) jpUnt=;flk; tpil: m) fdfuhau;
tp
41. ,=;fpyhe;jpw;Fk;/ gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,ilna nghu; @z;ljhy; bgupJk; jilg;gl;lJ _______.

m) Jzp tzpfk; M) fg;gy; tzpfk;
,) murpay; cwt[ <) nghf;Ftuj;J tpil: M) fg;gy; tzpfk;
42. g[Jr;nrupf;Ff; fg;gy;fspd; tUif jilgl;Lg; bgUk; bghUshjhuj; jl;Lg;ghL njhd;wpa
ht
Mz;L _______.
199
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m) 1743 M) 1745
,) 1747 <) 1749 tpil: M) 1745
43. 08.06.1746 Mk; ehs; byg[u;bjhndtpd; _______ fg;gy;fs; te;jd.
m) 8 M) 9
L al
,) 7 <) 6 tpil: m) 8
44. Mde;ju=;fupd; ,Wjpf;fhy ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; TWtd
i) M=;fpnyau; g[Jr;nrup kPJ epfH;j;jpa Kw;Wif
A d
ii) g[Jr;nrupapd; tPH;r;rp
iii) njtdhk;gl;lzj;jpy; nkYk; nkYk; JUg;g[fis M=;fpnyaf; fg;gy;fs; ,wf;fpd.
D ika
iv) g[Jr;nrupiar; Rw;wpa[s;s gFjpfs; midj;ija[k; M=;fpnyau; ifg;gw;wpdu;.
5 m) Kjy; ,uz;L rup
,) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW
M) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup
<) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
,ay;

i) Mde;ju=;fu; jd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; neha;tha;g;gl;oUe;jhu;
ii) Mde;ju=;fu; ,wf;Fk; nghJ g[Jr;nrupapd; kPJ gPu=;fpf; Fz;Lfs; tpGe;J bfhz;oUe;jd.
Alv
iii) Mde;ju=;fu; ,we;j ehs; 12.01.1761/ jp=;fs;fpHik Ie;J ehHpif.
,) @d;Wk; rup <) i, iii - rup tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
,) 13
a
46. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ _______ bjhFjpfshf btsp te;Js;sJ.
m) 11 M) 12
<) 14 tpil: M) 12
.Kk
i) 480 fhR - 1. xU tuhfd;
ii) 60 fhR - 2. 1 qgha;
iii) 8 gzk; - 3. 1 gzk;
wI
iv) 24 gzk; ? 4. xU qgha;

LV
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
w

i) 1 bghd; - 1. ½ tuhfd;
ii) 1 tuhfd; 2. my;yJ 32 qgha;
A
//w
-
iii) 1 nkhfup - 3. 14 qgha; kjpg;g[s;s j=;f ehzak;
iv) 1 rf;fuk; ? 4. ½ tuhfDf;Fk; TLjy; kjpg;g[s;s j=;f ehzak;
s:K
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4
,) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 <) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4
49. xd;Wk; jtwhky; rpj;jpuFg;jd; vGjp tUk; gjpitg; nghy ey;y ghi&apy; md;whlk;
tp!;jhukhf vGjp itj;jpUf;fpwhu; Mde;ju=;fu; vd;W Twpatu; _______ .
m) c.nt.R M) t.nt.R
,) k.bgh.rp <) K.t tpil: M) t.nt.R
tp
50. Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; jkpH;j;jhapd; Mguz=;fshfj; bjhiytpy; cs;s efukhd

ghuPrpy; kpft[k; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Lg; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;W Twpatu;; _______ .
m) c.nt.rh M) t.nt.R
,) k.bgh.rp <) K.t tpil: m) c.nt.rh
ht
200
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
51. Mde;ju=;fu; _______ bert[r;rhiyf;Fk; rhak; njha;f;Fk; fpl=;Ff;Fk; jiytuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
m) njdhk;ngl;il M) gu=;fpg;ngl;il
,) vGk;g{u; <) bguk;g{u; tpil: M) gu=;fpg;ngl;il
L al
FWtpdh
1. ehl;Fwpg;g[ bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf>
A d
ehl;Fwpg;g[ vd;Dk; brhy; M=;fpyj;jpy; ìlup~ vdg;gLfpwJ.
ìlupak;~ vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; brhy;ypd; @ykhd/ ìl!;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypypUe;J/
D ika
,e;jr; brhy; cUthdJ.
2. Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; vj;jifa rpwg;g[ tha;e;jd>
Mde;ju=;fupd; ehl;Fwpg;g[fs; ,Ugj;ije;J Mz;Lfhyj; bjd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iw
btspg;gLj;Jtd.
mit mf;fhyj;jpa gpbu+;R muR gw;wp mwptjw;F cjt[k; tuyhw;Wf; fUt{yk;"
Mtzk;" ,yf;fpaKk; MFk;.
Alv
3. ,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;> mt;thW mtu; miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk;
vd;d>
,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR vd tH=;fg;gl;ltu; Mde;ju=;fu; Mthu;.
a
cyf ehl;Fwpg;g[ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; je;ij vd tH=;fg;gLgtu; rhKnty; bgg;gpR Mthu;.
mtu; M=;fpnyaf; flw;gilapy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
.Kk
mtu; ,uz;lhk; rhu;y!; kd;du; fhyj;J epfH;t[fis ehl;Fwpg;gpy; gjpt[ bra;Js;shu;.
mtiug; nghynt Mde;ju=;fUk; 06.09.1736 Kjy; 11.01.1761 tiu ehl;Fwpg;g[
vGjpa[s;shu;.
,Jnt/ ,e;jpahtpd; Kjd;ikahd ehl;Fwpg;ghFk;.
wI
,jdhy;/ Mde;ju=;fu; ``,e;jpahtpd; bgg;gpR~~ vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwhu;.

LV
4. mf;fhyj;jpy; tH=;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; Fwpj;J Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;gpy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sit ahit>
w
kuzjz;lid tH=;fy; rhl;il

fhjWj;jy; fpl=;fpy; nghLjy;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
5. Mde;ju=;fu; Fwpg;gpLk; gy;ntW tuhfd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

brd;idg; gl;lzj;J el;rj;jpu tuhfd;/
tl;l tuhfd;/
s:K
gu=;fpg; ngl;il tuhfd; /

Muzp tuhfd; KjypadthFk;.
6. jkpHupd; <uj;ija[k; ,uf;fj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpatu; vd Mde;ju=;fu; vtiuf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;> vg;go>
jkpHupd; <uj;ija[k;/ ,uf;fj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpatu;/ fdfuhau; Mthu;.
tp
1745 Mk; Mz;L tPrpa bgU=;fhw;whYk;/ bgUkiHahYk; g[Jr;nrup Niwahlg;gl;lJ.

bts;sj;jpy; tPLfs; @H;fpd.
khLfs;/ fd;Wfs;/ kdpjh;fs; vd;W ,we;J bjUnjhWk; gpzehw;wkha; ,Ue;jJ.
capnuhL ,Ug;nghUk; cz;z cztpd;wp thodu;.
ht
me;epiyapy; xGfiuapny fdfuhau; bgU+;nrhW mspj;Jj; jk; <uj;ija[k; 201
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
,uf;fj;ija[k; btspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
,jid Mde;ju=;fu; jk; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; bgUkpjj;Jld; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
7. Mde;ju=;fu; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;fSs; rpytw;iw vGJf.
jpahfuha njrpfu; vGjpa Mde;ju=;fd; nfhit.
L al
g[ytnuW mupkjp bjd;dfd; vGjpa Mde;ju=;fd; gps;isj; jkpH;
gpug+;rd; vGjpa thdk; trg;gLk;.
8. Mde;ju=;fd; ehl;Fwpg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; rKjhar; bra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gLf.
A d
g[Jr;nrup MSeupd; Mizg;go/ g[Jr;nrupapy; cs;s bjUf;fspnyh/ cg;g=;fHp cs;s
,lj;jpnyh fhiyf;fld; fHpf;ff; Tlhbjd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
D ika
5 kPwp elg;gtuplkpUe;J jz;lk; tNypf;fg;gl;lJ.
gy;ntW fhuz=;fSf;fhf kuz jz;lid tH=;fg;gl;lJ.
,ay;
nkYk; fhjWj;jy;/ rhl;ilao/ fpl=;fpy; ,Ljy; Mfpa jz;lidfSk; ,Ue;jd.

bjhlu;e;J jpUof; bfhz;oUe;j xU Fk;gy; gpogl;lJ.
mf;Fk;gypd; jiytd; filj;bjUtpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhd;.
Alv
mtDld; ,Ue;j ,Utupd; fhJfs; mWf;fg;gl;ld.
mjndhL Ik;gJ fir mofSk; tH=;fg;gl;ld.
9. Mde;ju=;fupd; m+;rhikia btspg;gLj;Jk; epfH;tpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
a
Mde;ju=;fu;/ g[Jr;nrup Fwpj;j ,uhQt murpay; bra;jpfis ,RyhkpauplKk;
M=;fpnyauplKk; TWtjha; mtu; kPJ gHp Twg;gl;lJ.
.Kk
mtu; MSeuplk;/ ``ck; mjpfhue;jhd; ,WjpahdJ. mePjpahft[k;/ cz;ikf;F
khwhft[k; elf;f ePu; tpUk;gpdhy;/ mijj; jLg;ghu; vtUkpyu;" vd;idf; fhtypy;
itf;fnth/ vdf;Fj; jz;lid tH=;fnth ePu; tpUk;gpdhy;/ mt;thnw bra;ayhk;.
Mdhy;/ jz;lidahf xU fhR Tlr; brYj;j khl;nld;" rpiwapy; milj;J tpLtPu;
wI
vd m+;rp xU thuj;jpy; ehd; gzk; jUntd; vd ePu; fUj ntz;lh~~ vd;W Jzpthff;
LV
Twpdhu;.
10. Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[f; Fwpj;Jg; ghujpahUk; c.nt.rht[k; Twpad ahit>
w
Mde;ju=;fu; ehl;Fwpg;g[ Fwpj;Jg; ghujpahu;/ ``me;jf; fhyj;jpy; md;whlk; epfH;e;j

epfH;t[fis ,J ntz;Lk;/ ,J ntz;lh vd xJf;fhJ/ rpj;jpuFg;jd; vGjp
tUk; gjpiyg; nghy/ ey;y eilapy; md;whlk; tpuptha; vGjpa[s;shu;~~ vdf;
A
//w
Fwpg;gp;l;Ls;shu;.
c.nt.rh mtu;fs;/ ``jkpH;j;jha; beUg;gpdhYk;/ bts;sj;jhYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhYk;/
s:K
mts; Mguz=;fs; bjhiytpy; cs;s ghuPrpy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd~~ vd;W

vGjpa[s;shu;.
***
tp
ht
202
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
rPwhg;g[uhzk;
,ay; 5 ? ckWg;g[ytu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. cWgif/ ,ld; Mfpa brhw;fspd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
m) cupr;brhy;bjhlu;/ <w;Wg;nghyp
M) tpidj;bjhif/ ,lthFbgau;
,) tpidbar;rk;/ tpidj;bjhif
<) bgabur;rk;/ gz;g[j;bjhif tpil: m) cupr;brhy;bjhlu;/ <w;Wg;nghyp
Alv
2. rupahdijj; nju;e;bjLf;f.
m) tiu ? kiy M) tJit ? jpUkzk;
,) thuzk; ? ahid <) g[ltp ? fly;
i) m/ M/ , ? rup" < ? jtW
iii) m/ ,/ < ? rup" M ? jtW
a
ii) M/ ,/ < ? rup" m ? jtW
iv) m/ M/ < ? rup" , ? jtW
.Kk
tpil: i) m/ M/ , ? rup" < ? jtW
FWtpdh
1. kjPdh efuk; xU khspif efuk; vd;Dk; Tw;wpid cWjpg;gL;j;Jf.
wI
nkU kiyapidg; nghd;W kjPdh efupd; khlkhspiffs; cau;e;J tps=;fpd.

LV
filfs; epiwe;j bjUf;fspy; vGe;j xyp/ bgU=;flbyhyp nghd;W ,Ue;jJ.

w
xnu rPuha; mike;j tPjpfs;/ g{kpia msg;gd nghy ePz;L njhd;wpd.

me;efupy; rpwpJk; ,ilbtspapd;wp/ khspiffs; beUf;fkhf mike;jpUe;jd.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
2. beU=;fpd/ ,u=;fp ? cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
A
//w
beU=;fpd = beU=;F + (,)d; + m ,u=;fp = ,u=;F + ,

beU=;F gFjp ,u=;F gFjp
s:K
(,)d; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy , tpidbar;r tpFjp

m bgabur;r tpFjp
3. ``Cdkpy; Cf;fKk; xspuf; fha;j;jey;
jPd;vD+; bry;tnk gGj;j nrzfu;~~
? ,g;ghlyofspy; xspuf; fha;j;jJ vJ> gGj;jJ vJ>
tp
fha;j;jJ : jhdk;/ jtk;/ xGf;fk;/ <if/ khdk;.

gGj;jJ : jPd; vDk; bry;tk;.
ht
203
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
rpWtpdh
1. ``fiytyhu; kiwatu; fUj;jpy; vz;zpaJ~~ ? ahJ>
``fiytyhu; kiwatu; fUj;jpy; vz;zpaJ~~ ? bghUs; tsk; MFk;.
L al
bfhil efuk;:
gHikahd kjPdh efupy; ve;jg; bghUSk; ,y;iybad;W brhy;tjw;F ,y;iy.
nfl;nghu;f;Fg; bghUisbay;yhk; thup tH=;Fk; ts;sd;ik bfhz;ltu;fs; cz;L.
A d
mjdhy; fiy+u;fs; / kiwatu;fs; vz;zpa bghUs; fpilj;jJ.
2. ``kWtpyhj mubrd ,Ue;j khefu;~~ ? ctikiag; bghUSld; tpsf;Ff.
D ika
ctik : Fw;wkpy;yh muR
5 ctnkak; : kjPdh efupid MSk; mikg;g[
ctkcUg[ : vd
,ay;
tpsf;fk; : gif/ tWik/ neha; Kjyhd jPikfs; ,y;yhj ehnl/ Fw;wkpy;yh muR
eilbgWk; ehlhFk;. mJnghy/ fs=;fkpy;yhj rhd;nwhu;fshy;/ g[fHj;jf;f
Ml;rpapidf; bfhz;L tps=;fpaJ kjPdh efu; vd;gjhFk;.
Alv
beLtpdh
1. kjPdh efuk; xU tskhd efuk; vd ckWg;g[ytu; tUzpf;Fk; bra;jpfisj; bjhFj;J
vGJf. a Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
.Kk
Kd;Diu khefuk;
khspif efuk; xz;zfuk;
bfhil efuk; brk;ik efuk;
bghd;dfuk; Kot[iu
wI
kid efuk;
LV
Kd;Diu:
w
gifa[k; tWika[k; neha[k; jPz;lhg; bghUs;tsk; epiwe;j kjPdh efhpy; jhdj;jpYk;

jtj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpa kf;fs; jPd; bewpia tsh;j;j gh=;fpid ckWg;g[ythpd;
rPwhg;g[uhzj;jpd; brytpaw;fhz;lk; thapyhf mwpayhk;.
A
//w
khspif efuk;:
nkUkiy nghd;W cau;e;j khl=;fisa[k;/ bgU=;fly; nghd;W xyp kpFe;j
bjUf;fisa[k;/ cyfk; nghd;W gue;J tpupe;j tPjpfisa[k; cila kjPdh efupy; rpwpJk;
s:K
,ilbtspapd;wp khspiffs; beUf;fkhf mike;jpUe;jd.

bfhil efuk;:
fiy+u;fSk;/ kiwatu;fSk; epidf;fpd;w bghUs; tsj;ija[k;/ nfl;nghu;f;Fg;
bghUis thup tH=;Fk; ts;sy;fis tplf; Fiwahj bgUk;g[fH; cilaJ kjPdh efuk;.
bghd;dfuk;:
njhuz=;fSk;/ bfhofSk; fhL nghy; beU=;fp/ kiy nghd;w ahidfs; epiwe;J/
tp
xG=;Fld; fhzg;gl;l tHpfspy;/ KGik bgw;w g{kpiag; nghyg; bghd; nghd;w

mHFld; tps=;fpaJ kjPdh efuk;.
kid efuk;:
khspiffs; xspu;e;Jk;/ g[jpa g{f;fs; rpe;jpa[k;/ miHj;Jf; bfhLf;Fk; tpUe;jpd; ,dpika[k;
ht
204 ,Ue;jjhy;/ jpUkz tPl;ilg; nghd;W bghypt[ld; fhl;rpaspj;jJ kjPd efuk;.
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
khefuk;:
br=;nfhyhl;rpapy; g[fH;bgw;w murirg;nghyg; gif/ tWik/ neha; ,d;wp mHFld;
tps=;fpaJ kjPdh efuk;.
xz;zfuk;:
L al
Kj;ija[k; mzpfisa[k; rpjWk; miyfly; nghy/ gy;ntW bkhHpfis kf;fs;
ngRfpd;wdu;. kJ mUe;jpatu;fs; ka=;FtJ nghyg; bghUs; tsj;jhy; xspbgw;Wj;
jpfH;fpwJ kjPdh efuk;.
A d
brk;ik efuk;:
jhdk;/ xGf;fk;/ jtk;/ <if/ khdk; Kjypad g{j;jpUe;jd. btw;wpa[k;/ btw;wpiaj;
jUk; Cf;fKk; fha;j;jpUe;jd. ``jPd;~~ vDk; ,Ryhkpar; rd;khu;f;fr; bry;tk; gGj;jpUe;jJ.
D ika
,j;jifa brk;ik bghUe;jpanj kjPdh efukhFk;.
Kot[iu:
``jPd;vD+; bry;tnk gGj;j nrdfu;~~
?vd;W ,Ryhkpa bewp kjPdhtpy; rpwe;jpUe;jij mHfhfg; glk;gpoj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;
ckWg[yth;.
Alv
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
kype;j/ kz;oa/ g{j;j/ bghype;j – bgabur;r=;fs;
,ld; a
bgUk;g[fH; / bjz;oiu/ mUk;bghUs;/
– <w;Wg;nghyp
.Kk
bgUk;g[fH;/ bjhd;dfu; – gz;g[j; bjhiffs;
khefu;/ cWgif – cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
bghd;dfu; – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk;
cld; bjhf;f bjhif
jhdKk; xGf;fKk;/ jtKk; <ifa[k; – vz;Qk;ikfs;
wI
LV
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
w
kype;j = kyp + j;(e;) + j; + m beU=;fpd = beU=;F + (,)d; + m

kyp gFjp beU=;F gFjp
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; (,)d; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
A
//w
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m bgabur;r tpFjp

m bgabur;r tpFjp
s:K
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. mUk;bghUs; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ mU + bghUs;
mUik + tpFjp bfl;L~
tp
bghUs; `,dkpfy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ mUk;bghUs;

`g~fuj;jpw;F ,dkhd `k~fuk; njhd;wp vd;whdJ.
ht
205
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
2. kidbad `,<I tHpat;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ kida; + vd
kid + vd à~fu clk;gLbka; njhd;wp
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ kidbad
L al
A d
1. eP=;fs; thGk; efuj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[fisj; jpul;og; glf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
rhd;W: jpUbey;ntyp efuj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;g[fs;
D ika
v=;fs; Cu; jpUbey;ntyp. ghly; g[fH; bgw;w ,lk;.
5 jpUbey;ntypiaj; `jpf;bfy;yhk; g[fGWk; jpUbey;ntyp~ vd;W rk;ge;jUk;/
`jz;bghUieg; g[zy;ehL~ vd;W nrf;fpHhUk; ghLfpwhu;.
,ay;
rptbgUkhd; bey;Yf;F ntypapl;Lf; fhj;jjhy; jpUbey;ntyp vdg;gLfpwJ vd;gu;.

jpUbey;ntyp vd;why; epidt[f;F tUtJ/ midtUf;Fk; eh CWk; my;th jhd;.
,jid `bey;iy~ vd;Wk; miHg;gu;.
Alv
nfhapy;fs; epiwe;j Cu;.
Te;jd;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;j Cu;.
,aw;ifna bf+;Rk; Fw;whyk; mUfpy; cs;sJ.
a
jhkpuguzpf; fiuapy; mike;Js;s ehl;od; kpf Kf;fpa mwptpay; ika=;fspy; xd;W
fsf;fhL tdtpy=;F ruzhyak; mike;j Cu;.
.Kk
bgau; bgw;w kh+;nrhiyj; njhl;lk;/ kzpKj;jhW miz/ fGFkiy/ ghgehrk;/
gj;jkilgha;/ Fk;gUl;o mUtp/ rptDk; bgUkhSk; xUtha; ,ize;j
r=;fud;nfhapy;/ l;updpo fjPl;uy; njthyak;/ fg;gy; khjh njthyak;..... vd;W
mstpl;L brhy;yKoahj mst[ bgUikfisf; bfhz;lJ jpUbey;ntyp efuk;.
wI
2. èhd; ghu;f;f tpUk;g[k; ,lk;~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; c=;fspd; fUj;Jfisf; fhuz=;fSld;

LV
gjpt[ bra;f.
w
rhd;W: ehd; ghu;f;f tpUk;g[k; ,lk; ? J}j;Jf;Fo

fhuz=;fs;:
fpgp. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;ony fly; tHp thzpgk; Jt=;fg;gl;l ,lk;.
A
//w
nrhH/ ghz;oa kd;du;fs; fhyj;jpy; JiwKfk; epWtg;gl;lJ.

Kj;Jf;Fspf;Fk; bgUefukhFk;.
s:K
tPughz;oad;/ ghujp/ t.c.rpjk;guk; nghd;w kfhd;fs; gpwe;j Cu;.

kd;dhu; tisFlh mike;j gFjp.
jkpHfj;jpy; kpf ntfkhf tsUk; bjhHpy; efu=;fspy; xd;W J}j;Jf;Fo.
,=;Fj; jahuhFk; cg;g[ Mrpahf; fz;lj;jpnyna kpfr;rpwe;j cg;ghFk;.
RLkidfs; mjpf mst[ cs;s efukhFk;.
tp
gnuhl;lhtpw;F bgau; bgw;w ,lkhFk;.

gdpkakhjh nju;j;jpUtpHh rpwg;ghf eilbgWk; ,lkhFk;.
,j;jifa fhuz=;fshy; J}j;Jf;Fo efuk; vdf;Fg; gpoj;jjhy; mg;gFjpiag; ghu;itapl
tpUk;g[fpnwd;.
ht
206
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. egpfs; ehafj;jpd; rPupa tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak; ________.
m) rPwhg;g[uhzk; M) KJbkhHpkhiy
,) rpd;dr;rPwh <) egpfs; ehafk; tuyhW tpil: m) rPwhg;g[uhzk;
A d
2. jkpH; ,yf;fpa kug[fisg; gpd;gw;wp vGjg;gl;l jiyrpwe;j ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; ________.
m) bgj;ynfk; Fwt+;rp M) njk;ghtzp
D ika
,) jpUf;if tHf;fk; <) rPwhg;g[uhzk; tpil: <) rPwhg;g[uhzk;
3. gifa[k; tWika[k; neha[k; jPz;lhg; bghUs; tsk; epiwe;j Cu; vdr; Rl;lg;gLtJ
m) ghuf;g{u; M) kjPdh
,) xsu=;fghj; <) myfhghj; tpil: M) kjPdh
Alv
i) jhdj;jpYk; jtj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpa kf;fs; thH;e;j ,lk; kjPdh.
ii) kjPdh efu; kf;fs; jPd; bewpia tsu;j;jdu;.
iii) jPd;bewpia tsu;f;fg;gl;lj;ijf; TWtnj brytpaw;fhz;lk; (\p$pwj;Jf; fhz;lk;).
m) i, ii - rup
,) ii, iii - rup
a
M) i, iii - rup
<) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
.Kk
5. \p$pwj; vd;w mug[r; brhy;Yf;F ________ vd;gJ bghUs;.
m) tuyhW M) ,lk;bgau;jy;
,) thH;f;ifbewp <) jhdk;; tpil: M) ,lk;bgau;jy;
6. egpfs; ehafj;jpw;Ff; bfhLikfs; gy bra;j kf;fs; ________.
wI
m) kf;fh efuj;jpd; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs;

LV
M) kjPdh efuj;jpd; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs;

,) jPd;bewpiag; gpd;gw;wpa kf;fs;
w
<) gpw rkaj;jtu; tpil: m) kf;fh efuj;jpd; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs;

7. egpfs; ehafk; kf;fhittpl;L kjPdhtpw;Fr; bry;yf; fhuzk; ________.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
m) ,Ryhkpa mwbewpfis tsu;f;f
A
//w
M) jhdk; ju;kk; bra;a

,) cau;e;jhnuhL gHf
<) ,y;ywk; elj;j tpil: m) ,Ryhkpa mwbewpfis tsu;f;f
s:K
8. egpfs; ehafj;jpd; Jiztuhfj; jpfH;e;jtu; ________.

m) Riykhd; M) ,g;uh\pk;
,) ahf;Tg; <) mg[{gf;fu; tpil: <) mg[{gf;fu;
9. egpfs; ehafk; ________ epy=;fisf; fle;J kjPdh efuj;jpy; EiHe;jhu;.
m) Ky;iy/ Fwp+;rp M) Fwp+;rp/ ghiy
tp
,) ghiy/ bea;jy; <) Ky;iy/ ghiy tpil: m) Ky;iy/ Fwp+;rp

10. rPwhg;g[uzj;jpd; Mrpupau; ________.
m) ckWg;g[ytu; M) foif Kj;Jg;g[ytu;
,) mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; <) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; tpil: m) ckWg;g[ytu;
ht
207
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11. `rPwh~ vd;gJ rPwj; vd;Dk; ________ brhy;ypd; jpupg[ MFk;.
m) cUJ M) mug[r;
,) fpnuf;fk; <) ghu;rp tpil: M) mug[r;
12. rPwh vd;gjw;F ________ vd;gJ bghUs;. g[uhzk; vd;gjw;F ________ vd;gJ bghUs;.
L al
m) thH;f;if/ g[uhzk; M) bewp/ fij
,) thH;f;if/ tuyhW <) xGf;fk;/ tHp tpil: ,) thH;f;if/ tuyhW
13. rPwhg;g[uhzk; ahUila ntz;LnfhSf;F ,z=;f vGjg;bgw;wJ>
A d
m) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; M) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp
,) foif Kj;Jg; g[ytu; <) mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; tpil: M) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp
D ika
14. gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau; rpd;dr;rPwhitg; gilj;jspf;ff; fhuzk; _________.
5 m) rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij Kog;gjw;F Kd;ng ckWg;g[ytu; kuzk;
M) ckWg;g[ytiug; nghy jhDk; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tuyhiw vGj ntz;Lk; vd;w
,ay;
Mty;
,) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd; jiyaPL
<) VjhtJ xU E}y; vGj ntz;Lk; vd;w Mty;
Alv
tpil: m) rPwhg;g[uhzj;ij Kog;gjw;F Kd;ng ckWg;g[ytu; kuzk;
15. rpd;dr;rPwhit ,aw;wpatu; _________.
m) ckWg;g[ytu; M) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau;
,) mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; a
<) foif Kj;Jg;g[ytu;
tpil: M) gD mfkJ kiuf;fhau;
.Kk
16. rupahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) ckWg;g[ytu; vl;lag[uj;jpd; muritg; g[ytu;.
ii) foif Kj;Jg; g[ytupd; khztu;.
iii) egpfs; ehafj;jpd; kPJ KJbkhHpkhiy vd;w E}iya[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.
wI
iv) ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp/ mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; Mfpnahu; ckWg;g[ytiu Mjupj;jdu;.

LV
m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup

,) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
w

i) g{j;j - 1. cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
ii) ,ld; - 2. gz;g[j;bjhif
A
//w
iii) bjz;oiu - 3. <w;Wg;nghyp

iv) cWgif - 4. bgabur;rk;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
s:K
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
i) bghype;j - 1. vz;Qk;ik
ii) bgUk;g[fH; - 2. cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
iii) khefu; - 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
tp
iv) jtKk; <ifa[k; - 4. bgabur;rk;

m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
19. mUk;bghUs; ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
ht
208 i) <Wnghjy; ii) ,dkpfy; iii) Kd;epd;w bka;jpupjy;
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Mk; tFg;g[
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m) i - rup M) i, ii - rup
,) i, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: M) i, ii ? rup
20. kidbad ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
i) ,<I tHp at;t[k; ii) Kw;W kw;W xnu tHp iii) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng
L al
,) @d;Wk; rup <) ii, iii - rup tpil: M) i, iii ? rup
21. `beU=;fpd~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; gFjp _________.
A d
m) beU M) beU=;F
,) beU=;fp <) beU=;Fjy; tpil: M) beU=;F
D ika
22. ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld; bjhf;fj; bjhiff;fhd brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) bjz;oiu M) bghd;dfu;
,) khefu; <) ,ld;; tpil: M) bghd;dfu;
23. rupahd ,izfisf; fz;lwp.
i) thuzk; ? 1. cyfk;
Alv
ii) tJit ? 2. khu;f;fk;
iii) jPd; ? 3. ahid
iv) g[ltp ? 4. jpUkzk;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
a
<) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
.Kk
i) va;jy; ? 1. beU=;fpa
ii) ey;fy; ? 2. epiwe;j
iii) Jd;d ? 3. miljy;
iv) kz;oa ? 4. mspj;jy;
wI
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2
tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
LV
,) 4. 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
25. rupahd ,izfisf; fz;lwp.
w
i) fk;giy ? 1. murd;
ii) nfhd; ? 2. ngbuhyp
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
iii) g{uzk; ? 3. jpwe;J
A
//w
iv) tpz;L ? 4. epiwt[

m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3
s:K
28. kjPdh efuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpy=;F _________.

m) Fjpiu M) xl;lfk;
,) ahid <) g[yp tpil: ,) ahid
27. jpUkz tPl;ilg; nghd;W bghypt[ld; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; efuk; _________.
m) kf;fh M) kjPdh
tp
,) \$pu; <) my;fhupr; tpil: M) kjPdh

28. kjPdh efuj;ijtpl;L Xoait _________.
i) gif ii) tWik iii) neha;
m) i - rup M) i, ii - rup
ht
,) i, iii - rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup

209
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29. jPd; vd;Dk; bry;tk; gGj;jpUe;j brk;ik khefuk; _________.
m) kf;fh M) kjPdh
,) \$pu; <) my;fhupr; tpil: M) kjPdh
30. jhdKk; xGf;fKk; jtKk; <ifa[k;
L al
khdKk; g{j;jjpz; kwDk; btw;wpa[k;
,t;tofspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s ea=;fisf; fz;lwp
m) vJif/ ,iag[ M) vJif/ nkhid
A d
,) nkhid/ Kuz; <) me;jhjp/ ctik tpil: m) vJif/ ,iag[
31. kjPdh efupd; nkd;khl=;fs; vijg; nghw;wpUe;jd>
D ika
m) nkUkiy M) bgUthdk;
5 ,) nguz;lk; <) Rtu;f;fk;
32. kjPdh efupd; tPjpfs; _______ nghd;W gue;jpUe;jd.
tpil: m) nkUkiy
,ay;
m) nkUkiy M) bgUthdk;
,) bgU=;fly; <) nguz;lk; tpil: <) nguz;lk;
33. miyflyhdJ Kj;ija[k; gy;ntW mzpfisa[k; rpjWtJnghy kjPdh efupy; kf;fs;
Alv
m) gy;ntW bkhHpfisg; ngRfpd;wdu;
M) gy;ntW gz;ghl;oidg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdu;
,) gy;ntW ,irf;fUtpfis thrpf;fpd;wdu;
<) gy ,dj;jhnuhL thH;fpd;wdu;
FWtpdh
a tpil: m) gy;ntW bkhHpfisg; ngRfpd;wdu;
.Kk
1. rPwhg;g[uhzk; vd;Dk; bjhlupd; bghUs; ahJ>
rPwhg;g[uhzk;: rPwh + g[uhzk;
`rPwj;~ vd;Dk; mug[ bkhHpr; brhy;/ `rPwh~ vdj; jpupe;jJ.
wI
`rPwj;~ vd;gjw;F tuyhW vd;gJ bghUs;.

LV
g[uhzk; ? giHikahd tuyhW.

w
egpfs; ehafj;jpd; g[fH;kpf;f tuyhw;iwf; TWk; g[uhzk; vd;gjhFk;.

2. rPwhg;g[uhzk; vj;jid fhz;l=;fis cilaJ> mit ahit>
rPwhg;g[uhzk; @d;W fhz;l=;fis cilaJ. mit:
A
//w
tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;
Eg[t;tj;Jf; fhz;lk;
s:K
\p$;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;gdthFk;.

3. rPwhg;g[uhzk; bjhl=;ft[k; Kw;Wg;bgwt[k; Jiz epd;w ts;sy; bgUkf;fs; ahtu;>
rPwhg;g[uhzk; bjhl=;f/ ckWg;g[ytUf;F cjtpatu; ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp Mthu;.
rPjf;fhjp kiwe;j gpd; E}y; Kw;Wg;bgwj; Jiz epd;w ts;sy; mg[y;fhrpk; kiuf;fhau;
Mthu;.
tp
4. brytpaw; fhz;lk; vjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ>

gifika[k; tWika[k; neha[k; jPz;lhg; bghUs; tsk; epiwe;j kjPdh efupy;/ jhdj;jpYk;
jtj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;fpa kf;fs; jPd; bewpia tsu;j;j gh=;fpidr; brytpaw; fhz;lk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ht
210
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Mk; tFg;g[
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5. ckWg;g[ytu; ? Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ckWg;g[ytu; J}j;Jf;Fo khtl;lj;jpYs;s ehfyhg[uj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
,tu; je;ij bgau; bra;F Kfk;kJ myp MFk;.
vl;lag[u muritg; g[ytu; foif Kj;Jg; g[ytupd; khztu; Mthu;.
L al
17?Mk; E}w;whz;oy; thH;e;j ,tu; rPjf;fhjp behz;o ehlfk;/ KJbkhHpkhiy Mfpa
E}y;fisa[k; ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.
ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp/ mg[y; fhrpk; kiuf;fhau; Mfpnahu; ,tiu Mjupj;j ts;sy;fs; Mtu;.
A d
6. tltiu bghUbtd kype;j nkdpiy ? tpsf;Ff.
kjPd efupy; thGk; kf;fs; bry;t tsk; cilatu; Mtu;.
D ika
mjdhy;/ mtu;fs; j=;fs; ,Ug;gpl=;fis khspiffsha; mikj;jpUe;jdu;.
mk;khspiffs; gy khl=;fisf; bfhz;L cau;e;J tps=;fpd.
mt;thW cau;e;J tps=;Fk; khspiffisr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy;/ ,kakiyf;F
xg;gha; cau;e;J tps=;fpd vd;gij ``tltiu bghUt[ vd kype;j nkdpiy~~ vd;whu;
ckWg;g[ytu;.
Alv
7. v=;F/ vjdhy; fk;giy fly; vd xypj;jJ>
kjPd efu; filtPjpfspy; tpw;gtUk;/ th=;FnthUkha; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; xd;W
jpuz;oUf;fpd;wdu;.
a
m=;F xnu neuj;jpy; bfhs;nthUk; bfhLg;nghUk; vGg;gpLk; xyp/ miyfly;
vGg;g[k; ngbuhyp nghy; cs;sJ vd;gij/ ``Mtzj;jpd; fk;giy fly; vd xypj;jJ~~
vd;fpwhu; ckWg;g[ytu;.
.Kk
8. ckWg;g[ytu;/ ``tPjpfs; g[ltpia mse;jd~~ vd;fpwhu; ? vg;go>
kjPd efuj;jpy; cs;s tPjpfs;/ tist[ besptpd;wp xnu rPuha; mike;Js;sd.
me;j tPjpfis xU KidapypUe;J/ kWKid tiu ghu;j;jhy;/ mj;bjUf;fs; g{kpia
wI
msg;gd nghy; njhw;wkspf;fpd;wd vd;gij ckWg;g[ytu;/ ``tPjpfs; g[ltpia

mse;jd~~ vd;fpwhu;.
LV
9. `kjPdk;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUspid tpsf;Ff.

w
cyfpYs;s giHikahd efu=;fSs; xd;W/ kjPdk;.

mjdhy; ,J `bjhd;dfu;~ vdg;gl;lJ.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
,jd; ,aw;bgau; àJwg;~ vd;gjhFk;.
A
//w
egpfs; ehafk; thH;e;jJk;/ gpd; mlf;fkhdJk; kjPdh efupy;jhd;" mjdhy; ègpfs;

efuk;~ vd;Dk; bghUspy;/ `kjPdk;~ vd tH=;fg;gLfpwJ.
s:K
kjPdk; vd;gJ `kjPdj;Jd; dgp~ vd;Dk; brhw;bwhlupd; RUf;fkhFk;.

10. ,Ryhkpa rd;khu;f;fj;jpd; caupa gz;g[fbsd ckWg;g[ytu; Fwpg;gpLtd ahit>
jhdk;/ jtk;/ xGf;fk;/ <if/ khdk;/ tPuk;/ Cf;fk; Mfpad ,Ryhkpa rd;khu;f;fj;jpd;
caupa gz;g[fs; vd ckWg;g[ytu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
11. kjPdh efu kf;fs; tpUe;jpdiu vt;thW cgrupj;jdu;>
tp
kjPd efu kf;fs;/ gzpt[ld; ed;bkhHp Twp/ tuntw;W/ ,d;Kfj;njhL/ mWRit

cztspj;J/ tpUe;jpdiu cgrupj;jdu;.
12. kjPdh efu; kJ mUe;jpatd; nghy ,Ue;jJ vdf; Twf; fhuzk; ahJ>
kjPd efuj;Jj; bjUf;fspy;/ gy;tifg; bghUs;fs; Ftpf;fg;gl;Lj; jiybjupahJ
ht
ka=;fpf; fplf;fpd;wd.
211
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mt;thW Ftpe;j bghUs;fs;/ jiybjupahJ/ ka=;fpf; fplg;gJ/ kJit kpFjpahff;
Foj;jtd; epiyg[uz;L fhzg;gl;lJnghy kjPdh efu; ,Ue;jJ vd ckWg;g[ytu;
TWfpwhu;.
13. ``kz;oa tsk; jiy ka=;fyhy;~~ vd;Dk; rPwhg;g[uhz mo epidt{l;Lk; r=;fg;
L al
ghlyoiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kjPd efuj; bjUf;fspy; tpw;gidf;fhfg; gy;tifg; bghUs;fs; Ftpf;fg;gl;Lj;
jiybjupahJ ka=;fpf; fplf;fpd;wd vd;gij ckWg;g[ytu;/ ``kz;oa tse;jiy
A d
ka=;fyhd;~~ vd;whu;.
,J gl;odg;ghiy vd;Dk; E}ypy; fhtpupg;g{k;gl;odj; bjUf;fspy;/ gy
ehLfspypUe;Jk; te;j bghUl;fs; jiy bjupahJ ka=;fpf; fple;jd vd;gij/
D ika
5 ``tse;jiy ka=;fpa ede;jiy kWfpd;~~ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJ epidtpy; vGfpwJ.
14. kjPdh efUf;Fg; gw;gy bkhHp ngRnthUk; te;jpUe;jdu; vd;gij vt;thW mwpa
,ay;
KofpwJ>
gy ehl;oypUe;J tzpfu;fs; bghUl;fisf; bfhs;Kjy; bra;tjw;fhf/ kjPdhtpw;F
te;Js;sdu;.
Alv
mtu;fs; jj;jk; jha;bkhHpfspny ngRtjhy;/ khWgl;l gy xypfs; vGfpd;wd.
,jid/ ``tpz;L gw;gy gybkhHp tpsk;gyhd;~~ vd ckWg;g[ytu; TWtjpypUe;J
mwpayhk;.
a
15. \p$puj; fhz;lk; vd;Dk; bjhlupd; bghUs; ahJ>
\p$puj; vd;Dk; mug[r; brhy;Yf;F `,lk;bgau;jy;~ vd;gJ bghUs;.
.Kk
kf;fh efuf; Fiwrp ,d kf;fs; egpfs; ehafj;jpw;Fg; gy bfhLikfs; bra;jdu;.
vdnt/ mtu; jk; njhHu;fnshL kjPdh efUf;F ,lk; bgau;e;jhu;.
mjidg; gw;wpf; TWk; gFjp \p$puj; fhz;lk; vdg;gl;lJ.
wI
***
LV
w
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
212
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
mfehD}W
,ay; 5 ? tPiubtspad; jpj;jdhu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
rpWtpdh
D ika
1. nkfj;jplk; TWtJnghyj; njhHp jiytDf;F czu;j;jpa ,iwr;rpg; bghUs; ahJ>
jiytp Fwpaplk; Twy;:
bghd;bdd kyu;e;j nt=;if kyiu mzpe;J bfhz;oUf;Fk; njhHpau;fSld;
bky;y bky;y ele;J/ Fwkfs; jpidg; g[dk; fhg;ghs;.
jHiy/ jl;il Mfpa fUtpfspy; xyp vGg;gpg; gwitfis Xl;of; bfhz;L fhg;ghs;.
Alv
mts; mnrhf ,iyfshy; jiHahil mzpe;jpUg;ghs;.
,t;thW Fwkfs; jpidg; g[dk; fhf;;Fk; gFjpapYk; eP kiH bghHpthah> vd
nkfj;jplk; ciug;gJ ghly; TWk; fUj;J.
,iwr;rpg; bghUs;:
a
jiytp jpidg; g[dk; fhf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fj; jiytd; tuyhk; vdf; Fwpg;ghy; czu;j;JtJ
.Kk
,iwr;rpg; bghUshFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
bgU=;fly;/ mUk;rkk; – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
wI
tis,/ mir, – brhy;ypir msbgilfs;

LV
vwpths;/ jpwdwp kd;du;/ cau;tpRk;g[ – tpidj;bjhiffs;

mwd; / jpwd; <w;Wg;nghypfs;
w
–
gpiHah jpwd; – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
1. r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s Tw;WKiwfs; Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; fye;JiuahLf.

Mrpupau; : khztu;fns- r=;f ,yf;fpa=;fspy; g[ytu;fs; kpFjpahd Tw;W
s:K
Kiwfis mfg;ghlypy; ifahz;Ls;sdu;. mtw;iwg; gw;wp

,t;tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLnthkh-
khztu;fs; : rup=;f Iah- fye;JiuahLnthk;.
Mrpupau; : Kjypy; md;g[r;bry;td; mfj;jpizapy; ew;wpizapy; ,Ue;J TW
ghu;f;fyhk;.
tp
md;g[r;bry;td; : tzf;fk; Iah- bjhif E}ypy; Kjy; E}y;. fgpyu; ghoa

Fwp+;rpj;jpizapd; xU ghly;.
`èpd;w brhy;tu; ePL njhwpdpau;
ht
vd;Wk; vd;njhs; gpupawpatnu~~

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,g;ghlypy; njhHpf;Fj; jiytp TwpaJ. Mjyhy; jiytp Tw;whf
mikfpwJ.
tpsf;fk; : jd;idtpl;Lj; jiytd; gpuptij czu;e;J m+;rpa
jiytp jd; tUj;jj;ijj; bjuptpj;jhs;. jd;dplk;
L al
jiytd; eP=;fh fhjy; cilatu; vd;gJnghy; ghly;
mikfpwJ.
Mrpupau; : mUik. ed;whff; Twpdha;. mLj;J I=;FWE}ypypUe;J md;g[r;bry;tp
A d
TW ghu;f;fyhk;.
md;g[r;bry;tp : tzf;fk; Iah- jpizf;F E}W ghly; vd;W ghlg;gl;l E}y; I=;FWE}W.
D ika
ngadhu; ghly; gw;wp TWfpnwd;.
5 ``fhah bfhd;iw bea;jy;/ Ky;iy
nghjtpH; jstukhL gpltyhe;J ftpdpg;
,ay;
g{tzp bfhz;ld;why; g[wnt

nguku;f; fz;zp MLfk; tpiue;nj~~
,g;ghlypy; jiytpf;Fj; jiytd; ciuj;jJ. mjhtJ jiytd;
Alv
Tw;whf mikfpwJ.
tpsf;fk; : fhu;fhyk; Fwpj;Jg; gpupe;j jiykfd; mg;gUtj;jpw;F
Kd;nd te;jik njhd;w jiytpf;F ciug;gJ.
Mrpupau; a
: kfpH;r;rp khztu;fns- ek; khztu;fspd; mwpt[j;jpwDf;F msnt
,y;iy vd;gij ,f;fye;Jiuahly; @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. jiytpiaj; jiytd; re;jpf;f ntz;oa Fwpaplj;ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;igg; bghjpe;J

btspapLtJ _________ bghWg;g[.
w
m) ew;whapd; M) brtpypj;jhapd;
,) njhHpapd; <) njhHdpd; tpil: ,) njhHpapd;
A
//w
i) bfhz;@ - 1. Rw;wk;
ii) rkk;; - 2. thdk;
s:K
iii) tpRk;g[ - 3. nghu;

iv) Mak; - 4. nkfk;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
3. mfehD}W ghly;fisg; ghoatu;fspd; vz;zpf;if _________.
m) 135 M) 400
tp
,) 145 <) 200 tpil: ,) 145

4. mfehD}W _________ gFjpfis cilaJ.
m) 4 M) 6
ht
,) 3 <) 2 tpil: ,) 3
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5. mfehD}w;wpd; ntWbgau; _________ .
m) md;gpd; mfehD}W M) mfehD}w;W khiy
,) beLe;bjhif ehD}W <) FWe;bjhif ehD}W
tpil: ,) beLe;bjhif ehD}W
L al
6. Ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; cs;s mfehD}w;Wg; ghliyg; ghoatu; _________.
m) nghjdhu; M) tPiu btspad; jpj;jdhu;
,) bts;isf;Fo ehfdhu; <) mzpyhLKd;wpahu;
A d
tpil: M) tPiu btspad; jpj;jdhu;
7. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf. (jpiziaa[k; ghly; tupiriaa[k;)
D ika
i) ghiy ? 1) 1/ 3/ 5/ 7...
ii) Fwp+;rp ? 2) 2/ 8/ 12/ 18...
iii) Ky;iy ? 3) 4/ 14/ 24/ 34...
iv) kUjk; ? 4) 6/ 16/ 26/ 36...
v) bea;jy; - 10/ 20/ 30/ 40...
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5 M) 3/ 4/ 5/ 1/ 2
Alv
,) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4/ 5 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5
8. mfehD}w;wpy; mjpfg;ghly;fisf; bfhz;l jpiz _________ .
m) ghiy M) Fwp+;rp
,) Ky;iy a
<) bea;jy; tpil: m) ghiy
9. vk;@d;W jpizfs; jyh 40 ghly;fisf; bfhz;ljhf mfehD}w;wpy; mike;Js;sJ.
.Kk
m) Ky;iy kUjk; bea;jy; M) ghiy Fwp+;rp Ky;iy
,) Fwp+;rp Ky;iy kUjk; <) ghiy bea;jy; kUjk;
tpil: m) Ky;iy kUjk; bea;jy;
10. jiytDf;Ff; Fwpaplk; brhy;Yk; njhHp _________ brhy;tJnghy; brhy;fpwhs;.
wI
m) be+;rplk; M) nkfj;jplk;
LV
,) g[d;idaplk; <) epytplk; tpil: M) nkfj;jplk;

w
11. `njhHpau; Mak;~ fl;o mzpe;jpUf;Fk; kyu; _________.

m) ah M) bfhd;iw
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
,) fhah <) nt=;if tpil: <) nt=;if
A
//w
12. jpidg;g[dk; fhg;gts; _________ .

m) Fwkfs; M) ew;wha;
s:K
,) brtpypj;jha; <) kwkfs; tpil: m) Fwkfs;

13. Fwkfs; _________ brd;W jpidg;g[dk; fhg;ghs;.
m) jdpna M) ew;wha[ld;
,) njhHpau; Maj;Jld; <) FwkfDld; tpil: ,) njhHpau; Maj;Jld;
14. bgU=;flypy; ePiu Kfe;Jbfhz;L bry;tJ _________ .
tp
m) bfhs;isau;f; Tl;lk; M) nkff; Tl;lk;

,) epyt[ <) Nupad; tpil: M) nkff; Tl;lk;
15. jiytp jpidg;g[dk; fhf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fj; jiytd; tuyhk; vd;gJ _________.
i) Fwpg;g[ ii) ,iwr;rpg; bghUs;
ht
iii) btspg;gil iv) ctik 215

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m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
,) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
i) mU+;rkk; - 1. gz;g[j;bjhif
L al
ii) tis, - 2. tpidj;bjhif
iii) vwpths; - 3. <w;Wg;nghyp
iv) jpwd; - 4. brhy;ypir msbgil
m) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3 M) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3
A d
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3
D ika
17. gpiHah ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igf; fz;lwp.
5 m) bgabur;rk;
M) tpidbar;rk;
,ay;
,) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;

<) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpil: ,) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
18. Fwkfs; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; jiHahil _________ ,iyfshy; MdJ.
Alv
m) nt=;if M) mnrhf
,) bfhd;iw <) g[d;id tpil: M) mnrhf
19. mfehD}w;Wg; gpupt[fspy; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwp.
a
m) fspw;wpahid epiu M) kzpkpilg;gtsk;
,) epj;jpyf;nfhit <) Mrhuf;nfhit tpil: <) Mrhuf;nfhit
.Kk
20. cupg;bghUs; ? rupahd ,iza[ld; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwp+;rp - 1. gpupjYk; gpupjy; epkpj;jGk;
ii) Ky;iy - 2. ,u=;fYk; ,u=;fy; epkpj;jKk;
iii) kUjk; - 3. ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;
wI
iv) bea;jy; - 4. ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk;

LV
v) ghiy - 5. g[zu;jy; g[zu;jy; epkpj;jKk;

w
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1/ 5 tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
21. me;je;jj; jpizfSf;Fupa rpWbghGijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
A
//w
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. vw;ghL
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. ez;gfy;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. khiy
s:K
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. ahkk;

v) ghiy ? 5. itfiw
m) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 5/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 5/ 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2
22. me;je;jj; jpizfSf;Fupa bgUk;bghGijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. ,sntdpy; KJntdpy;
tp
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. MWbgUk; bghGJfSk;

iii) kUjk;/ bea;jy; ? 3. fhu;
iv) ghiy ? 4. Tjpu;/ Kd;gdp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
ht
216 ,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: .......................
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23. bea;jy; jpizf;Fupa epyk; _________ .
m) kiy kiy rhu;e;j epyk; M) fly; fly; rhu;e;j epyk;
,) tay; tay; rhu;e;j epyk; <) fhL fhL rhu;e;j epyk;
tpil: M) fly; fly; rhu;e;j epyk;
L al
i) rpyk;gd;/ bfhor;rp ? 1. ghiy
ii) FWk;bghiw/ njhd;wy; ? 2. bea;jy;
iii) Cud;/ kfpH;ed; ? 3. Ky;iy
A d
iv) nru;g;gd;/ g[yk;gd; ? 4. kUjk;
v) tpliy/ kPsp ? 5. Fwp+;rp
D ika
m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 5/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 5/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
25. me;je;jj; jpizfSf;Fupa bja;tj;ijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. bfhw;wit
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. nrnahd;
Alv
iii) kUjk; ? 3. tUzd;
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. nte;jd;
v) ghiy ? 5. khnahd;
m) 2/ 5/ 4/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2/ 5
,) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
26. rupahd ,iziaf; fz;lwp.
a
<) 2/ 4/ 5/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 2/ 5/ 4/ 3/ 1
.Kk
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. FWk;g[
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. ghf;fk;/ gl;odk;
iii) kUjk; ? 3. gho
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. ngqu;/ @J}u;
wI
v) ghiy ? 5. rpWFo
LV
m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 3/ 5/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 5/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
w
27. bghUj;jkhdijf; fz;lwp.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. nt=;if/ fhe;js;
A
//w
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. gpltk;/ njhd;wp

iii) kUjk; ? 3. jhkiu/ Ftis
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. jhiH
s:K
v) ghiy ? 5. Fuhk;g{/ kuhk;g{

m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 5/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 5/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
28. bghUj;jkhdijf; fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. cHpi+/ Xik
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. g[d;id/ +hHy;
tp
iii) kUjk; ? 3. t+;rp/ fh+;rp

iv) bea;jy; ? 4. bfhd;iw/ FUe;jk;
v) ghiy ? 5. mfpy;/ @=;fpy;
m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 5/ 3/ 2/ 1
ht
,) 3/ 2/ 1/ 5/ 4 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 5/ 4 tpil: m) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 217

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29. jpizf;Fupa giwiaf; fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? 1. VWnfhl;giw
ii) Ky;iy ? 2. bjhz;lfg;giw
iii) kUjk; ? 3. kzKHt[
L al
iv) bea;jy; ? 4. Jo
v) ghiy ? 5. ehtha;g;gk;ig
m) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4/ 5 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 5/ 4
,) 3/ 5/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 5/ 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 tpil: M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 5/ 4
A d
30. `tpsupahH;~ vj;jpizf;FupaJ>
m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy
D ika
,) kUjk; <) bea;jy; tpil: <) bea;jy;
5 31. jpizf;Fupa gz;izf; fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? brt;tHpg;gz;
,ay;
ii) bea;jy; ? g+;Rug;gz;

iii) ghiy ? rhjhupg;gz;
m) 3/ 1/ 2 M) 1/ 2/ 3
Alv
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2
32. jpizf;Fupa g[s; (gwit) fz;lwp.
i) Fwp+;rp ? fpsp/ kapy;
ii) bea;jy;
iii) ghiy
m) 1/ 3/ 2
?
?
a
g[wh/ gUe;J
kfd;wpy;/ md;dk;
M) 2/ 3/ 1
.Kk
,) 1/ 2/ 3 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 1/ 3/ 2
FWtpdh
1. mfg;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d>
wI
LV
xj;j md;g[ila jiytDk;/ jiytpa[k; jk; cs;sj;J czu;thy; czu;e;J ,d;g[wf;

ToaJ.
w
g[wj;jhu;f;F ,j;jifaJ vd vLj;Jf; Tw ,ayhjJ.

,j;jifa ,d;gj;ijg; gw;wpf; TWtnj mfg;bghUshFk;.
2. mfehD}w;wpd; gpupt[fs; ahit>
A
//w
fspw;wpahidepiu – 120 ghly;fs;

kzpkpilg;gtsk; – 180 ghly;fs;
s:K
epj;jpyf;nfhit – 100 ghly;fs;

3. mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFj;jtu; ahu;> bjhFg;gpj;jtu; ahu;>
mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFj;jtu; kJiu cg;g{upFo fpHhu; kfdhu; cUj;jpurd;ku; Mthu;.
mfehD}w;iwj; bjhFg;gpj;jtu; kJiu ghz;oa kd;dd; cf;fpug; bgUtGjp Mthu;.
4. mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; jpiz mikg;g[ Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
tp
1/ 3/ 5/ 7 vd xw;iwg; gil vz;fsha; tUk; ghly;fs; – ghiyj;jpiz

2/ 8 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Fwp+;rpj; jpiz
4/ 14 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Ky;iyj; jpiz
6/ 16 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – kUjj; jpiz
ht
10/ 20 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – bea;jy; jpiz

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5. mfehD}W ? bgau;f;fhuzk; jUf.
mfk; + ehd;F + E}W mfehD}W.
mfg; bghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;l E}yhjypd;/ ,BJ mfehD}W
vdg; bgau; bgw;wJ.
L al
,e;E}y; mfk; vdt[k; tH=;fg; bgWk;.
6. `beLe;bjhif~ vd mfehD}W tH=;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ>
ehd;for; rpWika[k;/ vl;log; bgUika[k; bfhz;l mfg;bghUs; ghly;fisf;
A d
bfhz;lJ FWe;bjhif"
mjdhy;/ gjpd;@d;wor; rpWika[k;/ Kg;gj;njhuo bgUika[k; bfhz;l mfg;bghUs;
D ika
ghly;fisf; bfhz;l mfehD}W `beLe;bjhif~ vdg;gl;lJ.
7. nkff;Tl;lk; gw;wp mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; TWtJ ahJ>
flypypUe;J kpFjpahd ePiu Kfe;j nkff;Tl;lk;/ fUj;J thdpy; gutpaJ.
mjdhy; Nupa xsp kiwf;fg;gl;L/ thdpy; ,Us; NH;e;jJ.
gpd;g[ mk;nkff;Tl;lk; tykha; vGe;J/ cyfj;ij tisj;Jf; bfhz;L kd;du;fspd;
Alv
btw;wp Kurk; nghy KH=;fpaJ.
8. bgUk;bra; Mltu; ahtu;> mtu;fspd; bgU+;bray; ahJ>
bgU+;bra; Mltu;/ nghu; kwtu; Mtu;.
a
br=;nfhy; Kiwg;go Ml;rp bra;J/ Fofisf; fhg;gnjad;wp/ jkf;Fupa
mwbewpapypUe;Jk; rw;Wk; khWgl;L elthj bray;jpwj;njhL Ml;rp g[uptu; kd;du;.
.Kk
mk;kd;du;fs; btw;wp bgw/ mupa nghupny giftiu vjpu;j;Jf; fLikaha;g; nghu;
g[upa[k; kwtu;fs; Mtu;.
9. `bfhd;nd bra;jpnah mutk;~ ? tPzha; Muthuk; bra;tJ vJ> vg;go>
tPzha; Muthuk; bra;tJ/ kiHnkfk;.
wI
LV
mJ kwtu;fs;/ jk; ciwapypUe;J cUtp tPRfpd;w ths;fisg; nghyr; brwpe;J

tps=;Fk; kpd;dy; Kjyhdtw;iwf; bfhz;L te;Jk;/ ehs;njhWk; tPzha; Muthuk;
w
kl;Lk; bra;J tpl;L kiHiag; bghHpahky; bry;fpwJ.

10. Fwp+;rp epyf; Fwg;bgz; vt;thW jpidg; g[dj;ijf; fhf;fpd;whs;>
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
Fwp+;rp epyf; Fwg;bgz;/ jpidg;g[dj;jpy; fhty; g[upfpwhs;.
A
//w
mts; jHiy vd;Dk; fUtpapidr; Rw;wpa[k;/ jl;il vd;Dk; fUtpia moj;Jk;/ jPapd;
bfhGe;J nghd;w mnrhfpdJ mHfpa jiHapid mirj;Jk;/ fpsp Kjypatw;why;
s:K
ehrk; Vw;glhjthW jpidg;g[dj;jpidg; ghJfhf;fpd;whs;.

11. njhHp TWk; cs;Siw ctkk; jiytDf;Fg; bghUe;JtJ vt;thW>
,t;t[s;Siw ctkj;jpy; nkfk; jiytDf;F ctik.
,o/ kpd;dy; Mfpa Muthuj;njhL te;Jk; kiH bghHpahjpUf;fpwJ nkfk;.
mJnghy/ jiytpia kzk; bra;J bfhs;s Kaw;rp bra;ahky;/ jf;f ghJfhg;g[f;
tp
fUtpfnshL te;J/ jd; tUifia mwptpf;fj; J}=;Fk; gwitfis vGg;gp/

xypbaGkhW bra;Jk;/ jiytp tPl;Lf; fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;ljhy;/ jiytpiar;
re;jpf;fj; jiytdhy; ,ayhjpUe;jJ.
ht
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rpWtpdh
1. mfehD}W ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
mfk; + ehd;F + E}W mfehD}W.
L al
mfg;bghUs; gw;wpa ehD}W ghly;fisf; bfhz;l E}yhFk;.
13 Kjy; 31 mo tiuapyhd ghlyofis cilaJ.
vdnt ,J ``beLe;bjhif~~ vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLk;.
A d
Mrpupag;ghthy; MdJ.
mfehD}W fspw;wpahidepiu (120)/ kzpkpilg;gtsk; (180)/ epj;jpyf;nfhit
D ika
(100) vd @d;W gpupt[fis cilaJ.
5 mfehD}w;Wg; ghly;fspd; jpiz mikg;g[ Kiw:
1/ 3/ 5/ 7 vd xw;iwg;gil vz;fsha; tUk; ghly;fs; ghiyj;jpiz
,ay;
–
2/ 8 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Fwp+;rpj; jpiz
4/ 14 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – Ky;iyj; jpiz
6/ 16 vd tUk; ghly;fs; kUjj; jpiz
Alv
–
10/ 20 vd tUk; ghly;fs; – bea;jy; jpiz
2. njhHp jiytdplk; cs;Siwahff; TwpaJ ahJ>
``nkfnk- eP tHf;fg;go ,utpy; te;J thid tisj;J ,Usr; bra;Js;sha;" eP kpd;Dfpwha;"
a
KH=;Ffpwha;" mt;tst[jhd;. ,tw;why; vd;d gad;> vk; Fwg;bgz; fhf;fpd;w jpidf;
fjpu; kiHapy;yhky; thoa[s;sJ. eP m=;Fr; brd;W kiHiag; bghHpe;jhy; eh=;fs; kpFe;j
.Kk
gaidg; bgWnthk;.~~
beLtpdh
1. Fwp+;rpj; jpiziar; rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff.
wI
Fwp+;rpj; jpiz:
LV
Kjw;bghUs;: epyk;/ bghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

w
epyk; – kiya[k; kiy rhu;e;j ,lKk;

bghGJ – bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
bgUk;bghGJ – Tjpu;/ Kd;gdp
A
//w
rpWbghGJ – ahkk;
fUg;bghUs;fs;:
s:K
bja;tk; – nrnahd;
kf;fs; – Fwtu;/ Fwj;jpau;
gz; – Fwp+;rpg;gz;
bjhHpy; – njbdLj;jy;/ fpH=;F mfH;jy;
cupg;bghUs;;: g[zu;jYk;/ g[zu;jy; epkpj;jKk;.
tp
v.fh: ``bgU=;fly; Kfe;j ,U=;fpisf; bfhz;@~~

jpizg; bghUj;jk; :
,g;ghlypy; Fwkfs;/ nt=;if kyu;/ jpidg;g[dk; fhj;jy; nghd;w Fwp+;rpj;jpizf;Fupa
fUg;bghUs;fs; tUtjhy;/ ,g;ghly; Fwp+;rpj;jpizf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
ht
220 ***
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Jizg;ghlk;
gpk;gk;
,ay; 5 ? gpug+;rd;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. gpk;gk; fijapd; thapyhfg; gpug+;rd; bjspt[gLj;Jk; kdpj Kf=;fisg; gw;wp tptupf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu
MSk; kd;ddh> mjpfhupah>
Alv
vy;nyhUk; eof;fpnwhk;" nkilapy; md;W-
jg;gpg;gjw;F- ahuplkpUe;J>
mtsplKk; gy Kf=;fs;-
a
rkhjpapy; kdrhl;rp-
Kot[iu
.Kk
Kd;Diu:
g[Jr;nrupiar; nru;e;j gpug+;rdpd; ,aw;bgau; itj;jpayp=;fk;. ,tu; rpWfij/
g[jpdk;/ ehlfk;/ fl;Liu vd;W ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gy;ntW js=;fspy; ,a=;fp tUgtu;.
1995 ,y; ,tUila tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdkhd `thdk; trg;gLk;~ rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ
wI
bgw;wJ. ,tUila gilg;g[fs; bjY=;F/ fd;dlk;/ ,e;jp/ gpbu+;R/ M=;fpyk;/ b$u;kd;

LV
cs;spl;l bkhHpfspy; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

w
MSk; kd;ddh> mjpfhupah>

fe;jd; fl;ll ntiy bra;a[k; bjhHpyhsp. mtd; khiy ntisfspy; kd;ddhf khwp/
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
nkil ehlfj;jpy; eog;ghd;" mjpfhuk; gilj;j mjpfhupahfj; njhd;wp kpLf;fhf elg;ghd;"
nghu;Kidf;Fr; bry;Yk; tPuhdha;j; njhd;wp Mu;g;ghl;lkha; KH=;Fthd;.
A
//w
,g;go mtd; vj;jid ntlkpl;lhYk; mtd; ahu;> kd;ddh mjpfhupah nghu;tPudh>

my;yd;" ehlf nkilapy; Vwp eof;Fk; me;j ehd;F kzp neue;jhd; kd;dd;/ mjpfhup/
s:K
nghu;tPud;- nkilia tpl;L ,w=;fp tpl;lhy;/ mtd; fl;ll ntiy bra;a[k; fe;jd;jhd;-
,e;j cz;ikia vy;yhUk; Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhYk;/ brhe;j thH;f;ifapy; ,e;j
cz;ikia Vw;f vtUk; jahuhapy;iy.
vy;nyhUk; eof;fpnwhk;" nkilapy; md;W-
Mk;" vy;nyhUk; eof;fpnwhk;" vtu; Kd;Dk; eof;fpnwhk;" ve;j neuKk; eof;fpnwhk;"
ehk; ehkhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. kdrhl;rpapid kiwj;J tpl;L/ ek; cz;ikahd Kfj;ijf;
tp
fHw;wp tpl;L/ xt;bthUtUf;nfw;g Kf@ofis khw;wp khw;wp mzpe;J/ Vkhw;Wfpnwhk;.

,Ugj;J ehd;F kzp neuk; ehk; eoj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwhk;.
mjdhy;jhd; nrf;!;gpau;/ ``,e;j cyfnk ehlf nkil" mjpy; midj;J Mz;fSk;
bgz;fSk; btW eofu;fns/ xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fs; cz;L~~ vd;whnuh>
ht
221
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.in
jg;gpg;gjw;F- ahuplkpUe;J>
mjw;fhf kf;fs; j=;fspd; cz;ikahd Kf=;fis kiwj;J/ Kf@o mzpe;J
bfhs;fpwhu;fs;/ vjw;fhf>
jg;gpg;gjw;fhf-
L al
ahuplkpUe;J>
bgw;nwhuplkpUe;J- ez;guplkpUe;J- kidtpaplkpUe;J- Vd; jd;dplkpUe;J=;Tl
kidtpaplkpUe;J Tlth vdr; rpyu; nfl;fyhk;-
A d
mtsplKk; gy Kf=;fs;-
,jw;Fg; gpug+;rd;/ `` mtsplKk; gy Kf=;fs; jahuhd epiyapy; ,Ue;jd. vd;
Kfj;ij mtSnkh mts; Kfj;ij ehDnkh ,d;W tiu ghu;j;jjpy;iy" ,it nghypfs;
D ika
5 vd;W v=;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; bjupa[k;. tha;tpl;Lr; brhy;ypf; bfhs;tjpy;iy/~~ vd;fpwhu;.
,e;j cz;ikiar; re;jpf;f ehk; vt;tst[ ntjidg;gl ntz;oapUf;fpwJ-
mg;gobad;why; kdpjDf;F cs;s cz;ikahd Kfk; vJ>
,ay;
rkhjpapy; kdrhl;rp-
,jw;Fg; gpug+;rd;/ ``Kfnk ,y;iy-~~ vd;fpwhu;.
Alv
,jd; bghUs;>
kdrhl;rpna ,y;iy vd;gJjhd;.
mjid moj;J behWf;fp mGj;jp tpl;Lj;jhd; kdpjd;/ MSf;nfw;g khw;wp khw;wp
Kf@ofis mzpe;J bfhz;L/ jd;ida[k; gpwiua[k; Vkhw;wpf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;-
Kot[iu:
a
,t;thwhf Mrpupau; gpug+;rd; `èhd;~~ vd;Dk; Kf@of;Fs; xspe;J ``mJ~~ vd;Dk;
.Kk
kdrhl;rpf;Fj; jd; gy Kf=;fisa[k;/ gpk;g=;fisa[k; tpsf;fpf; fhl;oa[s;shu;.

wI
1. ``,e;j cyfnk ehlfnkil" mjpy; midj;J Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; btWk; eofu;fns.

xt;bthUtUf;Fk; mwpKfKk; Kot[k; cz;L. xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fSk; cz;L~~ ?
LV
n&f;!;gpaupd; ,f;fUj;ij `gpk;gk;~ rpWfija[ld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f.

w
n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;J:
n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;JfSs; xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fs; cz;L vd;w xU fUj;J
gpug+;rd; vGjpa `gpk;gk;~ vd;Dk; rpWfijnahL xj;Jg; nghfpwJ. mJgw;wp fhz;nghk;.
A
//w
gpk;gk; xU xg;gPL:
thH;f;if vd;Dk; ehlfj;jpy; xt;bthU kdpjDk;/ xt;bthU NHypYk; jd;id
khw;wp mikj;Jf; bfhs;fpwhd;. mt;thW khw;wpf; bfhs;tjhy; jd;Dila Raqgk; ahuhYk;
s:K
mwpag;glhky; ngha;tpLfpwJ. gpd;du; jd; Raqgnk jd;dplk; fhzhky; ngha;tpLk;

vd;gij czu;j;Jk; fijjhd; gpk;gk;.
kdrhl;rp:
fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; kdrhl;rpna jd;Dila Kf=;fis Rl;of; fhl;Ltjhft[k;/ mt;thW
kdrhl;rp Rl;or; brhy;Yk;nghJ fjhghj;jpuk; btl;fg;gLtjhft[k;/ xUnghJk; ahuplKk;
tp
Raqgj;ijf; fhl;lhkny thH;f;if Koe;J tpLfpwJ vd;gij ,f;fij tpsf;FfpwJ.

fij: kdrhl;rpa[k;/ fjhghj;jpuKk;
tPl;od; @iyapy; Jg;gpa vYk;g[j; Jz;Lfis kdrhl;rp nehl;lkpLfpwJ.
vYk;g[j; Jz;Lfisf; Fg;igj; bjhl;oapy; nghl;oUf;fyhk;. my;yJ Jzp xd;wpdhy;
ht
@oapUf;fyhk; vd;W fjhghj;jpuk; vz;QfpwJ ? ,J xU khWKfk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
kdrhl;rp tPl;od; ,d;bdhU miwf;Fs; bry;fpwJ. xU giHa rl;ilia
nehl;lkpLfpwJ. mg;ghtpd; giHa rl;il/ kw;w rl;ilfs; cLj;j Koahky; nghFk;nghJ
mg;ghtpd; rl;il ,lk; bfhLf;Fk; ? ,J xU khWKfk;.
kdrhl;rp kw;bwhU miwf;Fs; EiHfpwJ. giHa rpd;d ft[d; xd;iw
L al
nehl;lkpLfpwJ. fjhghj;jpuj;jpDila mk;kht[f;Fg; bgz; gps;is ,y;iy. ft[idg;
nghl;L mk;kh mHF ghu;j;jhs;. Kjypy; f&;lkhft[k;/ gpwF ,&;lkhft[k; khwpaJ- ?
,J xU khWKfk;.
A d
kdrhl;rpaplk; fjhghj;jpuk; jd; mk;khtplk;Tl fhl;Ltjw;F xU Kfk; ,Ue;jjhff;
TWfpwJ. kdrhl;rpaplk; fjhghj;jpukhdJ jd; kidtpaplk;Tl fhl;l gy Kf=;fs;
itj;jpUe;jjhff; TWfpwJ.
D ika
fjhghj;jpuj;jpDila kidtpa[k; gy Kf=;fs; bfhz;ltshft[k; rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Kothf fjhghj;jpuk; ,g;nghJ nghl;oUg;gJ nghyp Kfk;jhnd vd;W kdrhl;rp nfl;fpwJ.
Mk;/ vd;wJ fjhghj;jpuk;.
rup/ cd;Dila cz;ikahd Kfk;jhd; vJ> vd;W kdrhl;rp nfl;lJ. fjhghj;jpuj;jpd;
xnu gjpy; ? vdf;F Kfnk fpilahJ.
Alv
``xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fSk; cz;L~~ vd;w n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;njhL gpug+;rdpd;
gpk;gk; fij bghUe;Jtjhf mikfpwJ.
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpug+;rdpd; ,aw;bgau; _________ .
m) itj;jpaehjd; M) itj;jpayp=;fk;
,) uhrkhzpf;fk; <) uhrJiu tpil: M) itj;jpayp=;fk;
wI
LV
2. gpug+;rdpd; Cu; _________ .

m) g[Jr;nrup M) flY}u;
w
,) tlY}u; <) fhiuf;fhy; tpil: m) g[Jr;nrup
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
3. gpug+;rDf;Fj; bjhlu;gpy;yhj Jiw _________ .
m) rpWfij M) g[jpdk;
A
//w
,) ehlfk; <) ,ir tpil: <) ,ir

4. gpug+;rdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w E}y; ________ Mz;L _________ .
s:K
m) thdk; trg;gLk;/ 1995 M) kfhejp/ 1995

,) fhfpj kdpju;fs;/ 1994 <) ,Ul;Lthry;/ 1993
tpil: m) thdk; trg;gLk;/ 1995
5. gpug+;rdpd; `thdk; trg;gLk;~ vd;gJ _________ .
m) tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdk; M) ftpijj; bjhFg;g[
tp
,) rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[ <) fl;Liu E}y; tpil: m) tuyhw;Wg; g[jpdk;

6. gpug+;rdpd; gilg;g[fs; bkhHp bgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jpa bkhHpfs; _________.
i) bjY=;F ii) fd;dlk; iii) ,e;jp
ht
,) @d;Wk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup

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7. gpug+;rdpd; gilg;g[fs; bkhHpbgau;f;fg;gl;Ls;s may; ehl;L bkhHpfs; _________.
i) gpbu+;R ii) M=;fpyk; iii) b$u;kd;
,) @d;Wk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
L al
8. ``,e;j cyfnk ehlfnkil" mjpy; midj;J Mz;fSk; bgz;fSk; btWk; eofu;fns.
Xt;bthUtUf;Fk; mwpKfKk; cz;L. xUtUf;nf gy ntl=;fSk; cz;L~~ vd;W
Twpatu;; _________.
A d
m) ntu;l;!;bthu;j; M) $hd; kpy;ld;
,) n&f;!;gpau; <) yh=;bgy;nyh tpil: ,) n&f;!;gpau;
D ika
9. n&f;!;gpaupd; fUj;Jld; xg;gplg;gLk; gpug+;rdpd; rpWfij _________.
5 m) ,Ul;Lthry;
,) tpl;L tpLjiyahfp
M) xU Cupy; ,uz;L kdpju;fs;
<) gpk;gk; tpil: <) gpk;gk;
,ay;
10. Kfk; khw;wp Kfk; khw;wp ek; cz;ik Kfj;ijna ,He;J milahskw;w jd;ikapy;
fhl;rpaspg;gijf; fhl;Lk; rpWfij _________.
m) gpk;gk; M) ahid lhf;lu;
Alv
,) ,Ul;Lthry; <) rpj;jd; nghf;F tpil: m) gpk;gk;
11. ek; kdrhl;rpiaf; nfs;tp nfl;gnjhL ek; mriya[k; epidt{l;Lk; rpWfij _________.
m) @f;fgps;is tPl;L tpUe;J M) gpk;gk;
,) rpj;jd; nghf;F a
<) rl;il tpil: M) gpk;gk;
12. gpug+;rdpd; tPl;oypUe;J thug;glhj/ Fg;igapy; vwpag;glhj czt[g;bghUl;fis
.Kk
cz;z tUgit
i) vWk;g[ ii) <f;fs; iii) khLfs; iv) eha;
m) i, ii ? rup M) iii, iv ? rup
,) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: m) i, ii ? rup
wI
13. jdf;fhd jdJ mg;ghtpd; rl;iliag; gw;wpg; gpug+;rd; gad;gLj;Jk; brhw;fs; _________.
LV
i) mk;g[ ii) ftrk; iii) ml;rag;ghj;jpuk;

m) @d;Wk; rup M) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW
w
,) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup <) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 5 gh ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
L al
gyt[s; bjupf
A d
1. nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis vdg;gLtJ
m) fha; Kd; neu; M) fha; Kd; epiu
D ika
,) fdp Kd; epiu <) kh Kd; neu; tpil: <) kh Kd; neu;
FWtpdh
1. <uirr; rPu;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
<uirr; rPu;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntWbgau;fs; khr;rPu;/ tpsr;rPu;/ ,aw;rPu;/ Mrpupa cupr;rPu;
Alv
MfpadthFk;.
rpWtpdh
a
1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;Js; vitnaDk; ehd;fpidf; TWf.
mftnyhir cilaJ.
.Kk
vy;yh mofSk; ehd;F rPu;fisf; bfhz;l mstofisg; bgw;W tUk;.
,aw;rPu; kpFe;Jk; gpwrPu; fye;Jk; tUk;.
Mrpupaj; jis kpFe;Jk;/ gpwjis fye;Jk; tUk;.
epiu eLthfpa t+;rpa[upr;rPu; (Ttps=;fdp/ fUtps=;fdp) tuhky; mika[k;.
wI
<w;woapd; <w;bwGj;J ``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; KotJ rpwg;g[.

LV
@d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ ghLnthd; vz;zj;jpw;nfw;g/ vj;jid mofs;

ntz;LkhdhYk; bgw;W tUk;.
w
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp rPupa bew;wp v=;nf>

gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz; rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf>
mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw- Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf>
s:K
Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk; FWeif nghd bj=;nf>

,r;Rit jtpu ahd;ngha; neupa ghu;it v=;nf>
,e;jpu nyhfk; MSk; epkpu;e;jed; diljhd; v=;nf>
mr;Rit bgwpDk; ntz;nld;- epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk;
mu=;fkh efU shnd- beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf-
tp
? bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu; ? fz;zjhrd;

nkw;fz;l Mrpupa tpUj;j=;fis mirahft[k; mirf;Fupa tha;ghlhft[k;
tha;ghl;ow;Fupa jisahft[k; vGJf.
ht
225
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m. mir tha;ghL:
i. gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz;
ne+ne+ne ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne
njkh=;fha; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh
L al
ii. mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk;
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ne+ne+ne ep+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh njkh=;fha; g[spkh njkh
A d
iii. ,r;Rit jtpu ahd;ngha; ,e;jpu nyhfk; MSk;
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh Ttpsk; njkh njkh
D ika
5 iv. mr;Rit
ne+ep
bgwpDk;
ep+ne
ntz;nld; mu=;fkh
ne+ne ep+ep
efU
ep+ne
shnd
ne+ne
,ay;
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh

M. jis tha;ghL:
i. gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz;
Alv
fha;Kd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;epiu tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu;
ii. mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk;
tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;neu; fha;Kd;epiu khKd;neu;
iii. ,r;Rit jtpu
tpsKd;epiu
aahd;ngha;
khKd;neu;
,e;jpu
khKd;neu;
nyhfk;
tpsKd;neu;
MSk;
khKd;neu;
.Kk
iv. mr;Rit bgwpDk; ntz;nld; mu=;fkh efU shnd
tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;epiu tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu;
bjhz;luobghoahH;thu; ghlypy; mike;Js;s mir tha;ghLk;/ jis tha;ghL
xU=;nf jug;gl;Ls;sd.
wI
m. mir tha;ghL :
LV
i. rPupa bew;wp v=;nf rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf

w
ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne

Ttpsk; njkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh
ii. Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf FWeif nghd bj=;nf
A
//w
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne

Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
iii. neupa ghu;it v=;nf epkpu;e;jed; eiljhd; v=;nf
s:K

iv. epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk; beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf
ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tp
M. jis tha;ghL :
i. rPupa bew;wp v=;nf rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf
ht
tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu;
226
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ii. Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf FWeif nghd bj=;nf
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu;
L al
iii. neupa ghu;it v=;nf epkpu;e;jed; eiljhd; v=;nf
ne+ep nj+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne
tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu;
A d
iv. epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk; beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf
ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
D ika
fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu;
fz;zjhrd; ghlypy; mike;Js;s mir tha;ghLk;/ jis tha;ghLk; xU=;nf
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
Alv
1. Mrpupag;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
Mrpupag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
neupir Mrpupag;gh
,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
a
.Kk
epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;gh
2. Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa rPUk; jisa[k; ahit>
Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa rPu;fs;:
wI
njkh/ g[spkh/ fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk; Mfpa ehd;FkhFk;.

LV
Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs;:
w
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jis/ epiubahd;whrpupaj; jis Mfpa ,uz;LkhFk;.

3. mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;j=;fspd; tiffisa[k; mtw;iw ,aw;Wtjw;fhd
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
tpjpfisa[k; TWf.
A
//w
mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;j=;fspd; tif:

rPh; mikg;ig itj;J mWrPh;f;fHpbeoayo Mrphpa tpUj;j=;fs; gy;ntW tifahf
s:K
vGjg;gLfpd;wd.
Xuoa[s; miu mof;F xU tpsr;rPUk; ,Ukhr;rPh; tUtdt[k;
Xuoa[s; miu mof;F ,U khr;rPUk; xU fha;r;rPh; tUtdt[k;
Xuoa[s; ehd;F fha;r;rPUk; ,U khr;rPh; tUtdt[k; cz;L.
xd;gJ rPu;fshy; mike;j ghly; xz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.
tp
mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;Wk; Kiw:

mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyofs; ehd;F bfhz;ljhf mike;J/ ehd;foa[k; msbthj;J
tuntz;Lk;.
Kjw;rPhpYk; ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; nkhid mikj;Jk;/ Kjw;rPhpYk; Ie;jhk; rPhpYk; nkhid
ht
mikj;Jk; mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;wyhk;.

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4. bghUj;Jf.
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh – i) Kjyoa[k; ,Wjpaoa[k; mstofsha; tUk;
M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh – ii) mofis khw;wpdhYk; Xira[k; bghUSk; khwhJ
tUk;
L al
,) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh – iii) ,Wjp moapd; Ke;ija mo rpe;joaha; tUk;
<) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh – iv) vy;yh mofSk; msto bgw;W tUk;.
tpil: m) iii M) i ,) iv <) ii
A d
5. gpd;tUk; mWrPu; tpUj;jg; ghly;fspy; cs;s tpLgl;l rPu;fis Vw;wtifapy; mikj;Jg;
gapw;rp bgWf.
D ika
5 gapw;rp 1
xnu moapy; 6 rPu;" 1/ 4 rPu;fspy; nkhid tuntz;Lk;. 1/ 2/ 4/ 5 Mfpad njkh my;yJ
g[spkhthf tuntz;Lk;. 3/ 6 rPu;fs; VnjDk; xU fha;r;rPuhf tuntz;Lk;. ntW jisfs;
,ay;
ghu;f;fj; njitapy;iy. ,t;tifapy; gpd;tUk; gapw;rpia mikf;f.
khr;rPu; + khr;rPu; + fha;r;rPu; ? tha;ghL
Alv
kz;Qf; fHF kukhFk;
kuj;jpw; fHF fpisahFk;
fz;Qf; fHF fUtpHpahk;
ftpijf; fHF fUg;bghUshk;
tpz;Qf; fHF tpz;kPd;fshk;
a
.Kk
tPjpf; fHF tprhykhFk;
vz;Qf; fHF fzpjkhFk;
vGj;Jf; fHF totkhFk;.
gapw;rp 2
wI
kz;Qf;F mHF vd;Dk; ,U rPu;fspd; gpd; MFk; ' bjspt[ilik' bjspthFk;' fpHpahik'
LV
gad;gLjy;'ew;fUj;J... vdg; gy tiffspy; rPu;fis mikj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;.

w
ehl;Lf; fHF ey;yhl;rpahk;

ehtpw; fHF tha;ikahk;
tPl;Lf; fHF btspr;rkhFk;
tpUe;jpw; fHF cgrupg;ghk;
A
//w
fhl;Lf; fHF ku=;fshFk;

fHdpf; fHF gapu;fshk;
Vl;Lf; fHF vGj;jhFk;
s:K
khl;Lf; fHF ciHg;ghFk;.

gapw;rp 3
xt;nthuoa[k;/ KjypU rPu;fs; <uirahft[k; ,Wjpr;rPu; neuPw;W @tirr; rPuhft[k; mikj;Jg;
gHFf.
fhw;iwj; je;j thd;thH;f-
tp
fy;tpiaj; je;j FUthH;f

Cw;iwj; je;j epyk;thH;f
nrhw;iwj; je;j tay;thH;f
Mw;iwj; je;j kiythH;f
ht
rhw;iwj; je;j fHpthH;f

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
xw;Wik je;j csk;thH;f
ntw;Wik fhzh kdk;thH;f
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
L al
1. mofs; ve;j mog;gilapy; tiuaiw bra;ag;gLfpd;wd> mt;thW tiuaiw
bra;ag;gl;l mofisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
mofs; rPu; mog;gilapy; tiuaiw bra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
A d
mt;thW tiuaiw bra;ag;gl;l mofs;:
,uz;L rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ Fwso.
D ika
@d;W rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ rpe;jo.
ehd;F rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ msto my;yJ neuo.
Ie;J rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ beoyo.
MW my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ fHpbeoyo.
2. Mrpupa cupr;rPu; ? tpsf;Ff.
Alv
Mrpupag;ghtpw;nf cupa rPu;fs; Mrpupa cupr;rPu; vdg;gLk;.
mit njkh/ g[spkh Mfpa <uirr; rPu;fSk;/ fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk; Mfpa ,U epiuaPw;W
<uirr; rPu;fSk; MFk;.
a
Mrpupa cupr;rPu;/ ,aw;rPu; vdt[k; tH=;fg; bgWk;.
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gh/ bra;a[s;/ J}f;F/ ftp/ ftpij/ ghl;L Mfpa brhw;fs; _________ bghUspy; tUtd.
m) xnu M) btt;ntW
,) ctik <) ,iwr;rp tpil: m) xnu
wI
LV
2. bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; _________.

m) 3 M) 6
w
,) 9 <) 12 tpil: M) 6
3. ghf;fspd; tiffs;/ mg;ghf;fspd; Xirfs;/ ghf;fs; ,aw;Wtjw;Fupa tpjpKiwfs;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
Kjypatw;iw tpsf;Fk; E}y; _________.
A
//w
m) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif

,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) khwdy=;fhuk; tpil: M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
s:K
4. ahg;g[ vd;Dk; fliyf; flf;f cjt[k; E}y; _________.

m) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
,) jz;oay=;fhuk; <) khwdy=;fhuk; tpil: M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
5. jkpH;r;bra;a[s;fs; bgUk;ghYk; _________ mog;gilahff; bfhz;lit.
m) ,d;gj;ij M) ,iria
,) eldj;ij <) ehlfj;ij tpil: M) ,iria
tp
6. jkpH;r;bra;a[is bkUnfw;WtJ _________.

m) ,d;gk; M) Xir
,) eldk; <) ehlfk; tpil: M) Xir
ht
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i) btz;gh ? 1. J}=;fnyhir
ii) Mrpupag;gh ? 2. Js;snyhir
iii) fypg;gh ? 3. mftnyhir
L al
iv) t+;rpg;gh ? 4. brg;gnyhir
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
8. bra;a[spy; ,iriag; gpizg;git _________.
A d
i) nkhid ii) vJif iii) ,iag[
m) @d;Wk; rup M) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
D ika
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
5 9. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwso ? 1. MW my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l rPu;fs;
,ay;
ii) rpe;jo ? 2. ehd;F rPu;fs;

iii) msto ? 3. @d;W rPu;fs;
iv) beoyo ? 4. ,uz;L rPu;fs;
Alv
v) fHpbeoyo ? 5. Ie;J rPu;fs;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 5/ 1
,) 2/ 5/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 5 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1
m) rPuo M) neuo
a
10. msto vd;gjid _________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
.Kk
,) tiuao <) epiuao tpil: M) neuo
11. _________ ,aw;Wtjw;Fupa vspa totk; Mrpupag;gh.
m) gh M) g[jpdk;
tpil: m) gh
wI
,) Jspg;gh <) rpWfij

LV
12. _________ mftw;gh vd;Wk; TWtu;.

m) btz;ghit M) Mrpupag;ghit
w
,) fypg;ghit <) t+;rpg;ghit tpil: M) Mrpupag;ghit

13. _________ Md ghly;fns r=;ffhyj; jkpHpy; kpFjpahf cs;sd.
A
//w
m) btz;ghf;fshy; M) Mrpupag;ghf;fshy;
,) fypg;ghf;fshy; <) t+;rpg;ghf;fshy; tpil: M) Mrpupag;ghf;fshy;
14. bgUk;ghYk; Mrpupag;gh/ _________ mirfshy; mika[k;.
s:K
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J tpil: m) ,uz;L
15. ahg;gpy; miria mikf;f cjt[tJ _________.
m) vGj;J M) brhy;
,) rPu; <) mo tpil: m) vGj;J
tp
16. mir vd;gJ _________ (khj;jpiu) nru;e;J tUtjhFk;.

m) ,ir M) eldk;
,) ehlfk; <) rPu; tpil: m) ,ir
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
17. mirapd; tif _________.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: m) 2
L al
i) mir neu;/ epiu vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
ii) rPu; xd;wpd; mirg; gpupg;gpy; jdp bka;baGj;J te;jhnyh mirahff; fzf;fpy;
vLj;Jf;bfhs;sf; TlhJ.
A d
iii) mirfs; nru;e;J mike;jhy; `rPu;~ gpwf;Fk;.
m) i, ii ? rup M) ii, iii ? rup
,) @d;W kl;Lk; rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
D ika
19. Mrpupag;ghtpw;F cupa rPu; _________ MFk;.
m) ,aw;rPu; M) btz;rPu;
,) fdpr;rPu; <) t+;rp cupr;rPu; tpil: m) ,aw;rPu;
20. ,aw;rPiu _________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
m) Mrpupa cupr;rPu; M) btz;rPu;
Alv
,) fdpr;rPu; <) t+;rp cupr;rPu; tpil: m) Mrpupa cupr;rPu;
i) njkh
ii) g[spkh
iii) fUtpsk;
?
?
?
1.
2.
3.
aneu; neu;
epiu epiu
epiu neu;
.Kk
iv) Ttpsk; ? 4. neu; epiu
m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4
wI
i) njkh=;fha; ? 1. neu; epiu neu;

LV
ii) g[spkh=;fha; ? 2. epiu epiu neu;

w
iii) fUtps=;fha; ? 3. epiu neu; neu;

iv) Ttps=;fha; ? 4. neu; neu; neu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
A
//w
23. kh Kd; neu; xd;wp te;jhy; _________ jisahFk;.

m) nebuhd;whrpupaj; M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
s:K
,) fypj; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) nebuhd;whrpupaj;

24. tpsk; Kd; epiu xd;wp te;jhy; _________ jisahFk;.
m) nebuhd;whrpupaj; M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
,) xd;wpa t+;rpj; <) fypj; tpil: M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
25. èy;yhu;~ ? rPu; gpupj;J tha;;ghL fz;lwp.
tp
m) njkh M) g[spkh
,) fUtpsk; <) Ttpsk; tpil: m) njkh
26. Mrpupag;ghtpy; _________ rpw;bwy;iyahf mika[k;.
m) @d;wor; M) ehd;for;
ht
,) Ie;jor; <) <uor; tpil: m) @d;wor;

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i) `fil mau;ghjk;~ vd;W tUtJ neupir Mrpupag;gh.
ii) ,Wjp mof;F Ke;ija mo @d;W rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUtJ neupir Mrpupag;gh.
iii) kw;w mofs; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUk;.
L al
,) iii ? rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
28. Kjyoa[k; ,Wjpaoa[k; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W ,ilaofs; ,iz ,izaha;
A d
,UrPu;fshft[k; @d;W rPu;fshft[k; tUtJ _________.
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
D ika
5 29. vy;yh mofSk; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUtJ _________.
tpil: M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,ay;
m) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh

,) neupir Mrpupag;gh <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
Alv
tpil: M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
30. ghlypy; cs;s mofis khw;wp khw;wp mikj;jhYk; Xira[k; bghUSk; khwhJ miktJ
_________.
,) neupir Mrpupag;gh
a
m) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
<) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh
.Kk
tpil: <) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh
31. ,aw;rPu; _________/ fha;r;rPu; _________.
m) <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu; M) @tirr;rPu;/ <uirr;rPu;
,) ehd;firr;rPu;/ Xuirr;rPu; <) Xuirr;rPu;/ ehd;firr;rPu;
wI
tpil: m) <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu;

LV
32. _________ tpUj;jj;jhy; mike;j ghly;fns ,d;W bgUtHf;fpy; cs;sd.

w
m) fyp M) Mrpupa
,) btsp <) t+;rp tpil: M) Mrpupa
33. MW my;yJ mjw;Fk; nkw;gl;l vj;jid rPu;fs; te;jhYk; me;j mo ` _________~ MFk;.
A
//w
m) msto M) rpe;jo
,) beoyo <) fHpbeoyo tpil: <) fHpbeoyo
s:K
34. `thHpa bre;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;j ghliyg; ghoatu; _________.

m) ghujpahu; M) thzpjhrd;
35. `gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp~ ? vd;w Mrpupag;ghthy; vGjg;gl;l ghlypd; Mrpupau;
_________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) bgha;if MH;thu;
tp
,) g{jj;jhH;thu; <) bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu;

tpil: <) bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu;
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
FWtpdh
1. ahg;gpyf;fzk; vijf; fw;gpf;fpwJ>
ahg;gpyf;fzk; bra;a[s; vGJk; ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gpf;fpwJ.
L al
2. ghtpw;Fupa ntWbgau;fs; ahit>
bra;a[s;/ ghl;L/ J}f;F/ gh/ ftp/ ftpij vd;gdthFk;.
3. bra;a[spd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
A d
vGj;J/ mir/ rPu;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil/ gh/ ghtpdk; Mfpad bra;a[spd; cWg;g[fshFk;.
4. gh vj;jid tfg;gLk; ahit>.
D ika
jkpHpy; cs;s ghtiffs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: btz;gh/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypg;gh/
t+;rpg;gh vd;gdthFk;.
5. Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fs; ahit>
Mrpupaj; Jiw/ Mrpupaj; jhHpir/ Mrpupa tpUj;jk; vd;gd Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fshFk;.
6. Mrpupag;ghit `mftw;gh~ vd;gnjd;>
Alv
mftnyhir bgw;wjhy;/ Mrpupag;ghit `mftw;gh~ vd;gu;.
7. ehd;F gh tiffs; bfhz;Ls;s Xir tot=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
btz;gh brg;gnyhir bfhz;lJ:
Mrpupag;gh mftnyhir cilaJ.
fypg;gh Js;snyhir bfhz;lJ.
a
.Kk
t+;rpg;gh J}=;fnyhir bfhz;lJ.
vGj;J
8. ahg;g[f;Fupa vGj;Jfs; vitbadf; fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wd>
wI
bra;a[spy; Fwpy;/ beoy;/ bka;/ Ma;jk; vd;Dk; vGj;Jfs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

LV
Fwpypy; capu;f;FwpYk;/ capu;bka;f;FwpYk; ml=;Fk;.

w
beoypy; capu; beoYk;/ capu;bka; beoYk; ml=;Fk;.

`bka;~ xw;W vdt[k; brhy;yg;gLk;.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
bra;a[spy; Ma;jk; bka;ahff; fUjg;gLk;.
A
//w
mir
9. mirahtJ ahJ> mBJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
s:K
vGj;J xd;nwh gynth nru;e;J mirj;J/ ,irj;Jr; rPu;f;F cWg;gha; tUtJ mir
vdg;gLk;.
mJ neuir/ epiuair vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
10. neuirahtJ ahJ> tpsf;Ff.
Fwpy; jdpj;Jk;/ Fwpy; xw;WlDk;/ beoy; jdpj;Jk;/ beoy; xw;WlDk; tUtJ
tp
neuirahFk;.
m/ f – Fwpy; jdpj;J te;j neuirfs;.
my;/ fy; – Fwpy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;.
M/ fh – beoy; jdpj;J te;j neuirfs;.
ht
My;/ fhy; – beoy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;. 233

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11. epiuairia tpsf;Ff.
,U Fwpy; ,ize;Jk;/ ,UFwpYld; xw;W ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;Jk;/ Fwpy;
beoYld; xw;W ,ize;Jk; tUtd epiuairfshFk;.
mzp/ gzp – ,UFwpy; ,ize;J te;j epiuairfs;.
L al
myu;/ tsk; – ,UFwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiuairfs;.
epyh/ fdh – Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J te;j epiuairfs;.
glhk;/ fyhk; – Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiuairfs;.
A d
rPu;
D ika
12. rPu; vd;gJ ahJ> mjd; tiffisf; TWf.
5 neuir/ epiuairfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; miktJ rPu; vdg;gLk;.
mBJ Xuirr;rPu;/ <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu;/ ehyirr;rPu; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
,ay;
13. <uirr; rPu;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> tptup.

<uirr; rPu;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: njkh/ g[spkh/ Ttpsk;/ fUtpsk; MFk;.
mir tha;ghL
Alv
neu; + neu; – njkh
– khr;rPu; ? 2
epiu + neu; – g[spkh
epiu + epiu – fUtpsk;
tpsr;rPu; ? 2
neu; + epiu – Ttpsk; a
14. <uirr; rPu;fs; vg;ghtpw;F cupait>
–
.Kk
khr;rPu; ,uz;Lk;/ tpsr;rPu; ,uz;Lk; Mf <uirr;rPu; ehd;Fk; Mrpupag;ght[f;F cupait.
15. fha;r;rPu; mika[k; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
<uirr; rPu;fs; ehd;fndhL jdpj;jdpahf neuiriar; nru;j;jhy;/ fha;r;rPu; MFk;.
mir tha;ghL
wI
neu; + neu; + neu; – njkh=;fha;

LV
epiu + neu; + neu; – g[spkh=;fha;

epiu + epiu + neu; – fUtps=;fha;
w
neu; + epiu + neu; – Ttps=;fha;

16. fha;r;rPu;fs; ntW vt;thW tH=;fg;gLk;> mit vg;ghtpw;F cupait>
fha;r;rPu; ehd;fpYk; <w;wir neuirahf cs;sjhy;/ mit neuPw;W @tirr;rPu;
A
//w
vdg;gLk;. mr;rPu;fs; btz;ghtpw;F cupait.

mit btz;gh cupr;rPu; vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLk;.
s:K
jis
17. jis vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
epd;w rPupd; <w;wira[k;/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyira[k; xd;wpa[k; xd;whkYk; miktJ jis
vdg;gLk;.
18. jisfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tp
jisfs; VG tifg;gLk;. mit:

nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis fypj;jis
epiubahd;whrpupaj;jis xd;wpa t+;rpj;jis
,aw;rPu; btz;lis xd;whj t+;rpj;jis vd;gdthFk;.
ht
234 btz;rPu; btz;lis
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19. Mrpupag;ght[f;Fupa jisfs; ahit>
Mrpupag;ght[f;Fupa jisfs; nehbuhd;whrpupaj;jisa[k;/ epiubahd;whrpupaj;jisa[k;
MFk;.
20. nebuhd;whrpupaj;jisiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
L al
epd;w rPu; khr;rPuha; (njkh/ g[spkh) ,Uf;f/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyir neuha; tUtJ
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (kh Kd; neu;)
v.fh: j=; + fk; – tpw; + whu;
neu; + neu; – neu; + neu;
A d
njkh – neu;
kh Kd; neu; te;j nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis.
D ika
21. epiubahd;whrpupaj;jisiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
epd;w rPu; tpsr;rPuha; (fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;) ,Uf;f tUk; rPupd; Kjyir epiuaha; tUtJ
epiubahd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (tps Kd; epiu)
v.fh: mUk; + gzp – g[upe; + jhu;
epiu + epiu – epiu + neu;
fUtpsk; – epiu
Alv
tpsk; Kd; epiu te;j epiubahd;whrpupaj;jis.
22. btz;ght[f;F cupa jisfs; ahit>
btz;ght[f;F cupa jisfs;: ,aw;rPu; btz;lisa[k;/ btz;rPu; btz;lisa[khFk;.
a
23. ,aw;rPu; btz;lis vt;thW mika[k;>
<uirr; rPu;fSs;/ khr;rPu;fSf;F Kd; epiuaira[k;/ tpsr;rPu;fSf;F Kd; neuira[k; khwp
te;J xd;whky; ,iztJ ,aw;rPu; btz;lisahFk;.
.Kk
v.fh: < + jy; – ,ir + gl
njkh – epiu
kh Kd; epiu te;j ,aw;rPu; btz;lis
gad; + kuk; – cs; + Au;
wI
fUtpsk; – neu;
LV
tps Kd; neu; te;j ,aw;rPu; btz;lis

w
kh Kd; epiua[k;/ tps Kd; neUk; ,aw;rPu; btz;lisfshFk;.

24. btz;rPu; btz;lis vt;thW mika[k;>
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
epd;w rPu; khr;rPuha; (njkh/ g[spkh) ,Uf;f/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyir neuha; tUtJ
A
//w
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (kh Kd; neu;)

v.fh: ifk; + kh + W – ntz; + lh
neu; + neu; + neu; – neu; + neu;
s:K
njkh=;fha; – neu;
fha; Kd; neu; te;j btz;rPu; btz;lis
rpWtpdh
1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit>
tp
neupir Mrpupag;gh
mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;gh
,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
ht
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2. neupirahrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
neupirahrpupag;gh @d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ gy mofis cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;.
vy;yh mofSk; ehw;rPuofsha; (msto) tUk;.
<w;wayo kl;Lk; @d;W rPuha; mika[k;.
L al
bgUk;ghd;ik <uirr; rPu;fSk;/ rpWghd;ik gpw rPu;fSk; gapd;W tUk;.
mftnyhir bgw;W tUk;.
bgUk;ghYk; Mrpupaj;jisfSk;/ rpWghd;ik gpw jisfSk; fye;J tUk;.
A d
``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; Koa[k;.
v.fh: ghup ghup vd;Wgy Vj;jp
D ika
xUtw; g[fH;tu; bre;ehg; g[ytu;
5 ghup
khupa[k;
xUtD
cz;Od;
ky;yd;
LyFg[ug; gJnt
,ay;
3. ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp/ rhd;W jUf.

Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fz=;fs; vy;yhk; mika/ <w;woa[k; Kjyoa[k; ehw;rPu;fsha;/
,ilapy; cs;s mofs; ,U rPuofsha[k;/ Kr;rPuofsha[k; tUtJ ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
Alv
vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ePupd; jd;ika[k; jPapd; btk;ika[k;
rhur; rhu;e;J a
rhuy; ehld; nfz;ik
rhur; rhur; rhu;e;J
.Kk
jPuj; jPuj; jPu;bghy; yhnj.
4. epiy kz;oy Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp/ rhd;W jUf.
Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJtpyf;fzj;ijg; bgw;W tUk;.
wI
vy;yh mofSk; mstofsha; mika[k;.

LV
``V~~ my;yJ `vd;~ vd;Dk; vGj;jpy; Koa[k;.

,t;thW tUtJ epiykz;oy Mrpupag;ghthFk;.
w
v.fh: ntuy; ntyp ntu;f;nfhl; gytpd;

rhuy; ehl brt;tpia ahFkjp
ahuB jwpe;jprp ndhnu rhuy;
A
//w
rpWnfhl;Lg; bgUk;gHk; J}=;fp ah=;fpts;

capu;jtr; rpwpJ fhknkh bgupnj.
s:K
5. mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;ghtpid vGj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

v.fh: ``Nuy; gk;gpa rpWfhd; ahnw
Nuu kfsp uhuz=; fpdnu
thu bydpnd ahd+; Rtny
rhu dhl ePtu yhnw.~~
,e;jg; ghly; Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;ijg; bgw;W te;Js;sJ.
tp
ehw;rPuofspy; mike;Js;sJ.
ve;j moia v=;F mikj;Jr; brhd;dhYk;/ Xira[k; bghUSk; khwh.
vdnt ,g;ghly; mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;ghthFk;.
ht
236
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fs; ahit>
Mrpupaj; jis/ Mrpupaj; Jiw/ Mrpupa tpUj;jk; vd;gd Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fshFk;.
7. Mrpupa tpUj;jg;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ> rhd;W jUf.
Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJtpyf;fzk; mikag;bgw;W/ xj;j mst[ila fHpbeoyo (Ie;J
L al
rPu;fSf;F nky;) bfhz;L elg;gJ Mrpupa tpUj;jkhFk;.
v.fh:
jz;liy kapy;fs; Mlj;
jhkiu tpsf;fk; jh=;ff;
A d
bfhz;ly;fs; KHtpd; X=;ff;
Ftisfz; tpHpj;J nehf;fj;
D ika
bjz;oiu vHpdp fhl;lj;
njk;gpHp kfu ahHpd;
tz;Lfs; ,dpJ ghl
kUjk;tPw; wpUf;Fk; khnjh-
Alv
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;:
,urpfkzp o.nf. rpjk;guehju; (1882 ? 1954)
a
``jkpHpy; vy;yhk; cz;L" jkpHpd; ftpr; Ritf;F <Lkpy;iy
,iza[kpy;iy" jkpHhy; mwptpay; kl;Lkd;W" midj;J ,ay;fisa[k;
fw;fKoa[k;~~ vdr; rhd;WfSld; vLj;Jr; brhd;d bgUe;jif
.Kk
,urpfkzp o.nf. rpjk;guehju;. ,tu;/ jkJ ,yf;fpa ,urpfj; jd;ikahy;
jkpGf;Fk; jkpHUf;Fk; g[j;Jzu;t[ Cl;oatu;. o. nf. rp apd; tPl;Lf;
Tlj;jpy; tl;ltotkhd bjhl;of; fl;oy;/ +hapWnjhWk; khiy Ie;J
kzpf;Ff; Toa Tl;lk;/ ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpg;ngrpaJ. mt;tikg;g[
wI
`tl;lj; bjhl;o~ vd;nw bgau;bgw;wJ. o.nf. rp. ,yf;fpa=;fspd; ea=;fisr; brhy;yr;

LV
brhy;yf; Tl;lj;jpYs;s midtUk; j=;fis kwe;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jpisg;gu;. jkpHpd;

,dpik vd;gJ kl;Lk; mtu;fs; cs;s=;fspy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. tHf;fwp+uhfj; bjhHpy;
w
g[uptijtplj; jkpHpd;gj;jpy; jpisg;gijna o.nf. rp. tpUk;gpdhu;. jkpH;f;fiyfs;/ jkpH;,ir/

jkpH; ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpd; Ritiaa[k; nkd;ikiaa[k; jdpj;jd;ikiaa[k; vLj;Jr;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
brhd;dhu;. foj=;fspYk; mtw;iwna tpae;J vGjpdhu;. mtu;jk; foj=;fs; ,yf;fpaj;
A
//w
juk; bfhz;L g[jpa ,yf;fpa tifahfnt fUjg;gl;ld. ,ja xyp/ fk;gu; ahu;> Kjyhd
E}y;fSk; Kj;bjhs;shapuk;/ fk;guhkhazk; Mfpatw;Wf;F vGjpa ciua[k; mtu;jk; ,yf;fpa
Efu;t[f;flypd; rpy miyfs; vdyhk;. brd;id khepy nkyitapd; cWg;gpduhft[k;
s:K
mwepiyaj; Jiwapd; Mizauhft[k; jpfH;e;j o.nf.rp. Vw;wpa ,yf;fpaxsp jkpH; mHfpaiy

btspr;rg;gLj;jpaJ.
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.
1. md;W/ my;y vd;gtw;Wf;fhd bghUs; ntWghL mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;f.
md;W : (vGtha; xUikf;F tpidKw;whf tUk;)
mJ g{id md;W.
tp
my;y : (vGtha; gd;ikf;F tpidKw;whf tUk;)

mit khLfs; my;y.
2. brhy;yr; brhy;y/ jpisg;gu; ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
brhy;yr; brhy;y : mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
ht
jpisg;gu; : gyu;ghy; vjpu;fhy tpidKw;W 237

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3. urpfu; ? jkpH;r;brhy; vGJf. khepy nkyit ? M=;fpyf; fiyr;brhy; jUf.
jkpH;r; brhy; M=;fpyf; fiyr;brhy;
urpfu; – neau; khepy nkyit – State Legislative Council
4. tHf;fwp+uhfj; bjhHpy; g[uptijtplj; jkpHpd;gj;jpy; jpisg;gijna o.nf.rp tpUk;gpdhu;
L al
? tpilf;nfw;w tpdh mikf;f.
o.nf.rp vij mjpfk; tpUk;gpdhu;>
tHf;fwp+uhfj; bjhHpy; g[hptijtplj; jkpHpd;gj;jpy; jpisg;gijna tpUk;gpath;
A d
ahh;>
5. nkyit/ g[j;Jzu;t[ ? ,r;brhw;fspd; g[zu;r;rp tifiaf; fz;lwpf.
D ika
nkyit : nky; + mit – bka;aPw;Wg; g[zu;r;rp
5 g[j;Jzu;t[ : g[Jik + czu;t[ – gz;g[g;bgau;g; g[zu;r;rp
tpjp khw;wk;
,ay;
nkyit `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ (y; + nkyit

nky; + mit m = y) vd;whdJ.
Alv
g[j;Jzu;t[ `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ tpFjp bfl;L g[J + czu;t[
g[Jik + `jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `j;~ ,ul;oj;J g[j;J + czu;t[
czu;t[ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;L XLk;~ vd;w
g[j; + czu;t[
tpjpg;go a
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ (j;+c=J)
g[jJ; zu;t[
.Kk
vd;whdJ.
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
The folk songs of Tamilnadu have in them a remarkable charm just as we find in the folk songs of any other
country. But what is special in these Tamil songs is, they not only possess a native charm and the aroma of the
wI
soil but have preserved in them a certain literary and artistic quality. This is so because the people who speak the
LV
language of these folk songs, the Tamils, have had a great historical past and a wonderful literary tradition. Folk
songs are so old and yet so full of life that they are always new and progressively modern. These songs were born
w
several centuries ago; they are being born every generation; they will be born and reborn over and again!
ehl;Lg;g[wg;ghly;
jkpH;ehl;od; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs;/ mtw;wpw;Fupa xU Fwpg;gpl;l ftu;r;rpiaf;
A
//w
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. ,J ntW ve;j ehl;L ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspYk;/ fhzg;glhj xd;whFk;.

ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs;/ ,yf;fpakhft[k;/ fiyj;juk; kpf;fjhft[k; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;
s:K
vd;dbtd;why;/ ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fSld; kz;zpd; thrid khwhj ehfupfKk;/ gz;ghLk;

fye;J itj;jpUg;gnj MFk;. kf;fspd; ngr;R tHf;fpnyna mike;j ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fs;/
,yf;fpa fiyj;juk; bgw;W tps=;fpajhy;/ ,J jkpH; kf;fSf;F xU tuyhw;Wf; fhykhft[k;/
mw;g[jkhd ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupakhft[k; ,Ue;jJ. ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly;fspd; ,ir giHa
bkl;Lf;fshfnt ,Ue;jhYk;/ mJ etPd tsu;r;rpiag; gog;goahf mile;J/ ,d;wst[k;
KGik mile;J te;Js;sJ. gy E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;g[ njhd;wpa me;jg; ghly;fis/
tp
mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwfspYk; fiy+u;fs; njhd;wp/ ghly;fis tsu;f;fpd;wdu;. fiya[k;/

fiyfSk;/ mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwfspy; khwp khwpg; gpwf;fpd;wdu;.
fPH;f;fhQk; ghlypd; Kjyoiaf; ftdpj;J/ gpw mofspy; cs;s rPu;fis xG=;F bra;f.
nfhilapny ,isg;ghw;wpf; bfhs;Sk;tif fpilj;j
ht
Fspu;jUnt jUepHny epHy;fdpe;j fdpna

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.in
XilapnyCWfpd;wjP+;Ritj;jz;zPnu
cfe;jjz;zPu;,ilkyu;e;jRfe;jkzkynu
nkilapnytPRfpd;wbky;ypag{=;fhw;nw
bkd;fhw;wpy;tpisRfnkfj;jpYWk;gand
L al
Milapnyvidkze;jkzthshbghJtpy;
MLfpd;wmunrvd;my=;fyzpe;jUns.
tpil:
A d
nfhilapny ,isg;ghw;wpf; bfhs;Sk;tif fpilj;j
Fspu;jUnt jUepHny epHy;fdpe;j fdpna
Xilapny CWfpd;w jP+;Ritj;jz; zPnu
D ika
cfe;jjz;zPu; ,ilkyu;e;j Rfe;jkz kynu
nkilapny tPRfpd;w bky;ypag{=; fhw;nw
bkd;fhw;wpy; tpisRfnk Rfj;jpYWk; gand
Milapny vidkze;j kzthsh bghJtpy;
MLfpd;w munrvd; my=;fyzpe; jUns.
Alv
goj;Jg;ghu;j;Jg; gilj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
g[j;jfj; jpUtpHhtpd; bjhlf;f epfH;r;rpf;F tUif je;j rhd;nwhu; Fwpj;j mwpKf ciu
ngud;g[ bfhz;nlhnu- nguwpt[r; bry;tnk bgU+;bry;tk; vdf; fUjp te;jpUf;Fk;
a
rhd;nwhnu- ,isa jiyKiwna- c=;fs; midtUf;Fk; Kjw;fz; tzf;fj;ijj; bjuptpj;Jf;
bfhs;fpnwd;.
.Kk
g[j;jf thrpg;ig @r;Rf;fhw;wha;r; Rthrpj;J thH;fpd;w gog;ghsu;fshfpa c=;fs; Kd;g[
gilg;ghsu; xUtiu/ kpfr; rpwe;j gz;ghsiu mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; bgUkfpH;t[ bfhs;fpd;nwd;.
rpWtaJ Kjyhfj; jdf;Fg; bgw;nwhu;fs; mspj;j rpy;yiwfisr; nrfupj;J
Mz;LnjhWk; g[j;jfk; th=;Fk; tHf;fj;ijf; bfhz;ltu;. g[j;jf=;fnshL thH;e;J tUgtu;.
wI
g[j;jfj;ij th=;FtnjhL kl;Lky;yhky; KGikahf mtw;iw thrpg;gJk; Fwpg;bgLg;gJk;

LV
,isajiyKiwapdu;f;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;if mspf;Fk; Tl;l=;fspy; ngRtJk; vdg; gy;ntW

gzpfspy; <Lgl;L tUgtu;.
w
n&f;!;gpau; vd;Dk; khbgUk; gilg;ghsdpd; gpwe;j ehshd Vg;uy; 23 cyfk; KGtJk;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
g[j;jfehshff; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mtuplk; ,Ue;j thrpg;g[g; gHf;fnk
MFk;.
A
//w
mt;tifapy; thrpg;igna jk; thH;f;ifaha;f; bfhz;oUf;Fk; ek; rpwg;g[ tpUe;jpdu;

ekf;bfy;yhk; Kd;khjpupahdtu;. mtu;tHpapy; g[j;jf thrpg;igj; bjhlu;nthk;- g[jpanjhu; cyfk;
s:K
gilg;nghk;- bty;nthk;-
c=;fs; gFjp E}yfj;jpy; thrfu;fSf;F E}yf cWg;gpdu; ml;il tH=;f tUifjUk; mwp+u;
xUtiuf; Fwpj;J mwpKfciu vGJf.
,e;j mitapy; Toa[s;s Md;nwhu;fns- rhd;nwhu;fns- vdjUik khztr;
bry;t=;fns- E}y;fis nerpf;Fk; ey;Ys;s=;fns c=;fs; midtUf;Fk; vd; gzpthd
tp
tzf;fj;jpidj; bjuptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.

v=;fs; fpuhkk; thH; E}y; tpUk;gpfSf;F E}yf cWg;gpdu; ml;il tH=;f ,=;nf kpft[k;
th+;ira[ld; tUif g[upe;Js;s mwp+u; bgUkfdhiu c=;fSf;F mwpKfk; bra;J itg;gjpy;
ehd; kl;oy;yh kfpH;r;rp milfpnwd;.
ht
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jd; rpWtaJ Kjny Mapuf;fzf;fhd E}y;fisr; Rthrpj;J thH;gtu;. mtu;jk;
gFjpapYs;s gy fpuhk=;fSf;F E}y;epiyak; mika Vw;ghL bra;J bfhLj;jtu;. bghJey
tpUk;gp. r@f Mu;tyu;. fy;tpahsu;fspd; bjhz;lu;. nguhrpupau; f. bka;ag;gd; Iah mtu;fis
nkilf;F tUkhW/ md;g[ fye;j tzf;fj;Jld; tuntw;fpnwd;.
L al
,yf;fpaeak; ghuhl;Lf.
bre;beYk; fUk;g[k; tpise;jdnt ? ey;y jkpHd; jpUehs; bgh=;fbyd;why; ? mjpy;
njd;bghHp kyu;fSk; tpupe;jdnt jkpHd; gz;g[fs; bgh=;Fkd;nwh>
A d
,d;dYk; grpa[k; nghbahHpf ? njrk; g[tpbayhk; nru;e;bjhU tPljpny ? ahUk;
vHpYld; Tona eyKWf g[wk;gpiy vd;wbrhy; jkpHd;nwh>
D ika
gpupt[fs; ngrpna g{rypl;l ? gHk; ahJk; Cbudr; rhw;wpaJk; ? kf;fs;
5 ngjik jidj;js;sp midtUnk ahtUk; nfspu; vd;wJt[k;
xUjdpf; FLk;gkha; thH;e;jpLnthk; ? ek;Ks; nkjpdpf; Fiuj;jtu; ek;Kd;ndhu; ? ,d;W
,ay;
xw;Wik X=;fplr; bra;jpLnthk; ntw;Wik ehbkz;zy; rupahnkh>

? bg. J}ud;
Kd;Diu:
Alv
k+;rf;fhl;L tyR. bguparhkp J}ud;/ <nuhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s k+;rf;fhl;L
tyR vd;Dk Cupy; 1908 ,y; njhd;wpa vGj;jhsu;. fiyf;fs+;rpak; bjhFj;j
mwp+u;. ehl;Lg;gw;whsu;. jkpH;g; g[ytu;/ Mrpupau;/ fu;ehlf ,ir ty;Yeu; vdt[k;
a
mwpag;gLfpwhu;. ehlfk;/ ,irg; ghly;/ rpWfij/ rpWtu; ,yf;fpak;/ capupay;
E}y;fs;/ fl;Liufs;/ ftpij E}y;fs; vdg; gy bjhFjpfis vGjpa[s;shu;.
.Kk
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ kw;Wk; gjpg;g[g; gzpiaa[k; nkw;bfhz;Ls;shu;. ,tuJ E}y;fs; rpy
ehl;Lilikahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jpuz;l fUj;J:
bre;bey;Yk; fUk;g[k; kpFjpahf tpise;Js;sd. njd; epiwe;j kyu;fs; v=;Fk; tpupe;J
wI
kzk; gug;g[fpd;wd. kf;fspd; tWikj; Jd;gKk;/ grp neha[k; gwe;njhod. jkpH;ehL

bghypt[k; eyKk; bgw;Wr; rpwf;fl;Lk;. rhjpahYk;/ kjj;jhYk; gpupe;J jkf;Fs;ns
LV
rz;ilapl;l mwptw;w jd;ikia ePf;fp/ jkpH; kf;fs; ahtUk; xU jdpf; FLk;gkha;

w
xw;Wikia X=;fr; bra;a ntz;Lk;. jkpHdpd; jpUehs; bgh=;fbyd;why;/ ek;kpilna

jkpH;g; gz;g[fSk; epuk;gp tHpa ntz;Lk;. cyfkidj;Jk; xU tPnl vd;Wk;/ ahUk;
ekf;F me;epakpy;iy vd;Wk; TwpaJ jkpnH- cyfidj;Jk; ek; Cu;" midtUk; ek;
A
Rw;wk; vd;W cynfhu;f;F ek; Kd;ndhu; ciuj;jdu;. Mdhy; ,d;nwh- ehnk ntw;Wik
//w
ghuhl;ly; eykhFnkh- vd;fpwhu; ftp+u;.

ikaf; fUj;J:
s:K
,aw;if tsk; epiwe;j ek; ehl;oy;/ ntw;Wik mfd;W/ cynfhu; midtUk; xd;W
vd;w xw;Wik vz;zk; tsu ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; Mrpupau;.
bjhil eak;:
``bjhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg; nghFk;~~
vJifj; bjhil:
tp
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; KjbyGj;J msbthj;J epw;f/ ,uz;lhtJ

vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJifj; bjhilahFk;.
v.fh: jkpHd; – jkpHd;
nkhidj; bjhil:
ht
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
v.fh: gpupt[fs; ? ngjik" xUjdp ? xw;Wik" jkpHd; ? jkpHd;" g[tpbayhk; ? g[wk;gpiy"
ahJk; ? ahtUk;
,iag[j; bjhil:
bra;a[spy; filrp Xirnah/ rPnuh/ mirnah ,iae;J tUtJ ,iag[j; bjhilahFk;.
L al
v.fh: tpise;jdnt ? tpupe;jdnt" thH;ej
; pLnthk; ? bra;jpLnthk;" bgh=;Fkd;nwh ?
jkpHd;nwh
Kuz; bjhil:
A d
bra;a[spy; ntWgl;l (Kuz;gl;l) bghUSila brhw;fs; ,lk; bgw;W tUtJ
Kuz; bjhil MFk;. v.fh : xw;Wik × ntw;Wik
D ika
mzp eak;:
``jkpHd; jpUehs; bgh=;fbyd;why; .....~~ ,g;ghlypy; brk;ikahd bey;/ njd;
bghHpa[k; kyu;/ jkpHd; jpUehs; bgh=;fy; vd cz;ikj; jd;ikfis/ ,ay;ghff; ftp+u;
TwpapUg;gjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp mike;J rpwg;g[WfpwJ.
re;j eak;:
Alv
ghly; jdpr;brhy; bgw;W te;Js;sjhy;/ ,g;ghly; ``btz;gh~~ tifiar; rhu;e;J
te;Js;sJ. brg;gnyhir mike;J/ ,uhfj;njhLk;/ jhsj;njhLk; ghLtjw;F Vw;w
ghlyhf mike;J eak; nrhf;;fpwJ.
Rit eak;: a
``ntw;Wik ehbkz;zy; rupahnkh>....~~ vd;w ghlyoapy;/ cyfidj;Jk; ek; Cu;"
midtUk; ek; Rw;wj;jpdu; vd;w bghJt[ilikf; fUj;ij cynfhu;;f;F vLj;Jf; Twpanj
.Kk
ek; Kd;ndhu;fs;jhd;- Mdhy; ,d;nwh/ ehnk ntw;Wik vz;QtJ rupahdJ md;W
vd;W ftp+u; TwpapUg;gjhy;/ ,g;ghlypy; btFspr; Rit gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
jiyg;g[: `àhJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfspu;~~
wI
Kot[iu:
LV
ftp+u; ,dpa/ vspa brhw;fshy; gog;gtu; vspjpy; g[upe;J bfhs;SkhW ghliyg;

gilj;Js;shu;. ek; gz;ila bgUikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;o/ ntw;Wikia kwe;J
w
xw;Wikaha; thHj; J}z;Lfpwhu;. ,g;ghly; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; mHpahJ ntqd;wp epw;Fk;

tpGJg; ghlyhf mike;Js;sik ghuhl;lj;jf;fjd;nwh-
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
bkhHpnahL tpisahL
A
//w
gf;fk;: 142
fUj;Jg;glj;ijg; g[upe;Jbfhz;L gj;jpahf vGJf.

s:K
jkpH;bkhHpapd; ,yf;fzk; vGj;J/

brhy;/ bghUs;/ ahg;g[/ mzp vd Ie;J
tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;/ bghUs;
,yf;fzkhdJ mfg;bghUs;/ g[wg;bghUs; vd
,U tifg;gLk;. jpizfspd; Kjw;bghUs;/
fUg;bghUs;/ cupg;bghUs; Mfpatw;iwf;
tp
Fwpg;gnj mfg;bghUs; vdg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;

Kjw;bghUshdJ epyKk;/ bghGJk; MFk;.
bghGjhdJ bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ
vd;W ,U tifg;gLk;.
ht
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.in
kiy Kfl;oy; (cr;rpapy;) fl;oapUf;Fk; njd; Tl;oidf; fz;L
kiyj;njd;-
Fwp+;rp epy kf;fspd; njbdLf;Fk; bjhHpy; fz;L tpae;njd;-
L al
kiynawp cr;rp brd;W eWe;njidg; bgWk; jpwik fz;L
kfpHe;njd;-
njdPf;fsplKk;/ Fwp+;rp thH; kf;fsplKk; cs;s xw;Wikia
A d
epidj;njd;-
mUkUe;bjd njidg; bgw;W/ mf kfpH;e;J thH;tu;.
D ika
5 ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;J thH;e;J ,dpik fhz;gu;.
Fwp+;rpapd; eWe;njdhy; gpzpapy;yh thH;t[ bgWtu;.
,ay;
clYf;F cWjpiaj; jUtJk;/ cs;sj;jpw;Fk; g[j;J}zu;r;rpiaj;

jUtJk; kiyj;njnd-
g[jpu;fSf;fhd tpilfisj; nju;e;bjLj;J vGJf.
Alv
(fk;g[/ ik/ tis/ kjp/ ,jH;/ MHp)
1. vypa[k; EiHa[k;" vHpyurp ifa[k; EiHa[k; ________. tis
a
2. mof;ft[k; bra;ayhk;" nfhilf;Ff; THhft[k; Fof;fyhk; ________.
3. fz;zpYk; vGjyhk;" btz;jhspYk; vGjyhk; ________.
4. mwptpd; bgaUk; mJjhd;" mk;g[ypapd; bgaUk; mJntjhd;" ________.
fk;g[
ik
kjp
.Kk
5. g{tpd; cWg;g[k; ehnd" g[d;difapd; gpwg;gplKk; ehnd ________. ,jH;
6. tz;oiaa[k; ,af;Fk;" bgUk; fg;giya[k; jh=;Fk; _______ MHp
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
wI
LV
ehfupfk; filg;gpog;nghk;
fiythzd; bjhiyf;fhl;rp ghu;j;Jf; tajhd bgupnahu;fSf;F cjtp bra;a[k;
w
bfhz;oUf;fpwhd;. filf;Fr; brd;w gHf;fk; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;.

mtd; jhj;jh ig epiwag; bghUs;fisj; bgupnahu;fspd; thu;j;ijfis
J}f;fpf; bfhz;L tUfpwhu;. Rik kWf;fhky; cld;gl;Lr; bra;a
A
//w
jh=;fhJ cjtpf;F miHf;fpwhu;. ntz;Lk;.

bjhiyf;fhl;rpapy; itj;jfz; jhj;jh miHj;jt[ld; bjhiyf;
th=;fhky; epfH;r;rpbahd;wpidg; fhl;rpia mizj;J tpl;L/
s:K
ghu;j;Jf;bfhz;oUf;Fk; mtd; vd;d jhj;jht[ld; bghUs;fs; th=;f cld;

bra;a ntz;Lk;> bry;y ntz;Lk;.
c=;fsJ tPl;ow;F tpUe;jpdu; xUtu; `thU=;fs;~ vd;W Twp tuntw;f
te;jpUf;fpwhu;. Kd;dwptpg;gpd;wp ntz;Lk;.
te;jpUf;Fk; mtu; kpft[k; fisg;g[ld; tPl;oDs; ,Uf;if vLj;Jg; nghl;L
tp
fhzg;gLfpwhu;. eP=;fs; mtiu vt;tpjk; mkur; bra;a ntz;Lk;.

tuntw;gPu;fs;> mtuJ fisg;g[ eP=;Ftjw;Fj; jz;zPu;
mUe;jf; bfhLf;f ntz;Lk;.
,d;Kfj;Jld; eyk; tprhupf;f ntz;Lk;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Mtzk; – Documents gz;ghL – Culture
gilbaLg;g[ – Invasion xg;ge;jk; – Agreement
L al
cg;g=;fHp – Backwater khYkp – Sailor
***
A d
thH;tpay;
jpUf;Fws;
D ika
,ay; 5 ? jpUts;Stu;
Alv
1. glj;Jf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpof;f.
m) tpy;nyu; cHtu; gifbfhspDk; bfhs;sw;f
ghu;jhf;fg; gf;F tpLk;.

a
M) ,ubtd;Dk; Vkhg;gpy; njhzp fubtd;Dk;
,) cs;spaJ va;jy; vspJkd; kw;Wk;jhd;

.Kk
cs;spaJ cs;sg; bgwpd;.
tpil: m) tpy;nyu; cHtu; gifbfhspDk; bfhs;sw;f
wI
2. ftpijf;Fg; bghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.

LV
bfho jtpj;jijg; ghup jha; mwpths;

mwpe;Jbfhz;lhd; gsp=;F Kfj;ijg; goj;Jf;bfhs;
w
kapy; jtpj;jijg; ngfd; mg;gog; goj;jtu;fisg;

czu;e;Jbfhz;lhd; gpoj;Jf;bfhs;.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
gps;isapd; gupjtpg;igj;
A
//w
m) ,fH;r;rpapy; bfl;lhiu cs;Sf jhk;jk;

kfpH;r;rpapd; ike;JWk; nghH;J.
M) Fwpg;gpy; Fwpg;g[zu; thiu cWg;gpDs;
s:K
ahJ bfhLj;Jk; bfhsy;.

,) ,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j tplj;J.
tpil: M) Fwpg;gpy; Fwpg;g[zu; thiu cWg;gpDs;
ahJ bfhLj;Jk; bfhsy;.
tp
3. kfpH;r;rpapd; ike;JWk; nghH;J __________ epid.

m) Kff;Fwpg;ig mwpe;jtiuM) vz;zpaij vz;zpatiu
,) kwjpahy; bfl;ltu;fis <) brhy;nyu; cHtiu
tpil: ,) kwjpahy; bfl;ltu;fis
ht
243
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.in
4. bghUs; TWf.
m) Vkk; – ghJfhg;g[
M) kUe;JiHr; bry;thd; – nehahspaplk; brd;W kUe;ij Kiwg;go jUgtd; (m)
kUe;jhSeu;
L al
5. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) bfLf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
M) Fwpg;g[zu;thu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. kUj;Jtj;jpd; gpupt[fshff; Fws; TWtd ahit>
5 nehahsp
kUj;Jtu;
,ay;
kUe;J
kUe;jhSeu; vd kUj;Jtk; ehd;F tifapy; ml=;Fk;.
Alv
2. gilf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;git vit>
tPuk; Kd;ndhu; tHpapy; elj;jy;
khdk; ek;gpf;iff;F cupatuhjy;
a
3. giftu; typikaw;W ,Uf;Fk;nghnj btd;Wtpl ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Fwl;ghitf; TWf.
``,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
.Kk
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j ,lj;J~~.
4. vg;nghJ kUe;J njitapy;iy vd;W jpUts;Stu; TWfpwhu;>
cz;lJ brupj;jij mwpe;J cz;lhy;/ kUe;J vd;w xd;W ntz;oajpy;iy.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
w
1. cUtf mzpf;Fj; jpUf;Fws; xd;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; je;J tpsf;Ff.

mzp ,yf;fzk; :
ctkhdk;/ ctnkak; vd;W ntWgLj;jhky;/ ,uz;ila[k; xd;whff; TWtJ cUtf
A
//w
mzpahFk;.
v.fh :
``,ubtd;Dk; Vkhg;gpy; njhzp fubtd;Dk;
s:K
ghu;jhf;fg; gf;F tpLk;~~.

bghUs;:
gpwiu vjpu;ghu;j;J ,ue;J thH;jy; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;gw;w glF/ bfhlhik vd;Dk;
ghiw nkhjpdhy; cile;J tpLk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
tp
,ue;J thH;tJk; ghJfhg;gw;w glFk; xd;nw. nfl;gtu; bfhlhky; ,Ug;gJk;

ghiw nkhJtJk; xd;nw. ,it thH;f;ifia mHpj;JtpLk; vd;W ctkhdj;ija[k;
ctnkaj;ija[k; ntWgLj;jhky; TwpapUg;gjhy; ,g;ghly; cUtf mzpf;Fg;
bghUj;jkhapw;W.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j ,lj;J ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzp gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;.
L al
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
bra;a[spy; ctikia kl;Lk; Twp/ mjd; @yk; bghUisg; bgw itg;gJ/ gpwpJ
bkhHpjy; mzpahFk;. ,jid xl;lzp vdt[k; TWtu;.
bghUs; :
A d
Ks; kuj;ijr; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;nghnj fise;Jtpl ntz;Lk;. Kjpu;e;Jtpl;lhy;
mJ btl;Lgtupd; ifiana tUj;Jk;.
D ika
mzpg; bghUj;jk; :
Ks; kuk; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; nghnj/ mjid btl;o mHpj;Jtpl ntz;Lk; vd;Dk;
ctikiaf; Twp/ mjd; @yk; giftu; typikaw;W ,Uf;Fk; nghnj btd;Wtpl
ntz;Lk; vd;w bghUisg; bgw itj;Js;sjhy; ,g;ghly; gpwpJ bkhHpjyzpahapw;W.
3. kUe;J/ kUj;Jtu;/ kUj;Jtk; Mfpad gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; TWtd ahit>
Alv
kUe;J :
cz;lJk;/ brhpj;jJk; mwpe;J cz;lhy;/ clk;g[f;F kUe;J vd xd;W
ntz;oajpy;iy.
a
``kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd;~~.
kUe;Jtu; :
.Kk
nehiaa[k;/ mjd; fhuzj;ija[k;/ mij ePf;Fk; tHpiaa[k; Muha;e;J kUj;Jtu;
bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
``neha;eho neha;Kjy; eho mJjzpf;Fk;
tha;eho tha;g;gr; bray;~~.
wI
nehahspapd; taija[k;/ nehapd; msita[k;/ kUj;Jtj;jpd; fhyj;ija[k; Muha;e;J

kUj;Jtu; bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
LV
kUe;Jtk; :
w
nehahsp/ kUj;Jtu;/ kUe;J/ kUe;jhSeu; vd kUj;Jtk; ehd;F tifapy; ml=;Fk;.

``cw;wtd; jPu;g;ghd; kUe;JiHr; bry;thbdd;W
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
mg;ghy;ehw; Tw;nw kUe;J~~.
A
//w
beLtpdh
1. thH;tpd; cau;t[f;F cWJizahf eP=;fs; fUJk; Fwl;ghf;fs; rpytw;iw tpsf;fpf;
s:K
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu gifiaf; fisjy;
vz;zpaij mila tHp clYf;F kUe;J
Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;sg;gLgtu; ,uthepiy
tp
gif TlhJ Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
ehk; ek; thH;tpy; cau;e;j ,lj;ijg; bgWtjw;F/ ekf;F cWJizahf ,Ug;gJ
ht
jpUf;Fwns. Vbdd;dwhy; mit ehk; bra;af; Toa rpy mwf;fUj;Jfis ekf;F

245
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.in
tpjpj;Jk;/ ehk; bra;af;Tlhj mwkpy;yhj ek; thH;t[f;Fj; njitahd fUj;Jfis
tpyf;fpa[k;/ ek;ik tHp elj;Jfpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw ehk; fhz;nghk;.
vz;zpaij mila tHp:
`cs;spaJ va;jy; vspJkd; kw;Wk;jhd;
L al
cs;spaJ cs;sg; bgwpd;~
vg;bghGJk; vz;zpaijna vz;zpf; bfhz;oUe;jhy;/ vz;zpaij miljy; vspJ.
Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;sg;gLgtu;:
A d
`Fwpg;gpy; Fwpg;g[zu; thiu cWg;gpDs;
ahJ bfhLj;Jk; bfhsy;~
D ika
Kff;Fwpg;gpy; mf(kd)f; Fwpg;ig mwpe;J bfhs;gtiu vijf; bfhLj;jhtJ
5 Jizahf;fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
gif TlhJ:
,ay;
`gifvd;Dk; gz;gpy; mjid xUtd;

eifnaa[k; ntz;lw;ghw;W md;W~
Alv
gif vd;Dk; gz;gw;wij xUtd; tpisahl;Lf;Ff; Tl tpUk;gf; TlhJ.
gifiaf; fisjy;:
`,isjhf Ks;kuk; bfhy;f fisa[eu;
a
ifbfhy;Yk; fhH;j;j ,lj;J~
rpwpajhf ,Uf;ifapnyna Ks;kuj;ijf; fise;J tpLf. Kjpu;e;Jtpl;lhy; btl;Lgtupd;
.Kk
ifiaf; fhag;gLj;Jk;.
clYf;F kUe;J:
`kUe;bjd ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ
mw;wJ nghw;wp czpd;~
wI
cz;lJk;/ brupj;jJk; mwpe;J cz;lhy; kUe;J vd xd;W clYf;F ntz;oajpy;iy.

LV
,uthepiy:
w
`,ue;Jk; capu;thH;jy; ntz;od; gue;J

bfLf cyfpaw;wp ahd;~
gpwuplk; ifnae;jp capu;thGk; epiy ,Uf;Fk; vdpy;/ mg;go me;epiyia cUthf;fpg;
A
//w
gilj;jtd; miye;J bfll;Lk;.

Kot[iu:
thGk; thH;f;iff;F cWJizahf xt;bthU Fwl;ght[k; ek;ik tHp elj;Jk;.
s:K
kdpjd; jd; thH;ehspy; xnubahU Fwl;ghtpd; gpd;dzpapy; thH;e;jhy; itak; X=;Fk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
FWtpdh
tp
1. jpUf;Fwspd; gFg;g[fs; ahit>

,e;E}y; mwk;/ bghUs;/ ,d;gk; vd;Dk; bgUk;gupt[fisf; bfhz;lJ.
133 mjpfhu=;fis cilaJ.
ht
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gj;Jf; Fwl;ghf;fs; tPjk; bkhj;jk; 1330 Fwl;ghf;fisf; bfhz;lJ.

246
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. jpUf;FwSf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
Kg;ghy;/ bgha;ahbkhHp/ cj;ju ntjk;/ tha[iw thH;j;J/ bja;tE}y;/ jkpH;kiw/
jpUts;Stu;/ bghJkiw Mfpadthk;.
3. jpUts;StUf;F tH=;Fk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
L al
ehadhu;/ khjhDg=;fp/ njtu;/ bre;ehg;nghjhu;/ Kjw;ghtyu;/ bgUehtyu;/ bja;tg;g[ytu;/
ehd;Kfd;/ bgha;apy;g[ytu; vd;gdthk;.
4. kwjpapd;wp thH ts;Stu; TWk; tHp ahJ>
A d
kfpH;r;rpahy; Vw;gl;l kwjpahy;/ Kd;g[ bfl;ltu;fis epidj;Jf; bfhs;tnj/ kwjpapd;wp
thH;tjw;F tHp vd;fpwhu; ts;Stu;.
D ika
5. jhd; vz;zpaJ va;Jjy; vspJ. vg;go>
xU bghUis mila ntz;Lbkd;w vz;zj;ij kwe;J tplhky;/ epiyj;J epw;FkhW
bra;jhy;/ mjid xUtd; mile;nj jPUthd;. kwjp ,y;yhiknahL/ cWjpa[k;
,Uf;Fkhdhy; mila Koahj bghUs; xd;Wkpy;iy.
6. vJ tpisahl;oYk; Tl tpUk;gj; jf;fjd;W>
gif vd;W brhy;yg;gLk; jPik gag;gjid tpisahl;oYk; Tl tpUk;gj;jf;fJ md;W.
Alv
7. vtu; gifiaf; bfhs;shJ ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;>
tpy;nye;jpg; nghu; bra;a[k; tPudJ gifiaf; bfhz;lhYk;/ brhy;ypidf; bfhz;L
tpsf;fk; bfhLf;Fk; mwp+uJ gifiaf; bfhs;shJ xHpthdhf.
8. vtu; gifiatpl vtu; gif bfhoaJ>
a
tpy;nye;jpg; nghu; bra;gtupd; gif/ gyj;ij khj;jpuk; Fiwf;Fk;. Mdhy;/ brhy;ypdhy;
.Kk
nghu; bra;a[k; mwp+dpd; gif/ mwpahikapy; js;sp mHpit cz;lhf;Fk;. mjdhy;/ tpy;
tPudpd; gifiatpl mwp+dpd; gif bfhoaJ.
9. czt[ brupj;jikf;Fupa milahs=;fs; vit>
cly; ,nyrha; ,Uj;jy;/ Vg;gk; tUjy;/ grp kpFjy; Mfpad czt[ brupj;jikf;Fupa
wI
milahs=;fshFk;.
LV
10. neha; ,d;dbjd vt;thW mwpjy; ntz;Lk;>

w
ehoj; Jog;g[/ clypy; fhzg;gLk; milahs=;fs; Mfpatw;why; neha; ,d;dbjd

mwpjy; ntz;Lk;.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
11. gue;J bfLf – ahu;> Vd;>
A
//w
,t;t[yifg; gilj;j ,iwtd;. ,t;t[yfpy; thH;thu;f;Fg; gpr;ir vLj;J capu;

thH;tija[k; xU bjhHpyhfg; gilj;jpUg;ghdhapd;/ mf;bfhoatd; jhDk; mtu;fisg;
nghd;W v=;Fk; miye;J jpupe;J bfLthdhf.
s:K
rpWtpdh
1. brhw;bghUs; gpd;tU epiyazpiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
mzp ,yf;fzk; :
bra;a[spy; xU brhy; gyKiw te;J/ mnj bghUisj; jUkhapd;/ mJ brhw;bghUs;
tp
gpd;tU epiyazpahFk;. (mjhtJ bra;a[spy; Kd;du; te;j brhy;Yk; bghUSk;

gpd;du;g; gyKiw tUkhW TWtJ).
v.fh :
``neha;eho neha;Kjy; eho mJjzpf;Fk;
ht
tha;eho tha;g;gr; bray;~~. 247

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.in
bghUs; :
nehiaa[k;/ mjd; fhuzj;ija[k; mij ePf;Fk; tHpiaa[k; Muha;e;J/ kUj;Jtu;
bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
mzpg;bghUj;jk; :
L al
,g;ghlypy; ``neha;~~ vd;Dk; brhy;/ ``gpzp~~ vd;w bghUspYk; `èho~~ vd;Dk; brhy;/
``Muha;e;J~~ vd;w bghUspYk;/ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;Js;sjhy;/ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tU
epiy mzpf;Fg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.
A d
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[
bghr;rhthik
D ika
5 bfl;lhiu
cs;Sf
–
–
tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
va;Jjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
,ay;
Fwpg;gwpjy;
Fwpg;g[zu;thu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
Alv
gifika[k; nfz;ika[k; – vz;Qk;ik
gilkhl;rp
kwk; khdk; khz;l tHpr;bryt[ njw;wk; – ck;ikj;bjhif
gifj; jpwk; bjspjy;
bfhs;sw;f
a – vjpu;kiw tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
.Kk
bfhy;f – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
fisa[eu; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;
kUe;J
wI
nghw;wp/ eho – tpidbar;r=;fs;

LV
jzpf;Fk; tha; – bgabur;rk;

mst[k; gpzpast[k; fhyKk; – vz;Qk;ik
w
cw;whd;/ fw;whd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;

cw;wtd;/ jPug
; g
; hd;/ ciHr;bry;thd; – tpidahyiza[k; bgau;fs;
,utr;rk;
A
//w
bfLf – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W

gue;J bfLf – tpidbar;rk;
s:K
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. Fwpg;g[zu;thiu `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; Fwpg;g; +
Fwpg;g[ + bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go~/ `c~ czu;thiu
tp
czu;thiu eP=;fp Fwpg;gz[ u;thiu

Fwpg;g[(g; + c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ vd;whdJ.
czh;thiu ,ay;ng~ (g; + c = g[)
ht
248
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. fz;Qiuf;Fk; `jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; fz;z; +
fz; + ciuf;Fk; ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go `z;~ ciuf;Fk;
,ul;oj;J
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ fz;Qiuf;Fk;
L al
,ay;ng~ (z; + c = Q) vd;whdJ.
3. tHpr;bryt[ `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w tHpr;bryt[
tHp + bryt[ capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;~ vd;Dk; vd;whdJ.
A d
tpjpg;go `r;~ kpFe;J
4. gifbad;Dk; `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ à~ gif + a; +
D ika
gif + vd;Dk; fu clk;gLbka; bgw;W/ vd;Dk;
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ gifbad;Dk;
5. tpy;nyUHtu; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tpy;nyUHtu;
tpy;nyu; + cHtu; ,ay;ng~ (u; + c = U) vd;whdJ.
Alv
6. fubtd;Dk; `Kw;Wk; mw;W xnuh tHp~ vd;Dk; fut; + vd;Dk;
fut[ + vd;Dk; tpjpg;go/ `c~ eP=;fp/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ fubtd;Dk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
a
,ay;ng~ (t; + v = bt) vd;whdJ.
.Kk
1. czu;thu; = czu; + t; + Mu; 5. fUjp = fUJ + ,
czu; gFjp fUJ gFjp
t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy , tpidbar;r tpFjp
wI
Mu; glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy;

LV
tpidKw;W tpFjp
w
2. bfhs;f = bfhs; + f 6. bfLf = bfL + f

bfhy; gFjp bfL gFjp
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp
A
//w
3. nghw;wp = nghw;W + , 7. bry;thd; = bry; + t; + Md;

nghw;W gFjp bfL gFjp
s:K
, tpidbar;r tpFjp t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy

Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
4. jPu;g;ghd; = jPu; + g; + g; + Md; 8. fhH;j;j = fhH; + j; + j; + m
jPu; gFjp fhH; gFjp
g; re;jp j; re;jp
tp
g; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

Md; glu;f;if Mz;ghy; m bgabur;r tpFjp
tpidKw;W tpFjp
ht
***
249
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
,ay; gy;fiy epWt[
L al
ciueil fhyj;ij btd;w fiy
6 Mj;khehk; ftpijfs;
(nfs;tp/ xU g[spakuk;)
Mj;khehk;
A d
bra;a[s;
Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp jpupTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
D ika
jpUr;rhHy; khzpf;fthrfu;
6 Jizg;ghlk; ,irj;jkpHu; ,Utu;
,yf;fzk; fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk;
,ay;
epWj;jw;Fwpfs; (bjupe;J bfhs;nthk;)
Alv
ciueil
,ay; 6 a fhyj;ij btd;w fiy
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. Tw;W 1 : j+;irg; bgupanfhtpypYs;s Xtpa=;fis v!;.nf. nfhtpe;jrhkp fz;lwpe;jhu;.

LV
Tw;W 2 : m=;Fs;s nrhHu;fhyj;J Xtpa=;fs; Bgpbu!;nfh tifiar; rhu;e;jit.

w
m) Tw;W 1 rup/ Tw;W 2 jtW M) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; jtW

,) Tw;W 1 jtW/ Tw;W 2 rup <) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; rup
tpil : <) Tw;W ,uz;Lk; rup
FWtpdh
A
//w
1. ,e;jpaf; fl;llf;fiyapd; @d;W tiffs; ahit>

ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk;.
s:K
2. xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk; nfhtpy; fy;btl;oy; fhzyhFk; bgz; mjpfhupfspd;

bgau;fspypUe;J ePtpu; mwptJ ahJ>
,uhruhrdpd; gl;lj;jurp/ xnyhfkhnjtp jpUitahw;wpy; fl;oa nfhtpy; ``xnyhf
khnjtPr;Ruk;~~ vdg;gLk;.
mf;nfhtpypy; cs;s fy;btl;L xd;wpy;/ ``vUje; F+;ru ky;yp~~ vd;w bgz; mjpfhup
tp
bgaUk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nkYk;/ Kjyhk; ,uhrhjpuhrd; fhyj;jpYk; ``mjpfhupr;rp nrhkad; mkpu;jty;yp~~ Fwpj;j
bra;jpa[k; cs;sJ.
,jpypUe;J/ ,uhruhrd; fhyj;jpy; Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng bgz; mjpfhupfs;
ht
250 muRg; gzpapy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ mwpag;gLfpwJ.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. Bgpbu!;nfh Xtpa=;fs;/ fw;wspf; nfhtpy;fs; Fwpj;J ePtpu; mwptd ahit>
Bgpbu!;nfh Xtpa=;fs; fw;wspf; nfhtpy;fs;
L al
Bg;bu!;nfh vd;w ,j;jhypar; brhy;Yf;Fg; br=;fw;fis xd;wd; nky; xd;whf
`g[Jik~ vd;W bghUs;. mLf;fpf; fl;LtJ nghy/ fU=;fw;fis
mLf;fpf; fl;Ltjw;Ff; fw;wsp vd;W bgau;.
A d
Rz;zhk;g[f; fhiug;g{r;R kPJ/ mjd; <uk; ,J VHhk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;lhk;
fha[k; Kd; tiuag;gLk; gHikahd eurpk;ktu;kd; vd;Dk; gy;yt kd;dd;
D ika
Xtpak; fiy El;gk; tha;e;jJ. cUthf;fpa totkhFk;.
v.fh: m$e;jh/ vy;nyhuh/ rpj;jd;dthry;. v.fh: kfhgypg[uk; flw;fiuf; nfhtpy;/
fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpy;/
gidkiyf; nfhtpy;.
beLtpdh
Alv
1. `fy;Yk; fij brhy;Yk;~ ? vd;Dk; bjhlu; j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpYf;Fg; bghUe;Jtij
tpsf;fp vGJf.
Kd;Diu
a Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
tpkhdk;
.Kk
,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiy Xtpa=;fs;
nfhtpy; fl;oa fhyk; fy;btl;Lr; bra;jpfs;
nfhg[uk; TWk; fij jr;ru;fspd; bgau;
bgupa nfhtpy; ? Vd;> Kot[iu
wI
Kd;Diu:
LV
kdpjdpd; gilg;g[j; jpwdhy; cUthdJ fiy. fiy xU r@fj;jpd; ehfupfk;/

gz;ghL ,tw;wpd; nkd;ikiag; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; fle;Jk; fk;gPukhff;
w
fhl;rpaspf;Fk; j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fl;llf; fiyEl;gk; ek;ik tpag;gilar; bra;fpwJ.

,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiy:
,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiyapd; @d;W tiffs; ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk; MFk;. j+;irg;
A
//w
bgupa nfhtpy; vz;gl;il totpy; fl;lg;gl;l jpuhtplf; fiyg; ghzpahFk;.

nfhtpy; fl;oa fhyk;:
s:K
11 Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Ml;rp g[upe;j Kjyhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd; j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiy
1003 Mk; Mz;L bjhl=;fp 1010 Mk; Mz;L tiu fl;odhd;. 2010 ,y; ,f;nfhtpypd;
gy;fiy epWt[
1000 MtJ Mz;L epiwtile;jJ.
nfhg[uk; TWk; fij:
bgupa nfhg[u=;fspy; caukhdJ `nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk;~. ,uhruhrd; 988 ? Mk; Mz;L/
nru ehl;il btw;wp bfhz;lijg; nghw;Wk; tifapy;/ ,f;nfhg[uj;jpw;Ff; `nfuhshe;jfd;
tp
thapy; nfhg[uk;~ vdg; bgauplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mjid mLj;J cs;s nfhg[u thapypd; bgau; ``,uhruhrd; jpUthapy;~~. ,J
nrhHu;fspd; g[J milahskhFk;. ,f;nfhg[u=;fs; ,uhruhrdpd; bgUikiaf; TWfpwJ.
,f;nfhtpypd; tpkhdk; 213 mo cauKilaJ. fUtiw tpkhdk; 13 js=;fis
ht
cilaJ. mjdhy; ,uhruhrd; ,f;nfhtpiyj; ``jl;rpz nkU~~ ``bjw;fpd; ,kak;~~ vd;W

bgUika[ld; miHj;jhd;. 251
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bgupa nfhtpy; ? Vd;>
,iwtid tHpgLk; jykhf kl;Lk; ,y;iy. ,f;nfhapypy; ,ir/ eldk;/ ehlff;
fiyfs; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld. kf;fs; xd;W TLkplk; kl;Lky;yhky; kf;fSf;F ntz;oa
bra;jpfisf; fy;btl;L @yk; TWkplk;. ,J g+;rk; nghf;f/ jhdpaf;fpl=;fha;g;
L al
gad;gLk;. fUt{ykhft[k;/ kUj;Jtkidahft[k;/ nghu;f;fhy=;fspy; gil tPuu;fs;
j=;Fk; ,lkhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
tpkhdk;:
13 js=;fis cila fUtiw tpkhdj;jpd; nky;/ vz;gl;il mikg;gpy; Mu+;R
A d
gHr;Ris nghd;W vl;Lf;fw;fs; beUf;fkhf itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Xtpa=;fs;:
D ika
6 bgupa nfhtpypd; fUtiwapy; ,Ujs=;fspy; cs;s Rw;Wf;Tlk;/ rhe;jhu ehHpif
gFjpr;Rtu;fspy; jl;rpzh@u;j;jp Xtpak;/ Re;juu; tuyhW/ jpupg[uhe;jfu; Xtpa=;fs;
tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,it Bg;bu!;nfh tif Xtpa=;fshFk;.
,ay;
fy;btl;Lr; bra;jpfs;:
,uhruhrd; ,f;nfhtpiyf; fl;l bfhil bfhLj;jtu;fisf; fy;btl;lhf Mtzg;
gLj;jpa[s;shu;. jd;g=;F/ jd; jkf;if Fe;jit bfhLj;j bfhil/ mtUila kidtpau;
Alv
bfhLj;j bfhil/ bfhLg;ghu; bfhLj;j bfhil vd;W kw;wtu; bfhLj;jija[k;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
jr;ru;fspd; bgau;: a
tPunrhHd;/ F+;ru ky;yd;/ ,uhruhr bgUe;jr;rd;/ epj;j tpndhjg; bgUe;jr;rd; vd;W
jr;ru;fspd; bgau;fisa[k; mHpahf; fhtpakhf;fpa[s;shd;.
.Kk
Kot[iu:
fw;fns fpilf;fhj fhtpupr; rkbtspg; gFjpapy; kpft[k; cauj;jpy; xU fw;nfhtpy;
j+;irapd; bgUikahFk;. nkw;fz;lit @yk; `fy;Yk; fij brhy;Yk;~ vd;gjw;nfw;g/
,f;nfhtpy; mf;fhy rKjhak;/ fiy/ kd;du;fspd; rpwg;g[/ Xtpak; nghd;w midj;Jf;
wI
fijfisa[k; TWtjhy; ,j;bjhlu; kpfg; bghUj;jkhapw;W.

LV

w
1. mUfpYs;s nfhtpy; rpw;g=;fs;/ nfhg[u=;fs; Fwpj;j rpwg;g[j; jfty;fisj; jpul;og;

gl=;fSld; bjhFg;ngL cUthf;Ff.
A
//w
eluh$d; nfhapy; rpw;g=;fs;/ nfhg[u=;fs;

rpw;g=;fs; nfhg[u=;fs;
s:K
Kf;FWzp tpehafu; ,f;nfhtpypy;

jpUKiw fhl;o tpehafu; ehd;F uh$nfhg[u=;fs; cz;L.
jghy;yhg; gps;isahu; VGepiyfisf; bfhz;lJ.
ty;yg fzgjp nfhg[uj;jpd; mog;gFjp
etfpuf rd;djp/ 90 mo ePsk;/
gj+;ryp rd;djp 60 mo mfyk;/
tp
nfhapYf;Fs;ns nfhapy; 135 mo cauk;/

mike;j nfhapy; 40 mo cauk;
nfhtpe;j uh$bgUkhs; nfhtpy; cila thry;.
rptfhk Re;jup mk;kd; nfhtpy; fpHf;Ff; nfhg[uj;jpy; 108
ht
rptjhz;lt=;fSf;fhd rpw;gk; cs;sJ.

252
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. `jl;rpz nkU~ ? Fwpj;Jg; ghlj;jpy; brhy;yg;glhj gy;ntW jfty;fisj; jpul;o tFg;gpy;
fye;JiuahLf.
Mrpupau; : jkpHf tuyhw;wpd; bghw;fhyk; vdg; nghw;wg;gLk; nrhHu; fhyj;jpy;
jl;rpznkU gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLnthk;. mjw;F Kd;ghf Kd; tFg;gpy;/
L al
tpkhdk; fUtiw/ fw;wsp ,ijg; gw;wp ghu;j;njhk;. ,jpy; brhy;yhjtw;iw
ehk; ghu;g;nghk;.
ghyd; : tzf;fk; Iah. fUtiwapy; brhy;yhj bra;jpia ehd; brhy;fpnwd;.
A d
fUtiw ,uz;L jsk; cilaJ. nkw;jsj;jpy; rptbgUkhd; eldkhLk;
rpw;g=;fs; cs;sd. fUtiw rhe;jhuf; fl;llf;fiy mikg;g[ MFk;.
tpkhdj;jpy; cl;TL `fjypfh fu;zk;~ vd;w fl;llf;fiy MFk;.
D ika
khyd; : Iah- ,iwtDf;F Nl;lg;gLk; eiffspd; bgau;fs; gw;wp TWfpnwd;.
jpUg;gl;lk;/ jpUg;gl;oif/ jpUKo/ jpUkhiy/ uj;dflfk;. nkYk;
bts;spahyhd ghj;jpu=;fs; kz;il/ bfhz;o/ jl;lk;/ fplhuk; Mfpad.
Mrpupau; : gpufjP!;tuk; vd;why; vd;d>
ghyd; : tp!;tqgk; vd;gJ.
Alv
Mrpupau; : ,f;nfhapy; vj;jidahtJ Ml;rp Mz;oy; tHpghl;ow;F te;jJ.
khyd; : ,uh$uh$nrhHdpd; 25 MtJ Ml;rp Mz;oy;.
ghyd; : ,f;nfhtpypy; njthuk; ghl ? 48 ngu;/ kj;jsk; kw;Wk; cLf;if thrpf;f ? 50
a
ngu;/ nkYk; nfhtpy; gzpf;fhf 400 ngu; vd epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
Mrpupau; : ed;wp khztu;fns- nahrpf;f nahrpf;f kdk; kpfg; bgupjha; tpuptilfpwJ.
.Kk
tHpghl;Lj;jykhf kl;Lky;yhky; Mw;w=;fiu ehfupfj;jpd; tuyhw;Wg;
gjpthFk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
wI
LV
gyt[s; bjupf
w
1. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fl;llf; fiy El;gk; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; fle;Jk; fk;gPukhff;
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ.
m) 300 M) 400
A
//w
,) 800 <) 1000 tpil: <) 1000

2. jl;rpznkU vd miHf;fg;gLtJ _______.
s:K
m) fh+;rpifyurehju; nfhapy; M) jpUtpy;ypg[j;J}u; nfhapy; gy;fiy epWt[

,) j+;irg; bghupa nfhapy; <) IuhtnjRtuu; nfhapy;
tpil: ,) j+;irg; bghupa nfhapy;
3. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; nfhg[u=;fspy; caukhdJ ________.
m) nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk; M) ,uhnre;jpud; nfhg[uk;
,) ,uhruhrd; nfhg[uk; <) f=;if bfhz;lhd; nfhg[uk;
tp
tpil: m) nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk;

4. 988Mk; Mz;L ,uhruhrd; btw;wpf; bfhz;l ehL ________.
m) ghz;oa ehL M) fyp=;f ehL
ht
,) nruehL <) ,y=;if tpil: ,) nruehL

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5. rupahd Tw;wpidf; fz;;lwpf.
i) nfhg[ubkd;gJ thapy;fspd; nkny mikf;fg;gLtJ.
ii) tpkhdk; mfehHpifapd; nky; mikf;fg;gLtJ.
iii) fUtiwiaj;jhd; mfehHpif vd;W miHg;ghu;fs;.
L al
m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup M) @d;Wk; rup
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) Kjy; kl;Lk; rup tpil: M) @d;Wk; rup
6. gpw;fhyr; nrhHu;fspd; jdpr;rpwg;g[ ________.
m) xU EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
A d
M) ,uz;L EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
,) @d;W EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
D ika
<) ehd;F EiHthapy; nfhg[uk; tpil: M) ,uz;L EiHthapy; nfhg[uk;
6 7. ek; ehl;oYs;s fw;wspf; nfhtpy;fspnyna bgupaJk; caukhdJk; Md nfhtpy; ________.
m) j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy;
,ay;
M) jhuhRuk; IuhtjP!;tuu; nfhtpy;

,) jpUg[tdk; rung!;tuu; nfhtpy;
<) ts;spa{u; tpil: m) j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy;
Alv
8. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiyf; fl;oatu; ________.
m) ,uhruhrd; M) ,uhnre;jpud;
,) fupfhyd; <) guhe;jfd;
a tpil: m) ,uhruhrd;
9. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; fl;o Kof;f vLj;Jf; bfhz;l Mz;Lfs; ________.
m) 6 M) 7
.Kk
,) 8 <) 9 tpil: m) 6
10. `jl;rpznkU~ vd;W j+;ir bgupa nfhtpiy miHj;jtu; ________.
m) ,uhruhrd; M) ,uhnre;jpud;
wI
,) fupfhyd; <) guhe;jfd; tpil: m) ,uhruhrd;

LV
11. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; tpkhdk; ________ mo cauk; cilaJ.

m) 246 M) 247
w
,) 216 <) 126 tpil: ,) 216

12. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fUtiw tpkhdk; ________ js=;fisa[ilaJ.
m) 12 M) 13
A
//w
,) 14 <) 15 tpil: M) 13
13. fw;wsp vd;Dk; totj;ij cUthf;fpatd; ________.
s:K
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;kd; M) ,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrp

,) Kjyhk; eurpk;ktu;kd; <) ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;kd;
tpil: <) ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;kd;
14. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; fl;l bjh=;fg;gl;l Mz;L _______ Kof;fg;gl;l Mz;L _______.
m) 1002/ 1009 M) 1003/ 1008
tp
,) 1003/ 1010 <) 1010/ 1017 tpil: ,) 1003/ 1010

15. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; 1000MtJ Mz;L epiwtile;j Mz;L ________.
m) 2003 M) 2007
,) 2009 <) 2010 tpil: <) 2010
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
16. ________ Mk; E}w;whz;oy; Ml;rpg[upe;jhd; Kjyhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd;.
m) 10 M) 11
,) 12 <) 13 tpil: M) 11
17. nrhHd; br=;fzhd; vGgj;bjl;Lf; nfhtpy;fisf; fl;oapUg;gjhfj; jk; gjpfbkhd;wpy;
L al
TWgtu; ________.
m) jpU+hdrk;ge;ju; M) jpUeht[f;furu;
,) Re;juu; <) khzpf;fthrfu; tpil: M) jpUeht[f;furu;
A d
18. tprpj;jpu rpj;jd; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltd; ________.
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;
D ika
M) Kjyhk;; eurpk;ktu;k gy;ytd;
,) ,uz;lhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;
<) ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktu;k gy;ytd; tpil: m) Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;
19. br=;fy;/ Rz;zk;/ kuk;/ cnyhfk; Kjypait ,y;yhkny gpuk <Rtu tp&;QfSf;F
Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd; Filtiuf; nfhtpy;fis mikj;jijf; TWk; fy;btl;L
________.
Alv
m) mupf;fnkL M) Mjpr;rey;Y}u;
,) kz;lfg;gl;L <) khky;yg[uk; tpil: ,) kz;lfg;gl;L
,) ,uhrrpk;kd;
a
20. fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpiyf; fl;Ltpj;jtd; ________.
m) knfe;jputu;kd; M) eurpk;ktu;kd;
<) Fnyhj;J=;fd; tpil: ,) ,uhrrpk;kd;
.Kk
21. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiyf; fl;Ltjw;Fj; J}z;Lnfhyhf mike;jJ ________.
m) ,uhrrpk;nkr;Rtuk; vdg;gl;l fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpy;
M) fk;gu;/ xl;lf;Tj;ju; nghd;w g[ytu;fspd; ntz;Lnfhs;
,) j+;irapy; fiy tsu;f;f ntz;Lk; vd;w uhruhrdpd; Mu;tk;
wI
<) ,iw tHpghl;od; kPJ kd;du;f;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,Ue;j Mu;tk;

LV
tpil: m) ,uhrrpk;nkr;Rtuk; vdg;gl;l fh+;rpg[uk; ifyhrehju; nfhtpy;

w
22. fl;llf;fiy vd;gJ ciwe;J nghd ,ir vd;W Twpatu; ________.

m) &Py;!; M) gpuoupfh bthd;!;yPtp=;
,) Bg;bu!;nfh <) ntl;!;bthu;j; tpil: M) gpuoupfh bthd;!;yPtp=;
A
//w
23. ,e;jpaf; fl;llf; fiyg;ghzpia ________ vd;W @d;whff; TWtu;.

m) ehfuk;/ fpnuf;fk;/ jpuhtplk; M) ntruk;/ jpuhtplk;/ fpnuf;fk;
s:K
,) kuhl;oak;/ ehfuk;/ ntruk; <) ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk; gy;fiy epWt[

tpil: <) ehfuk;/ ntruk;/ jpuhtplk;
24. j+;irf;nfhtpy; vz;gl;il totpy; fl;lg;gl;l ________ fiyg;gzpahFk;.
m) ehfuf; M) ntruf;
,) jpuhtplf; <) jkpH;f; tpil: ,) jpuhtplf;
tp
25. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpiy ,uhruhr nrhHd;jhd; fl;odhd; vd;gijf; fy;btl;L Muha;r;rp
@yk; cWjp bra;j b$u;khdpa mwp+u; ________.
m) &Py;!; M) gpuoupfh bthd;!;yPtp=;
,) Bg;bu!;nfh <) fPl;!; tpil: m) &Py;!;
ht
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26. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fy;btl;Lfisg; gobaLj;J thrpj;J b$u;kdp mwp+u; &Py;!;
cWjp bra;j Mz;L ________.
m) 1884 M) 1886
,) 1890 <) 1892 tpil: M) 1886
L al
i) 1930 Mk; Mz;oy; rpjk;guk; mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; tpupt[iuahsuhfg;
gzpg[upe;jtu; v!;.nf.nfhtpe;jrhkp.
ii) j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; fUtiwapd; ,U js=;fspy; cs;s Rw;Wf;Tlk;/ rhu;e;j
A d
ehHpifg; gFjpr; Rtu;fspy; Xtpa=;fs; fhzg;gl;lij Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu;
v!;.nf.nfhtpe;jrhkp.
D ika
iii) mjpy;/ jl;rpzh@u;j;jp Xtpak;/ Re;juu; tuyhW/ jpupg[uhe;jfu; Xtpak; Kjypad Rtu;
6 KGtJkhfg; bgupa mstpy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
,ay;
,) @d;Wk; rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup

28. Bg;bu!;nfh vd;w ,j;jhypar; brhy;Yf;Fg; bghUs; ________.
m) gHik M) g[Jik
Alv
,) KJik <) vspik tpil: M) gHik
29. Bg;bu!;nfh tif Xtpa=;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,l=;fs; ________.
i) m$e;jh ii) vy;nyhuh iii) rpj;jd;dthry;
m) i, ii ? rup
,) @d;Wk; rup
a
M) ii, iii ? rup
<) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
.Kk
30. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypy; cs;s bgupaee;jpa[k;/ kz;lgKk; ________ fhyj;jJ.
m) nrhHu; M) ghz;oau;
,) ehaf;fu; <) kuhl;oau; tpil: ,) ehaf;fu;
31. gjpd;@d;W js=;fis cila fUtiw tpkhdj;jpd; nky; vz;gl;il mikg;gpy;
wI
Mu+;Rg; gHr;Ris nghd;W vj;jid fw;fs; beUf;fkhf itj;J xl;lg;gl;ld.

LV
m) 6 M) 7;
,) 8; <) 9 tpil: ,) 8
w
32. jkpHf murpd; rpd;dk; ________.

m) nfhtpy; nfhg[uk; M) muz;kid kjpy;
,) mnrhfu;j;J}z; <) nfhtpy; Rtu; tpil: m) nfhtpy; nfhg[uk;
A
//w
33. ve;j E}w;whz;oypUe;J nfhg[u=;fs; jdpr;rpwg;g[g; bgw;wd.

m) 12 Mk; M) 13 Mk;
s:K
,) 10 Mk; <) 11 Mk; tpil: m) 12 Mk;

34. btspf;nfhg[uj;ij caukhft[k; cl;nfhg[uj;ij cauk; Fiwthft[k; ,uz;L tiff;
nfhg[u=;fisf; fl;Lk; g[jpa kuigj; njhw;Wtpj;jtd; ________.
m) knfe;jputu;kd; M) eurpk;ktu;kd;
,) ,uhruhrd; <) ,uhnre;jpud; tpil: ,) ,uhruhrd;
tp
35. ehd;F g[w=;fspYk; ehd;F nfhg[u=;fs; vGg;gg; bgWk; kug[ ________ fhyj;jpypUe;J
njhd;wpaJ.
m) Kjyhk; knfe;jpu tu;kd; M) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;fs;
,) ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J=;fd; <) ,uz;lhk; knfe;jputu;kd;
ht
tpil: ,) ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J=;fd;

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.in
36. g[fH; bgw;w nfhtpy;fs; gytw;wpYk; kpft[au;e;j nfhg[uj;ij vGg;gpaJ ________ muR.
m) ehaf;fu; M) kuhl;oa
,) tp$a efu <) ghz;oa tpil: ,) tp$a efu
37. fh+;rp/ jpy;iy/ jpUtz;zhkiy/ jpUtu=;fk;/ kJiu Mfpa ,l=;fspy; cs;s
L al
nfhtpy;fspy; cs;s nfhg[u=;fs; vy;yhnk ________ mof;F nky; cauk; cs;sit.
m) 120 M) 125
,) 140 <) 150 tpil: <) 150
A d
38. ,uhruhrd; fhyj;jpy; bgz; mjpfhupfs; ________ gzpfspy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
m) muR M) tzpf
D ika
,) nghu; <) FLk;g tpil: m) muR
39. ,uhruhrdpd; gl;lj;jurp ________.
m) Fe;jit M) nfhg;bgUe;njtp
,) xnyhfkhnjtp <) jpyftjp tpil: ,) xnyhfkhnjtp
40. xnyhfkhnjtp fl;oa nfhtpy; ________ cs;s ,lk; ________.
Alv
m) xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk;/ jpUitf;fht{u;
M) xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk;/ jpUitahW
,) ,uhruhnrr;Ruk;/ jpUr;rp
a
<) ,uhrrpk;nkr;Ruk;/ fh+;rpg[uk; tpil: M) xnyhfkhnjtPr;Ruk;/ jpUitahW
41. ``vUje; F+;rpu ky;yp~~ vd;W bgz; mjpfhupiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpw fy;btl;L ________.
.Kk
m) j+;rht{u; M) jpUitahW
,) kz;lfg;gl;L <) mupf;fnkL tpil: M) jpUitahW
42. jpUitahw;Wf; nfhtpypy; Kjyhk; ,uhrhjpuhrd; fhyj;jpa bgz; mjpfhup vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLgts; ________.
wI
m) xnyhfkhnjtp M) nrhkad; mkpu;jty;yp

LV
,) nrhkad; Mde;jty;yp <) Mjpke;jp tpil: M) nrhkad; mkpu;jty;yp

w
43. fhyj;ij btd;w fiy vd;Dk; ciuahlw; ghlg;gFjpapy; bgupauhf tUgtu; jd;id
ahu; vd;W Twpdhu;>
m) ftp+u; M) fy;jr;rd;
tpil: M) fy;jr;rd;
A
,) bghw;bfhy;yu; <) Fatu;

//w
44. ,uz;L/ @d;W js=;fis kl;Lnk bfhz;L nfhtpy; fl;o te;j fhyj;jpy; g[jpa kug[
gilj;jtd; ________.
s:K
m) ,uhruhrd; M) Fnyhj;J=;fd; gy;fiy epWt[

,) knfe;jputu;kd; <) ,uhrrpk;kd; tpil: <) ,uhrrpk;kd;
45. fhyj;ij btd;w fiy vd;Dk; ciuahlw; gFjpapy; ,lk; bgWk; ghj;jpu=;fs; ________.
m) fjpu;/ epyh/ bgupatu; M) fiy/ epyh/ bgupatu;
,) fiy/ re;jpuh/ rpw;gp <) bgupatu;/ rpWtu;/ rpWkpau;
tp
tpil: m) fjpu;/ epyh/ bgupatu;

46. ,uhruhrdpd; jkf;if (mf;fz;) ________.
m) jpyftjp M) xnyhfkhnjtp
,) Fe;jitnjtp <) nfhg;bgUe;njtp tpil: ,) Fe;jitnjtp
ht
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47. vLg;gpj;jtu;fspd; bgau;fnshL ________ bgaUk; j+;ir bgupa nfhtpypy; gjpf;fg;
gl;oUf;fpwJ.
m) njhw;w kd;du;fspd; M) mikr;ru;fspd;
,) jr;ru;fspd; <) bghw;bfhy;yu;fspd; tpil: ,) jr;ru;fspd;
L al
48. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypy; nrhHu; fhyj;J ee;jpa[s;s ,lk; ________.
m) tlg[wj; jpUr;Rw;W M) bjd;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W
,) nkw;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W <) fPH;g;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W tpil: M) bjd;g[wj; jpUr;Rw;W
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
1. mfehHpif vd;why; vd;d>
6 nfhg[uk; vd;gJ thapy;fspd; nkny mikf;fg;gLtJ.
tpkhdnkh ``mfehHpifapd;~~ nky; mikf;fg;gLtJ.
,ay;
nfhapy; fUtiwiaj;jhd; ``mfehHpif~~ vd;W miHg;ghu;fs;.

2. ``nfushe;jfd; thapy; nfhg[uk;~~ vd;W bgupa nfhtpYf;Fg; bgauplf; fhuzk; ahJ>
Alv
bgupa nfhtpypd; nfhg[u=;fspy; caukhdJ nfushe;jfd; nfhg[uk;.
,uhruhrd; 988 Mk; Mz;L/ nru ehl;il btw;wp bfhz;lijg; nghw;Wk; tifapy;/
,f;nfhg[uj;jpw;Ff; ``nfushe;jfd; thapy; nfhg[uk;~~ vdg; bgauplg;gl;lJ.
3. fiyfspd; tiffs; rpy TW[f.
a
Ez;fiy/ gad;fiy/ gUz;ikf; fiy/ ftpd; fiy/ epfH;j;J fiy vd;gd fiyfspd;
.Kk
tiffspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;.
4. kz;lfg;gl;Lf; fy;btl;L TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
br=;fy;/ Rz;zhk;g[/ cnyhfk; Kjypait ,y;yhkny/ gpuk/ <Rtu/ tp&;Qf;fSf;F
``tprpj;jpu rpj;jd;~~ vd;W miHf;fg;gl;l Kjyhk; knfe;jputu;k gy;ytd;/ Filtiuf;
wI
nfhtpy;fis mikj;jjhf kz;lfg;gl;Lf; fy;btl;Lf; TWfpwJ.

LV
5. gH=;fhyj;jpy; nfhtpy;fs; vt;thW fl;lg;gl;ld>

w
gH=;fhyj;jpy; nfhapy;fisf; fl;Lk;nghJ/ bjhlf;fj;jpy; kz;zhy; fl;o/ nkny

kuj;jhy; rl;lfkpl;lhu;fs;.
mjd; nky; brg;g[/ bghd; jfLfshy; Tiu nta;e;jhu;fs;.
A
//w
mLj;Jr; br=;fw;fis mLf;fpf; fl;odhu;fs;.

jpy;iyf; nfhtpy;/ Fw;why ehju; nfhtpy; Mfpad mt;thW fl;lg;gl;litahFk;.
s:K
6. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpy; vg;nghJ fl;lg;gl;lJ>

gjpndhuhk; E}w;whz;oy; Ml;rp g[upe;j Kjyhk; ,uhruhr nrhHd;/ j+;irg; bgupa
nfhtpiy/ 1003 Mk; Mz;L bjhl=;fp 1010 Mk; Mz;L tiu fl;odhd;.
2010 ,y; ,f;nfhtpypd; 1000 tJ Mz;L epiwtile;jJ.
7. j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypd; fy;btl;Lfspy; tpag;g{l;Lk; bra;jpfs; ahit>
tp
nfhtpiy vLg;gpj;jtu;fs; gw;wpf; fy;btl;oy;/ ``bfhLg;ghu; bfhLj;jdt[k;~~ vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; nfhtpYf;F kw;wtu;fs; bfhLj;j bfhiliaa[k; cyfk; mwpa[k;go
bra;Js;shu; ,uhruhrd;.
kw;bwhU fy;btl;oy;/ nfhtpy;fis cUthf;fpa jr;ru;fspd; bgaUk; gjpj;jpUg;gJ
ht
g[Jikahf cs;sJ.
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.in
rpWtpdh
1. nfhtpy;fs; Vd; bgupjhff; fl;lg;gl;ld>
nfhtpy; vd;gJ btWk; tHpglf; Toa jyk; kl;Lkd;W.
L al
m=;nf ,ir/ eldk;/ ehlfk; nghd;w mU=;fiyfs; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld.
kf;fs; xd;W TLk; ,lkhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
kf;fSf;Fj; bjuptpf;f ntz;oa bra;jpfs; midj;Jk; m=;nf fy;btl;oy;
A d
bghwpf;fg;gl;ld.
g+;r fhy=;fspy; kf;fSf;F czt[ mspg;gjw;fhfj; jhdpaf; fpl=;FfSk;/
D ika
nfhtpYf;Fs; mikf;fg;gl;oUe;jd.
fUt{ykhft[k;/ kUj;Jtkidahft[k;/ nghu;f;fhy=;fspy; gil tPuu;fs; j=;ff; Toa
,lkhft[k; nfhtpy;fs; gad;gl;ljhy; mit bgupjhff; fl;lg;gl;ld.
2. j+;irf; nfhtpypd; ee;jpa[k; tpkhdKk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
ee;jpa[k; tpkhdKk; :
Alv
j+;irg; bgupa nfhtpypy; cs;s ee;jp nrhHu; fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ md;W.
ee;jpa[k; kz;lgKk; ehaf;fu; fhyj;ijr; nru;e;jJ.
nrhHu; fhyj;J ee;jp jw;nghJ bjd;g[wj;jpUr;Rw;wpy; cs;sJ.
a
me;jr; rpfuj;jpYs;s gpuke;jpuf;fy; xw;iwf;fy; md;W.
gjpd; @d;W js=;fis cila fUtiw/ tpkhdj;jpd; nky;/ vz;gl;il mikg;gpy;
.Kk
Mu+;Rg;gHr;Ris nghd;W vl;Lf; fw;fs; beUf;fkhf itj;J xl;lg;gl;ld.
3. nfhg[uk; mikg;gjpy; kd;du;fs; ifahz;l Kiwiag; ghlg;gFjp tHp tpsf;Ff.
fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;oypUe;J/ nfhg[u=;fs; jdpr;rpwg;g[g; bgw;wd.
btspf;nfhg[uj;ij caukhft[k;/ cl;nfhg[uj;ij cauk; Fiwthft[k; bfhz;L
wI
,uz;L nfhg[u=;fisf; fl;Lk; g[jpa kuigj; njhw;Wtpj;jtd; ,uhruhrd;. mjidj;

LV
`jpUthapy;~ vd;W brhy;thu;fs;.

f=;if bfhz;l nrhHg[uk;/ jhuhRuk;/ jpupg[tdk; Mfpa ,l=;fspy; ,uz;L thapy;fs;
w
,Ug;gijg; ghu;f;f KofpwJ.

ehd;F g[w=;fspYk;/ ehd;F nfhg[u=;fs; vGg;gg; bgWk; kug[/ ,uz;lhk; Fnyhj;J=;fr;
nrhHd; fhyj;jpypUe;J bjhl=;fpaJ.
A
//w
g[fH; bgw;w nfhtpy;fs; gytw;wpYk; kpft[au;e;j nfhg[uj;ij vGg;gpaJ tp$a efu

muR.
s:K
fh+;rp/ jpy;iy/ jpUtz;zhkiy/ jpUtu=;fk;/ kJiu Mfpa ,l=;fspy; cs;s

nfhg[u=;fs; 150 mof;F nky; cauk; bfhz;litahf cs;sd.
gy;fiy epWt[
***
tp
ht
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ftpijg;ngiH
,ay; 6 Mj;khehk; ftpijfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
6 1. `H~ vd;Dk; bgaupy; ftp+u; Mj;khehkhy; btspaplg;gl;lJ" `ftpijf; fpuPlk;~ vd;W
nghw;wg;gLtJ[
m) rpw;wpjH;/ Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
,ay;
M) ftpijE}y;/ jpUr;rhHy;
,) ehspjH;/ ed;dfu; btz;gh
<) fl;Liu E}y;/ Fw;whyf; nfhit tpil : m) rpw;wpjH;/ Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
Alv
FWtpdh
1. mau;e;J/ vGe;j ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
a
mau;e;J = mau; + j;(e;) + j; + c vGe;j = vG + j;(e;) + j; + m
.Kk
mau; gFjp vG gFjp
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;)
c tpidbar;r tpFjp m bgabur;r tpFjp
wI
LV
2. bjhlu; mikj;J vGJf ? md;bwhUehs;/ epHypypUe;J.

md;bwhU ehs; : vd;Wkpy;yhky; md;bwhUehs; kl;Lnk gs;spf;F tutpy;iy.
w
epHypypUe;J : epHypypUe;J btapYf;Fr; brd;nwhUf;nf epHypd; mUik bjupa[k;.
rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. czt[k;/ cwf;fKk; mzpy; fdthk;" c=;fs; fdit c=;fs; brhw;fspy; tpsf;Ff.

mzpy; fdt[:
s:K
,ut[ v=;F cw=;Ffpwnjh> bjupahJ. Mdhy; fhiyapy; vGe;jJk;/ ,iuiaj; njlj;

Js;Sk; mzpy;.
vd; fdt[:
gjpbdhd;whk; kw;Wk; gd;dpuz;lhk; tFg;gpy;/ ed;F goj;Jr; rpwe;j nju;r;rp bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;.
tp
tpjp tHpahy; fz; Kd;nd epfGk; mePjpiabay;yhk;/ mfw;w Kw;gLntd;;.

jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ViH vspa khztu;fSf;Fg; gof;f cjtp bra;ntd;.
mjw;F ehd; Ml;rpau; gjtpf;fhd nju;t[f;Fg; gog;ngd;. nju;r;rp bgw;Wf; fdit
edthf;Fntd;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1. c=;fSf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpij xd;iwg; goj;J mjd; El;gj;ij tFg;giwapy; gfpu;e;J
bfhs;f.
L al
vdf;Fg; gpoj;j ftpij:
tpufu; ,Utu; g[fH;e;jpl ntz;Lk;
tpuy; epiwa nkhjpuk; ntz;Lk;
miu mjdpy; g+;nrDk; gl;nlDk; ,Ue;jhy;
A d
mtu; jk; ftpij e+;nfDk; ntk;ngDk; ed;W.
tpufu; ? eyd; vjpu;ghu;j;J Jjp bra;gtu;
D ika
gupR bgw te;j g[ytu; mUnf ,Utu; mku;e;J Jjp ghl ntz;Lk;.
g[ytu;fs; tpuy; epiwa nkhjpu=;fs; tps=;f ntz;Lk;.
,Lg;gpy; g+;rhilnah/ gl;lhilnah ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ghly; e+;rhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ ntk;g[nghy; frg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; ey;yJ vd;W nghw;w
ntz;Lk;.
Alv
ghlypd; El;gk;:
nrhHdpd; mit g[yikf;F kjpg;g[jutpy;iy. g[ytupd; g[wj;njhw;wj; jFjpia nehf;fpna
kjpg;g[f; fpilf;fpwJ vd;W xsitahu; ghoa[s;shu;.
a
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. Mj;khehk; vd;gtupd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) kJNjdd; M) kJghyd;
wI
,) kfpghyd; <) mr;Rjd; tpil: m) kJNjdd;

LV
2. fhfpjj;jpy; xU nfhL vd;gJ ahUila ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ ________.

w
m) bgupatd; ftpuhau; M) gpr;r@u;j;jp

,) Mj;khehk; <) mg;Jy; uFkhd; tpil: ,) Mj;khehk;
3. Mj;khehk; elj;jpa rpw;wpjH; ________.
A
//w
m) CHys M) H
,) Fapy; <) bjd;wy; tpil: M) H
s:K
4. Mj;khehk; jk;Kila ftpijapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jgit ________. gy;fiy epWt[

m) mzpy;/ g[spakuk; M) Me;ij/ Mykuk;
,) Xzhd;/ bfha;ahkuk; <) fpsp/ khkuk; tpil: m) mzpy;/ g[spa kuk;
5. ``j=;fisg; gw;wp vd;d fdt[ fhQk;
czita[k; cwf;fj;ija[k; jtpu~~ vd;W Mj;khehkhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ ________.
tp
m) mzpy; M) g[spakuk;
,) fpsp <) Me;ij tpil: m) mzpy;
6. ________ rkPgj;jpy; vd; ez;gdhapw;W vd;fpwhu; Mj;khehk;.
m) mzpy; M) g[spakuk;;
ht
,) fpsp <) eha; tpil: M) g[spakuk;;

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7. `th vg;goa[k; vd; kof;F~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ ________.
m) g[spakuk; mzpyplk; M) g[spakuk; Mj;khehkplk;
,) Mj;khehk; jd; gps;isaplk; <) mzpy; jd; gps;isaplk;
tpil: M) g[spakuk; Mj;khehkplk;
L al
8. vd; jkf;ifapd; koapy; mau;e;J nghdha; vd;W Mj;khehkplk; TwpaJ ________.
m) mzpy; M) g[spakuk;
,) mur kuk; <) fpsp tpil: M) g[spakuk;
A d
rpWtpdh
D ika
1. ``nfs;tp~~ vd;Dk; ftpijapd; tHp/ Mj;khehk; TWk; fUj;Jfs; ahit>
6 czt[f;fhft[k;/ bghUSf;fhft[k; ghLgLk; kdpju;fis mzpy;fshf cUthf;Ffpwhu;.
tWik epiyapy; cs;s kdpjDf;Ff; fhiyapy; vGe;jJk;/ czt[f;fhd nghuhl;lk;
,ay;
Muk;gkhfpwJ.
ehs; KGtJk; ciHf;fpwhd;.
Alv
tUtha; <l;lhjnghJ/ bjUtpy; eilghijapd; Xu=;fspy; vy;yhk; cw=;Ffpwhd;.
czt[ fpilf;fg; bgw;wJk;/ mijj;jk; FHe;ijfnshL cz;fpwhd;.
,g;gog; gy kdpju;fspd; fdt[fs; czt[/ cwf;fk; ,ijj; jtpu ntbwhd;wpy;iy.
a
2. `xU g[spa kuk;~ vd;Dk; ftpij thapyhff; ftp+u; TWk; fUj;Jfs; ahit>
xU g[spakuk; jd; kdepiyia kdpjdplk; bjuptpg;gjhf cs;sJ.
.Kk
epHy;/ gHk;/ Fspu;e;j fhw;W ,tw;iw vg;nghJk; bfhLj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpw kuk;/
kdpju;fspd; rpwe;j ez;guhf tps=;FfpwJ.
nrhu;tpy; Xa;btLf;f epHy; jUfpwJ.
kdpjd; ku=;fis kwe;J ,Uf;fpwhd;.
wI
Mdhy;/ ku=;fs; kdpjid miHg;gjhf ,f;ftpij rpj;jupf;fg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.

LV
w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
bra;a[s;
Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
,ay; 6 ? jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyts; bjupf
D ika
1. fPGs;stw;iwg; bghUj;jp tpil nju;f.
m) tpupad; 1) jz;il
M) jpUFKUF 2) fhyhHp
,) eh=;TH;g;g[G 3) rpyk;g[
<) Fz;lyg;g{r;rp 4) ghlfk;
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1; M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2
Alv
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 tpil : M) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2;;
rpWtpdh
a
1. rp=;fp bgw;w gupRg; bghUl;fshff; Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp TWtd ahit>
.Kk
nryj;J ehl;oYs;s jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; bgw;w gupR rpyk;g[
fyp=;f ehl;oYs;s jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; bgw;w gupR jz;il
ghz;oadhu; kfSf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; bgw;w gupR ghlfk;
Mz;ltu; Fw;whyu; re;epjpapy; cs;s bgz;fSf;Ff; Fwp Twpajhy; mzpkzpf;bfr;rk;
wI
bgw;w gupR
LV
fz;oa njrj;jpy; Twpa Fwpf;fhfg; bgw;w gupR fhyhHp gPyp

w
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
khz;l jtis – bgabur;rk;
A
KWf;fpl;l jz;il – bgabur;rk;

//w
foj;J – tpidbar;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
bgw;w = bgW (bgw;W) + m
bgW (bgw;W) gFjp/ `bgw;W~ vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J ,we;jfhyk; fhl;oaJ.
m bgabur;r tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. gakpy;iy `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ gakpy;iy
ht
gak; + ,y;iy ,ay;ng~ (k; + ,) = kp vd;whdJ.

263
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1. Fwt+;rpapy; Twg;gl;Ls;s mzpfyd;fspd; bgau;fisg; gl=;fSld; jpul;o
mzpfyd;fs; mzpag;gLtjw;fhd mwptpay; fhuz=;fisa[k; ,izj;J/
L al
glj;bjhFg;ngL cUthf;Ff.
ek; ghlg;gFjpahd Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rpapy; rpy mzpfyd;fspd; bgau;fis
mwpe;njhk;. mtw;iwg; nghd;w mzpfyd;fis mzpag;gLtjw;fhd fhuz=;fisf;
A d
fhz;nghk;.
rpyk;g[ fyhHp fizahHp
D ika
6
,ay;
Fjpfhy; euk;igj; fhy; tpuypy; mzpag;gLk; if tpuypy; mzpag;gLk;
Alv
bjhl;Lf; bfhz;L xUtif mzpfyd;. mzpfyd; ,J. kd
,Ug;gjhYk;/ fhypny bts;spapy; ,Uf;Fk; mGj;jj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;.
mJ fplg;gjhYk; Fjpfhy; fhe;jr; rf;jp fhy; euk;g[fspy; ,dpikahd ngr;Rj;jpwd;/
euk;gpd; tHpahf @isf;Fr;
bry;Yk; czu;r;rpfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
a
CLUtp neha; vjpu;g;g[r;
rf;jp jUk;.
Fuy; tsk; jUk;.
.Kk
jz;il/ ghlfk;/ fhg;g[ nghd;w mzpfyd;fis ,d;Dk; kiythH; kf;fs;
mzpfpd;wdu;. khk;gp+;R. rpyk;g[/ mj;jpf;fha; bfhYR/ My=;fha; bfhYR vdg; gy
totikg;g[fspy; mzpa[k; ,tw;why; `xt;thik~ nghd;w cghijfs; Tl tUtjpy;iy.
wI
vd mwptpay; bjuptpf;fpwJ. ,Jnt ,aw;ifnahL ,iae;j thH;thFk;.

LV
2. Fwt+;rpapy; ,lk;bgWk; ciuahly; eaj;ijg; g[yg;gLj;Jf.

w
Fwt+;rp vd;gJ xUtif ehlf ,yf;fpa totkhFk;. ,J rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffspy;

xd;W. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh tuf;fz;l jiytp/ mj;jiytd;kPJ fhjy;bfhs;s/
Fwtu; Fyj;ijr; nrh;e;j bgz;bzhUj;jp jiytpf;Ff; FwpTwpg; ghprpy; bgWk;
A
//w
bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy; Fwt+;rp vd;Dk; bgah; bgw;wJ. ,J Fwj;jpg;ghl;L vd;Wk;

tH=;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ghprpy; bgw;WtUk; rp=;fpf;Fk; rp=;fDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ciuahly;
Ritkpf;fJ.
s:K
rp=;fd; rp=;fpaplk; ,j;jid ehl;fshf cd;id fhztpy;iyna vd;W nfl;ljw;F/

jhd; FwpTwpa ehLfisa[k;/ mt;tpl=;fspy; bgw;w ghpRfisa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;.
nryj;J ehL/ nfhyj;J ehL/ ghz;oa ehL/ fz;oa ehL Mfpatw;wpy; rpyk;g[/ jz;il/
ghlfk;/ kzpf;bfr;rk;/ fhyhHp gPyp nghd;w mzpfyd;fisg; ghprhfg; bgw;wija[k;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhs;. Mdhy; rp=;fp ghpR bgw;w bghUl;fs; rp=;fdpd; ghh;itapy; rpyk;g[
bghpa tphpadhft[k;/ jz;il jpUKWfhft[k;/ ghlfk; kz;g[Gthft[k;/ kzpf;bfr;rk;
tp
khz;l jtisahft[k;/ fhyhHp gPyp Fz;lyg; g{r;rpahft[k; bjhptjhf kpFe;j eaj;Jld;

ciuahliy mikj;Js;shu; jphpTluhrg;gu;.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
L al
1. Fwt+;rp vd;gJ xUtif ________ ,yf;fpa totkhFk;.
m) rhu;g[ M) jGty;
,) ehlf <) ehlfky;yhj tpil: ,) ehlf
A d
2. Fwt+;rp ________ tiffspy; xd;W.
m) fhg;gpa M) ePjpE}y;
D ika
,) r=;f ,yf;fpa <) rpw;wpyf;fpa tpil: <) rpw;wpyf;fpa
3. Fwtu; Fyj;ijr; nru;e;j bgz;bzhUj;jp jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twpg; gupry; bgWk;
bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy; ________ vd;Wk; bgau; bgw;wJ.
m) Fwt+;rp M) Fwkfs;
,) gs;S <) Fwt[yh tpil: m) Fwt+;rp
Alv
4. Fwt+;rpapd; ntW bgau; ________.
m) Fwg;ghl;L M) Fwf;fPjk;
,) Fwj;jhyhl;L <) Fwj;jpg;ghl;L tpil: <) Fwj;jpg;ghl;L
i) FHy;
ii) eh=;TH;
a ? 1. rd;khdk;
? 2. fyp=;f ehl;lhu;
.Kk
iii) nfhyj;J ehl;lhu; ? 3. kz;g[G
iv) tupir ? 4. Te;jy;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
wI
LV
6. khz;l jtis ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.

m) bgabur;rk;
w
M) tpidbar;rk;
,) <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
<) ,yf;fzg;nghyp tpil: m) bgabur;rk;
A
//w
7. bgw;w ? vd;gjd; `gFjp~ ________.

m) bgw;W M) bgW
tpil: M) bgW
s:K
,) bgw <) bgw;

gy;fiy epWt[
8. cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vd;Dk; tpjpf;Fupa brhy;iyf; fz;lwp.
m) bjd;fhrp M) gl;lg;bgau;
,) gakpy;iy <) gps;isj;jkpH; tpil: ,) gakpy;iy
9. Fw;whyf;Fwt+;rpapy; nghw;wpg; ghlg;gLk; ,iwtd; ________.
tp
m) Fw;whyehju; M) Fw;whyP!;tud;
,) gunk!;tud; <) ckhknfRtud; tpil: m) Fw;whyehju;
10. Fw;whyf;Fw+;rp/ jpupTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhaupd; ________ vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
m) ftpg;g[dy; M) ftp Cw;W
ht
,) ftpj;njd; <) ftpijf; fpuPlk; tpil: <) ftpijf; fpuPlk;

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11. Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhupd; Cu; ________.
m) kJiu M) khdhkJiu
,) jpUr;rp <) ciwa{u; tpil: m) kJiu
12. kJiu Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhu; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,z=;fg; gho mu=;nfw;wg;gl;l
L al
E}y; ________.
m) bgj;ynfk; Fwt+;rp M) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
,) Kf;Tlw;gs;S <) itahg[upg;gs;S tpil: M) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp
A d
13. jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; njhd;wpa ,lk; ________.
m) bjd;fhrp M) Fw;whyk;
D ika
,) kJiu <) jpUbey;ntyp tpil: <) jpUbey;ntyp
6 14. `jpUf;Fw;whyehju; nfhtpy; tpj;Jthd;~ vd;w rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;wtu; ________.
m) Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhu;
,ay;
M) jpupTl uhrg;gf;ftpuhau;
,) bgupatd; ftpuhau;
tpil: M) jpupTl uhrg;gf;ftpuhau;
Alv
<) jha[khdtu;
15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf: (rp=;fdpd; ghu;itapy; rp=;fp bgw;Ws;s gupRfs;)
i) jpUF KWF ? 1. fhyhHp gPyp
ii) eh=;TH;
iii) khz;l jtis
iv) Fz;lyg;g{r;rp
a? 2. kzpf;bfr;rk;
? 3. ghlfk;
? 4. jz;il
.Kk
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
16. Mz;ltu; Fw;why re;epjpg; bgz;fs; kzpf;bfr;rj;ij ahUf;Fg; guprhf mspj;jhu;fs;>
m) jiytpf;F M) rp=;fDf;F
wI
,) Fw;whyehjUf;F <) rp=;fpf;F tpil: <) rp=;fpf;F

LV
17. rp=;fpf;Ff; fz;oa njrk; tH=;fpa bghUs; ________.

w
m) kzpf;bfr;rk; M) fhyhHpgPyp
,) ghlfk; <) jz;il tpil: M) fhyhHpgPyp
A
//w
FWtpdh
1. Fwt+;rp ? ,yf;fzk; jUf.
s:K
Fwt+;rp vd;gJ xU tif ehlf ,yf;fpa totkhFk;.

,J jkpHpy; cs;s 96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspy; xd;W.
Fwt+;rp = Fwk; + t+;rp/ Fwk; ? kiy" t+;rp ? bgz;.
,J `Fwj;jpg; ghl;L~ vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh tuf; fz;l jiytp/ mj;jiytd; kPJ fhjy; bfhs;s/
tp
Fwtu; Fyj;ijr; nru;e;j bgz;bzhUj;jp/ jiytpf;Ff; Fwp Twp/ guprpy; bgWk;

bra;jpfisf; TWtjhy;/ Fwt+;rp vd;Dk; bgau; bgw;wJ.
2. jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; Fw;whyj;jpd; kPJ ghoa E}y;fs; ahit>

ht
jyg[uhzk/; khiy/ rpnyil/ gps;isj;jkpH;/ akf me;jhjp Mfpad MFk;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,J jkpHpy; cs;s 96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fSs; xd;W.
L al
jkpH;ehl;od;/ bjd;fhrpf;F mUfpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Fw;whyk; vd;Dk; Cupd; rpwg;igg;
g[fH;e;J ghlg;gl;lJ.
Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; Fw;why ehju;.
A d
kJiu Kj;Jtprau=;f brhf;fyp=;fdhu; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,z=;fg; gho mu=;nfw;wg;
gl;ljhFk;.
D ika
,jd; Mrpupau; jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; Mthu;.
,e;E}y; jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhaupd; `ftpijf; fpuPlk;~ vd;W nghw;wg;gl;lJ.
2. jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau; gw;wpf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bgau; : jpupTluhrg;gf; ftpuhau;.
Cu; : bjd;fhrpf;F mUfpYs;s nkyfuk;.
Alv
fy;tp : irt rkaf; fy;tp;/ ,yf;fpa/ ,yf;fz=;fspYk; nju;r;rp bgw;wtu;.
gzp : tlfiu murdhd ``rpd;dz+;rhj; njtupd;~~ mitg; g[ytuhf tps=;fpatu;.
rpwg;g[ : jpUf;Fw;whyehju; nfhtpy; tpj;Jthd; vd;w rpwg;g[g; gl;lg; bgau; bgw;wtu;.
E}y;fs; : Fw;whyj;jpd; kPJ jyg[uhzk;/ khiy/ gps;isj;jkpH;/ rpnyil/ akf me;jhjp
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
a
Kjypa E}y;fisa[k; ,aw;wpapUf;fpd;whu;.
.Kk
khz;l jtis ? bgabur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
wI
1. bfhLj;j = bfhL + j; + j; + m 3. foj;J = fo + j; + j; + c

LV
bfhL gFjp fo gFjp

w
j; re;jp j; re;jp
m bgabur;r tpFjp c tpidbar;r tpFjp
A
//w
2. bespe;j = besp + j;(e;) + j; + m 4. ele;jha; = el + j;(e;) + j; + Ma;

besp gFjp el gFjp
s:K
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk; gy;fiy epWt[
m bgabur;r tpFjp Ma; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fhyhHp `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ fhyhHp
fhy; + MHp ,ay;ng~ (y; + M) = yh vd;whdJ.
ht
267
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.in
2. Fz;lyg;g{r;rp `kt;tPW xw;wpHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;~ Fz;ly + g{r;rp
Fz;lyk; + g{r;rp vDk; tpjpg;go/ `k;~ eP=;fp
`,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu; Kd; Fz;lyg;g{r;rp
frjgkpFk;~ vd;w tpjpg;go/ `g;~ kpFe;J vd;whdJ.
L al
3. tpupad; `,<I tHp at;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go à~ tpup + a; + md;
tpup + md; fu clk;gLbka; bgw;W/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ tpupad;
A d
,ay;ng~ (a; + m = a) vd;whdJ.
D ika
6 ***
ftpijg;ngiH
,ay;
jpUr;rhHy;
,ay; 6
Alv
? khzpf;fthrfu;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
a
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. bgz;fs; tpisahLk; tpisahl;L tiffSs; xd;W
m) rhHy; M) rpw;wpy;
,) rpWnju; <) rpWgiw tpil : m) rhHy;
wI
LV
2. <Wnghjy;/ Kd;dpd;w bka;jpupjy;/ jdpf;Fwpy; Kd;xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk;. cly;nky;

capu;te;J xd;Wjy; Mfpa tupirapy; g[zu;e;j brhy;
w
m) @J}u;; M) btw;wplk;;
,) ey;yhil <) ige;jspu; tpil : ,) ey;yhil
A
//w
rpWtpdh
1. jkpHfg; bgz;fs; ghof;bfhz;nl tpisahLk;nghJ btspg;gLj;Jk; nkd;ikahd
s:K
fUj;Jfshfj; jpUr;rhHy; czu;j;Jtd ahit>

cyfnk fw;bghoahfp tpLk;:
RLfhl;ilf; nfhapyhft[k;/ g[ypj;njhiy Milahft[k; bfhz;l KGKjw; flt[shf
tps=;Fk; rptbgUkhDf;Fj; jha[k;/ je;ija[k; ,y;yh tpoDk;/ mtu; rpde;jhy; cyfk;
midj;Jk; fw;bghoahfp tpLk;.
tp
e+;ir cz;L njtu;fisf; fhj;jy;:

Muthuk; kpFe;j ghw;fliyf; file;jnghJ cz;lhd Myfhy e+;ir rptbgUkhd;
cz;lhu;. mt;thW bra;atpy;iy vdpy;/ gpukd;/ tp&;Q cs;spl;l njtu;fs; md;nw
mHpe;jpUg;ghu;fs;.
ht
268
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
njtu;fSf;Fk; nkd;ikahd bghUs;:
KjYk;/ Kot[k; ,y;yhjtdhf ,Ue;Jk;/ jd;id mile;j moahu;fis/ Mde;j
bts;sj;jpy; mGe;jr; bra;j/ mtuJ jpUtofs; njtu;fSf;Fk; nkd;ikahd bghUshFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
L al
RLfhL/ bfhy;g[yp/ Fiufly; ? tpidj;bjhiffs;
ey;yhil ? gz;g[j;bjhif
A d
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
D ika
cz;lhd; = cz; + l; + Md; mile;j = mil + j;(e;) + j; + m
cz; gFjp mil gFjp
l; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j;(e;) re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
Md; glf;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m bgabur;r tpFjp
Alv
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fw;bgho
fy; + bgho
a
`ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd;
wlt[khFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `y;~ `w;~ Mfp
fw;bgho
vd;whdJ.
.Kk
2. cyfidj;Jk; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka; tpl;L XLk;~ cyf; + midj;Jk;
cyF + vDk; tpjpg;go/ F ? f; + c eP=;fp
midj;Jk; `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cyfidj;Jk;
,ay;ng~ (f; + m = f) vd;whdJ.
wI
3. jpUto `Vid capu; tHp tt;t[k;~ vDk; jpU + t; + mo

LV
jpU + mo tpjpg;go/ tfu clk;gL bka; njhd;wp/

w
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ jpUto vd;whdJ.

,ay;ng~ (t; + m = t)
fw;git fw;wgpd;
A
//w
gf;fk;: 160
,uz;L mo th=;fpdhy;jhd; Va;- ahu=;nf Mw;wpy;
s:K
jpUe;Jtha; vd;why; ghiyf; bfhl;otpl;L XykpLtJ>

ts;Stuplk; th=;F. mUtp.
gy;fiy epWt[
gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fGk; bkhHp El;gk; ,f;ftpijfspd; bghUis bkUnfw;Wfpwjh> tpthjpf;f.
tha;g;ngr;rhy; jpUj;jKoahJ. jtWjyhf ghypid Mw;wpy;
vdnt ,uz;L mo th=;fpdhy;jhd; bfhl;otpl;L tUj;jg;gLtJ
jpUe;Jtha; vd;gJ gHpg;gJnghy; ,aw;if. ,J gHpg;gJ nghy; cs;sJ.
tp
cs;sJ.
,=;nf ghiyf; bfhl;otpl;L
me;j ,uz;L moia XykpLtJ ePu;tPH;r;rpahf rpj;jupf;fg;
jpUts;Stuplk; th=;F vd;gJ gLtjhy; g[fH;tJ nghy; cs;sJ.
ht
g[fH;tJnghy; cs;sJ.
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.in
,jpy; ,uz;L mo vd;gJ gHpg;gJnghy g[fH;tJk;/ g[fH;tJ
jpUf;Fwisf; Fwpg;gjhy; jpUf;Fws; nghy gHpg;gJk; t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp
fUj;JfSf;Fr; brtpkL vd;W mzpahFk;.
bghUs;gLk;.
,=;nf ,UbgUs;gl mike;J
L al
,ul;LwbkhHpjy; mzpahft[k;
gapd;W te;J g[Jf;ftpijf;F mHF
nru;f;fpwJ.
A d
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
D ika
6 gyt[s; bjupf
,ay;
1. bkhHp tpisahl;od; @yk; ,iwtdpd; bgUik ngRk; bra;a[s; tif ________.

m) jpUke;jpuk; M) jpUg;ghit
,) jpUr;rhHy; <) jpUtUl;gh tpil: ,) jpUr;rhHy;
Alv
2. xU bgz; ,iwtidg; gHpg;gJ nghyt[k; ,d;bdhUj;jp ,iwtdJ braiy
epahag;gLj;JtJ nghyt[k; ghlg;gLtJ ________.
m) Fwt+;rp M) jpUg;ghit
,) jpUr;rhHy; a
<) gs;S
3. jpUr;rhHiyg; ghoatu; ________.
tpil: ,) jpUr;rhHy;
.Kk
m) jpUeht[f;furu; M) jpU+hddrk;ge;ju;
,) Re;juu; <) khzpf;fthrfu; tpil: <) khzpf;fthrfu;
4. jpUr;rhHy; tifapy; khzpf;fthrfu; ,iwtdpd; bgUikiaj; bjuptpf;f ghoa[s;s
ghly;fs; ________.
wI
m) 10 M) 12
LV
,) 16 <) 20 tpil: <) 20

w
i) me;jk; ? 1. tp&;Q
ii) mad; ? 2. e+;R
iii) khy; ? 3. Kot[
A
//w
iv) Myhyk; ? 4. gpukd;

m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
s:K
,) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
6. RLfhL/ bfhy;g[yp/ Fiufly; ? ,tw;wpd; ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) gz;g[j;bjhiffs; M) tpidj;bjhiffs;
,) bjhHpw;bgau;fs; <) ck;ikj;bjhiffs; tpil: M) tpidj;bjhiffs;
7. èy;yhil~ ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
m) gz;g[j;bjhif M) tpidj;bjhif
tp
,) bjhHpw;bgau; <) bgabur;rk; tpil: m) gz;g[j;bjhif

8. rhHy; vd;gJ ________ tpisahLk; xU tifahd tpisahl;L.
m) Mz;fs; M) bgz;fs;
ht
,) FHe;ijfs; <) muru;fs; tpil: M) bgz;fs;

270
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
9. jpUr;rhHy; totj;ijg; bgupa jpUbkhHpapy; gad;gLj;jpa[s;stu; ________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) bgupahH;thu;
,) jpUk=;ifahH;thu; <) g{jj;jhH;thu; tpil: ,) jpUk=;ifahH;thu;
10. jpUthrfj;ij ,aw;wpatu; ________.
L al
m) jpUeht[f;furu; M) jpU+hdrk;ge;ju;
,) Re;juu; <) khzpf;fthrfu; tpil: <) jpU+hdrk;ge;ju;
11. irt rkaj;jpd; jpUKiwfs; ________.
A d
m) 10 M) 12
,) 14 <) 16 tpil: M) 12
D ika
12. jpUthrfk; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; ________ jpUKiwahf cs;sJ.
m) Mwhk; M) VHhk;
,) vl;lhk; <) xd;gjhk; tpil: ,) vl;lhk;
13. jpUthrfj;jpy; ________ jpUg;gjpf=;fs; cs;sd.
m) 50 M) 51
,) 55 <) 53 tpil: M) 51
Alv
14. jpUthrfj;jpd; bkhj;jg; ghly;fs; ________.
m) 458 M) 658
,) 548 <) 854 tpil: M) 658
m) 18
a
15. jpUthrfj;jpy; ghlg;bgw;Ws;s rptj;jy=;fs; ________.
M) 28
.Kk
,) 38 <) 48 tpil: ,) 38
16. jpUr;rhHy; ________ nfhtpypy; ghlg;bgw;wJ.
m) j+;ir M) jpy;iy
,) jpUr;rp <) jpUr;nriw tpil: M) jpy;iy
wI
LV
17. jpUthrfj;ij M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHpbgau;j;jtu; ________.

m) tPukhKdptu; M) $p.a[.nghg;
w
,) rPfd;ghy;f; <) khf;!;Ky;yu; tpil: M) $p.a[.nghg;

18. irt rkaf;Futu; ________.
m) ,Utu; M) @tu;
A
//w
,) ehy;tu; <) gjpd;ku; tpil: ,) ehy;tu;

19. irt rkaf;Futupy; bghUe;jhjtiuf; fz;lwp.
s:K
m) mg;gu; M) fz;zg;gu; gy;fiy epWt[

,) khzpf;fthrfu; <) Re;juu; tpil: M) fz;zg;gu;
20. khzpf;fthrfupd; Cu; ________.
m) jpUitahW M) jpUthjt{u;
,) jp=;fSu; <) jpy;iy; tpil: M) jpUthjt{u;
21. khzpf;fthrfu; ________ jiyik mikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
tp
m) tp$au=;f brhf;fyp=;f ehaf;fuplk;

M) mupku;j;jd ghz;oadplk;
,) Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J=;fdplk;
<) @d;whk; ee;jptu;kdplk; tpil: M) mupku;j;jd ghz;oadplk;
ht
271
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
22. Va;! ahbu=;nf Mw;wpy; ghiyf; bfhl;otpl;L XykpLtJ vd;gjpy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ______.
m) Mfhak; M) mUtp
,) kiH <) fly; tpil: M) mUtp
23. ,uz;L mo th=;fpdhy;jhd; jpUe;Jtha; vd;why; ________ th=;F.
L al
m) jhaplk; M) je;ijaplk;
,) r@fj;jplk;; <) ts;Stuplk; tpil: <) ts;Stuplk;
24. cz;lhd; ? ,jpy; `l;~ vd;gJ vf;fhy ,ilepiy ________.
A d
m) ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy M) vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
,) epfH;fhy ,ilepiy <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
tpil: m) ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
D ika
6 25. fw;bgho ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp jUf.
m) ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;
M) ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; frjg kpFk;
,ay;
,) cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng

<) Vid capu;tHp tt;t[k; tpil: m) ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;
Alv
FWtpdh
1. `jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhjhu; xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhu;~ ? Vd;>
gf;jpr; Rit kpFjpa[k;/ nfl;nghu; cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk; jd;ika[k; bfhz;lit/ jpUthrfg;
a
ghly;fshFk;. vdnt jhd; `jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhu; xU thrfj;Jf;Fk; cUfhu;~ vd;w
KJbkhHp cUthdJ.
.Kk
2. khzpf;fthrfu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
jpUthrfk;/ jpUf;nfhitahu;.
3. jpUr;rhHy; vd;gJ vd;d>
rhHy; vd;gJ bgz;fs; tpisahLk; xUtifahd tpisahl;L. xUj;jp tpdh nfl;f/
wI
kw;bwhUj;jp tpil TWtjhf mike;jpUf;Fk;.

LV
,iwtd; bray;fisa[k;/ mtw;why; tps=;Fk; cz;ikfisa[k; tpsf;FtJ

jpUr;rhHy; totkhFk;.
w
4. khzpf;fthrfu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

khzpf;fthrfu; irt rkaf; Futu; ehy;tupy; xUtu;. jpUthjt{iur; nru;e;jtu;.
mupku;j;jd ghz;oadplk;/ jiyik mikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
A
//w
khzpf;fthrfu; jpUthrfk;/ jpUf;nfhitahu; vd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpa[s;shu;.

fhyk; fp.gp. 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L.
s:K
``bjd;df gpuk;kuhad;~~ vdr; rpwg;g[g; gl;lk; bgw;wtu;.
rpWtpdh
1. jpUthrfk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
jpUthrfk; vd;gJ rptbgUkhd; kPJ ghlg;gl;l ghly;fspd; bjhFg;g[ MFk;.
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpatu; khzpf;fthrfu;.
tp
,e;E}y; irt rkaj;jpd; gd;dpU jpUKiwfspy; vl;lhk; jpUKiwahf cs;sJ.

51 jpUg;gjpf=;fSs; 658 ghly;fisf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;E}y; 38 rptj;jy=;fisg; gw;wpg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gf;jpr;Rita[k;/ kdj;ij cUf;Fk; jd;ika[k; bfhz;lit jpUthrfg; ghly;fshFk;.
ht
272 ***
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpupthdk;
,ay; 6 ,irj;jkpHu; ,Utu;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. rpk;bghdpj; jkpHUk; M!;fu; jkpHUk; ,irj;jkpGf;F Mw;wpa gzpfis Ek; ghlg;gFjp
bfhz;L bjhFj;bjGJf.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu M!;fu; jkpHu;
gf;fj;J tPl;L ez;gd; Js;sy; Xir
Alv
,irapd; <u;g;g[ Kot[iu
,irj;jkpGf;F Mw;wpait
Kd;Diu:
a
jkpHfj;jpd; fhl;oYk;/ nkl;oYk;/ tay; nrw;wpYk; jtH;e;j ,iriar; rPuhl;o/
bkUTl;o/ cyFf;Fj; je;J kfpH;e;jtu; ,Utu;. ,t;tpUtUk; cyf ,irg; ngnul;od;
.Kk
jkpHfj;J Kj;jpiufs;. mtu;fs; rpk;bghdpj; jkpHu; ,isauh$h kw;Wk; M!;fu; jkpHu;
V.Mu;. ,u\;khd; Mfpnahu; Mtu;.
gf;fj;J tPl;L ez;gd;:
`,uhirah~ vd;Dk; ,aw;bgaUila ,isauh$h/ jkpH;ehl;od; njdp khtl;lj;jpy;
wI
cs;s gz;izg;g[uj;ijr; nru;e;jtu;.

LV
Mrpahtpnyna Kjd; Kjypy; `rpk;bghdp~ vd;Dk; nkw;fj;jpa brt;tpay; tot

,irf; nfhitia btWk; gjpd; @d;W ehl;fspy; cUthf;fpr; rhjid gilj;jtu;.
w
,irapd; <u;g;g[:
gpd;dzp ,irapYk;/ ghly; ,irapYk; tpLgl;Lg; nghd tha;bkhHpj; jd;ik/
ajhu;j;jk; bghjpe;j ,tuJ ,ir rhkhdpaiua[k; <u;j;jJ. jpiug;ghly;fisr; brtpa[zu;
A
//w
fdpfshft[k;/ gz;ghl;L btspg;ghlhft[k; khw;wpa bgUikf;Fupatu;. g[y;yh=;FHypy;

tHpe;njhLk; `g\ho~ Kjy; kJiu kf;fspd; fpuhkpa ,ir tiu ,tuJ gz;g[fs;
,iHnahLfpd;wd.
s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
,irj;jkpGf;F Mw;wpait:
khzpf;fthrfupd; jpUthrfg; ghly;fSf;F ,iraikj;Js;shu;. ,uh$htpd;
ukzkhiy/ ,isauh$htpd; fPjh+;ryp vd;Dk; jkpH; ,irj; bjhFg;g[fSf;Fk;/
Mjp r=;fu; vGjpa kPdhl;rp !;njhj;jpuk; vd;w gf;jpg; ghlYf;Fk; ,iraikj;Js;shu;.
``g+;rKfp~~ vd;w fu;ehlfr; brt;tpay; ,uhfk; ,tu; cUthf;fpajhFk;.
tp
M!;fu; jkpHu;:
2009 Mk; Mz;ow;fhd rpwe;j jpiug;glg; gpd;dzp ,ir kw;Wk; rpwe;j jpiuapirg;
ghlYf;fhd tpUJfs; vd ,uz;L M!;fu; tpUJfisf; ifapy; Ve;jp/ cyf mu=;fpy;
rhjid ehafdhfj; jpfH;e;jtu;. ,irg;g[ay; V.Mu;. ,u\;khd;. kiyahsj; jpiug;gl
ht
cyfpd; g[fGld; tps=;fpa ,irf;fiy+u; Mu;.nf.nrfu; ,tu; je;ij Mthu;.

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Js;sy; Xir:
ehl;Lg;g[w ,ir/ fu;ehlf ,ir/ ,e;J!;jhdp ,tw;Wld; g[jpa fzpdpj; bjhHpy;El;g
cjtpa[ld; cyfj; jug;gpy; ,iraikj;jhu;. ,tu; ,ir mikj;j te;nj khjuk;/ $d
fz kd vd;Dk; ,irj; bjhFjpfs;/ etPd ,ir totpy; ehl;Lg; gw;Wzu;it kpspur;
L al
bra;jd.
nfhy;ld; Fnshg; tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; ,e;jpaUk; ,tnu. jpiuapirapy; NBgp
,iria mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rpwg;g[k; ,tUf;Fz;L.
Kot[iu:
A d
jkpHu; thH;tpy; vy;yh epiyfspYk; ,irf;bfd;W Xu; ,d;wpaikahj ,lKz;L.
mjpy; ,isauh$h/ V.Mu;.,u\;khd; Mfpnahupd; tUif ,irj; jkpGf;F kzp kFlkhf
D ika
xspu;fpd;wJ.
6 fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 165
,ay;
1. jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J/ ehl;Lg;gz;/ jkpHpy; gpwe;jehs; ghly; ? nghd;wtw;iw ez;gu;fSld;

,ize;J ,ira[ld; ghog; gapw;rp bgWf.
Alv
khztu; Rabray;ghL.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
a
.Kk
1. rpk;bghdpj; jkpHu; ________ M!;fu; jkpHu; ________.
m) ,isauh$h/ V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
M) ghujpuh$h/ mg;Jy;uFkhd;
,) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjd;/ fz;zjhrd;
wI
<) r=;fu;/ kzpuj;dk; tpil: m) ,isauh$h/ V.Mu;.,u\;khd;

LV
2. ________ fz;lj;jpy; gpwe;J tsu;e;jtu;fSf;F/ rpk;bghdp ,irf;nfhitia cUthf;Fk;

w
jpwd; iftuhJ vd;gJ nkw;fj;jpa ,ir ty;Yeu;fspd; fUj;njhl;lkhFk;.

m) mbkupf;f M) Mrpa
,) Inuhg;gpa <) Mg;upf;f tpil: M) Mrpa
A
//w
3. ________ ,irf;FGt[f;F rpk;bghdp ,irf; nfhyj;ij mikj;Jf; fhl;oatu; ,ir nkij

,isauh$h.
s:K
m) uhay; Bgpy; \hu;nkhdpf; M) upay; Bgpy; \hu;nkhdpf;

,) b\td; \hu;nkhdpf; <) nguil!; \hu;nkhdpf;
tpil: m) uhay; Bgpy; \hu;nkhdpf;
4. ,isauh$htpd; khtl;lk; ________ Cu; ________.
m) njdp/ gz;izg;g[uk; M) jpUr;rp/ tpuhypkiy
tp
,) kJiu/ mtdpahg[uk; <) brd;id/ tlgHdp tpil: m) njdp/ gz;izg;g[uk;

5. ,isauh$htpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) ,uhkrhkp M) ,uhirah
,) ,uhrhkzp <) ,uhrh=;fk; tpil: M) ,uhirah
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. ,iraikg;ghsuhf ,isauh$h mwpKfkhd glk; ________.
m) jsgjp M) md;df;fpsp
,) muz;kidf;fpsp <) gof;fhjtd; tpil: M) md;df;fpsp
7. ________ fspd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; gpwbkhHpg; ghly;fisr; Rke;J jpupe;j jkpH;r;brtpfs;
L al
tpLjiy bgw;W/ jkpH;g; ghly;fis nehf;fp jpUk;gpajw;F ,isauh$hnt fhuzk;.
m) 1960 M) 1970
,) 1990 <) 1980 tpil: M) 1970
A d
i) $k;K/ fh&;kPu; ? 1. Mde;j igutp
D ika
ii) g[y;yh=;FHy; ? 2. kJiu kf;fs;
iii) fpuhkpa ,ir ? 3. g\ho
iv) brt;tpay; ,ir ? 4. g\hu; ,d kf;fs;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
9. ,isauh$ht[f;F tpUJ tH=;fpatw;wpy; rupahd ,izfisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
Alv
i) ,e;jpa muR ? 1. ep&hfe;jp r=;fPj tpUJ
ii) jkpH;ehL ? 2. yjh k=;nf&;tu; tpUJ
iii) kj;jpag; gpunjrk; ? 3. fiykhkzp tpUJ
iv) nfusk; ? 4. gj;k tpg{&d; tpUJ
a
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
.Kk
10. ,isauh$ht[f;F ,e;jpa murhy; tH=;fg;glhj tpUijf; fz;lwp.
m) gj;k tpg{&d; tpUJ
M) rpwe;j gpd;dzp ,irf;fhd njrpa tpUJ
,) rpwe;j ,iraikg;ghsUf;fhd njrpa tpUJ
wI
<) yjh k=;nf&;tu; tpUJ tpil: <) yjh k=;nf&;tu; tpUJ

LV
11. HOW TO NAME IT (vg;gog; bgaupLntd;) vd;w ,irj;bjhFg;ig btspapl;ltu;

w
m) ,isauh$h M) \upgpurhj;
,) Mfhd; <) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
12. \upgpurhj; brsuh!pah vd;gtu; ________ ,irf;fiy+u;.
A
//w
m) g[y;yh=;FHy; M) kpUj=;f
,) taypd; <) \hu;nkhdpa tpil: m) g[y;yh=;FHy;
13. \upgpurhj; brsuh!paht[ld; ,isauh$h ,ize;J btspapl;l ,irj;bjhFg;g[
s:K
m) vg;gog; bgaupLntd; M) fhw;iwj; jtpu VJkpy;iy gy;fiy epWt[

,) ,e;jpah 24 kzp neuk; <) ,isauh$htpd; ,ukzkhiy
tpil: M) fhw;iwj; jtpu VJkpy;iy
14. kfpH;r;rp/ Vf;fk;/ ek;gpf;if/ cw;rhfk;/ typ nghd;w kdpj czu;t[fSf;Fk; ,ir totk;
bfhLf;f Koa[k; vd;gij ________ vd;Dk; Mtzf; FWk;glj;jpd; gpd;dzp ,irapy;
tp
,isauh$h btspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
m) jkpH;ehL 24 kzp neuk; M) ,e;jpah 24 kzp neuk;
,) vg;gog; bgaupLntd; <) fhw;iwj; jtpu VJkpy;iy
tpil: M) ,e;jpah 24 kzp neuk;
ht
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15. ________ ghly;fSf;F Mul;nlhupnah vd;Dk; ,ir totpy; ,iraikj;Js;shu;
,isauh$h.
m) njthug; M) jpUthrfg;
,) r=;f ,yf;fpak; <) ghujpahu; tpil: M) jpUthrfg;
L al
16. kPdhl;rp !;njhj;jpuk; vd;Dk; gf;jpg; ghliy vGjpatu; ________.
m) FkuFUguu; M) Mjpr=;fuu;
,) jha[khdtu; <) ,isauh$h tpil: M) Mjpr=;fuu;
A d
17. ,isauh$h ________ bkhHpapy; `@fhk;gpif~ vd;w gf;jp ,irj;bjhFg;gpid
btspapl;Ls;shu;.
D ika
m) jkpH; M) fd;dl
6 ,) bjY=;F <) kiyahs tpil: M) fd;dl
18. ,uh$htpd; ukzkhiy/ ,isauh$htpd; fPjh+;ryp vd;git ,isauh$htpd; ________
,ay;
,irj; bjhFg;g[fs;.
m) jkpH; M) bjY=;F
,) fd;dlk; <) kuhl;oa tpil: m) jkpH;
Alv
19. g+;rKfp vd;w fu;ehlfr; brt;tpay; ,uhfj;ij cUthf;fpatu; ________.
m) vk;.v!;.tpRtehjd; M) f=;if mkud;
,) ,isauh$h <) guj;th$; tpil: ,) ,isauh$h
a
20. ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlYf;Ff; fu;ehlf ,ir totKk; fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpd; Mnuhfz
Ru=;fisf; bfhz;nl `fiythzpna cidj;jhnd~ vd;w ghlYf;F bkl;likj;jtu;
.Kk
________.
m) ,isauh$h M) f=;if mkud;
,) guj;th$; <) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
21. KGj;jpiug;glj;Jf;Fk; miu ehspy; ,isauh$h ,iraikj;Jf; bfhLj;j glk; ________
wI
m) E}whtJ ehs; M) me;j VG ehl;fs;

LV
,) md;df;fpsp <) muz;kidf;fpsp tpil: m) E}whtJ ehs;

w
22. ghy; epyhg;ghij/ btl;lbtspjdpy; bfhl;of;fplf;F vd;Dk; E}y;fspd; Mrpupau;

________.
m) ,isauh$h M) mg;Jy; ,uFkhd;
,) nkj;jh <) fz;zjhrd; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
A
//w
23. ________ nehjpwk;/ ghiyahH;/ fhe;jhuk; Kjpa gz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

m) gupghlypy; M) gl;odg;ghiyapy;
s:K
,) fypj;bjhifapy; <) rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; tpil: m) gupghlypy;

24. irtj;jpUKiwfspy; el;lghilapYk; ,e;jsj;jpYk; ghoa[s;stu; ________.
m) mg;gu; M) Re;juu;
,) khzpf;fthrfu; <) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahu;
tpil: <) fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
tp
25. njthuj;jpy; ________ gz;fspy; ghly;fs; cs;sd.

m) 22 M) 20
,) 18 <) 23 tpil: <) 23
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
26. xd;gjhk; jpUKiwahd jpUtpirg;ghtpy; fhzg;gLk; gz; ________.
m) ietsk; M) me;jhsp
,) rhsughzp <) fy;thzk; tpil: ,) rhsughzp
27. njthuj;jpy; ,y;yhJ jpt;a gpuge;jj;jpy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; gz;fisf; fz;lwp.
L al
i) ietsk;/ me;jhsp ii) njho/ fy;thzk;
iii) gpae;ij/ Fwz;o iv) Kjpu;e;j ,e;jsk;
m) i, ii ?rup M) ii, iii ?rup
A d
,) ehd;Fk; rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: ,) ehd;Fk; rup
28. ________ vGjpa xnu ghlyhd ek;ujh nf rhfu; vd;Dk; ghlYf;F ,iraikj;Js;shu;
D ika
,isauh$h.
m) kfhj;kh fhe;jp M) neU
,) mk;ngj;fu; <) ,e;jpuhfhe;jp tpil: m) kfhj;kh fhe;jp
29. mb$ha; rf;fugu;j;jp vd;gtu; ________ ,irg;ghlfu;.
m) ,e;J!;jhdp M) fUehlf
tpil: m) ,e;J!;jhdp
Alv
,) ehl;Lg;g[w <) nkw;fj;jpa
30. fhe;jpapd; xnu ghliy ,isauh$htpd; ,irapy; ghoatu; ________.
m) yjh k=;nf&;fu; M) cjpj;ehuhazd;
,) mb$ha; rf;fugu;j;jp a
<) M&h ngh!;ny tpil: ,) mb$ha; rf;fugu;j;jp
31. Mrpahtpnyna Kjd; Kjypy; rpk;bghdp vd;Dk; nkw;fj;jpa brt;tpay; tot
.Kk
,irf;nfhitia cUthf;fpatu; ________.
m) ,isauh$h M) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
,) vk;.v!;.tp!;tehjd; <) f=;if mkud; tpil: m) ,isauh$h
32. V.Mu;.,u\;khd; rpwe;j jpiug;glg; gpd;dzp ,irf;fhd M!;fu; tpUJ bgw;w Mz;L
wI
m) 2006 M) 2008
LV
,) 2009 <) 2010 tpil: ,) 2009

w
33. V.Mu;.,uFkhd; M!;fu; tpUJ bgw;w ,lk; ________.

m) mbkupf;fhtpd; nfhlhf; M) u&;ahtpd; kh!;nfh
,) bjd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpd;; lu;gd; <) ,=;fpyhe;jpd; Xty;
tpil: m) mbkupf;fhtpd; nfhlhf;
A
//w
34. rpwe;j jpiug;glg; gpd;dzp ,irf;fhd tpUJld; V.Mu;.,uFkhd; bgw;w kw;bwhU

M!;fu; tpUJ ________.
s:K
m) rpwe;j jpiuapirg; ghlYf;fhd tpUJ gy;fiy epWt[

M) rpwe;j eld ,af;FeUf;fhd tpUJ
,) rpwe;j jpiuapir ghlfUf;fhd tpUJ
<) rpwe;j ,af;FeUf;fhd tpUJ tpil: m) rpwe;j jpiuapirg; ghlYf;fhd tpUJ
35. M!;fu; tpUJ Vw;g[iuapy; V.Mu;.,uFkhd; ciuia epiwt[ bra;j bkhHp ________.
tp
m) M=;fpyk; M) jkpH;
,) ,e;jp <) cUJ tpil: M) jkpH;
36. V.Mu;.,u\;khdpd; je;ij ________.
m) v!;.tp.nrfu; M) Mu;.nf.nrfu;
ht
,) Mu;.nf.rhfu; <) v!;.tp.n&f; tpil: M) Mu;.nf.nrfu;

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37. V.Mu;.,u\;khdpd; je;ij kiyahsj; jpiug;gl cyfpd; ________.
m) ,af;Feu; M) jahupg;ghsu;
,) ,irf;fiy+u; <) xspg;gjpthsu; tpil: ,) ,irf;fiy+u;
38. V.Mu;.,u\;khd; ________ tajpnyna \hu;nkhdpak; ,irg;gjpy; jpwik bgw;wpUe;jhu;.
L al
m) 3 M) 4
,) 6 <) 8 tpil: M) 4
39. gs;spapd; EiHthapypy; V.Mu;.uFkhdpd; ________ fhj;jpUe;J mtUf;Fr; rPUil
A d
mzptpj;Jk;/ cztspj;Jk; tFg;gpw;F mDg;gp itg;ghu;.
m) jhahu; M) je;ijahu;
D ika
,) jkf;ifahu; <) jha;khkd; tpil: m) jhahu;
6 40. gs;spf;fhyj;jpy; V.Mu;.,uFkhd; ,utpy; gzpahw;wpa ,lk; ________.
m) cztfk; M) tpUe;jpdu; tpLjp
,ay;
,) ,irf;FG <) eldf;FG tpil: ,) ,irf;FG

41. V.Mu;.,uFkhdpd; gs;spg;gog;g[ ________ tFg;g[lnd Koe;Jtpl;lJ.
Alv
m) xd;gjhk; M) vl;lhk;
,) gj;jhk; <) gjpndhuhk; tpil: <) gjpndhuhk;
42. V.Mu;.,uFkhd; Kjd; Kjyhf ,iraikg;ghsuhd jpiug;glk; ________ Mz;L _______.
m) nuh$h/ 1992
,) g[jpa Kfk;/ 1993
a
M) b$d;oy;nkd;/ 1992
<) fUj;jk;kh/ 1994 tpil: m) nuh$h/ 1992
.Kk
43. jk; Kjy; glj;jpw;nf njrpa tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; ,e;jpa ,iraikg;ghsu; ________.
m) ,isauh$h M) a[td;r=;fu; uh$h
,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; <) $p.tp.gpufh&; tpil: ,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
wI
44. Js;sy; Xir ________ fUtpahy; Joj;bjGk;.

LV
m) njhy; M) Jis
,) euk;g[ <) ,Uk;g[ tpil: m) njhy;
w
45. gp=;fy epfz;L vd;Dk; E}ypy; ________ gz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

m) 102 M) 103
,) 104 <) 105 tpil: M) 103
A
//w
46. gz;fs; ghLk; fhy=;fSf;F Vw;wthW ________ vd;W tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

i) gfy; gz; ii) ,ut[g;gz;
s:K
iii) bghJg;gz; iv) g[Jg;gz;

m) i, iv ?rup M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: M) Kjy; @d;Wk; rup
47. ________ fspy; bjhHpy; El;gf;fy;tp gapd;W cybf=;Fk; gutpa jkpH; ,is+u;fis
,izj;jJ V.Mu;.,u\;khd; ,ir.
m) 80 M) 70
tp
,) 90 <) 60 tpil: ,) 90
48. V.Mu;.,u\;khd; tpUJ bgw;w epfH;t[fisg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) ,e;jpa muR ? 1. Mthj; rk;kd; tpUJ
ht
ii) jkpH;ehL ? 2. j=;fg;gjf;fk;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
iii) nfusk; ? 3. fiykhkzp tpUJ
iv) cj;jpug;gpunjrk; ? 4. gj;k tpg{&d; tpUJ
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
L al
49. V.Mu;.,u\;khDf;F bkhuP&pa!;/ knyrpah muRfs; tH=;fpa tpUJfs; ________.
m) ru;tnjr ,ir tpUJ M) njrpa ,ir tpUJ
,) ,ir khkd;du; tpUJ <) jkpHpir tpUJ tpil: M) njrpa ,ir tpUJ
A d
50. V.Mu;.,u\;khDf;F yjh k=;nf&;fu; tpUjpid mspj;j khepyk; ________.
m) kj;jpag;gpunjrk; M) cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
tpil: M) cj;jpug;gpunjrk;
D ika
,) nfusk; <) fu;ehlfk;
51. V.Mu;.,u\;khDf;F `ru;tnjr ,ir tpUJ~ tH=;fpa gy;fiyf;fHfk; ________.
m) Mf;!;nghu;L M) !;lhd; Bnghu;l;
,) bfhyk;gpah <) nfk;gpupl;$; tpil: M) !;lhd; Bnghu;l;
52. jpiuapirapy; NBgp ,iria mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ________.
Alv
m) ,isauh$h M) a[td;r=;fu; uh$h
,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd; <) $P.tp.gpufh&; tpil: ,) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
53. !;yk;lhf; kpy;ypadu; vd;w jpiug;glj;jpd; ,irf;fhf V.Mu;.uFkhd; bgw;w tpUJ _______.
m) nfhy;ld; Fnshg;
,) rpy;tu; Fnshg;
a
M) ilkz;l; Fnshg;
<) nfhy;ld; ntu;y;L tpil: m) nfhy;ld; Fnshg;
.Kk
54. nfhy;ld; Fnshg; tpUJ bgw;w Kjy; ,e;jpau; ________.
m) ,isauh$h M) V.Mu;.,u\;khd;
,) guj;th$; <) $P.tp.gpufh&; tpil: M) V.Mh;.,u\;khd;
55. vg;glj;jpd; ,irf;fhf fpuhkp tpUijg; bgw;Ws;shu; V.Mu;.uFkhd;>.
wI
m) !;yk;lhf; kpy;ypadu; M) nuh$h

LV
,) gof;fhjtd; <) gk;gha; tpil: m) !;yk;lhf; kpy;ypadu;

w
***
,yf;fzk;
A
//w
,ay; 6 fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk;
s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
rpWtpdh
tp
1. fiyr;brhy;yhf;fj;jpw;Fk; mfuhjpf;Fk; cs;s ntWghL ahJ>

fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; :
fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;gJ bghUs; bjupe;j gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fSf;Fj; jha;bkhHpapy;
Kd;ng cs;s brhw;fis milahsk; fhl;oa[k;/ njitahdtplj;Jg; g[jpjhfr; brhw;fis
ht
cUthf;fpa[k; jUtjhFk;.
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mfuhjp :
bghUs; bjupahj brhw;fSf;Fg; bghUs; TWtnj mfuhjpapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
L al
1. khztu; xt;bthUtUk; 25 fiyr;brhw;fisg; bghUSld; jpul;o mfuhjpahf;Ff.
Account gw;W tut[f; fzf;F Myth bjhd;kk;
Bug gpiH Referee eLtu;
A d
Carom ehyh=;FHp Ml;lk; Sales Tax tpw;gid tup
Ceiling cr;rtuk;g[ Smart Phone jpwd;ngrp
D ika
6 Circular
Consumer
Rw;wwpf;if
Efu;nthu;
Sub junior
Subsidy
kpf ,isnahu;
ey;if
,ay;
Customer thof;ifahsu; Super Senior kP@j;njhu;

Despatch mDg;g[if Touch Screen bjhL jpiu
Documentary Mtzg;glk; Twitter Rl;Liu
Alv
Facebook KfE}y; Whatsapp gfpup brayp
Fine Arts Ez;fiyfs; Writs rl;l Mtz=;fs;
Gazette murpjH; a Youtube tiybahsp
High Court cau;ePjpkd;wk;
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
i) Cell Phone ? 1. ,izak;

w
ii) Website ? 2. tiyg;g{

iii) Blog ? 3. miyngrp
iv) Smart Phone ? 4. jpwd;ngrp
m) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
A
//w
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4
s:K
i) Clinic ? 1. CLfjpu;
ii) Blood Group ? 2. kUe;jhSeu;
iii) Pharmacist ? 3. FUjpg;gpupt[
iv) X-Ray ? 4. kUj;Jtkid
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3
,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
tp
i) Typhoid ? 1. tpilr;Rto
ii) Ointment ? 2. vGJRto
iii) Notebook ? 3. fspk;g[
ht
iv) Answer Book ? 4. Flw;fha;r;ry;

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m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
i) Rough Notebook ? 1. mDg;g[if
L al
ii) Prospectus ? 2. murpjH;
iii) Gazatte ? 3. tpsf;fr;Rto
iv) Despatch ? 4. Fwpg;g[r;Rto
A d
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
D ika
i) Touch Screen ? 1. cr;rtuk;g[
ii) Bug ? 2. bjhLjpiu
iii) Subsidy ? 3. ey;if
iv) Ceiling ? 4. gpiH
m) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 M) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
Alv
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: M) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1
6. `Circular~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) Rw;wwpf;if M) mwpf;if
,) Mtzk; a
<) ey;if tpil: m) Rw;wwpf;if
7. jkpH;ehL ghlE}y; epWtdk; ________ nkw;gl;l JiwfSf;Ff; fiyr;brhw;fis
.Kk
btspapl;Ls;sJ.
m) gj;Jf;Fk; M) ,Ugjpw;Fk;
,) ehw;gJf;Fk; <) E}w;Wf;Fk; tpil: M) ,Ugjpw;Fk;
wI
i) Sub Junior ? 1. ehyh=;FHp Ml;lk;

LV
ii) Super Senior ? 2. tpw;gid tup

w
iii) Carom ? 3. kpf ,isnahu;

iv) Sales Tax ? 4. kP@j;njhu;
m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
A
//w
i) Customer ? 1. eLtu;
s:K
ii) Consumer ? 2. gw;W tut[f; fzf;F gy;fiy epWt[

iii) Account ? 3. Efu;nthu;
iv) Refree ? 4. thof;ifahsu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
10. cyfpd; ve;j @iyapy; vt;tifahd fz;Lgpog;g[ epfHe;jhYk; clDf;Fld; j=;fs;
tp
bkhHpapy; g[jpa brhy;iy cUthf;Fgtu;fs; ________.

m) rPdu;fs; M) $g;ghdpau;fs;
,) jkpHu;fs; <) mbkupf;fu;fs; tpil: M) $g;ghdpau;fs;
ht
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11. $g;ghdpau;fspd; g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fSf;fhd fhuzk; ________.
m) jha;bkhHp tHpf;fy;tp M) g[Jik tpUg;gk;
,) kf;fs; bjhif <) gpwbkhHpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
tpil: m) jha;bkhHp tHpf;fy;tp
L al
12. mwptpay; fiyr;brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;Ftjpy; cs;s Kiwfs; Fwpj;Jf; Twpatu; ________.
m) k.bgh.rpt+hdk; M) th.br.FHe;ijrhkp
,) mg;Jy;fyhk; <) njtneag;ghtzhu; tpil: M) th.br.FHe;ijrhkp
A d
13. bjd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpd; bgz;fs; tpLjiy vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vGjj; bjhl=;fpatu;
m) ghujp M) ghujpjhrd;
D ika
,) jha[khdtu; <) ehkf;fy; ftp+u; tpil: m) ghujp
6 14. ghujp bjd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpd; bgz;fs; tpLjiy vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; ________ vd;w
M=;fpyr; brhy;Yf;Fj; jkpH;r; brhy;byhd;iw cUthf;f Kad;whu;.
,ay;
m) Member M) Number
,) Men <) Women tpil: m) Member
Alv
FWtpdh
1. fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ>
brhw;fis cUthf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; Kiwikf;Ff; fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;W bgau;.
a
Cellphone vd;Dk; M=;fpyr; brhy;Yf;Ff; ifngrp/ bry;yplg;ngrp/ miyngrp vd;w
brhw;fs; gad;ghl;oy; cs;sd.
.Kk
2. fiyr; brhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d>
xU bkhHpapy; fhyj;jpw;nfw;g/ Jiw rhu;e;j g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fis/ cUthf;fpg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; brhw;fisf; fiyr; brhw;fs; vd;gu;.
3. fiyr;brhw;fs; gad;gLk; Jiwfs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.
wI
fUtpfs;/ ntshz;ik/ kUj;Jtk;/ bghwpapay;/ jfty; bjhlu;gpay;.

LV
4. kUj;Jtj;Jiw rhu;e;j fiyr;brhw;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.

w
Clinic - kUj;Jtkid X - Ray - CLfjpu;

Blood Group - FUjpg; gpupt[ Ointment - fspk;g[
Compounder - kUe;jhSeu;
A
//w
5. fy;tp rhu;e;j fiyr;brhw;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.

vGJRto ? Note Book bghJf;Fwpg;g[r; Rto ? Rough Note Book
s:K
tpilr; Rto? Answer Book tpsf;fr;Rto ? Prospectus

6. g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fSf;fhd fiyr;brhw;fis v=;fpUe;J bgwyhk;>
,jH;fs;/ kpd; ,jH;fs;/ jkpH; ,izaf; fy;tpf; fHfj;jpd; ,izajsk;.
7. md;whlk; gad;gLj;Jk; M=;fpyr; brhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpH;f; fiyr;brhw;fs;
ehd;fpid vGJf.
tp
Smart phone - jpwd;ngrp

Touch Screen - bjhLjpiu
Sales Tax - tpw;gid tup
Accountant - gw;W tut[f; fzf;F
ht
282 Super Senior - kP@j;njhu;
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpWtpdh
1. fiyr;brhy; cUthf;fj;jpy; khztu;fspd; g=;fspg;g[ vt;thW ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;>
ehs;njhWk; g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fs; cUthfpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; NHypy;/ mjw;fhd
L al
fiyr;brhy; Mf;f=;fSk; epfH;e;J bfhz;nl cs;sd.
fiyr;brhy; mfuhjpia cUthf;fpf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
md;whl ciuahlypy; jkpH;r;brhw;fisna gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
A d
2. jkpHpy; fiyr;brhw;fspd; ,d;wpaikahikiaf; TWf.
cyfpd; bjhd;ikahd bkhHpfSs; ,d;Dk; epiyj;J epw;fpd;w bkhHp jkpH; bkhHp.
D ika
fhyj;jpw;nfw;g jd;idg; g[Jg;gpj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; bkhHpna thGk;.
kUj;Jtk;/ bghwpapay;/ bjhHpy; El;g mwptpay; Mfpatw;iwj; jkpH;bkhHpapy; gapy
fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ.
cyfpd; ve;j @iyapy; ve;j tifahd fz;Lgpog;g[ epfH;e;jhYk;/ clDf;Fld;
$g;ghdpau;fs; j=;fs; bkhHpf;F Mf;fk; bra;J tpLtu;.
jkpH;bkhHp tHpapy; $g;ghdpau;fs; mwptpay; bjhHpy; El;gg; ghl=;fisf; fw;gjhy;/
Alv
m=;nf ehs;njhWk; g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fs; epfH;fpd;wd.
fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; ,y;iybad;why;/ mtw;iw ehk; xypbgau;g;g[r; brhy;yhf
kl;Lnk gad;gLj;j Koa[k;.
a
3. mwptpay; fiyr; brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;Ftjpy; cs;s Kiwfs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; mwp+u;
th. br. FHe;ijrhkp TWtd ahit>
.Kk
gHe;jkpHpyf;fpar; brhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jjy; tytd; [PILOT]
ngr;R bkhHpr; brhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jjy; mk;ik
gpw bkhHpr; brhy;ypidf; fld; bgwy; jrk Kiwfs; [Decimal]
wI
g[Jr;brhy; gilj;jy; @yf;TW [Molecule]

LV
cyf tHf;if Vw;Wf; bfhs;sy; vf;!; fjpu; [X - Ray]

w
gpwbkhHpj; Jiwr; brhw;fis bkhHp bgau;j;jy; xspr;nru;f;if [Photo synthesis]

xyp bgau;j;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk; brhw;fs; kPl;lu;/ Xk; [Meter, Ohm]
A
//w
cyf mstpyhd FwpaPLfs;/ Nj;jpu=;fs; åA = nr2, H2O, Ca.

s:K
gy;fiy epWt[
1. fiyr;brhy;yhf;fk; ? bghUs; jUf.
brhw;fis cUthf;fpf; bfhs;Sk; Kiwikf;Ff; fiyr; brhy;yhf;fk; vd;W bgau;.
bghUs; bjupe;j gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fSf;Fj; jha; bkhHpapy; Kd;ng cs;s brhw;fis
milahsk; fhl;oa[k;/ njitahdtplj;Jg; g[jpjhfr; brhw;fis cUthf;fpa[k;
jUtjhFk;.
tp
2. fiyr;brhy;yhf;fg; gzpfs; bjhl=;Ftjw;Fupa tpjpKiwfs; ahit>

Mf;fk; bgWk; brhy; jkpH;r; brhy;yhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
bghUs; bghUj;jKilajhft[k;/ mnj neuj;jpy; braiyf; Fwpg;gjhft[k; mikjy;
ht
ntz;Lk;.
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totpy; rpwpajhf/ vspikahf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
Xir eaKilajhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
jkpHpyf;fz kug[f;F cl;gl;ljhf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;.
ey;yit my;yhjtw;iwf; Fwpf;ff; TlhJ.
L al
3. gpd;tUk; M=;fpyr; brhw;fSf;F ,izahd jkpH;f; fiyr;brhw;fis vGJf.
Personality, Emotion, Plastic, Escalator, Apartment, Straw, Mass Drill, Horticulture, Average.
Personality - MSik
A d
Emotion - kdf;fpsu;r;rp/ czu;r;rp
Plastic - befpHp
D ika
6 Escalator
Apartment
-
-
,a=;Fk; gof;fl;L (efUk; kpd;gof; fl;L)
mLf;Fkhof; FoapUg;g[
,ay;
Straw - itf;nfhy;/ cwp+;RFHy;

Mass Drill - Tl;L clw;gapw;rp
Horticulture - njhl;lf;fiy
Alv
Average - ruhrup
4. SHIP vd;Dk; M=;fpyr; brhy;ypd; gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpag; bgaiuf; TWf.
ehtha; rhd;W:
espapU Ke;ePu; ehtha; Xl;o tsp
tspbjhHpy; Mz;l cunthd; kUf
a
.Kk
fsp ,ay; ahidf; fupfhy; tst... (g[wk; 66)
5. cyf mstpy; fzpjr; Nj;jpu=;fisa[k;/ ntjpapay; FwpaPLfisa[k; jkpHpy; vt;thW
gad;gLj;j ntz;L vd;W th.br. FHe;ijrhkp TWfpwhu;>
wI
fzpjr; Nj;jpu=;fs; ? jrk Kiw (decimal) åA = nr2

LV
ntjpapay; FwpaPLfs; ? @yf;TW (molecule) H2O, Ca.

w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
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.in
bjupe;J bjspnthk; ? epWj;jw;Fwpfs;
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
L al
gyt[s; bjupf
1. rupahd bjhliuf; fz;lwpf.
A d
m) ``kiwkiyaofs; kuzj;jpd; Kd; kdpju;epiy vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;~~.
M) `kiwkiyaofs; kuzj;jpd;gpd;~/ kdpju;epiy vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
D ika
,) ``kiwkoaofs; kuzj;jpd;gpd; kdpju;epiy~~ vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
<) kiwkiyaofs;/ `kuzj;jpd;gpd; kdpju;epiy~ vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
tpil: <) kiwkiyaofs;/ `kuzj;jpd;gpd; kdpju;epiy~ vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhu;.
2. rpW jiyg;g[/ E}w;gFjp vz;/ bgU=;Tl;Lj; bjhlu; Kjypa ,l=;fspy; ________ g[s;sp
tUjy; ntz;Lk;.
m) fhw; (,) M) miug; (;)
Alv
,) Kf;fhw; (:) <) Kw;Wg; (.) tpil: m) fhw; (,)
3. bjhlu;epiyj; bjhlu;fspYk; xU brhy;Yf;F ntWgl;l bghUs; TWk; ,l=;fspYk;________
tUjy; ntz;Lk;. a
m) fhw;g[s;sp (,) M) miug;g[s;sp (;)
,) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp (:) <) Kw;Wg;g[s;sp (.) tpil: M) miug;g[s;sp (;)
.Kk
4. fhw;g[s;sp tUkpl=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
i) bghUs;fisj; jdpj;jdpahff; Fwpg;gpLk; ,l=;fs;
ii) vr;rr; brhw;bwhlu;fs;
iii) vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;/ ,izg;g[r; brhw;fs;
wI
iv) jpUKftpsp/ ,izbkhHpfs;

LV

,) i, ii, iv ? rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
w
5. bjhlupd; ,Wjp/ Kftup ,Wjp/ brhw;FWf;fk;/ ehs; Kjypa ,l=;fspy; ________ tUjy;
ntz;Lk;.
m) fhw;g[s;sp (,) M) miug;g[s;sp (;)
A
//w
,) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp (:) <) Kw;Wg;g[s;sp (.) tpil: <) Kw;Wg;g[s;sp (.)

6. xU tpdhj;bjhlu;/ Kw;Wj;bjhluhft[k; neu;Tw;Wj; bjhluhft[k; ,Ug;gpd;/ ,Wjpapy;
s:K
________ tUjy; ntz;Lk;. gy;fiy epWt[

m) tpdhf;Fwp (?) M) tpag;g[f;Fwp (!)
,) tpspf;Fwp (!) <) nkw;nfhs; Fwp (` ~) tpil: m) tpdhf;Fwp (?)
7. mz;ikapy; ,Ug;ghiu miHg;gjw;Fk;/ bjhiytpy; ,Ug;ghiu miHg;gjw;Fk; ________
gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
m) tpdhf;Fwp (?) M) tpspf;Fwp (!)
tp
,) nkw;nfhs; Fwp (` ~) <) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp (:) tpil: M) tpspf;Fwp (!)

8. nkw;nfhs;Fwp ________ tifg;gLk;.
m) ,U M) @d;W
ht
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J tpil: m) ,U

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9. xw;iw nkw;nfhs;Fwp tUk; ,l=;fs; ________.
i) Xu; vGj;njDk; brhy;nyDk; brhw;bwhlnuDk; jd;idna Fwpf;Fk; ,lk;
ii) fl;Liug; bgau;
iii) E}w;bgau; Fwpf;Fk; ,lk;
L al
iv) gpwu; Tw;Wg;gFjpfs;
,) ii, iii ? rup <) ehd;Fk; rup tpil: <) ehd;Fk; rup
A d
10. neu;Tw;WfspYk; nkw;nfhs;fspYk; ________ tUjy; ntz;Lk;.
m) Vw;iwf;Fwp M) ,ul;ilf;Fwp
,) tpag;g[f;Fwp <) tpspf;Fwp tpil: M) ,ul;ilf;Fwp
D ika
6 11. gH=;fhyj;jpy; gid xiyfspnyh fy;btl;Lfspnyh xU ghly; my;yJ ciueilg;
gFjpia vGjp Koj;jJk; mjid vGjp Koj;jikf;F milahskhf ________ ,Ljy;
,ay;
tHf;fk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
i) RHpay; ,Ljy; ii) ,iz nfhLfs; ,Ljy; iii) nfhL ,Ljy;
Alv
,) ii ? rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
12. gy;ntW tifahd epWj;jf;Fwpfis ekf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp vt;btt;tpl=;fspy;
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j ntz;Lbkd tpsf;fpatu;fs; ________.
m) Inuhg;gpau;fs;
,) Mg;upf;fu;fs;
a
M) mbkupf;fu;fs;
<) rPdhf;fs; tpil: m) Inuhg;gpau;fs;
.Kk
wI
r=;fujhR Rthkpfs; (1867 ? 1922)

LV
ehlfj;jkpiH tsu;j;j ey;ywp+uha;j; jpfH;e;j r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;/

ehlf=;fis cUthf;fpa Mrpupau;fSf;bfy;yhk; Kd;ndhoahft[k;
w
Kjy;tuhft[k; tps=;fpdhu;. bgUk;g[ytu;fs;/ Rthkpfspd; ghly; jpwj;ija[k;

ciuahly;juj;ija[k; czu;e;J be+;rhug; ghuhl;oa[s;sdu;. ,sikapy;
g[ytnuW gHep jz;lghzp Rthkpfisj; njor; brd;W/ jkpHwpitg; r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;
A
//w
(1867 ? 1922)
bgw;w ,tu; jk;Kila 16 MtJ tajpnyna ftpahw;wy; bgw;W btz;gh/
fypj;Jiw ,irg;ghly;fis ,aw;wj; bjhl=;fptpl;lhu;. ,uzpad;/ ,uhtzd;/ vkjUkd;
Mfpa ntl=;fspy; eoj;Jg; g[fHile;jnghJ mtUila taJ 24. tz;zk;/ re;jk; ghLtjpy;
s:K
ty;ytuhapUe;j Rthkpfspd; `re;jf;FHpg;g[fspd;~ brhw;rpyk;g=;fisf; fz;L mf;fhyj;jpy;

kf;fs; tpag;g[w;wdu;.
r=;fujh!; Rthkpfs; `rkur rd;khu;f;f rig~ vd;Dk; ehlff; FGit cUthf;fpdhu;.
,e;jf; FGtpy; gapw;rp bgw;w v!;.$p. fpl;lg;gh ehlff; fiyj;Jiwapy; bgUk;g[fH; <l;odhu;.
nkil ehlfk; juk; Fd;wpa epiyapy;/ kJiu te;j Rthkpfs;/ 1918 ,y;/ `jj;Jt kPdnyhrdp
tp
tpj;Jt ghy rig~ vd;Dk; ehlf mikg;ig cUthf;fp Mrpupau; bghWg;ngw;whu;. ,=;F
cUthdtu;fns o.nf.v!;. rnfhjuu;fs;. ehlfj;jpd;@yk; kf;fSf;F mwbthGf;fj;ija[k;
jkpHpd; bgUikiaa[k; gz;ghl;ila[k; jk; RitkpFe;j ghly;/ ciuahly; tHpna czu;j;jpa
r=;fujhR Rthkpfis ehlfj; Jiwf; fiy+u;fs;/ `jkpH; ehlfj; jiyik Mrpupau;~ vd;W
ht
cskfpH;e;J nghw;Wfpd;wdu;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f:
1. jkpH;r; brhy;yhf;Ff: rd;khu;f;fk;/ tpj;Jt ghy rig.
rd;khu;f;fk; : ed;bdwp/ cz;ik tHp
tpj;Jt ghy rig : fiy ,is+u; kd;wk;
L al
2. ehlfj; jkpiH tsu;j;j ey;ywp+uha;j; jpfH;e;jtu; r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;.
mof;nfhol;l tpidahyiza[k; bgaiu tpidKw;whf;fpj; bjhliu vGJf.
r=;fujhR Rthkpfs; ehlfj; jkpiH tsu;j;j ey;ywp+uha;j; jpfH;e;jhu;.
A d
3. <l;odhu; ? gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
<l;odhu; = <l;L + ,d; + Mu;
D ika
<l;L ? gFjp/ ,d; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy/ Mu; ? glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
4. jd;dd;d jhndd jd;dhnd ? ,e;jr; re;jj;jpy; bghUs; bghjpe;j ,uz;L mofs;
bfhz;l ghly; vGJf.
v.fh: ,e;jpa ehl;odpy; thH;tijna
,d;gkha;f; fUjply; ntz;Lkg;gh...
nkjF epyj;jpdpy; cGtijna
Alv
nkd;ikaha;g; nghw;wply; ntz;Lkg;gh-
<ukhd be+;rpdpy; ,uf;fj;ijna
<ifaha;g; ngzply; ntz;Lkg;gh-
a
5. jkpH; ehlfj; jiyikahrpupau; ? rpwg;g[g;bgaUf;fhd fhuzj;ij mspf;f.
jtj;jpU r=;fujhR Rthkpfs; jkpH; ehlfj; jiyikahrpupau; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhu;.
.Kk
,tu; jk;Kila 16 MtJ tajpnyna fy;tpahw;wy; bgw;W tps=;fpdhu;.
``rkur rd;khu;f;f rig~~ vd;Dk; ehlff; FGit cUthf;fpdhu;.
ehlfj;jpd; @yk; kf;fSf;F mwbthGf;fj;ija[k; jkpHpd; bgUikiaa[k;/
gz;ghl;ila[k;/ jk;Rit kpFe;j ghly;/ ciuahly; tHpna czu;j;jpa r=;fujhR
wI
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cskfpH;e;J nghw;Wfpd;wdu;.
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The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields
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dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included
in a broader definition of art or the arts. Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not
differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its history,
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making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not imply that the purpose of gy;fiy epWt[
Art is “vague”, but that it has had many unique, different reasons for being created.
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mjd; nehf;fj;ij xU Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwapy; mlf;f Koahky; ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; fiyapd;
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(tpdhj; bjhluhf;Ff)
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4. ehd; thuj;jpd; ,Wjpehs;fspy; E}yfj;jpw;Fr; bry;ntd;.
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bka;g;g[j;jpUj;Jeu; gzpntz;o ehspjH; Kjd;ikahrpupaUf;Ff; fPH;f;fhQk; tptu=;fSld;
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kjpg;gpw;Fupa Iah/
bghUs; : bka;g;g[j;jpUj;Jeu; gzp ntz;Ljy; ? bjhlu;ghf.
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tzf;fk;. j=;fsJ ehspjH; mYtyfj;jpy; bka;g;g[j; jpUj;Jeu; gzpaplk; fhypahf

,Ug;gjhf/ fle;j thuk; j=;fs; ehspjHpy; btspahd tpsk;guk; @yk; mwpe;njd;. ehd;
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jl;lr;Rj; nju;tpy; jkpH;/ M=;fpyk; Mfpa ,uz;L bkhHpfspYk;/ KJepiyg; gpuptpy;
Kjy; tFg;gpy; nju;r;rp bgw;Ws;nsd;. fzpdpapy; gl;lag; gog;g[ Koj;Js;nsd;. vdnt/
vdf;F ,g;gzpapid tH=;fpdhy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gzpahw;wp epWtdj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F
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bgw;nwhu; : g. fz;zd; ? f. nfhij
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Kftup : vz; : 11/ fhkuhru; bjU/ jpUbey;ntyp.
miyngrp vz; : 99887 76655
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kpd;d+;ry; Kftup : [email protected]
mwpe;j bkhHpfs; : jkpH;/ M=;fpyk;/ ,e;jp
vil : 55 fpnyh
cauk; : 165 br.kP
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fy;tpj; jFjp : ,s=;fiy (M=;fpyk;)
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ciwnky; Kftup:
Kjd;ikahrpupau; mtu;fs;/
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brd;id.
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,Uf;fpd;wd. ``fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;~~ vd;Dk; nghw;Wjw;Fhpathpd;

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fk;gupd; bgUikfs; : `ftpr; rf;futu;j;jp~/ `fy;tpapy; bgupatd; fk;gd;~/ `fk;gd;
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jpuz;l fUj;J:
Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa nrhiyfspny kapy;fs; Mlt[k;/ jhkiu kyu;fs; tpsf;Ffis
Ve;jp epw;ft[k;/ nkf=;fs; kj;jsk; nghy xypf;ft[k;/ Ftis kyu;fs; bfhofspy; fz;nghy;
tpHpj;Jg; ghu;f;ft[k;/ ePu; epiyfspy; miyfs; jpiur;rPiy nghyf; fhl;lt[k;/ njidg;
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nghd;w kfu ahHpd; ,ir nghy; tz;Lfs; ,dpikahfg; ghlt[k;/ ,ira[k; Tj;Jk;
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kw;wtbuy;yhk; kUj nte;jd; vd;W Twpdu;. mJ bghUj;jkhf ,Ue;jhYk;/
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ikaf; fUj;J:
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bjhil eak;:
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``nkhidapy;yhj ghly;
nridapy;yhj murDf;Fr; rkk;~~
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPu;njhWk; KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhidj;
bjhilahFk;. a
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tz;L ? tPPw;wpUf;Fk;
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vd;gjw;nfw;g bra;a[spd; Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;J epw;f/ ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp

tUtJ vJif eakhFk;.
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v.fh: jz;liy ? bfhz;ly;fs;" bjz;jpiu ? tz;Lfs;

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bra;a[spy; ,Wjp vGj;njh/ mirnah/ rPnuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iag[j; bjhilahFk;.
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v.fh: jh=;f ? nehf;f " fhl;l

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mzp eak;:
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,g;ghlypy; cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.

re;j eak;:
``re;jk; jkpGf;Fr; brhe;jk;~~ ``re;jk; ,y;yhg; ghl;L brhe;jkhfhJ~~ vd;gjw;nfw;g/
,r;bra;a[s; xt;bthU moapYk; MW rPu;fs; bgw;Wk;/ gy <uirr; rPu;fisg; bgw;Wk;
te;Js;sjhy;/ ,g;ghlypy; ``mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk; gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
tp
mftnyhir bgw;W/ ,dpa gz;Qld; ghof; fspg;gjw;F vw;w tifapy; re;j eak; kpf;f
ghlyhfj; jpfH;fpwJ.
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kUj epyj;jpd; ,aw;ifia ek; fz;Kd;nd nkilf;fhl;rpahfg; glk; gpoj;Js;sJ/
ht
gof;Fk;nghnj kfpH;r;rp jUtjhy;/ ftp+upd; `ctifr;Ritia~ vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

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jiyg;g[:
``kUjk;~~ (m) `kUjk; vd;Dk; khJ~ (m) `kUjepy ,aw;iff; fhl;rp~.
Kot[iu:
,aw;if epfH;tpidj; jk; ftpj;jpwj;jhy; bjhil/ mzp/ re;jk;/ Rit nghd;w ea=;fs;
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mikj;J fk;gu; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpa[s;s gh=;Fg; nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
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,yf;fpa ,d;gj;jpy; jpisg;nghk;~~
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,jkhd bjd;wYk;/ nkff; Tl;l=;fSk; NH;e;jpUf;Fk; khiyapy;
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rpWtdpd; jd;dk;gpf;ifa[k;/ jhk; <Lgl;l braypy; mtd;
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fhyk; tha;j;jnghJ tpiue;J brayhw;Wk; jd;ikiaa[k;/ mjdhy; bgw;w btw;wpiaa[k;/
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fw;ge;J ePna jfu; jil kjpia thH;j;jpL
tp
jP kpjp epkpu;e;J epy; ePjpia nghjpj;jpL

tpLgl;l ,lj;jpy; mLj;J tuntz;oa brhw;fisf; fz;lwpe;J vGJf.
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ht
tpil: bjhlu;bkhHp/ jhkiu

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2. fhu;fhyk; ? ________ ; Fspu;fhyk; ? Ig;grp/ fhu;j;jpif " ________ - khu;fHp/ ij.
tpil : Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp : Kd;gdpf;fhyk;
3. vGj;J/ brhy;/ ________, ahg;g[/ ________. tpil: bghUs; : mzp
4. vGj;J/ ________, rPu;/ jis/ ________ bjhil. tpil: mir : mo
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5. nrud; ? tpy; " nrhHd; ? ________ ; ________ - kPd; tpil: g[yp : ghz;oad;;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
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ek; ehl;od; bgUikfspy; xd;W bjhd;ikr; rpd;d=;fs;.
mit ek; tuyhw;iwg; giwrhw;Wgit. nfhtpy;fspYk;
D ika
bjhd;ikahd ,l=;fspYk; fy;btl;LfspYk; rpyu;
6 fpWf;Ftij/ rpijg;gijg; ghu;j;jpUf;fpwPu;fsh> ek;Kila
bgUikia ehnk rpijf;fyhkh> mtw;iw mHpahky; ghJfhf;f
,ay;
ehk; vd;d bra;ag;nghfpnwhk;> gl;oaypLf.

kJiuapYs;s rkzu; gLif
ek; ehl;od; bgUikfSs; xd;W bjhd;ikr; rpd;d=;fs;. mit ek; tuyhw;iwg;
Alv
giw rhw;Wgit. nfhtpy;fspYk;/ bjhd;ikahd ,l=;fspYk;/ fy;btl;LfspYk;
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ek;Kila bgUikia ehnk rpijf;ff; TlhJ.
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mtw;iwj; jLf;f/ ghJfhf;f mwpt[iu tH=;f ntz;Lk;.
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TlhJ.
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Jz;lwpf;iffs; nghd;wtw;iw xl;lhjPu;fs; vd mwpt[Wj;jyhk;.

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bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ thbdhypg; gz;giy @yk; tpHpg;g[zu;t[g; gpurhuk; bra;ayhk;.

gs;sp khztu;fs; @ykhf/ xU tpHpg;g[zu;t[g; nguzp elj;jp/ kf;fSf;F mwpt[iu
tH=;fyhk;.
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ek; bjhd;ikfisa[k;/ ghuk;gupaj;ija[k; ngRk; bjhy;ypay; ,l=;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ

ek; xt;bthUtupd; flikahFk;.
,aw;ifnahL ,ize;j gz;ghL ek;KilaJ. mijg; ngzpf; fhg;gnjhL/ mLj;j
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jiyKiwf;Ff; bfhz;L bry;nthk;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Ez;fiyfs;; – Fine Arts
Mtzg;glk; – Documentary
tp
fy;btl;L – Instruction/Epigraph
jhdpaf;fpl=;F[ – Grain Warehouse
nguHpt[ – Disaster
bjhd;kk; – Myth
ht
***
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
,ay; itaj; jiyik bfhs;
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ciueil fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir Re;ju uhkrhkp
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wI
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1. èhHpf;Fs; jpzpf;Fk; kUe;Jnghy;~ vd;Dk; ctikia $Pthde;jk; ngr;Rld; xg;gpLf.

ctik : thz ntof;iff;fhud; ehHpf;Fs; jpzpf;Fk; kUe;Jnghy
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

ctnkak; : $Pthde;jk; ,uz;L ifg;gpo tprak;jhd; vLj;Jf; bfhs;thu;.
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xg;gpLjy; : $Pth nkilkPJ VwpaJk; ,uz;L ifg;gpo tp&a=;fSf;F beUg;g[ itj;J

tpLthu;. mjpypUe;J tu;z$hy=;fs; njhd;Wk;. gr;ira[k; rptg;g[k; k+;rSk;
cjpUk;. FilFilaha; ,w=;fp tUk;. khiy khiyaha; ,w=;fp tUk;.
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mikg;g[ E}jdkhft[k; espdkhft[k; ,Uf;Fk;.
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ngr;Rf;fiyia tpsf;Fk; ghlg;g[j;jf=;fisf; fhyoapy; nghl;L kpjpj;jtu; $Pth.

mtUila ngr;Rg;ghzp ,uty;ghzp my;y" fw;W mwpe;JJk; my;y.
ehl;L kf;fspd; juk;/ mDgtk;/ gHf;ftHf;fk; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifapidj; bjupe;j
kdpjdhf/ tp&aj;ij fiynehf;nfhL mQfpa[k;. fw;gida[k; fye;J ehsiltpy;
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beLtpdh
1. Re;ju uhkrhkpapd; ``fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir~~ vd;Dk; jiyg;g[ $Pthtpd; thH;f;iff;F
v=;=dk; bghUe;Jk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
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Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
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$Pth kPJ ez;gu;fs; ek;gpf;if gRikahd vz;z=;fs;
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D ika
bfhs;ifa[k; ? ek;gpf;ifa[k; Kot[iu
7 Kd;Diu:
,ay;
murpay; kw;Wk; bghJt[likr; rpe;jidapYk; jd;idf; Tu;thsha; bkUnfw;wpf;

bfhz;ltu; $Pth. mtuJ thH;f;if Re;juuhkrhkpapd; `fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir~a[ld;
bghUe;Jtij ,dpf; fhzyhk;.
Alv
$Pth:
$Pth vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; gh.$Pthde;jk; bjhlf;fj;jpy; fhe;jpathjpahft[k;/ gpwF
Rakhpahij ,af;fg; nghuhspahft[k; bghJt[ilik ,af;fj; jiytuhft[k;
a
bray;gl;lhh;. rpwe;j jkpH;g; gw;whsh;" vspikapd; milahskhfj; jpfH;e;jth;.
$PthkPJ ez;gu;fs; ek;gpf;if:
.Kk
$dg; gpusaj;jpd; Kd;dhy; $Pth/ r=;fehjk; vGg;gpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghnj/
ehw;wpirapYk; miy miyaha;g; gut[k; ngnuhirapy; fye;J tpLtnj $Pthtpd;
Kj;jpiu bfhz;l kuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ez;gu;fspd; ek;gpf;if.
$Pth ,Wjp @r;R tiuapYk; fu;$pj;Jf; bfhz;Ljhd; ,Ug;ghd; vd;gJk; ez;gu;fspd;
ek;gpf;if.
wI
LV
be+;nrhL tsu;e;j fdt[:

$Pth jdf;bfd xU jj;Jtj;ijr; rpU&;oj;jtu; my;yu;. jhd; tpUk;gpa jj;Jtj;ij/
w
rpj;jhe;j fUj;Jfisj; jdJ mupa jpwikahy;/ fiynehf;fhy; capu; bgwr;bra;J kdpjd;

Kd; gilj;jtu;. xU fdt[ rpWgpuhaj;jpypUe;nj mtu; be+;nrhL ,Ue;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;.
kdpj bts;sj;ijj; jhd; Kd;dpd;W/ jiyik jh=;fp/ cd;dj vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F miHj;Jr;
A
//w
bry;yntz;Lk; vd;gnj me;jf; fdt[.

bfhs;ifa[k; ? ek;gpf;ifa[k;:
kdpjr; rpe;jidaplk; eP (mJ) rpe;jpj;jtw;wpy; jd;dplk; TW vd;fpwhu; $Pth. mjid
s:K
vl;Lj;jpirapYk; gug;gp kdpjr;rhjpia kdpjr;rpe;jid brhd;d ,lj;jpw;F miHj;J

tUntd; vd;fpwhu;.
$Pthtpd; ntz;Lnfhs;:
kdpjr; rpe;jidapd; nguhw;wyplk; jd;idg; gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;SkhWk;/ mJnt
jdJ gpuhu;j;jida[k; vd;fpwhu;. ,Jnt/ $Pthtpd; kndhghtk;/ ek;gpf;ifa[k; MFk;.
tp
ngr;Reil:
ngr;Rf;fiy $Pth bgw;w tuk;. $Pth ngr;rpy; cj;jpfSk;/ ngr;rHFk; E}jdkhf
,Uf;Fk;. ek; ehl;L kf;fspd; juk;/ mDgtk;/ gHf;ftHf;fk;/ ek;gpf;if ,tw;iw ed;F
mwpe;jtu;. mitfis fiynehf;nfhL mQfpf; fw;gid fye;J btw;wpfukhf mikj;j
ht
ghzp ,uty;ghzp my;y.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,uz;L ifg;gpo tp&ak;:
xU rpy fUj;Jfis tpupthfr; brhy;yp kf;fSf;Fg; g[upa itj;Jtpl;;lhy;nghJk;
vd;gnj $Pthtpd; vz;zk;.
gRikahd vz;z=;fs;:
L al
jhd; gof;fpnwd;/ goj;Jf;bfhz;nl ,Ug;ngd; vd;w vz;zk; mtuplk; gRikahf
,Ue;jJ.jhd; fiuj;Jf; Foj;j xU tp&aj;ij xU fw;Wf;Fl;o mtuplk; ngrpdhYk;
fhJ bfhLg;ghu;.
Mw;wpy; tpGe;j fpis:
A d
rhjhuzf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j $Pth vd;fpw brhupKj;J Mw;wpy; nghl;l fpisiag;nghy;
thH;e;jpUf;fntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,aw;ifapd; tpjpfis kWj;J vjpu; ePr;ry; nghl;lhu;.
D ika
Kot[iu:
vd; thH;t[ vd; iffspy; vd;W ek;gpatu; $Pth. mtUila thH;f;ifia
Muha;fpd;wnghJ mtuJ ek;gpf;ifg; gypj;jJ vd;nw brhy;yyhk;. ePupy; tpGe;j fpis
kiyf;Fr; brd;Wtpl;lJ. $Pth vd;Dk; ngnuhir fhw;wpy; fye;Jtpl;lJ. $Pthtpd;
capu;fhw;Wk; fle;Jtpl;lJ.
Alv
1. ehd; tpUk;g[k; ehl;ow;FiHj;j jiytu; ? nkilg;ngr;Rf;fhd ftpa[iu cUthf;Ff.
ehd; tpUk;g[k; ehl;ow;FiHj;j jiyth; ? bgUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;
a
tpUJkhefhpd; tpobts;spna-
vz;zw;nwhh; thH;tpd; xsptpsf;nf-
.Kk
md;dr; rj;jpu mikj;jiy tpl
M=;nfhh; ViHf;F fy;tpr; rhiy vd;whd; ghujp-
ahnkh md;dKk; fy;tpa[k; mspj;j
fUizf;fly; fhkuhrnu-
wI
md;gpd; jpUt[Unt-
LV
Mw;wypd; ,Ug;gplnk-
,uf;fj;jpd; ,izna-
w
<oy;yhg; ghujj;jpd; jiyik

cUthf;fpa jiykfnd-
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

jkpH;kz;zpd; jiyikna-
A
//w
tU=;fhy re;jjpapd; xspr;Rlnu-

cz;ik/ czh;t[/ czh;r;rpahy;
u&;ahtpy; urpf;fg;gl;l ,uh$je;jpunk-
s:K
ghhpy; goj;Jg; ghuhl;L bgw;nwhh; gyh;

gof;fhj/ eof;fhj ey;nyhh; kdjpy; thGk;
brhy;yHF ehafnd- fhkuhrnu--
2. $Pthde;jk; gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; jpul;o tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
$Pthde;jk;
tp
èP=;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; brhj;J-~ `fhe;jp tpae;j njhHd;~.

njhHh; $Pth cz;ikahd fsg;nghuhsp bjhHpyhsh; elj;jpa nghuhl;l=;fis
xU=;fpizj;J elj;jpath;.
1946 ,y; gphpl;o&; muR bjhHpyhsh;fspd; nghuhl;lj;ij jLj;J epWj;jpanghJ
ht
epWj;jhky; Kd;ndwpath; $Pth. 295

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.in
,jdhy; Mj;jpuk; mile;j gphpl;o&; muR `,d;Dk; xU mo vLj;J itg;nghh;
Rlg;gLth;~ vd;wdh;. mijf;nfl;l $Pth nfhgk; bfhz;L/ `khh;igj; jl;o v=;nf RL~
vd;whh;.
fhe;jPaf; bfhs;ifahy; <h;f;fg;gl;lth; $Pth. 1927 ,y; fhe;jpapd; bgauhy; Mrpukk;
L al
elj;jpath;.
rhjp xHpg;g[/ Rakhpahij nghd;w nghuhl;l=;fspy; <Lgl;lth;.
1932 Mk; Mz;L rl;l kWg;g[ Tl;lk; elj;jpdhh;. ,dpa[k; ,th; ngrpdhy; ekf;F
A d
Mgj;J vd muR mtiu rpiwapy; milj;jJ.
1963/ $dthp 18 ,y; kiwe;jhh;.
D ika
7 TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
,ay;
gyt[s; bjupf
1. fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir vd;w ghlg;gFjpapd; Mrpupau; ________.
Alv
m) Re;ju uhkrhkp M) nrh. uhkrhkp
,) Re;ju Mt[ilag;gd; <) Re;juk; tpil: m) Re;ju uhkrhkp
2. njhthis vd;Dk; Cu; ________ ehl;od; tlf;Fg; gFjp.
m) bea;jy;
,) bfh=;F
a
M) eh+;rpy;
<) Fw;why tpil: M) eh+;rpy;
.Kk
3. jpUth=;Tupy; Vw;gl;lJ ________.
m) epyeLf;fk; M) g+;rk;
,) bts;sg;bgUf;F <) mikjp tpil: ,) bts;sg;bgUf;F
wI
i) njhthis fpuhk kf;fsplk; bts;sg;bgUf;fpdhy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;g[fs; Fwpj;Jg; ngrp

LV
epjp jpul;odhu; $Pth.

ii) mt;bts;s epthuzf; FGtpd; jiytu; $Pth.
w
iii) mg;nghJ gs;sp ,Wjpg;gog;igf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;.

,) iii ? rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
A
//w
5. $Pth kiwe;j ehs; ________.

m) 18?01?1963 M) 14?02?1963
tpil: m) 18?01?1963
s:K
,) 18?01?1965 <) 14?02?1965

6. ``kdpjr;rpe;jidna/ fw;gidf;Fk; vl;lhj nguhw;wny/ eP rpe;jpj;jtw;wpy; rpwe;jtw;iw
vd;dplk; xnu xUKiw TW~~ vd;W Twpatu; ________.
m) $Pth M) ghujp
,) b$afhe;jd; <) b$ankhfd; tpil: m) $Pth
7. $Pth ________ fiyapy; rpwe;jtu;.
tp
m) ngr;R M) ,ir
,) jpiu <) Xtpa tpil: m) ngr;R
8. `èhd; xU gs;sp khztd;/ goj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwd;/ goj;Jf; bfu;znl ,Ug;ngd;~~
ht
vd;w vz;zj;Jf;F cupatuhfr; Re;ju uhkrhkpahy; milahsg;gLj;jg;gLgtu; ________.

296
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
m) $Pth M) ghujp
,) mwp+u; mz;zh <) fhkuhru; tpil: m) $Pth
9. $Pthtpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) brhupKj;J M) FkupKj;J
L al
,) Kj;J <) Kj;Juhkd; tpil: m) brhupKj;J
10. $Pth ________ FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;.
m) murf; M) tptrhaf;
A d
,) bert[f; <) bry;tf; tpil: M) tptrhaf;
11. `vd; thH;t[ vd; iffspy;~ vd;W ek;gpatu;
D ika
m) $Pth M) fy;fp
,) bgupahu; <) mwp+u; mz;zh tpil: m) $Pth
12. Re;juuhkrhkp ________ nru;e;jtu;.
m) jpUbey;ntypia M) ts;spa{iu
,) ehkf;fy;iy <) ehfu;nfhtpiy tpil: <) ehfu;nfhtpiy
Alv
13. gRta;ah vd;w g[idbgaupy; ftpijfs; vGjpatu; ________.
m) Re;ju uhkrhkp M) nkyhz;ik bghd;Drhkp
,) Re;ju Mt[ilag;gd; <) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp tpil: m) Re;ju uhkrhkp
a
14. Re;ju uhkrhkpapd; gilg;g[fspy; vJ rpWfij vd;gijf; fz;lwp.
m) xU g[spakuj;jpd; fij
.Kk
M) n$. n$. rpy Fwpg;g[fs;
,) FHe;ijfs; bgz;fs; Mz;fs;
<) fhf=;fs; tpil: <) fhf=;fs;
15. brk;kPd;/ njhl;oapd; kfd; Mfpa g[jpd=;fis ________ bkhHpapypUe;J jkpGf;F
wI
bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu; Re;juuhkrhkp.
LV
m) kiyahs M) fd;dl
,) bjY=;F <) tl tpil: m) kiyahs
w
16. `fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir~ vd;Dk; fl;Liu ________ ,y; ________ ,jHpd; $Pth gw;wpa
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

rpwg;g[ kyupy; btspahdJ.
m) 1962/ Fapy; M) 1963/ jhkiu
A
//w
,) 1963/ bjd;wy; <) 1965/ nfhFyk; tpil: M) 1963/ jhkiu

17. ùj;dhghapd; M=;fpyk;~ vd;gJ Re;juuhkrhkpapd; ________.
s:K
m) g[jpdk; M) bkhHpbgau;g;g[f;fij
,) rpWfij <) fl;Liu tpil: ,) rpWfij
FWtpdh
1. g. $Pthde;jk; r@f eyDf;fhfj; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; bfhz;l Kjy; epfH;t[ vJ>
tp
eh+;rpy; ehlod; tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; cs;s njhthis vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; bts;s

epthuzg; gzpfspy; jd;id <LgLj;jpf; bfhz;lnj r@f eyDf;fhd $Pthtpd;
Kjy; epfH;thFk;.
epthuzg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;l FGtpw;Fj; jiytuhf tps=;fpa $Pth/ mg;nghJ gs;sp
ht
,Wjpg;gog;ig goj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;. 297

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2. g. $Pthde;jk; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,aw;bgau; ? brhupKj;J.
vspa tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;.
$Pth vd;wiHf;fg;gLgtu;.
L al
bjhlf;fj;jpy; fhe;jpathjp gpwF Rakupahij ,af;fg; nghuhsp" bghJt[ilik
,af;fj; jiytu;.
rpwe;j jkpH;g; gw;whsu;.
A d
3. Re;juuhkrhkp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ehfu;nfhtpiyr; nru;e;jtu; Re;ju uhkrhkp.
D ika
etPdj; jkpH; vGj;jhsu;fSs; xUtu;.
7 gRta;ah vd;w g[idbgaupy; ftpijfs; vGjpatu;.
4. Re;juuhkrhkp vGjpa rpWfijfisf; TWf.
,ay;
uj;dhghapd; M=;fpyk;
fhf=;fs;
Alv
5. Re;juuhkrhkp vGjpa g[jpd=;fisf; TWf.
xU g[spakuj;jpd; fij
n$. n$. rpy Fwpg;g[fs;
FHe;ijfs; bgz;fs; Mz;fs; a
6. Re;juuhkrhkp bkhHpbgau;j;Js;s g[jpd=;fisf; TWf.
.Kk
brk;kPd;/ njhl;oapd; kfd; Mfpa g[jpd=;fis kiyahsj;jpypUe;J jkpGf;F
bkhHpbgau;j;Js;shu;.
rpWtpdh
wI
1. $Pthtpd; gpuhu;j;jidahfr; Re;ju uhkrhkp TWtd ahit> (my;yJ)

LV
$Pthtpd; bfhs;ifiaa[k; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; Fwpj;Jr; Re;ju uhkrhkp TWtd ahit>

w
kdpjr; rpe;jidna/ fw;gidf;Fk; vl;lhj nguhw;wny/ eP rpe;jpj;jtw;wpy; rpwe;jtw;iw

vd;dplk; xnu xUKiw TW.
mjid ehd; vl;Lj;jpirapYk; gug;gp kdpj$hjpia eP brhd;d ,lj;jpw;F miHj;J
A
//w
tUfpnwd;.
re;njfg;glhnj- bra;Jfhl;Lfpnwd;.
vd;idg; gad;gLj;jpf;bfhs;tnj eP vdf;Fj; jUk; ifkhW vd;W $Pthtpd;
s:K
gpuhu;j;jidahf mtuJ bfhs;ifiaa[k; ek;gpf;ifiaa[k; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; Re;ju

uhkrhkp.
2. $Pth Fwpj;jhd gRikahd vz;z=;fshfr; Re;ju uhkrhkp TWtd ahit>

ehd; xU gs;sp khztd;/ goj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpnwd;/ goj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Ug;ngd;
vd;w vz;zk; vg;nghJk; mtu; kdjpy; gRikahf ,Ue;jJ nghypUf;fpwJ.
tp
mtu; fiuj;Jf; Foj;Jtpl;l xU tp&aj;ijg; gw;wp xU fw;Wf;Fl;o mtuplk;

ngrpdhYk; mija[k; fhJ bfhLj;Jf; nfl;ghu;.
jdf;Fj; bjupahj tp&a=;fs; gpwUf;Fj; bjupe;jpUf;Fk; vd;w vspa cz;ik vg;nghJk;
mtu; epidtpy; epw;Fk;.
ht
298 ***
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ciueil
,ay; 7 g[ul;rpf;ftp
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
1. mHFk; mwpt[k; ,sika[k; tha;j;jtd; ? ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
m) mikr;ru; ftp+uplk; M) kd;du; mikr;ruplk;
D ika
,) mikr;ru; kd;duplk; <) kd;du; mKjty;ypaplk;
tpil: ,) mikr;ru; kd;duplk;
FWtpdh
1. ciHg;ghsu;fspd; njhs; typikahy; tpise;jd ahit>
Alv
``rpw;whWk; tug;bgLj;j taYk; MWnjf;fpa ey;tha;f;fhYk;~~
vjw;Fk; cjthj ghH;epyj;ijg; g[Jg;gpj;J/ mHF bghUe;jpa efuhf khw;wpatu;.
tay;fspy; ePiuj; njf;fpatu;.
tha;f;fhy;fs; mikj;jtu;.
epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpatu;.
a
.Kk
cGJ cGJ epiwthd ciHg;igj; je;jtu;.
fdpk ts=;fisg; bgw kiyfisa[k;/ ghiwfisa[k; gpse;jtu;.
,t;thwhd bray;fs; aht[k; ciHg;ghsu; njhs; typikahy; tpise;jdthFk;.
2. miyfly;/ g[Jf;fpatu; ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
wI
miyfly; ? tpidj;bjhif
LV
g[Jf;fpatu; ? tpidahyiza[k; bgau;

w
rpWtpdh
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

1. ``cau;jkpiH capbud;W nghw;Wkpd;fs;~~ ? ,lk; Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf.
A
//w
,lk;:
ghjpjhrdpd; g[ul;rpf;ftp vd;w E}ypy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.
bghUs;:
s:K
kd;ddhy; kuz jz;lid bgw;w cjhud; ehl;Lkf;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; TWjy;.

tpsf;fk;:
jkpHpy; jpwik ,Ue;jjhy;/ kd;dd; jd; kfSf;Ff; ftpij fw;gpf;f vd;id
(cjhuid) miHj;jhd;. jkpH;f;ftp+d; vd;gjhy; mKjty;ypa[k; cjhuidf; (vd;idf;)
fhjypj;jhs;. mKjk; nghd;w jkpH; (jd;) vd; ,wg;gpw;Ff; fhuzk; vd kf;fs; rKjhak;
tp
jtwhf vz;Qnkh- vdnt/ cau;thd jha;jkpiH capuhfg; nghw;WtPh;fshf vd;W

cjhud; (ntz;Ljy;) ntz;Lfpwhd;.
ht
299
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2. bgU=;fhL/ cGJGJ ? gpupj;Jg; g[zu;r;rp tpjp vGJf.
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. bgU=;fhL `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ bgU + fhL
L al
bgUik + fhL tpFjp bfl; L /
`,dkpfy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ `=;~ nrh;e;J/ bgU=;fhL
vd;whdJ.
A d
2. cGJGJ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; cGj; + cGJ
cGJ + cGJ bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
cGJ(j; + c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ cGJGJ
D ika
7 cGJ ,ay;ng~ (j;; + c = J) vd;whdJ.
beLtpdh
,ay;
1. ghujpjhrd; xU `g[ul;rpf;ftp~ vd;gij cjhud; ghj;jpuk; thapyhf bka;g;gpf;f.
Alv
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu tHf;fpidg; bghJkf;fs; jPu;g;gnj rup
J}f;Fnkilapy; cjhud; capu;jkpiH/ capuhfg; nghw;W=;fs;
cjhudpd; ngr;R
a
CUk; taYk; tsk;bgw ciHj;jtu;fs;
jha;ehl;il thH;j;Jjy;
bfhL=;nfhd;ik tPHl;Lk;
.Kk
Kj;Jf; Fspf;f mlf;fpa @r;R Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
``g[jpanjhu; cyF bra;nthk;/
wI
bfl;lg; nghupLk; cyfj;ij ntbuhL rha;g;nghk;~~ ? vd;ghu; ghujpjhrd;.

LV
ghnte;jupd; g[ul;rpf;ftp fhtpaj;jpy; Foahl;rp cupik gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;/ ,tiug;

g[ul;rpf;ftpahf cUbtLf;f itj;jJ.
w
J}f;Fnkilapy; cjhud;:
cjhuDf;Fk; mKjty;ypf;Fk; J}f;Fj;jz;lid tpjpj;jhd; kd;dd;.
``filrpahf rpy ngr;Rg; ngrpLf~~
A
//w
jz;lidf;F Kd;ghf cjhuDf;Fg; ngRtjw;fhd tha;g;gpidj; jiyg;ghif

mjpfhupfs; mspj;jdu;.
cjhudpd; ngr;R:
s:K
`èPnuhil epy=;fHpf;f beLku=;fs; epiwe;J~~

epyj;ijf; fpHpj;J XLk; ePnuhilfs;/ mlu;e;j bgU=;fhLfs;/ fhl;oy; thGk;
tpy=;Ffs;/ kiyg; gpst[fspy; thGk; ghk;g[f;Tl;l=;fs; ,j;jifa ghH;epyj;jpy;
efu=;fisf; fl;og; g[Jikg;gLj;jpatu;fs; ciHg;ghspfs;.
CUk; taYk; tsk;bgw ciHj;jtu;fs;:
tp
``rpw;W}Uk; tug;bgLj;j taYk; MWnjf;fpa ey;tha;f;fhYk;~~

rpwpa Cu;fs;/ tug;g[fs; NH;e;j tay;fs;/ mizf;fl;Lfs;/ tha;f;fhy;fs; tsk; bgw
epyj;ij cGJ/ epiwthd gaidj; je;j/ typika[ila njhs;fs; ciHf;Fk; tu;f;fj;jpd;
njhs;fs;.
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Kj;Jf; Fspf;f mlf;fpa @r;R:
``fw;gpse;J kiygpse;J fdpfs; btl;o~~
fy;iya[k;/ kz;iza[k; gpse;J/ fdpk=;fis btl;o vLj;J/ fUtpfs; bra;j iffs;
ciHf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpd; iffs;. flypy; @H;fp Kj;Jf;Fspf;f/ etkzpfis vLf;f
L al
mlf;fpa @r;R ciHg;ghspj; njhHu;fspd; @r;R.
tHf;fpid bghJkf;fs; jPu;g;gnj rup:
``... ,tSk; ehDk; rhtbjd;nw jPu;g;gspj;jhd;~~
A d
murDf;Fk; jdf;Fkhd tHf;fpidg; bghJkf;fs; jPu;g;gnj rup vd;whd; cjhud;.
mjw;F kd;dd; xg;gtpy;iy. kd;dd; kfs; mKjty;ypf;Fk; kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jhd;.
bghJkf;fs; Kd;du; ,UtUk; rhf te;jdu;. xU jdpkdpjDila njitf;fhfnt ehL
D ika
vd;why;/ ,e;j ehL mHptnj ey;yJ. jhDk; mKjty;ypa[k; rhfg;nghtjhff; Twpdhd;.
bghJkf;fs; eP=;fs; capUld; thHg; nghtjhf vz;QfpwPu;fs;.
capu;jkpiH/ capuhfg; nghw;W=;fs;:
jkpH; ed;whf mwpe;jjhy; kd;dd; kfSf;Ff; ftpij fw;gpf;f vd;id miHj;jhd;.
jkpHhy; ,UtUk; fhjy; tag;gl;nlhk;. jd; capu; nghtjw;Fj; jha;bkhHp fhuzkhfptpl;lJ
Alv
vd kf;fs; vz;zf;TlhJ. jkpGf;Fg; gHptUk; vdpy; jd;dhy; bghWf;f KoahJ vd;whd;.
khrpy;yhj cau; jkpiH capuhfg; nghw;W=;fs; vd;whd; cjhud;.
jha;ehl;il thH;j;Jjy;:
a
``murDf;Fg; gpd;dpe;jj; J}a
ehl;il MSjw;Fg; gpwe;j~~
.Kk
murDf;Fg;gpd; ehl;il Msg;gpwe;jts; mKjty;yp. ,tisf;bfhy;y murDf;F
mjpfhukpy;iy. jiyia mWg;gJ kd;dDf;Fg; bghGJnghf;F. bghJkf;fSf;F
capu;thij. mKjty;yp jd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpa[upikia kf;fSf;Fj; jUtjhf
vz;zpapUe;jhd; vd;whd; cjhud;.
wI
bfhL=;nfhd;ik tPHl;Lk;:
LV
``thHpa vd; ed;dhL bghd;dhlhf~~

eyk; epiwe;j vd; jha;ehL thH;f/ tsk;bgw;w ehlhf kyu;f. thH;t[upikg; bgw;W kf;fs;
w
thH;thu;fshf. bfhL=;nfhd;ik kz;zpy; tPHl;Lk;. ehd; c=;fis tz=;fp cyif

tpl;Lg; nghfpnwd;. vd; ,uj;jk; vd; jha; kz;zpny rpe;jl;Lk; vd;W tpilbgw;whd;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

cjhud;.
A
//w
Kot[iu:
cjhud; thapyhf jha;bkhHpg; gw;W/ jha;ehl;Lg; gw;W/ bfhL=;nfhy; mjpfhuk;/
s:K
kf;fspd; ,ayhik/ ePjpapd;ikg; nghd;w fUj;Jfisg; gilj;J kf;fshl;rpapd;

mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ffpwhu; ghujpjhrd;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
XJf/ ngrpLf/ MH;f/ thHpa – tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
miyfly; – tpidj;bjhif
tp
jkpH;f;ftp+u; – ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gz;g[j;bjhif

ngud;g[/ beL=;Fd;W – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
xHpjy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
cGJGJ – mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
ht
301
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.in
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
1. epd;whu; = epy;(d;) + w; + Mu; 4. bra;thd; = bra; + t; + Md;

epy;(d;) gFjp/ y;?d; MdJ tpfhuk; bra; gFjp
L al
w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy t; vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp Md; Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
2. miHj;jhd; = miH + j; + j; + Md; 5. ntz;Lfpnwd; = ntz;L + fpW + Vd;
A d
miH gFjp ntz;L gFjp
j; re;jp fpW epfH;fhy ,ilepiy
D ika
7 j;
Md;
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
tpFjp
,ay;
3. MH;f = MH; + f 6. gwpj;jhu; = gwp + j; + j; + Mu;

MH; gFjp gwp gFjp
f tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; re;jp
Alv
j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mu; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp a
.Kk
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. ePnuhil `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ePnuhil
ePu; + Xil ,ay;ng~ (u;; + X) = nuh vd;whdJ.
2. rpw;W}u; `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ tpFjp rpW + Cu;
wI
rpWik + Cu; bfl;L

LV
`jd;bdhw;wpul;ly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ rpw;W + Cu;

w
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ rpw;w; + Cu;

vDk; tpjpg;go/
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ rpw;W}u;
vd;whdJ.
A
//w
,ay;ng~ (w; + C = W})

3. fw;gpse;J `ys ntw;Wikapy; typtupd; wlt[k;~ fw;gpse;J
fy; + gpse;J vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;whdJ.
s:K
4. kzpf;Fyk; `,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;Kd; kzpf;Fyk;

kzp + Fyk; f r j g kpFk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go vd;whdJ.
5. mKbjd;W `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ mKj; + vd;W
mKJ + vd;W vDk; tpjpg;go/
mKJ(j; + c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ mKbjd;W
tp
vd;W ,ay;ng~ (j; + v = bj) vd;whdJ.

6. g[tpahl;rp `,<I tHpat;t[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ g[tp + a; + Ml;rp
g[tp + Ml;rp `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ g[tpahl;rp
ht
,ay;ng~ (a; + M = ah) vd;whdJ.

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Mk; tFg;g[
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1. kf;fshl;rpapd; rpwg;igg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vGJf.
L al
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu kf;fshl;rpapd; J}z;fs;
tuyhW khdpl chpik kf;fshl;rp
neuo kf;fshl;rp Kot[iu
A d
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp
D ika
Kd;Diu:
kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ Rje;jpukhd njh;jy; Kiwg;go cah; mjpfhuk; bgw;w kf;fs;
njh;e;bjLf;Fk; murh=;fk;. ,jpy; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; Ml;rp mjpfhuk; bgWth;.
tuyhW:
`kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ rPuhfnth kpf ntj;Jlndh tsh;e;jJ my;y~ vd;W rhKnty;
Alv
gpb\l;o=;fd; TWfpwhh;. gy;ntW tuyhw;W miyfshy; Kd;ndw;wk; mile;jJ
vd;fpwhh;. Kjy; miy 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; bjhlf;fk; mbkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;od; Mz;
Fokf;fs; thf;fspg;gJ. 2 Mk; miy/ ,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghhpy; ,Ue;J 1962 ,y; tsh;e;J
1970 ,y; Fiwe;jJ. 1974 ,y; 3 Mk; miy 30 ehLfspy; gw;wpaJ.
neuo kf;fshl;rp:
a
neuo kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; midj;J Fokf;fSk; vt;tpj ,ilg;gl;l
.Kk
gpujpepjpfspy;yhky; kf;fshy; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ gzpakh;j;jg;gl;l mYth;fs;
,y;yhkYk; kf;fshfnt neuoahtJ bghJKot[fspy; fye;Jbfhz;L bghJKot[fis
vLf;Fk; Kiw neuo kf;fshl;rp vd;gh;.
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp:
wI
xt;bthU FokfDk; jd;Dila ehl;ow;fhf neuoahfnth my;yJ Rje;jpukhfnth

LV
njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshfnth murh=;fj;jpy; g=;bfLj;Jf; bfhs;tJ

w
kiwKf kf;fshl;rp vdg;gLk;.

kf;fshl;rpapd; J}z;fs;:
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

kf;fs; ,iwikiag; bgw;wy;" muR kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd; mog;gilapy; mikjy;"
A
//w
bgUk;ghd;iknahh; Ml;rp" kdpj chpik ghJfhj;jy;" rpWghd;ikapdh; chpik kjpj;jy;"

rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;" rl;lj;ij midtUk; gpd;gw;wy; nghd;wit ,jpy;
ml=;Fk;.
s:K
khdpl chpik kf;fshl;rp:

kdpjh;fs; midtUk; gpwg;ghy; fz;zpaj;jhy; kw;Wk; chpikahy; Rje;jpukhdth;fs;.
mth;fsplk; fhuz fhhpa=;fs; kw;Wk; epaha czh;t[ mog;gilapy; vy;nyhUk; rnfhju
vz;zj;Jld; brayhw;w ntz;Lk; vd;w nehf;fk; ,Ue;jJ.
Kot[iu:
tp
kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fshy; Msg;gLtJ kf;fshl;rp vd;ghu; Mgpufhk; yp=;fd;.

vdnt kf;fs; j=;fSf;Fj; jh=;fns mjpfhuk; brYj;Jk; chpika[k; flika[k; xU=;nf
bgw;Ws;s rpwg;ng kf;fshl;rp vd;gJ bjspthfpwJ.
ht
303
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2. ghujpjhrdhupd; `g[ul;rpf; ftp~ FW=;fhtpajij KGikahfg; goj;Jr; Ritj;J c=;fs;
fUj;ijg; gjpt[ bra;f.
kf;fshl;rpr; rpe;jidfisg; gug;gpajpy; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; bgUk; g=;F cz;L
vd;gijg; ghujpjhrdpd; g[ul;rpf; fhtpaj;jpy; fhzKofpwJ. mtw;wpy; ehd; Ritj;j
L al
thpfs;.
èhL/ ehl;L tsk; kf;fSf;nf- jdpkdpj njitf;bfd;why; me;j ehLk; mHpal;Lk;"
ehKk; mHpnthk;~ vd;fpwhh;.
A d
murDf;Fk; vdf;Fk; xU tHf;Fz; lhf
mt;tHf;ifg; bghJkf;fs; jPh;g;g njjhd;
D ika
rhpbad;nwd;" xg;gtpy;iy- ,tSk; ehDk;
7 rhtbjd;nw jPh;g;gspj;jhd;" rhf te;njhk;
xU kdpjd; njitf;nf ,e;jj;njrk;
,ay;
cd;bld;why;/ mj;njrk; xHpjy; ed;whk;

,UtUk; ,njh rhfpd;nwhk;-.....
mLj;jhf jkpH; goj;jhy; rhf ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyiag; gw;wp mHFgl TWfpwhh;.
Alv
murdpd; kfSf;Fj; jkpH; fw;gpf;f gy;ntW bgha; Twp tutiHj;jhh;. vjph;ghuhjtpjkhf
murdpd; kfs; vd;nky; tpUg;gk; mile;jhs;. ehDk; nerpj;njd;. ,Jjhd; fhuzk; vd;id
miHf;ftpy;iy vd;why; fhjy; Vw;gl;oUf;fhJ. ,jw;F jkpH;jhd; fhuzk;. murDf;F
a
jkpH;kPJ ,Ue;j fhjy;. Mfnt miHj;jhd; ehDk; fw;gpj;njd;. ehsiltpy; kfs;kPJ
fhjyhf khwpaJ. ehd; vd;d Fw;wk; bra;njd;. jkpH;jhd; Fw;wk; bra;jJ. jkpGf;Fg; gHp
.Kk
tuyhkh>
jkpH; mwpe;jjhy; nte;jd; vid miHj;jhd;
jkpH;f;ftpvd; bwid mtSk; fhj ypj;jhs;-
mKbjd;W brhy;Ykpe;jj; jkpH;/ vd; Mtp
mHptjw;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;j bjd;W
wI
rKjhak; epidj;jpLnkh-
LV
vd;W mHFgl ghujpjhrd; g[ul;rpf;ftp vDk; FW=;fhtpaj;ijg; gilj;Js;shh;.

w
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A
//w
gyt[s; bjupf
s:K
1. murd; jd; kfs; mKjty;ypf;Fg; gapw;Wtpf;f tpUk;gpa fiy ________.

m) Xtpaf;fiy M) eldf;fiy
,) ftpij vGJk; fiy <) ,irf;fiy tpil: ,) ftpij vGJk; fiy
2. cjhuidg; gw;wp `mtd; mHFk; mwpt[k; ,sika[k; tha;e;jtd;~ vd;W ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ
m) mKjty;yp murdplk; M) murd; mKjty;ypaplk;
,) mikr;ru; murdplk; <) murd; mikr;rdplk; tpil: ,) mikr;ru; murdplk;
tp
3. cjhud; vj;jifa khw;Wj;jpwdhsp vd;W Twpdhu;fs;>

m) ghu;itaw;wtd;; M) brtpj;jpwd; Fd;wpatu;
,) tha; ngr ,ayhjtu; <) elf;f ,ayhjtu; tpil: m) ghu;itaw;wtd;;
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. murd; mKjty;ypia vt;thW Twpdu;>
m) ePz;lehs; M) bjhGnehahsp
,) M!;Jkh <) jPuh tpil: M) bjhG nehahsp
5. mKjty;ypf;Ff; ftpij vGJk; fiyiaf; fw;Wj; je;jtd; ________.
L al
m) fjputd; M) cjhud;
,) ntyd; <) fgpyd; tpil: M) cjhud;
6. mKjty;yp cjhud; tpUg;gj;ijf; fz;L murd; cjhuDf;F mspj;j jz;lid ________.
A d
m) firao M) rpiwjz;lid
,) Ma[s; jz;lid <) kuz jz;lid tpil: <) kuz jz;lid
D ika
7. g[ul;rpf;ftpapy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ghtif ________.
m) mWrPu;f;fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
M) vz;rPu;f;fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
,) neupir Mrpupag;gh
<) fyptpUj;jk; tpil: M) vz;rPu;f;fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
Alv
8. ``capu; vkf;F bty;yky;y~~ vd;W Twpatu;>
m) cjhud; M) murd;
,) mKjty;yp <) mikr;rd; tpil: ,) mKjty;yp
m) murd;
a
9. `filrpahfr; rpy ngr;Rg; ngrpLf~ vd;gJ ahUila Tw;W>
M) murp
.Kk
,) mikr;rd; <) jiyg;ghif mjpfhup tpil: <) jiyg;ghif mjpfhup
10. xU kdpjd; njitf;nf ,e;jj; njrk;
cz;bld;why;/ mj;njrk; xHpjy; ed;whk; ? ahu; ahuplk; TwpaJ>
wI
m) mKjty;yp murdplk; M) cjhud; mikr;rdplk;

LV
,) bghJkf;fs; murdplk; <) cjhud; bghJkf;fsplk;

tpil: <) cjhud; bghJkf;fsplk;
w
11. rpuk; mWj;jy; nte;jDf;Fg;bghGJ nghf;Fk; rpwpafij ekf;bfy;yhk; capupd; thij- ?
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; fhg;gpak; ________.
A
//w
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kndhd;kzpak;
,) Fz;lynfrp <) g[ul;rpf;ftp tpil: <) g[ul;rpf;ftp
12. md;g[ bra;njhu; gokPJ thHhnuh ? vd;gJ ahUila Tw;W>
s:K
m) cjhud; M) mKjty;yp
,) bghJkf;fs; <) mikr;rd; tpil: M) mKjty;yp
13. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf:
i) XJf ? 1. cyfk;
ii) KHf;fk; ? 2. cnyhf=;fs;
tp
iii) fdpfs; ? 3. X=;fp ciuj;jy;

iv) go ? 4. brhy;f
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
ht
305
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14. eit vd;gjd; bghUs; ________.
m) rhd;nwhu; mit M) ed;ik
,) Fw;wk; <) vspik tpil: ,) Fw;wk;
15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf:
L al
i) MH;f ? 1. bjhHpw;bgau;
ii) miyfly; ? 2. gz;g[j;bjhif
iii) ngud;g[ ? 3. tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
iv) xHpjy; ? 4. tpidj;bjhif
A d
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
D ika
7 16. Love Poems From a Classical Tamil Anthology vd;w E}iyj; jkpHpypUe;J bkhHpbgau;j;jtu;
m) V.nf. uhkhD$k; M) k.by. j=;fg;gh
,) gpuk;;kuh$d; <) ftpkzp tpil: m) V.nf. uhkhD$k;
,ay;
17. gpy;fzPak; ________ bkhHpapy; vGjg;gl;lJ.

m) tl M) M=;fpy
Alv
,) ,yj;jPd; <) rPd tpil: m) tl
18. g[ul;rpf;ftp vGjg;gl;l Mz;L ________.
m) 1937 M) 1939
,) 1941 a
<) 1943
19. gpy;fzPaj;ijj; jGtp ghujpjhrdhy; vGjg;gl;l E}y; ________.
tpil: m) 1937
.Kk
m) ,Uz;l tPL M) FLk;g tpsf;F
,) mHfpd; rpupg;g[ <) g[ul;rpf;ftp tpil: <) g[ul;rpf;ftp
20. ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) fdf rig M) Rg;g[
wI
,) fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk; <) bry;tuj;jpdk; tpil: ,) fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk;

LV
21. gpbu+;R bkhHpapy; mike;j bjhHpyhsu; eyr;rl;lj;ijj; jkpH; totpy; je;jtu; ________.
w
m) ghujpjhrd; M) ghujpahu;
,) Mde;ju=;fk;gps;is <) gpug+;rd; tpil: m) ghujpjhrd;
22. ghujpjhrd; elj;jpa ,jH; ________.
A
//w
m) bjd;wy; M) H
,) Fapy; <) nfhFyk; tpil: ,) Fapy;
s:K
23. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp gupR bgw;w ghujpjhrdpd; gilg;g[ ________.

m) FLk;g tpsf;F M) ,Uz;l tPL
,) gprpuhe;ijahu; ehlfk; <) nru jhz;ltk; tpil: ,) gprpuhe;ijahu; ehlfk;
24. `thH;tpdpy; brk;ikiar; bra;gts; ePna~ vd;w ghujpjhrd; ghly; ________.
m) njrpa tpUJ bgw;Ws;sJ
M) g[Jit murpd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
tp
,) gpbu+;Rj;jkpHu;fspd; Mtzg;ghly;
<) <Hj;Jf; ftp+u;fspd; tHpeilg;ghly; tpil: M) g[Jit murpd; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J
25. ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fHfk; mike;Js;s ,lk; ________.
ht
m) jpUr;rp M) jpUbey;ntyp
306 ,) kJiu <) nfhit tpil: m) jpUr;rp
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
26. Fl;o ,sturd; ________ bkhHpapypUe;J ________ bkhHpbgau;j;jhu;.
m) gpbu+;R/ vf;Rbgup M) M=;fpy/ fhg;fh
,) ,e;jp/ gpuk;kuh$d; <) tl/ My;gu; fhk;a[ tpil: m) gpbu+;R/ vf;Rbgup
L al
i) k.by. j=;fg;gh ? 1. fhg;fh
ii) me;epad; ? 2. Hhf; gpbutu;
iii) brhw;fs; ? 3. My;gu; fhk;a[
A d
iv) cUkhw;wk; ? 4. Hues And Harmonies An Ancient Land
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
D ika
,) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
28. `cyff; ftpijfs;~ ? bjhFj;jtu; ________.
m) V.nf. uhkhD$k; M) gpuk;kuh$d;
,) k.by. j=;fuh$d; <) My;gu; fhk;a[ tpil: M) gpuk;kuh$d;
FWtpdh
Alv
1. kf;fshl;rpf;F Kd;g[tiu murdplnk Ftpe;J ,Ue;jit>
rl;lk;/ epUthfk;/ ePjp.
a
2. kf;fshl;rpapd; mog;gilf;TWfs; ahit>
Rje;jpuk;/ rkj;Jtk;/ rnfhjuj;Jtk;.
.Kk
3. mikr;ru; cjhud; bgaiu Kd;bkhHpe;jnghJ murDf;F Vw;gl;l jaf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;
ahJ>
murd; kfs; mKjty;ypf;F ftpij vGJk; fiyiag; gapw;Wtpf;f cjhud; bgaiu
wI
mikr;ru; Kd;bkhHpe;J/ `mtd; mHFk; mwpt[k; ,sika[k; tha;e;jtd;~ vd;W

LV
TWfpwhu;.
jd; kfs; vspa ftp+nuhL fhjy; tag;gLthnsh vd vz;zp murd; ja=;Ffpwhd;.
w
4. jd; kfs; vspa ftp+nuhL fhjy; tag;gLthnsh vd;w murdpd; jaf;fj;ijf; fz;L
mikr;ru; tFj;j cj;jpiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
cjhud; ghu;itaw;wtd; vd;W mKjty;ypaplk; TWfpd;whu;.

,J nghynt cjhudplk; mKjty;yp bjhGnehahsp vd;W bjuptpf;fpd;wdu;.
,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; jpiuaplg;glg;gl;Lf; ftp fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
s:K
5. bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vd;gJ ahJ>

xU @ybkhHpg; gpujpapd; cs;slf;fj;ij mg;gpujpf;F ,izahd ,yf;F bkhHpg;
gpujpapd; tHpahf btspg;gLj;Jjny bkhHpbgau;g;g[.
6. bkhHpbgau;g;gpd; tiffisf; TWf.
jGty;/ RUf;fk;/ bkhHpahf;fk;/ neu;bkhHpbgau;g;g[.
tp
7. g[ul;rpf;ftp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

tlbkhHpapy; vGjg;gl;l gpy;fzPak; vd;Dk; fhtpaj;ijj; jGtp/ jkpHpy; ghujpjhrdhy;
1937 ,y; vGjg;gl;lJ g[ul;rpf;ftp.
ht
307
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
8. ghujpjhrd; g[ul;rpf;ftp+u; vd;Wk; ghnte;ju; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl fhuzk; ahJ>
bkhHp/ ,dk;/ Foahl;rp cupikfs; Mfpait gw;wpj; jk; ghly;fspy; cuf;f btspg;gLj;jp
aikahy; ghujpjhrd; g[ul;rpf;ftp+u; vd;Wk; ghnte;ju; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
9. ghujpjhrdpd; gilg;g[fs; ahit>
L al
FLk;gtpsf;F gprpuhe;ijahu;
ghz;oad; gupR nrujhz;ltk;
,Uz;l tPL
A d
10. ghujpjhrd; bgw;Ws;s rpwg;g[fisf; TWf.
`gprpuhe;ijahu;~ ehlfj;Jf;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;.
D ika
7 `thH;tpdpy; brk;ikiar; bra;gts; ePna~ vd;w ,tupd; jkpH; thH;j;Jg; ghliyg;
g[Jit muR jdJ jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;jhf Vw;Wf; bfhz;Ls;sJ.
,ay;
jkpHf muR ,tUila bgauhy; jpUr;rpapy; xU gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij epWtpa[s;sJ.
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. mKjty;yp cjhud; ,ilna md;g[ kyu;e;j NHiy vLj;jpak;g[f.
Xu; ,ut[g;bghGjpy; mHfpa epytpidf; fz;L cjhud; jd;id kwe;J ftpij
xd;iwg; ghLfpd;whd;.
a
ghu;itaw;w xUtd; epytpd; mHiff; fz;L vt;thW ftpghl Koa[k; vd;W Iak;
bfhz;l mKjty;yp jpiuapid tpyf;fpdhs;.
.Kk
mHfpa Mz;kfd; ,Uf;ff; fz;L mtid tpUk;gj; bjhl=;Ffpwhs;.
cjhuDk; mHfhd mKjty;ypiaf; fz;L tpUg;gk; bfhs;fpwhd;.
,UtUf;Fk; ,ilna md;g[ kyu;fpwJ.
wI
2. `capu; vkf;F bty;yky;y~ ? vd;W mKjty;yp Twpajd; fhuz=;fis vGJf.

LV
muritapypUe;j ke;jpup murdplj;J ``munr- k=;ifahfpa mKjty;ypf;F tH=;Fk;

jz;lidia ePf;fp mUs;f~~ vd;whd;.
w
mikr;rdpd; Tw;iw mwpe;j mKjty;yp vd; fhjyid kuzjz;lidf;F

xg;g[tpj;jijf; fz;l gpd;Dk;; vd;id kl;Lk; kd;dpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;W kd;ddplk;
nfl;Lf; bfhz;l ck; ePjp ed;whFk;. mtd; ,we;J vd; capu; kl;Lk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;
A
//w
vd;W epidj;Jtpl;lhah> rhf ntz;Lbkdpy; ,UtUnk rhf ntz;Lk;" kd;dpg;g[

vd;whYk; ,UtUf;nf" kd;dpg;gh- kuzkh vd;gjpy; ,uz;oy; xd;iwf; nfl;Lr;
brhy; kd;ddplk;" capu; vdf;Fg; bghUl;ld;W~~ vd;W TWfpwhs;.
s:K
``rhjy; vdpy; ,UtUk; rhjy; ntz;Lk;"

jtpu;tbjdpy; ,UtUnk jtpu;jy; ntz;Lk;...~~ ? g[ul;rpf;ftp
3. cjhud; vd;Dk; ghj;jpuj;ij ciHg;ghsu; bgUikiag; giwrhw;Wtjw;Fg; ghujpjhrd;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;shu;> ? epWt[f.
epyj;ijf; fpHpj;J XLk; ePnuhilfs;/ mlu;e;j beLku=;fs; epiwe;j bgU=;fhLfs;/
tp
XLfpd;w bgUtpy=;Ffs;/ Tu;ikahd fw;fs; epiwe;j kiyr;rpfu=;fs; mtw;wpd;

gpst[fspy; j=;fpapUf;Fk; ghk;g[f; Tl;l=;fs; ,tw;nwhL nghuho/ ghH;epyj;ijg;
gz;gLj;jp/ g[jpa efu=;fis mHFglj; je;jtu;fs; ciHg;ghsu;fs;jhnd.
epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jp/ ed;bra; epykhf;fp/ bey; tpisar; bra;j epiw ciHg;g[j;
ht
308 je;jJk; ciHg;ghsupd; njhs;fns.
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fy;iyg; gpse;J/ kiyiag; gpse;J/ ,aw;if fdpk ts=;fisf; bfhz;L fUtpfisr;
bra;J je;jJ ciHg;ghsu; iffns-
Kj;Jf;fs; nghd;wtw;iwf; bfhz;Ltu @r;ir mlf;fpatUk; ciHg;ghsu;fns.
``fw;gpse;J kiygpse;J fdpfs; btl;of;
L al
fUtpbay;yhk; bra;Jje;j ifjhd; ahu;if~~ ? g[ul;rpf;ftp
4. `md;g[ bra;njhu; gokPJ thHhnuh~ vd;W gijgijj;j mKjty;ypapd; epiyiaf; fz;l
ehl;Lkf;fs; bra;jdtw;iw vLj;jpak;g[f.
A d
mKjty;ypapd; epiyiaf; fz;l kf;fs; bfhoa epfH;t[ ,J vd;wdu;.
bfhiyahsu; ifapypUe;j bfhLthisg; gwpj;jdu;.
D ika
bfhiyahsu; jg;gp Xodu;.
cjhuDf;Fk; mKjty;ypf;Fk; ehl;L kf;fs; thH;t[ je;jdu;.
ehl;od; murhl;rpia ckf;Fj; jukhl;nlhk; vd;W murDf;Ff; Twpl J}J mDg;gpdu;.
``ftp+Df;Fk; fhjypf;Fk; kPl;rp je;jhu;.~~
5. kf;fs; g[ul;rpiaf; nfs;tpa[w;w kd;ddpd; bray;fshfg; g[ul;rpf;ftpapy; Twg;gLtd
Alv
ahit>
murdplk; brd;W/ ehl;od; murhl;rpia ckf;Fj; jukhl;nlhk; vd;W Tw kf;fs; J}J
mDg;gpdu;.
a
J}J bra;jp bry;YKd;ng/ jd; brtpapdhy; bra;jpiaf; nfs;tpa[w;whd; murd;.
ek; ehl;Lr; bry;tKk;/ cupika[k; ,dp midtUf;Fk; bghJthFk; vd;whd; murd;.
.Kk
Fw;wk; Fiwtpd;wp midtUf;Fk; vy;yhk; fpilf;Fk; vdr; rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhd;.
``bry;tbkyhk; cupikvyhk; ehl;lhUf;nf~~
6. ghujpjhrd; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ghujpjhrd; g[Jr;nrupiar; rhu;e;jtu;.
wI
LV
ghujpapd;kPJ bfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhff; fdf Rg;g[uj;jpdk; vd;Dk; jk; bgaiug;

ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf;bfhz;lhu;.
w
gpbu+;R bkhHpapy; mike;j bjhHpyhsu; eyr; rl;lj;ijj; jkpH; totpy; je;jtu;.

,tUila `gprpuhe;ijahu;~ ehlfk; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;sJ.
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

`Fapy;~ vd;Dk; ,jiH elj;jpa[s;shu;.
A
//w
`thH;tpdpy; brk;ikiar; bra;gts; ePna~ vd;w ,tuJ ghlny g[Jit murpd;

jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J.
s:K
,tuJ bgaupy; jpUr;rpapy; gy;fiyf;fHfk; xd;W cs;sJ.
***
tp
ht
309
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.in
bra;a[s;
,ay; 7 gjpw;Wg;gj;J
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
7 1. Tw;W : vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;whd gjpw;Wg;gj;J/ g[wk; rhu;e;j E}y;.
fhuzk; : nrukd;du; gjpd;kupd; rpwg;g[fisf; TWfpwJ ,e;E}y;.
m) Tw;W rup" fhuzk; jtW M) ,uz;Lk; rup
,ay;
,) ,uz;ow;Fk; bjhlu;gpy;iy <) Tw;W jtW" fhuzk; rup tpil: M) ,uz;Lk; rup
FWtpdh
Alv
1. bre;Jiwg; ghlhz;ghl;L ? Jiw tpsf;fk; vGJf.
Jiw tpsf;fk;:
a
bre;JiwahtJ cyfpDs; ,aw;if tifahd; ,ad;w kf;fisg; ghLjy; MFk;.
,Jnt bre;Jiwg; ghlhz;ghl;L vdg;gLk;.
.Kk
v.fh:
`cWgrp Xthg;gpzp brWgif ,d;ikahy;~ ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
bghUs;:
grp/ gpzp/ gif mwpahj kf;fs; g[yk; bgauhky; mtd; ehl;oy; thGk; kf;fshy; nru
wI
kd;dd; nghw;wg;gLjy;.
LV
ghl;Lilj; jiytd;: ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd;

w
ghoatu;: Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;.
rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. `nruehL bry;t tsk; kpf;fJ~ vd;w Tw;wpw;Fupa fhuz=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

nruehL bry;t tsk; cilaJ.
s:K
nruyhjd; jd;kf;fisf; fz;bzdf; fhg;gtd;.

g[JtUtha;/ <j;Jtf;Fk; ,d;gk; cilatd; nruyhjd;.
nruyhjdpd; Fokf;fs; ey;y bray;fisr; bra;gtu;fs;.
nrud; jd; ehl;oy; thGk; midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; ,ilawhJ bfhLg;gtd;.
rhd;nwhu;f;F mupabghUis ey;Fgtd;.
tp
vg;bghGJk; tpHhf;fs; epfGk;.

grp/ gpzp mwpahj kf;fs; g[yk;bgauhky; nrudpd; ehl;onyna Rw;wj;jhnuhL thH
tpUk;g[tu;.
ht
310
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
Ja;j;jy; – bjhHpw;bgau;
xuP,a – brhy;ypir msbgil
g[fH;gz;g[ tpidj;bjhif
L al
–
kUz;bldd; – jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
ed;dhL – gz;g[j;bjhif
xoah – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
A d
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
D ika
kUz;bldd; = kUs;(z;) + l; + md; + vd; Ja;j;jy; = Ja; + j; + jy;
kUs; gFjp" s; ? z; MdJ tpfhuk; Ja; gFjp
l; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy j; re;jp
md; rhupia jy; bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
Alv
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. kz;Qil
kz; + cil
a
`jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W capu;tupd;
,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
kz;z; + cil
.Kk
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ kz;Qil
,ay;ng~ (z;; + c) = D vd;whdJ.
2. g[we;jUjy; `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k; g[we;jUjy;
g[wk; + jUjy; td;ikf;F ,dkhj; jpupgt[k; MFk;~ vd;whdJ.
wI
vDk; tpjpg;go/
LV
fw;git fw;wgpd;
w
gf;fk;: 189
1. gpzpapd;ik bry;tk; tpistpd;gk; Vkk;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

mzpbad;g ehl;ow;fpt; ite;J (738)
A
//w
vd;w Fws;tHp ehl;ow;F mHF nru;g;gd Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

fye;Jiuahly;
s:K
(fye;JiuahLgtu;fs; ? khwd;/ vHpy;/ mKjh/ vHpy;)

khwd; : mKjh/ vHpy; new;W ek; Mrpupau; jpUf;Fwspy; ehL mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;s
Fwl;ghf;fisg; goj;J tur; brhd;dhnu goj;jPu;fsh-
,UtUk; : goj;njhk; khwh/ tpag;ghf ,Ue;jJ- xU ehL vt;thbwy;yhk; ,Uj;jy;
ntz;Lk; vd;gij bjspthff; Twpa[s;shu;.
tp
khwd; : mjidg; gw;wp ,g;nghJ ehk; fye;Jiuahlyhkh>

mKjh : ehL vg;go ,Uf;f ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jhah>
vHpy; : Mk; mKjh- Fiwtpyh tpisr;ry;/ gpzp ,y;yhjJ/ gif ,y;yhjJ ,aw;if
ghJfhg;g[ vd midj;ija[k; cilaJjhd; rpwe;j ehL vd;fpwhu;.
ht
khwd; : èhL~ mjpfhuj;jpy; vl;lhtJ Fwshf mike;jpUf;Fk; Fwl;ghitg; goj;jhah>

311
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.in
mKjh : `Mk; goj;njd;~-
vHpy; : mjpy; bgha;ahg; g[ytu; vd;d TwpapUf;fpwhu;;>
khwd; : mKjh ehd; brhy;yl;Lkh/ eP brhy;fpwhah...
mKjh : ePna brhy;.
L al
khwd; : vHpy;/ me;jf; Fwl;ghtpy; bja;tg;g[ytu;/ xU ehl;ow;F mHF nru;g;git
vit vd;gij TWfpwhu;.
vHpy; : mHFd;dh- kuk;/ bro/ bfho/ fly;/ kiy ,itfs; gw;wpah....-
A d
khwd; : ,y;iy... ,y;iy- xU ehl;ow;F mHF jUtjhf neha; ,y;yhik/
bry;ttsk;/ ey;y tpisr;ry;/ ,d;g thH;t[/ cupa ghJfhg;g[ ,itjhd; mHF
D ika
nru;g;gJ.
7 mKjh : ,ij ehk; rw;W MHkha;r; rpe;jpg;nghkh-
vHpy; : rhp Kjypy; neha; ,y;yhik. `nehaw;w thH;;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;~ ehl;oy;
,ay;
cs;s kf;fspd; cly;eyk; rpwe;jhy;jhd; fy;tp/ bghUshjhuk; rpwf;Fk;. nkYk;

xU ehl;oy; bjhw;Wneha;/ kf;fisf; bfhy;Yk; neha;fs; ,y;yhjpUg;gJ
mHF.
Alv
khwd; : bry;tk;/ tpist[/ ,d;gk; ? ,itfis ehd; brhy;fpnwd;...
ehl;oy; Fiwtpyh bry;tk;/ ey;y tpisr;ry;/ gifapd;wp/ Fiwtpd;wp
ey;yhl;rpapy; tUk; ,d;gk; ,ita[k; ehl;ow;F mHF MFk;.
mKjh :
a
Ie;jhtJ `mHfhf chpa ghJfhg;g[~ vd;fpwhh;. ,aw;if ghJfhg;g[fshd
ePh; muz;/ kiy muz;/ fhl;luz; ,tw;iwtpl `ghH;bra;a[k; gif~
.Kk
tuhjgo vg;bghGJk; kd;dd; jd; gilfisa[k;/ Ie;jhk; gilahfpa
xw;wh;giliaa[k; rpwg;ghf itj;jYk;/ ehl;ow;F mHF vd;fpwhh;.
khwd; : 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng kf;fs; eyk; ngQk; mk;r=;fs;jhd; ehl;ow;F
mHF vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ my;yth>
wI
Mrphpah; : vd;d xnu rj;jk;-

LV
khwd; : Iah/ eh=;fs; ehL mjpfhuk; gw;wpa[k; Fwpg;ghf mjpy; cs;s èhl;od; mHfhf~
tUk; 8 MtJ Fws; gw;wpa[k; fye;Jiuahondhk;.
w
Mrphpah; : kpf;f kfpH;r;rp.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A
//w
gyt[s; bjupf
s:K
1. cWgrpa[k; Xthg; gpzpa[k; brWgifa[k;

nruh jpay;tJ ehL ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.
m) kzpnkfiy M) jpUts;Stu;
,) xsitahu; <) nfht{u;fpHhu; tpil: M) jpUts;Stu;
2. cjpad; nruyhjDf;Fk; ntz;khSf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jtu; ________.
tp
m) ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd;
M) br=;Fl;Ltd;
,) ,s=;nfhtofs;
<) ft[e;jp mofs; tpil: m) ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd;
ht
312
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. tlf;nf ,kakiy tiu brd;W/ btd;W ,kaj;jpy; ________ bghwpj;jhd; beL+;nruyhjd;.
m) kPid M) g[ypia
,) tpy;ypid <) thspid tpil: ,) tpy;ypid
L al
i) beL+;nruyhjd; flk;gu;fis btd;wtd;
ii) jd; tPuu;fSf;Ff; ftrkhf tps=;fpatd;
A d
5. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjidg; gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gj;jpy; ghoatu; ________.
D ika
m) Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu; M) jdpkfdhu;
,) cUj;jpu=;fz;zdhu; <) ,sk;bgUtGjp tpil: m) Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;
6. Mz;kfdpd; cau;gz;g[fisf; TWtJ ________.
m) ghlhz; jpiz M) bghJtpay; jpiz
,) Fwp+;rpj; jpiz <) iff;f;pis tpil: m) ghlhz; jpiz
7. cyfpDs; ,aw;if tifahd; ,ad;w kf;fisg; ghLtJ ________.
Alv
m) @jpd; Ky;iy M) ,ad;bkhHp thH;j;J
,) bghUz;bkhHpf;fh+;rp <) bre;Jiwg;ghlhz;ghl;L
a tpil: <) bre;Jiwg;ghlhz;ghl;L

8. gjpw;Wg;gj;J ,uz;lhk; gj;jpd; ghtif ________.
.Kk
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,) fyp tpUj;jk; <) mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;
tpil: m) neupir Mrpupag;gh
9. beL+;nruyhjid thH;j;jp ,irg;gtu;fs; ________.
wI
m) ftp+u;fs; M) fiy+u;fs;
LV
,) vjpupfs; <) bgz;fs; tpil: M) fiy+u;fs;

w

i) Ja;j;jy; ? 1. brhy;ypir msbgil
ii) xuP,a ? 2. tpidj;bjhif
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

iii) g[fH;gz;g[ ? 3. gz;g[j;bjhif
A
//w
iv) ed;dhL ? 4. bjhHpw;bgau;

m) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
s:K
,) 2/ 3/ 4/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3
11. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; g[wj;jpiz E}iyf; fz;lwp.
m) FWe;bjhif M) mfehD}W
,) fypj;bjhif <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J tpil: <) gjpw;Wg;gj;J
12. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; fpilf;fg; bgwhjit ________.
m) 3/ 5 Mk; gj;Jfs; M) 1/ 10 Mk; gj;Jfs;
tp
,) 3/ 4 Mk; gj;Jfs; <) 9/ 10 Mk; gj;Jfs; tpil: M) 1/ 10 Mk; gj;Jfs;

13. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ghly; jiyg;g[ ________.
m) muridg; gw;wpaJ
ht
M) efiug; gw;wpaJ
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,) ghlypy; tUk; rpwe;j brhw;bwhlu;
<) Fwpg;gpl;Lr; brhy;Yk;go mikatpy;iy
tpil: ,) ghlypy; tUk; rpwe;j brhw;bwhlu;
14. gjpw;Wg;gj;J Fwpg;gpLk; epiwa bts;sk; vd;gJ ________.
L al
m) Mw;WePu;g; bgUf;fk; M) eufj;J tPuu;fs;
,) nkff;Tl;lk; <) bghJkf;fs; tpil: M) eufj;J tPuu;fs;
15. tz;zk; vd;gJ ________ ntWghL MFk;.
A d
m) epw M) xypea
,) xspea <) mikg;g[ tpil: M) xypea
D ika
16. xGfpa Xirahw; bry;tJ ________.
7 m) xGF tz;zk;
,) bkGF tz;zk;
M) bgUF tz;zk;
<) vGJ tz;zk; tpil: m) xGF tz;zk;
,ay;
17. ________ vd;gJ bra;a[s; mofis tiuaiw bra;tJ.

m) tz;zk; M) jpiz
,) tdg;g[ <) J}f;F tpil: <) J}f;F
Alv
i) gjp ? 1. ghJfhg;g[
ii) epiuak; ? 2. g[JtUtha;
iii) ahzu;
iv) Vkk;
?
?
3.
4.
eufk;
ehL
a
.Kk
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
19. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjidg; ghoa Fkl;#u;f; fz;zfdhu; bgw;w gupRfs; ________.
i) ck;gw;fhl;oy; 500 Cu;fs;
wI
ii) bjd;dhl;L tUtha[s; ghjp

LV
iii) tlehl;L tUtha; KGika[k;

m) @d;Wk; rup M) i, iii ? rup
w
,) i, ii ? rup <) ii, iii ? rup tpil: ,) i, ii - rup

20. gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; xt;bthU ghlypd; gpd;Dk; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sit ________.
i) Jiw ii) tz;zk; iii) J}f;F iv) ghlypd; bgau;
A
//w
m) ehd;Fk; rup M) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup

,) i, iii ? rup <) @d;W kl;Lk; jtW tpil: m) ehd;Fk; rup
s:K
FWtpdh
1. nruyhjdpd; vtw;iwg; g[fH;tjhf gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gj;J mike;Js;sJ>
nruyhjdpd; ehL fhj;jy; rpwg;g[.
nruyhjdpd; bfhilr; rpwg;g[.
tp
2. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjdpd; bgw;nwhu; ahtu;>

je;ij ? cjpad; nruyhjd;
jha; ? ntz;khs;
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. beL+;nruyhjd; `,katuk;gd;~ vd;W miHf;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ>
beL+;nruyhjd; tlf;nf ,kakiytiu gilbaLj;Jr; brd;W/ btw;wp bgw;W/
,kaj;jpy; tpy;ypidg; bghwpj;jtd;. vdnt ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd; vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;lhu;.
L al
4. xGF tz;zk; ? tiuaW.
tz;zk; vd;gJ xypea (re;jk;) ntWghL MFk;.
xGF tz;zk; vd;gJ xGfpa Xirahw; bry;tjhFk;.
A d
5. bre;J}f;F ? tiuaW.
bre;J}f;F vd;gJ t+;rpg;ghtpd; ,Wjpao nghd;nwh/ Mrpupatoapd; ,Wjp nghd;nwh
D ika
mika[k;.
6. nruehl;L kf;fs; g[yk;bgauhikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ>
nruehl;L kf;fs; vg;bghGJk; ey;y bray;fisna bra;J tUgtu;fs;.
grp/ gpzp mwpahj mtu;fs; ehl;il tpl;Lg; g[yk;bgauhky; nruyhjdpd; ehl;onyna
Rw;wj;jhnuhL thH tpUk;g[tu;.
Alv
7. epiua bts;sk; ? Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpy; ,uz;lhk; gj;Jg;ghlypy; nruyhjdpd; giltPuu; giftu;Kd;
epiuaghyiug; nghyg; (eufj;J tPuu;fs;) gilbts;skhf epd;wjhy; èpiua bts;sk;~
vd;W Twg;gl;Ls;sJ.
a
8. Fkl;#u;f;fz;zdhu; ? Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
.Kk
gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ,katuk;gd;
beL+;nruyhjidg; ghoatu;; Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;.
,tu; ck;gw;fhl;oy; 500 Cu;fisa[k; bjd;dhl;L tUtha[s; ghjpiaa[k; guprhfg;
bgw;whu;.
wI
rpWtpdh
LV
w
1. ghlhz; jpiz ? tpsf;fk; jUf.

ghlhz; jpizahdJ xU kd;ddpd; g[fH;/ typik/ ts;sd;ik/ mUs;
Kjyhdtw;iw Ma;e;J TWtjhFk;. ghlg;gLk; Mz;kfdpd; cau;gz;g[fisf; TWtJ
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

,j;jpizapd; nehf;fkhFk;.
A
//w
v.fh:
``gjpgpiHg;g[ mwpahJ Ja;j;jy; va;jp
s:K
epiuak; xuP,a ntl;ifg; g[iunahu;~~ ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J.

tpsf;fKk; bghUj;jKk;:
``nruehL bry;ttsk; kpf;fJ. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjd; jd; ehl;ila[k;
kf;fisa[k; fz;bzbdf; fhj;jhd;~~ vd;gJ nghd;w ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjdpd;
cau;gz;g[fisg; nghw;Wtjhf ,g;gjpw;Wg;gj;Jg;ghliyf; Fkl;#u;f; fz;zdhu;
gilj;Js;sikahy; ghlhz;jpizahapw;W.
tp
2. ,katuk;gd; beL+;nruyhjdpd; gz;g[eyd;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,g;bgupa epyt[yfpy; thGk; midj;J capu;fSf;Fk; ,ilawhJ bfhLf;Fk;
gz;g[ilatd;.
ht
rhd;nwhu;fSf;F mupa bghUl;fs; ey;Fgtd;.

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vg;bghGJk; tpHhf;fs; epfGk; ehl;ow;F cupik cilatd;.
beonahd; nghd;w g[fHpid cila ehl;od; tsj;ija[ilatd;.
jd; ehl;L kf;fSf;fhfg; g[JtUtha; bgUf;Fk; <j;Jtf;Fk; ,d;gKk; cilatd;.
``kz;Qil +hyj;J kd;Dapu;f;F v+;rhJ~~ ? gjpw;Wg;gj;J.
L al
3. gjpw;Wg;gj;J ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
vl;Lj;bjhifapy; mike;j g[wj;jpiz E}y;fSs; xd;W.
A d
nru kd;du;fs; gj;Jg;ngupd; rpwg;g[fis vLj;jpak;g[k; E}y; ,J.
,J/ ghlhz; jpizapy; mike;Js;sJ.
D ika
E}ypd; Kjy; gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;Jk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
7 xt;bthU ghlypy; tUk; rpwe;j brhw;bwhlu; mg;ghlYf;Fj; jiyg;ghfj;
jug;gl;oUf;fpwJ.
,ay;
***
Alv
Jizg;ghlk;
,ay; 7 a rpe;jidg; gl;okd;wk;
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
wI
LV
1. rpe;jidg;gl;okd;wj;jpd; epfH;t[fisr; Rit Fd;whky; bjhFj;J vGJf.

w
rpe;jidg;gl;okd;wj;jpd; jiyg;g[:
,is+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; bgupJk; cjt[tJ tPlh> ehlh>
eLtupd; Kd;Diu:
A
//w
,e;jpa kf;fs; bjhifapy; rupghjp ,is+u;fs;. ,t;tpis+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg;

bgupJk; cjt[J tPlh ? ehlh vd;gJ rupahd jiyg;g[.
tPL:
s:K
,is+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F Kjy; gof;fy;/ moj;jsk; ,y;y=;fs;jhd;. md;ig/

mwpit czu;tJ tPl;oy;jhd;. FHe;ijf;Fj; jhapd; Kfnk Kjy; g[j;jfk;. Kjypy;
cyfj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jgts; jhna.
ehL:
tPL ? xU rpwpa TL. mjw;Fs; gy Kuz;ghL. tPl;ow;Fs; kfpH;r;rpahd ciuahly;
tp
jw;nghJ ,y;iy. ghujp tPl;iltpl;L btspte;jhu;. cyfj;ijg; goj;jhu;. tPjpnjhWk;

gs;sp ntz;Lbkd;whu;. ``njL fy;tp ,y;yhj Xu; Ciuj; jPapDf;F ,iuahf;fpL~~ vd;whu;
ghujp. ehLjhd; g[jpa cwit/ el;ig milahsk; fhl;LfpwJ. mwptpay; bjhHpy; El;gk;/
mwp+u;fs; fUj;J ,tw;iw ehLjhd; mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tPL:
tPl;oDs; cyfpidf; fhl;oatu;fs; bgw;nwhu;fs;. tPL rpWTL md;W. ekJ gz;ghL/
kug[ ,tw;wpd; fUt{yk;. ve;j xU njlYk; tPl;oypUe;nj bjhlf;fk;. czt[ cw;gj;jpia
tpisepyj;jpy; fhl;oa bgw;nwhu;fns vdJ nguhrpupau;fs;. gid Xiyf; fhw;who/ E=;F
L al
fha;fspy; rf;fuk; ,it gilg;ghw;wypd; mwpKfk;.
ehL:
tPL vd;gJ Mz;fSf;F mwptpy; ciwtplk; vd;why;/ bgz;fSf;Fj; j=;ff;
fk;gpfshy; Md Tz;Ljhd;. mLg;g{Jk; bgz;fSf;F gog;bgjw;F vd;gijna
A d
tPL nghjpj;jJ. tPl;iltpl;L btspna te;j gpd;du;jhd; `bgz;ik bty;f~ vd;W
Tj;jhondhk;. tPl;il tpl;L btspna te;jjhy;jhd; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; g=;nfw;f
D ika
Koe;jJ. Ml;rp gPl=;fspy; g=;nfw;ft[k; Koe;jJ.
eLtupd; jPu;g;g[:
,is+u;fspd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; bgupJk; cjt[tJ tPlh ? ehlh vd;w jiyg;g[ xU
neu;j;jpahd tpdhit vGg;g[fpwJ.
ey;ybjhU FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fHfk; ? ghnte;ju;
Alv
tPl;ow;nfhu; g[j;jfrhiy ntz;Lk; ? mz;zh
,g;go ehk; VjhtJ bra;njhkh>
gpwF/ vg;go tPlhdJ gy;fiyf;fHfkhFk;>
a
bgz;fSf;fhd cupik czu;it tPL kjpf;ftpy;iy.
ghrj;ij tsu;f;fpwJ. Mdhy; gFj;jwptpidg; nghjpf;ftpy;iy.
.Kk
tPl;iltpl;L btspna te;jhy; ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfspu; vd;w tprhyg;ghu;it
fpilf;fpwJ.
khDl rKj;jpuk; ehbdd;W Tt[ vd;W g[ul;rpf;ftp cyifna tPlhff; fhl;Lfpwhu;.
tPL vd;gJ ehl;od; xU rpWmsnt.
wI
mwptpd; njitfs; midj;ija[k; juhJ tPL.

LV
vy;yh tifahd ,is+u;fspd; njlYf;F ehnl thry;fisj; jpwf;fpwJ.

vdnt/ Mz;/ bgz; rkj;Jtk;/ njhHik/ fy;tp rhu;e;j fUj;Jfs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k;
w
tH=;fp KGikahd Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; bgupJk; tHpfhl;LtJ ehnl- ehnl-
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
1. kdpj thH;it cau;j;Jtjw;Fg; bgupJk; njit gznk- fy;tpna- vd;gJ gw;wp xU

brhw;nghu; epfH;j;Jf.
s:K
gznk- fy;tpna- ? brhw;nghh;

eLth; : mWRit thdpy; el;rj;jpu=;fshf xsptPrpf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; md;g[j; njhHh;/
njhHpfns- vd; md;g[ tzf;fk;. eP=;fs; MtnyhL vjph;ghh;j;j kdpj thH;it
cah;j;Jtjw;F bghpJk; njit gzkh- fy;tpah- vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,d;iwa
epfH;t[ Muk;gk; Mf ,Uf;fpwJ. Kjyhtjhf rnfhjhp fhkhl;rpiag; gzk;
tp
vd;w jiyg;gpy; ngr miHf;fpnwd;.

fhkhl;rp : ,e;j cyfpy; kdpj njitf;Fg; gzk; jhd; mtrpak;. fy;tp epiyahdjh-
ahh; brhd;dhh;fs;> mg;god;dh mJf;F njit Kjy;y vd;d=;f> gzk;...
gzk;... fy;tp ,d;W tpahghuk; MapLr;R.
ht
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fk;gd; g[fH; X=;f rilag;g ts;sy; ,Ue;jhh;. mjdhy;jhd; mth; fhtpak; g[fH;
bgw;W muRk; fy;tp fw;f Cf;fj;bjhif bfhLj;jJ. xUj;jd; VHh=;fpsh!;y
goj;j ftpij (Poem) +hgfk; ,Uf;nfh ,y;iynah> Mdh ez;gd;fpl;l
bfhLj;j fld; kwf;fhk ,Uf;nf. ,e;j cyfj;Jy mjpfkhf ehk; gad;gLj;jw
L al
thh;j;ijfspy; xd;W `Fngud;~. èP bghpa Fngudh~ vd;gh;" Mdh èP bghpa
Fnrydh~ vd;W ahUk; brhy;tjpy;iy. mg;g kdpj thH;f;iff;F gznk
mtrpakhFk;. ed;wp-
eLth; : fhkhl;rp/ kpf mUik- fhrpia Ms;tJnghy; thh;j;ijfshy; vjpuzpia Ml;rp
A d
bra;Jtpl;lhh;. mLj;J th=;f/ fyhtjp th=;f. fy;tpiag; gw;wp fyfyd;D
ngR=;f/ ,y;y... fhkhl;rpfpl;l fhyhtjp Mapl nghwP=;f... th=;f...
D ika
7 fyhtjp : eLth; cs;spl;l midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;. eLth; mth;fns- jiyg;g[ ?
kdpj thH;it cah;j;Jtjw;F gzkh/ fy;tpah vd;gJjhd;.
,ay;
eLtnu- gzk; bfhLj;jhy; fy;tpiag; bgwKoa[kh> rl;oapy; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;

mfg;igapy; tUk;. ,ir/ ehl;oak;/ Xtpak;/ rpw;gk; ,f;fy;tpapy; Mh;tKk;/
mwpt[k; ,Ue;jhny nghJk;. Mh;tKk;/ mwpt[k; ,y;yhky; gzj;jhy; fw;f
Alv
Koa[kh>
eLth; mth;fns- `vz;zk; vGj;Jk; fz;bzdj;jFk;~ vd;whh; ts;Sth;.
`bghd;Dk; bghUSk; fz;bzdj;jFk;~ vd;W brhy;ytpy;iy. Fnguidg;
a
gw;wpr; brhd;dhh;fs;. Fnugd; tPl;Lf;Ff; fz;zd; bry;ytpy;iy" Fnryd;
tPl;Lf;Fr; brd;whd;. nkYk; ehd; rk;ghjpj;Jg; gof;ftpy;iy. muRg;gs;spapy;
,ytrkhfg; goj;Jjhd; rk;ghjpf;fpnwd;. gzk; vd;Wk; mHpa[k;" fhyj;jhy;
.Kk
mHpahjJ fy;tpna vd;W Twp mkh;fpnwd;. ed;wp- tzf;fk;-
eLth; : ,Uthpd; thjj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;nghJ gzk; vd;gJ kdpj thH;f;iff;F
njitjhd;. me;jg; gzj;ija[k; ifahs;tjw;F mwpt[ njit. ,y;yhtpoy;
gzk; ghHhfptpLk;. md;g[f;F/ mwk; Kf;fpak; vd;gijg; nghy;/ gzj;jpw;F
wI
Kf;fpak; fy;tpna cWJizahf epw;Fk; vd;W TWfpwhh;. ed;wp- tzf;fk;--

LV
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
w
gyt[s; bjupf
A
//w
1. rpe;jidg; gl;okd;wj;jpy; Kd;dpiy tfpg;gtu; ________.

m) jkpHhrpupau; j=;fkzp M) jiyikahrpupau; md;g[kzp
s:K
,) khztu; ,s=;nfh <) bgw;nwhu; Mrpupaj; jiytu;

tpil: m) jkpHhrpupau; j=;fkzp
2. ``tPl;Lf;F capu; ntyp-
tPjpf;F tpsf;Fj; J}z;-
ehl;Lf;Ff; nfhl;il kjpy;-
tp
elkhLk; bfhokuk; eP~~ ? ahu; ahiug; ghu;j;Jg; ghoaJ>

m) jhuhghujp ? ,is+u;fis
M) ghujpjhrd; ? goj;jtu;fis
,) mg;Jy;uFkhd; ? jha;khu;fis
ht
<) nkj;jh ? Kjpatu;fis tpil: m) jhuhghujp ? ,is+u;fis

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
3. ``j=;fkf g{k;ghjk;/ jz;zpgl;lh bfhg;gspf;Fk;~~ ? vd;W md;g[ fhl;LtJ ________.
m) jha; M) je;ij
,) cwt[fs; <) ez;gu;fs; tpil: m) jha;
4. fw;wy; bjhl=;Fkplk; ________.
L al
m) tPL M) ghyfu; gs;sp
,) ez;gd; tPL <) tFg;giw tpil: m) tPL
5. vj;jid cauk; ,kakiy ? mjpy;
A d
,d;bdhU rpfuk; cdJ jiy--
vj;jid +hdpau; gpwe;j jiu ? eP
D ika
,tu;fis tp+;rpl vd;d jil> ? vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) ituKj;J
,) jhuhghujp <) kPuh tpil: ,) jhuhghujp
6. `vj;jid nfho ,d;gk; itj;jha;
v=;fs; ,iwth~ ? vd;W kiHapy; eide;Jbfhz;nl ghLgtu; ________.
m) jhuhghujp M) ghujpahu;
Alv
,) kPuh <) ty;ypf;fz;zd; tpil: M) kPuh
7. jkpHh- gag;glhnj. tPjpnjhWk; jkpH;g;gs;spf;Tl=;fs; nghl;L Inuhg;gpa rh!;jpu=;fis
vy;yhk; jkpHpy; fw;Wf;bfhLf;f Vw;ghL bra; ? vd;W Twpatu; ________.
a
,) mwp+u; mz;zh <) je;ij bgupahu; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
.Kk
8. `njLfy;tp ,y;yhjnjhu; Ciuj; jPapDf;F ,iuahf kLj;jy;~ ? vd;W Twpatu; ________.
,) je;ijbgupahu; <) fhkuhru; tpil: M) ghujpahu;
wI
9. gilg;ghw;wiyf; fw;Wf;bfhLf;Fk; ,l=;fshf tPLfs; cs;sd vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

i) gidnahiyapy; fhw;who bra;ag; gHf;fpaJ.
LV
ii) E=;ifj;jpd;W me;jf; fha;fspy; tz;of;fl;o tpisahlf; fw;Wf; bfhLj;jJ.

w
,) ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: ,) ,uz;Lk; rup
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

10. ey;ynjhu; tPiz bra;nj mij
A
//w
ey=;bflg; g[Gjpapy; vwptJz;nlh ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.

,) fz;zjhrd; <) thyp tpil: m) ghujpahu;
s:K
11. bgz;fs; bty;f vd;W Tj;jpLnthk; vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.

,) je;ijbgupahu; <) mwp+u; mz;zh tpil: m) ghujpahu;
12. bgz;zoik jPUkl;Lk; ngRk; jpUehl;oy;
kz;zoik jPu;e;J tUjy; Kaw;bfhk;ng ? vd;W KH=;fpatu; ________.
tp
,) je;ij bgupahu; <) $Pthde;jk; tpil: M) ghujpjhrd;
13. `èy;ybjhU FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;fHfk;~~ vd;wtu; ________.
ht
,) mwp+u; mz;zh <) fhkuhru; tpil: m) ghujpjhrd;

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14. ``tPl;ow;nfhu; g[j;jf rhiy ntz;Lk;~~ vd;W Twpatu; ________.
m) mwp+u; mz;zh M) ghujpjhrd;
,) ghujpahu; <) jpU. tp. f tpil: m) mwp+u; mz;zh
15. àhJk; Cnu ahtU=; nfspu;~ ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.
L al
m) jpU@yu; M) fzpad; g{=;Fd;wd;
,) fgpyu; <) guzu; tpil: M) fzpad; g{=;Fd;wd;
16. tprhyg; ghu;itahy; tpG=;F kf;fis
A d
khDl rKj;jpuk; ehbdd;W Tt[
g[tpia elj;J" bghJtpy; elj;J- ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.
D ika
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) ghujpjhrd;
7 ,) fz;zjhrd; <) jhuhghujp tpil: M) ghujpjhrd;
17. rpe;jidg; gl;okd;wj;jpy; eLtuhf ,Uf;Fk; ,s=;nfh ghujpapd; ________ vd;w
,ay;
ghly;fisf; Twpj; jPu;g;gpid epiwt[ bra;fpwhu;.

m) vd;W jzpa[k; ,e;j Rje;jpuk; jhfk;
M) njor;nrhW epje;jpd;W
Alv
,) bre;jkpH; ehblDk; nghjpdpny
<) mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy tpil: ,) bre;jkpH; ehblDk; nghjpdpny
,) ftp
a
18. thH;tpay; rpe;jidfis kf;fs; Kd;g[ typikahf itf;Fk; ________ mu=;fk;.
m) thJiu M) fUj;J
<) kf;fs; tpil: m) thJiu
.Kk
19. jkpHpy; gH=;fhyk; bjhl;nl mwpKfkhf mwpthu;e;j ngr;Rf;fiy totk; ________.
m) ,yhtzp M) nkilg;ngr;R
,) gl;okz;lgk; <) rpe;jid nkil tpil: ,) gl;okz;lgk;
wI
20. ``gl;okz;lgj;Jg; gh=;fwpe;J VWkpd;~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; fhg;gpak; ________.

LV
m) rpyg;gjpfhuk; M) kzpnkfiy
,) rPtfrpe;jhkzp <) tisahgjp tpil: M) kzpnkfiy
w
***
A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 7 Mf;fg;bgau;fs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
1. milahWg; ghyj;jpd; Rtw;wpy; vGjhjPu;fs; ? ,t;tupapy; cs;s brhw;gpiHfspd; jpUj;jk;
m) milahw;Wg; ghyj;jpd; Rtw;wpy;
M) milahWg; ghyj;jpd; Rtupy;
,) milahWg; ghyj;jpd; Rtw;wpy;
<) milahw;Wg; ghyj;jpd; Rtupy; tpil: <) milahw;Wg; ghyj;jpd; Rtupy;
2. Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjp bgwhj brhy;iyj; nju;f.
Alv
m) fhtyhsp M) nkyhsu;
,) cjtpahs; <) Mrpupau; tpil: <) Mrpupau;
rpWtpdh a
.Kk
1. Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; jw;fhy thH;tpaypy; kpFe;Js;sd ? Vd;>
Mf;fg;bgau;f; fhuzk;:
bgau; kw;Wk; tpidr;brhw;fSld; tpFjpfisr; nru;j;J Mf;fg;gLk; bgau;r;brhw;fs;/
Mf;fg;bgau;fs; vdg;gLk;.
wI
Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs;:
LV
jkpHpy; fhud; ? fhup ? fhuu;/ Ms; ? Msu; ? Msp/ jhuu;/ khdk; vd;gd Mf;fg;bgau;
tpFjpfs;.
w
Mf;fg;bgau;fspy; tpFjpfs; jdpr;rpwg;g[ilad.

brhw;fnshL Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; nrUk;nghJ vz;zw;w g[Jr;brhw;fs; cUthfpr;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

brhw;fs+;rpak; tpuptilfpwJ.
A
//w
jkpH;bkhHpapy; Mf;fg;bgau;fs; ngr;RtHf;fpy; kpFjpahf cs;sd.

Mf;fg;bgau;fshy; g[jpa brhw;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
s:K
Mf;fg;bgau;fs; bkhHp fhye;njhWk; tsu;tjw;Fk; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.

1. eP=;fs; thGk; NHypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mf;fg;bgau;fisg; gl;oaypLf.
E}yfh; gilg;ghsp bra;jpahsh;
tp
Xl;Ldh; ciHg;ghsp njhl;lf;fhud;

ghy;fhuh; nehahsp cjtpahsh;
ghh;itahsh; fhrhsh; tz;of;fhud;
ht
eofh; gzf;fhud; nksf;fhud;

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2. gog;gtu;/ gog;ghsp ,uz;Lf;Fk; cs;s ntWghl;il Muha;f.
gog;gth; gog;ghsp
go vd;Dk; tpida[lDk;/ vr;rj;JlDk; `Msp~ vd;Dk; tpFjp ,Ughw; bghJg;
nrh;e;J tUk; tpFjpahf miktJ bgah;fis bghJthff; Fwpg;gJ
L al
gog;gth;.
A d
gapw;rp 1
D ika
fPH;f;fhQk; gj;jpapy; cs;s Mf;fg; bgau;fis vLj;bjGJf:
7 v=;fs; gs;spapy; eilbgw;w g[j;jfj; jpUtpHhtpw;Ff; fhty;Jiw Mizahsu; rpwg;g[
miHg;ghsuhff; fye;Jbfhz;L ciuahw;wpdhu;. mtu;/ ``khztu;fshfpa eP=;fs; gog;gf=;fisg;
,ay;
gad;gLj;jp tpz;zpay;/ kz;zpay; nghd;w Jiwfspy; rpwe;J tps=;fntz;Lk;. ey;y

ez;gu;fisf; Tl;lhsp Mf;fpf;bfhz;L cjtpahs; ,y;yhkny xU epWtdj;jpd; nkyhsuhfnth
Kjyhspahfnth Mfyhk;~~ vd;W Twp khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;.
Alv
tpil: 1. Mizahsu; 2. miHg;ghsu;/ 3. gog;gfk;/ 4. Tl;lhsp/ 5. cjtpahs; 6. nkyhsu;
7. Kjyhsp
gapw;rp 2
fz;lwpf.
a
milg;g[f;Fs; cs;s Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfisf; bfhz;L tpLfijfSf;Fupa Mf;fg;bgau;fisf;
.Kk
1. ntt[ ghu;j;jpLthd;" Xirapd;wpr; brd;wpLthd; (Msp) ? csthsp
2. mwpitj; njog; nghFkplk;" cyfk; mwpa cjt[kplk; (mfk;) ? gog;gfk;'E}yfk;
3. te;jhy; kfpH;r;rp ,J" ciHj;jhy; fpilf;Fk; ,J (khdk;) ? tUkhdk;
4. ntl(&)k; nghl;ltd; ntljhup" gl;lk; th=;fpdtd;> (jhup) ? gl;ljhup
wI
5. mse;J mse;J bfhl;oLthd;" mfk; kfpHj; je;jpLthd; (Ms;) ? goahs;

LV
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
w
gyt[s; bjupf
A
//w
1. bgau; my;yJ tpidr;brhw;fSld; tpFjpfisr; nru;j;J Mf;fg;gLk; bgau;r;brhw;fs;

m) Mf;fg;bgau;fs; M) bjhHpw;bgau;fs;
,) vz;Qg;bgau;fs; <) jkpHpy; ,y;iy tpil: m) Mf;fg;bgau;fs;
s:K
2. Mf;fg;bgau;r;brhw;fis <w;wpy; epw;Fk; tpFjpfisf; bfhz;L ________ gpupf;fyhk;.

m) ,Utifahfg; M) @tifahfg;
,) ehy;tifahfg; <) Itifahfg; tpil: M) @tifahfg;
3. fhud;/ fhup/ fhuu; Mfpa Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; ________ bghUs;fspy; tUk;.
m) @d;W M) ehd;F
tp
,) Ie;J <) ,U tpil: M) ehd;F

4. `Msu;~/ `Msp~ Kjyhd tpFjpfs; ________ bghJg;bgau;fis cUthf;fj; Jiz
epw;fpd;wd.
m) Mz;ghw; M) bgz;ghw;
ht
,) ,Ughw; <) xd;wd;ghw; tpil: ,) ,Ughw;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
5. Mf;fg; bgau;fspy; ________ jdpr;rpwg;g[ cilad.
m) gFjpfs; M) tpFjpfs;
,) ,ilepiyfs; <) rhupiafs; tpil: M) tpFjpfs;
L al
FWtpdh
1. jkpHpy; Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfisf; TWf.
fhud;/ fhuu;/ fhup/ Ms;/ Msu;/ Msp/ jhuu;/ khdk;.
A d
v.fh: tz;of;fhud;/ ntiyf;fhup/ Mizahsu;.
2. Mf;fg;bgau;r;brhw;fis vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;>
D ika
Mf;fg;bgau;r;brhw;fis <w;wpy; epw;Fk; tpFjpfisf; bfhz;L @tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
mit:
bgaUld; nrUk; tpFjpfs;.
tpida[lDk; vr;rj;JlDk; nrUk; tpFjpfs;.
bgaUlDk; tpida[lDk; nrUk; tpFjpfs;.
3. fhud;/ fhup/ fhuu; Mfpa Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; ve;ehd;F bghUs;fspy; tUk;>
Alv
cilik/ cupik/ cwt[ my;yJ bjhlu;g[/ bjhHpy; my;yJ MSjy;.
vd;Dk; ehd;F bghUs;fspy; `fhud;/ fhup/ fhuu;~ Mfpa Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjpfs; tUk;.
v.fh:
tPL + fhud; a
– tPl;Lf;fhud; – cilik
jkpH;ehL + fhup – jkpH;ehl;Lf;fhup– cupik
.Kk
cwt[ + fhuu; – cwt[f;fhuu; – cwt[
njhl;lk; + fhuu; – njhl;lf;fhuu; – bjhHpy;
4. bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjpfSld; `Msu;~ vd;Dk; Mf;fg;bgau; tpFjp nru;e;J brhw;fs;
cUthFfpd;wd vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
rp/ my;/ jp/ kjp/ it/ t[/ g[ Kjypa bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjpfs; MFk;.
wI
LV
v.fh:
rp – bjhHpw;bgau; tpFjp
w
Ml;rp – bjhHpw;bgau;
Ml;rpahsu; – Mf;fg;bgau;
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

5. ,Ughw;bghJg;bgau;fis cUthf;fj; Jiz epw;Fk; tpFjpfisf; TWf.
A
//w
Msu;/ `Msp~ Kjyhd tpFjpfs; ,Ughw; bghJg;bgau;fis cUthf;fj; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.

v.fh:
cjtp + Msu; – cjtpahsu;
s:K
bert[ + Msp – berthsp
jkpH; bkhHpapy; kwe;jJk; kiwe;jJkhd rpwe;j bra;jpfs;/
tp
mst[fle;J cs;sd. mtw;iw btspf;bfhzu;e;J/ tPupa czu;t[ld;

btspapl;ltu; mwp+u; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp Mthu;. mtu; vGjpa
fl;Liufs; midj;Jk; g[jpa g[jpa bra;jpfisg; g[yg;gLj;jpa
tpe;ijg; gilg;g[fs;. ,uhnkRtuj; jPt[/ ciwa{u; mHpe;j tuyhW/ kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp
ht
kiwe;Jnghd kU=;fhg;gl;odk; nghd;w jdpj;jd;ikbfhz;l mtu;jk; (1900?1980)

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fl;Liufs; tuyhw;wpy; g[jpa btspr;rk; gha;r;rpd. bfh=;F ehl;L tuyhW/ JSt ehl;L
tuyhW/ nrud; br=;Fl;Ltd;/ knfe;jputu;kd;/ eurpk;ktu;kd;/ @d;whk; ee;jptu;kd; Kjypa
E}y;fs; mtu; ekf;F tH=;fpa[s;s tuyhw;Wr; bry;t=;fs;. mtUila `fsg;gpuu; fhyj; jkpHfk;~
vd;Dk; Ma;t[ E}y;/ ,Uz;l fhyk; vd;W Ma;thsu;fshy; tUzpf;fg;gl;l fsg;gpuu; fhyj;jpw;F
L al
xspa{l;o/ tuyhw;Wj; jlj;ijr; brg;gdpl;lJ.
efuhl;rpg; gs;sp Mrpupauhf beL=;fhyk; gzpahw;wpa mtu; jd;Dzu;thy;/ cWjpahd
ciHg;ghy;/ jkpH;g;gw;why; gy;fiyf;fHfg; nguhrpupau;fSk; kjpj;Jg;nghw;Wk; gzpfisr;
bra;jhu;. M=;fpyk;/ kiyahsk;/ fd;dlk; Mfpa bkhHpfisf; fw;Wj; nju;e;jtu;. rpwe;j
A d
tuyhw;whrpupau;/ eLepiy gpwHhj Ma;thsu;/ bkhHpapay; mwp+u;/ ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;thsu;
vd;bwy;yhk; nghw;wg;gl;l gd;Kfr; rpwg;g[f; bfhz;ltu;. mtUf;F kJiug; gy;fiyf;fHfk;
D ika
1980 Mk; Mz;L `jkpH;g; nguitr; brk;ky;~ vd;Dk; gl;lkspj;Jg; ghuhl;oaJ. fpwpj;JtKk;
7 jkpGk;/ rkzKk; jkpGk;/ bgsj;jKk; jkpGk;/ kiwe;J nghd jkpH;E}y;fs; nghd;w gy
E}y;fshy; jkpH; Ma;t[ tuyhw;wpy; kapiy rPdp. nt=;flrhkp mHpahr; rpwg;gplk; bgw;Ws;shu;.
,ay;
1. kwe;jJk; kiwe;jJk; ? ,Jnghd;w ,uz;L bjhlu;fis cUthf;Ff.

v.fh: goj;jJk; gilj;jJk;
fue;jJk; fiue;jJk;/ fye;jJk; fiye;jJk;
Alv
2. mHpe;j tuyhW/ g[jpa btspr;rk; ? mof;nfhol;l brhw;fspd; vr;r tiffis vGJf.
mHpe;j tuyhW ? bgabur;rk;
g[jpa btspr;rk; ? Fwpg;g[g; bgabur;rk;
a
3. mHpahr; rpwg;gplk; ? ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
mHpahr; rpwg;gplk; ? <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
.Kk
4. Kjypa/ Kjyhd ? bghUswpe;J brhw;bwhlu; mikf;f.
Kjypa:
knfe;jputu;kd;/ eurpk;ktu;kd;/ @d;whk; ee;jptu;kd; Kjypa E}y;fs; kapiy rPdp.
nt=;flrhkp ekf;F tH=;fpa[s;s tuyhw;Wr; bry;t=;fs;.
wI
Kjyhd:
LV
mwptpay;/ jpwikrhyp/ nfhiHj;jdk;/ rkj;Jtk;/ bgz;zpak;/ ngr;rhsd;/ Vw;Wkjp

w
Kjyhd brhw;fs; Mf;fg; bgau;r; brhw;fns.

5. gj;jpapy; cs;s cau;t[ rpwg;g[ ck;ikiaf; fz;L vGJf.
nghw;Wk; ? cau;t[ rpwg;g[k;ik
A
//w
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
Balu Hi, Good evening. ed;khiy tzf;fk;.
s:K
Velu Hi Balu, Good evening. ghY/ ed;khiy tzf;fk;.

Balu Yesterday you were watching the new;W ehs; KGtJk; FoauR ehs; tpHh
Republic day function the whole day. epfH;t[fisg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jhah>
Velu Yes, I was touched by one award Mk;. mjpy; xU tpUJ tH=;Fk; epfH;t[ vd;
ceremony. kdij befpH itj;Jtpl;lJ.
tp
Balu Which award? ve;j tpUJ>

Velu Paramvir Chakra award, highest guk;tPu; rf;uh tpUJ. ,uhQt tPuu;fSf;F
award for army personnel. tH=;fg;gLk; jdpj;Jt tpUJ.
ht
Balu Why were you touched? Vd; eP kdk; befpH;e;jha;>

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Velu Most of the awards were received by me;j tpUJfs; bgUk;ghYk; tPukuzKw;w
the wives of soldiers posthumously. tPuu;fspd; kidtpfns bgw;Wf;bfhs;fpwhu;fs;.
Balu Why? What do you mean by Vd; tPuu;fspd; kidtpfs; bgw;Wf;
Posthumous? bfhs;fpwhu;fs;> ngh!;Jk!; vd;gjd; bghUs;
L al
vd;d>
Velu It means 'after death'. Many soldiers ngh!;Jk!; vd;why; kuzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; vd;W
had laid down their lives protecting bghUs;. bgUk;ghd;ikahd tPuu;fs; ekJ
A d
the border of our Motherland. They
jha;ehl;od; vy;iy fhf;f jkJ thH;f;ifia
have sacrificed their lives to save our
Country. So that we can be free and ,He;jdu;.mt;tPuu;fs; ekJ jha;ehl;ilf;
D ika
safe. fhf;fnt jkJ ,d;Dapiuj; jpahfk;
bra;jdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ehk; Rje;jpukhft[k;
ghJfhg;ghft[k; thH;fpnwhk;.
kug[r;brhw;fisj; bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf.
rhd;W: vjpu;ePr;ry;
Alv
thH;f;ifapy; vj;jid njhy;tpfs; te;jhYk; mtw;iwf; fle;J vjpu;ePr;ry; nghl;L btw;wp
bgwntz;Lk;.
brhe;jf;fhypy; epw;wy;:
a
goj;Jg; gjtp bgw;W/ bgw;nwhu; nghw;WkhW brhe;jf; fhypy; epw;wy; ghuhl;Lf;FupaJ.
jhsk; nghLjy;:
.Kk
vf;fUj;jhapDk;/ vtu; TwpdhYk; bghJeyj;jpw;F cfe;jjhf ,y;yhtpoy;/ Mkhk; vd;W
jhsk; nghLjy; mwpt[ilahu; bray; MfhJ.
kjpy;nky; g{id:
ey;ytu; gf;fk; bry;tjh jPatu; gf;fk; rha;tjh vd;W kjpy;nky; g{id nghy; epw;fhky;
wI
ey;ytu; gf;fnk bry;.

LV
epiwFlk;:
w
fw;wwpe;j rhd;nwhu; mlf;fkhf epiwFlk; nghy; mikjpahf ,Ug;ghu;.

ifJ}f;fptpLjy;:
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

thH;f;ifg; ghijapy; ,d;dy;fisna mDgtpg;nghu;f;F ek;khyhd cjtpfisr; bra;J
A
//w
ifJ}f;fp tpLjy; ngUjtpahFk;.

fz;zhapUj;jy;:
s:K
jhd; nkw;bfhz;l gzpfspy; ,ilna ,lu;te;Jw;wnghJk; fhupaj;jpy; fz;zhapUj;jy;

ntz;Ltnj eyk; jUk;.
mtruf;FLf;if:
rhd;nwhu; epiwe;Js;s mitapy; gjw;wg;gl;L mtruf; FLf;ifaha; brhw;fisf;
bfhl;otplf; TlhJ.
tp
Kjiyf; fz;zPu;:
cwt[fspd; Jd;gj;jpy; g=;bfLj;J Kjiyf;fz;zPu; tplhky; ele;Jbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
fhdy;ePu;:
Kltd; bfhk;g[j;njDf;F Mirg;gLtJk; Kaw;rp ,y;yhky; Fngudhf epidg;gJk;
ht
fhdy;ePu; nghy MfptpLk;.

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.in
tiuglk; bfhz;L tptupf;f.
eP=;fs; ngUe;J epWj;jj;jpy; epd;W bfhz;oUf;fpwPu;fs;. tHp bjupahj xUtu;/ c=;fsplk; te;J
efyfj;jpw;F tHp nfl;fpwhu;. fPH;f;fhQk; tiuglj;ijf; bfhz;L/ mg;g[jpatUf;F tHpfhl;L=;fs;.
gtze;jp bjU tHpahf fpHf;nf neuhfr;
L al
bry;Y=;fs;.
nkiyj;nju;j; bjU tUk;. nkiyj;nju;j;
bjUtpd; tyg;g[wkhfr; bry;Y=;fs;.
A d
mwk; tsu;j;j khlj;bjU FWf;fpLk;.
mwk; tsu;j;j khlj;bjU FWf;fpLk;
D ika
,lj;jpy; fhe;jpr; rJf;fk; ,Uf;Fk;.
7 mwk; tsu;j;j khlj;bjUtpy; neuhfr;
brd;why; fPiHj;nju;j;bjU FWf;fpLk;.
,ay;
vjpu;tupirapy; efyfk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,yf;fpaeak; ghuhl;Lf.
Alv
Rje;jpuk; jUfpw kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk;
Rfk;;jUk; czu;r;rpa[k; ntWz;nlh>
a
gjk;jUk; bgUika[k; gzk;jUk; nghfKk;
ghu;j;jhy; mijtplf; fPHd;nwh>
.Kk
,jk;jUk; mw=;fSk; ,ira[ld; thH;jYk;
vy;yhk; Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;
epjk; jUk; Jau;fis epku;e;Jepd; bwjpu;j;jpl
epr;rak; Rje;jpuk; mJ ntz;Lk;. ? ehkf;fy; ftp+u;
wI
jiyg;g[:
LV
ntz;Lk; Rje;jpuk;.
w
Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[:
bgau; : bt. ,uhkyp=;fdhu;
bgw;nwhu; : bt=;fl;uhkd; ? mk;kzp mk;khs;
A
fhyk; : 1888
//w
bjhHpy; : ftp+u;/ fhe;jPaf;ftp+u;

gpwfiyfs; : Xtpaf;fiyapy; ty;ytu;
s:K
gjtp : muR ftp+u;/ rl;lkd;w nkyit cWg;gpdu;

tpUJ : gj;kg{&z;
Cu; : ehkf;fy; ? nkhfD}u;
ika fUj;J:
Rje;jpuk; jUfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk; ,d;gk; fpilf;fpd;w ey;Yzu;t[ ntwpy;iy.
gjtpahy; fpilf;Fk; bgUika[k;/ gzj;jhy; tUk; ,d;gKk; ,tw;iw vz;zpg; ghu;j;jhy;
tp
Rje;jpuj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; kfpH;itf; fhl;oYk; jhH;e;jnj. mwj;jhy; tUk; ,d;gKk;/

g[fnHhL thH;tJk; ,it vy;yhnk Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lnk epfH;td. ehs;njhWk;
ek;ik vjpu;bfhs;Sk; Jau=;fisj; Jilj;jpl ntz;Lbkd;why;/ epr;rak; ntz;Lk;
Rje;jpuk;.
ht
326
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vJif eak;:
bgz;Qf;F mHF eif
ghlYf;F mHF vJif
ghly; mofspd; rPu;fspy; Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wp
L al
tUtJ vJif.
v.fh: Rje;jpuk; ? gje;jUk; " ,jk;/ epjk;
nkhid eak;:
A d
ehl;Lf;F mHF nrid
ghl;Lf;F mHF nkhid
D ika
ghly; mofspd; rPu;fspy; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid.
v.fh: Rje;jpuk;/ Rfk; " gjk;;/ ghu;j;jhy; " epjk;;/ epr;rak;
mzp eak;:
``nfhapYf;F mHF kzp
ghlYf;F mHF mzp~~
Alv
v.fh: ``Rje;jpuk; jUfpd;w kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk;...~~
,t;tofspy; Rje;jpuk; jUk; kfpH;r;rpiaf; fhl;oYk; ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy/ vd;W
Rje;jpuj;ij cau;thf mikj;jpUg;gjhy; cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
fw;gid eak; :
a
Rje;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy;jhd; mwKk; g[fGk; X=;Fk; vd;W jdJ fw;gidia edthf;fpf;
.Kk
fhl;oa[s;shu; ,uhkyp=;fk;.

wI
brhy;byLj;Jj; bjhlu; mikf;f.

LV
fPGs;s fl;lj;jpDs; EiHe;J brhw;fis vLj;Jk; njitahd brhw;fisr; nru;j;Jk; bjhlu;fs;

mikf;f. (milgl;l gFjpapy; cs;s brhw;fisj; jtpu;f;ft[k;)
w
v.fh: khztu;fs; tFg;giwapDs; Ez;fiyfisa[k; fw;f ntz;Lk;.
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
s:K
tp
ht
327
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
khztu;fs; gl;odpahf ,Uf;ff;TlhJ vd;gjw;fhf kjpa czt[j; jpl;lj;ijf;
fhkuhru; Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.
Mrpupau;/ khztu; cwt[ nkd;ika[ilaJ.
tpisahl;L clYf;F cWjp jUk;.
L al
TLjy; tFg;g[ neu=;fisg; g[wf;fzpf;ff; TlhJ.
ehs;njhWk; gs;spapy; tHpghl;Lf; Tl;lk; eilbgWk;.
tFg;giwapypUe;J Mrpupau; mDkjpa[ld; btspnaw ntz;Lk;.
A d
khztu; jpwikia tsu;f;Fk; xnu ,lk; gs;sp.
fUk;gyifapy; vGjpg; ghlk; elj;JtJ khztu;fis tpHpg;gilar; bra;a[k;.
D ika
khztu;fs; gs;spf;Fj; jhkjkhf tUtijj; jtpu;j;jy; ntz;Lk;.
7 ntiyapd;ikiag; nghf;f ey;y thrpg;g[ ntz;Lk;.
Ez;fiyfs; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk;.
,ay;
bra;J fw;nghk;.
ey;y rpe;jidfis tpijj;j jiytu;fs; gw;wpa bra;jpfisj; jpul;o xg;g[ilt[ cUthf;Ff.
Alv
jkpHfj;jpd; mwpt[f;fly; V.gp.n$ mg;Jy; fyhk;.
1931 Mk; Mz;L mf;?15 Mk; ehs; ,uhnk!;tuj;jpy; njhd;wpdhu;.
i$Dyhg[jPd; ? M&pak;kh fyhkpd; bgw;nwhu;fs;.
a
VH;ikf; FLk;gj;jpy; mtjupj;J mfpyk; nghw;Wk; tp+;+hdpahdhu;.
,Uz;l ,e;jpah vd;W ,fHe;jtu;fis kUz;L ghu;f;fr; bra;jhu; mf;dp Vt[fizahy;.
.Kk
fyhk; Muk;gj;jpy; tpkhd cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
fyhkpd; jpwik tpz;btsp Muha;r;rp ikak; tiu bry;y itj;jJ.
,e;jpag; gpujkupd; tp+;+hd Mnyhrfuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
1998 Mk; Mz;L ghujuj;dh tpUJ bgw;whu;.
wI
25?07?2002 ,y; 12 MtJ FoauRj; jiytu; Mdhu;.

LV
vz;zk; brayhf cw=;fhky; fdt[ fhQ=;fs; vd;W ,is+u;f;F mwpt[iu

w
tH=;fpdhu;.
,e;jpahit 2020 Mk; Mz;ow;Fs; KG tsu;r;rp mile;j ehlhf cUthf;f
mUk;ghLgl;lhu;.
A
//w
mf;dp Vt[fizapd; mtjhug; g[U&dhd fyhk; ,e;jpahtpd; Xu; mjprak;.

goj;Jg; ghu;j;Jg; gilf;f.
s:K
gj;jhtJ jlitahf vg;nghJk; kj;jhg;g[ ____________________

tpGe;jtDf;F bfhSj;jp tpisahLfpwJ ____________________
Kj;jkpl;Lr; brhd;dJ g{kp kiyaUtp
`xd;gJ Kiw vGe;jtdy;yth eP-~ ____________________
? <nuhL jkpHd;gd; ? fHdpa{ud;
tp
? i\f;T vd;gjw;Fj; jkpHpy; ``Jspg;gh~~ vd;W bghUSz;L bjupa[kh>

? ftpijfSf;Fg; bghUj;jkhfj; jiyg;gpLf.
ht
328
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
tpil:
Kaw;rp mUtpapd; mHF bghUshjhuj;
gj;jhtJ jlitahf vg;nghJk; kj;jhg;g[ jl;L;g;ghL
tpGe;jtDf;F bfhSj;jp tpisahLfpwJ
L al
fhf;Fk; fu=;fs;
Kj;jkpl;Lr; brhd;dJ g{kp kiyaUtp
`xd;gJ Kiw vGe;jtdy;yth eP-~ mlFf; filapy;
? <nuhL jkpHd;gd; ? fHdpa{ud; bghd; tisay;
A d
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
D ika
ck;Kila bghWg;ig czu;e;J fl;l=;fis epiwt[ bra;f.
milahsk; bgUkpjk;
,e;jpad; xUikg;ghl;Lzu;t[ld; r@ff; Tl;likg;gpy; ,ize;J thH;fpnwd;.
jkpHd; tpUe;njhk;gypd; ciwtplk;.
Alv
khztd; mwptpay; cyfpd; MSikr; rf;jp.
kfd;'kfs; cwtpd; tpGJfs;.
rnfhjud;'rnfhjup re;ju;g;g=;fspy; je;ija[k; jha[khf mtjupg;gtu;fs;.
njhHd;'njhHp
a
thH;f;ifg; glfpd; JLg;g[fs;.
.Kk
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
cj;jpfs; – Strategies
rkj;Jtk; – Equality
wI
bjhHpw;r=;fk; – Trade Union

LV
gl;okd;wk; – Debate
w
gd;Kf MSik – Multiple Personality

g[idbgau; – Pseudonym
itaj; jiyik bfhs;

A
//w
***
s:K
tp
ht
329
www.tnpscjob.com
.in

,ay; ahiua[k; kjpj;J thH;
L al
ciueil jhTupd; foj=;fs;
8 bra;a[s;
xt;bthU g[y;iya[k;
bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs;
,d;Fyhg;
mg;Jy; uFkhd;
A d
kndhd;kzPak; bg. Re;judhu;
D ika
Jizg;ghlk; bry;tp eu;j;jfp eluh$;
8 ,yf;fzk; bka;g;g[j; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfs;
,ay;
ciueil
Alv
,ay; 8 jhTupd; foj=;fs;
a
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. g{i$/ tp&ak;/ cgnahfk; - vd;git Kiwna _______ vd;W jkpHpy; tH=;fg;gLk;.
wI
m) tHpghL/ bra;jp/ gad;ghL

LV
M) gad;ghL/ tHpghL/ bra;jp

,) tHpghL/ gad;ghL/ bra;jp
w
<) tHpghL/ gad;ghL/ bra;jp tpil: m) tHpghL/ bra;jp/ gad;ghL

2. brhw;fis xG=;FgLj;jpr; brhw;bwhluhf;Ff.
A
//w
m) ehd; vGJtnjhL ,d;W ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ,jH;fspy; ngRfpnwd;.

M) ,d;W ehd; ,jH;fspy; vGJtnjhL ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ngRfpnwd;.
,) ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ,d;W vGJtnjhL ehd; ,jH;fspy; ngRfpnwd;.
s:K
<) ,jH;fspy; ngRfpnwd; ehd; ,d;W ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; vGJtnjhL.

tpil: M) ,d;W ehd; ,jH;fspy; vGJtnjhL ,yf;fpa nkilfspYk; ngRfpnwd;.
FWtpdh
1. ehl;Lg;g[wj;jpYk; gl;lzj;jpYk; rpwe;J tps=;ftjhfj; jhTu; vtw;iwf; TWfpwhu;>
tp
ehl;Lg;g[w=;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ vy;yhtw;iwa[k; tpG=;fty;y khbgUk; ,aw;ifna

rpwe;J tps=;Ffpd;wJ.
gl;lz=;fspy; kdpj rKjhak;jhd; Kf;fpakhdjhfj; jiyJ}f;fp epw;fpwJ.
ht
330
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
2. ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPd kdpju; vd;Wk; fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j
jPu;f;fjuprp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;l jhTu; jkJ 16Mk; tajpnyna ftpijfs; vGjj;
bjhl=;fpdhu; ? epWj;jf;FwpaPLf.
`ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPd kdpju;~ vd;Wk;/ `fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j
L al
jPu;f;fj;juprp~ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;l jhTu;/ jkJ 16Mk; tajpnyna ftpijfs; vGjj;
bjhl=;fpdhu;.
beLtpdh
A d
1. rpjwpa foj=;fs; czu;j;Jk; fUj;Jfisr; rpjwhJ tpsf;Ff.
D ika
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu MW gw;wpa mwpt[
Mw;wpy; tpGe;j gwit kyu;fs; gw;wpa bra;jp
ehl;Lg;g[wKk; gl;lzKk; kyu;fspd; fhytiuaiw
Inuhg;gh?ghujk; gwitfspd; tp&aj;jpYk;
Alv
tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk; vz;zk; FWfpaJ
kuk; gw;wpa mwpt[ Kot[iu
Kd;Diu:
a
bra;jpia chpatUf;Fj; bjhptpg;gjw;fhf vGjp mDg;gg;gLtJ fojkhFk;.
mJnt/ chpa tot[ld; bghUl;brwpthYk; fw;gid eaj;jhYk; bkhHptsj;jhYk; foj
,yf;fpakhf cUg;bgWfpd;wJ. ftpj;Jt ,ay;g[ bfhz;l jhThpd; foj=;fs; fw;gid/
.Kk
eifr;Rit/ MH;e;j rpe;jid Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa[s;sd. mr;rpwg;g[tha;e;j foj=;fs;
thapyhf ehk; czUk; czu;t[fisr; rpw;rpy jiyg;g[fspy; fhzyhk;:
Mw;wpy; tpGe;j gwit:
t=;fhsj;jpd; gj;kh ejpapy; fiu jJk;gp XoaJ bts;sk;. Mw;W bts;sj;jpy;
wI
,we;Jnghd gwit xd;W kpje;J te;jJ. fiunahu khkuj;jpy; JiznahL cw=;fpa

LV
gwit/ kz;rupe;J kuk; tpGe;jjhy; kWgoa[k; rpwif tpupf;fnth/ fz; tpHpf;fnth

w
,y;iy.
ehl;Lg;g[wKk; gl;lzKk;:
ehl;Lg;g[w=;fspy; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; tpG=;fty;y ,aw;if rpwe;J tps=;FfpwJ.
ahiua[k; kjpj;J thH;

A
//w
gl;lzj;jpy; kdpjDila rKjhak; jiyJ}f;fp epw;fpwJ. m=;nf/ kdpjdpd; bfh#uk;

btspg;gLfpwJ. kw;w capu;fspd; RfJf;fj;ij kdpjd; vz;Qtjpy;iy.
Inuhg;gh?ghujk;:
s:K
Inuhg;ghtpy; kdpjDf;Fj;jhd; Kf;fpa ,lk;. Mdhy; kw;w gpuhzpfisr; rhjhuzkhf

epidf;fpwhu;fs;. ghuj ehl;oy; kdpjd; tpy=;fhf/ tpy=;F ? kdpjdhf khWtijj;
jtwhf vz;Qtjpy;iy. mjdhy; ekJ rhj;jpu=;fs; capu;fsplj;Jf; fUiz fhl;Ltij
mjprakhf vz;zp tpl;Ltpltpy;iy. ghuj ehL ,aw;ifnahL ,zf;fKilajhy;/
rpWgwitapd; ,jaj;jpd; cs;nsapUf;Fk; thH;f;iff; fspg;igr; rpe;jpf;fhky; ,Uf;f
Koatpy;iy vd;fpwhu; jhTu;.
tp
tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk;:
kuj;jpd; fpisapy; kyUk; g{tpidg; bgaupl;Lj; jd; kdjpy; ,lk; mspf;fpwhd;
kdpjd;. kuj;jpy; kl;Lk; kyUk; g{f;fs; midj;ija[k; mtdJ kdk; Vw;ftpy;iy.
ht
kyuplk; fhl;Lk; myl;rpak; ntW ve;j ehl;oYk; ,y;iy. rpy kyu;fs; bgau; ,Ue;Jk;
bjupahky; ngha;tpLk;. rpy kyu;fs; gzj;jpd; thapyhfg; g[fH; bgWk;. ,t;thwhd kyu;fs; 331
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
,yf;fpa=;fspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. mtw;iwj; bjupe;Jbfhs;s kdpjd; tpUk;g[tjpy;iy.
(v.fh). $hjp vd;gJ xUtif Ky;iy. n!t[e;jp vd;gJ ve;j kyupd; bgau; vd;W ,d;Wk;
mwpag;gltpy;iy.
kuk; gw;wpa mwpt[:
L al
rhe;jp epnfjdj;jpy; gpahy vd;w xU kuk; ,Uf;fpwJ. tlbkhHp fhtpa=;fspy; me;j
kuj;ijg; gw;wp vj;jid ngUf;Fj; bjupa[k;.
MW gw;wpa mwpt[:
A d
Mdhy; Mw;wpd; tp&aj;jpy; myl;rpak; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. kpfr; rpwpa MWTl ek;
kdjpy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
D ika
kyu;fs; gw;wpa bra;jp:
8 g[whf; fz;zp/ kapy; tpHpahs;/ tpLg;g[ilahs; nghd;w g{i$f;Fupa kyu;fisj; jtpu
kw;w kyu;fs; ekf;F mtrpakw;wjhfp tpLfpwJ.
,ay;
kyu;fspd; fhytiuaiw:
ehfupf tHf;fj;jpy; fhyj;jpw;nfw;wgo rPf;fpunk thoLk; kyu;fSld; bjhlu;g[ cz;L.
Alv
njhl;lf;fhudplk; guhkupf;Fk; bghWg;g[ ,Uf;Fk;. nkYk; bgaupy;yh kyu;fSila
ehl;oy; ftp+upd; epiy kpf nkhrkhdJ kyu;fspd; rhk;uh$;aj;jpy; jhTupd; ngdh
elkhl;lk; FWfpg;nghdJ.
a
gwitfspd; tp&aj;jpYk; vz;zk; FWfpaJ:
fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ikdh/ bgs?fjh?fnt. ,itfis tpl;Ltpl KoahJ. ,d;Dk;
vj;jidnah g[l;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpd; bgau;fs; $d=;fSf;Fj; bjupahJ. ,aw;ifaplk;
.Kk
ehk; fhl;Lk; ,e;j myl;rpak;jhd; kdpjdpd; njhy;tpfSf;F @y fhuzk;. ,e;j myl;rpa
kdg;ghd;ik jPtpukhfj; jiyJ}f;fptpl;lJ. Kothf/ guPl;irapy; njwntz;od;
rupj;jpug; ghlj;ijg; g[wf;fzpf;f KoahJ. mJnghy/ g[wf;fzpg;gjhy; gad; ,y;iy.
kdpjd; vz;zKk; FWfptpl;lJ. vz;zk; FWfpajhy; vj;jidnah bghUl;fs; kdjpy;
wI
,lk;bgwtpy;iy vd;fpwhu; jhTu;.

LV
Kot[iu:
w
`ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPdkdpjh;~ vd;Wk; `fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j

jPh;f;fjhprp~ vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;l jhTu;/ jd; foj=;fisf;Tl ftpj;Jtk; epuk;gpajhf
vGjpapUf;fpwhu; vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. rpjwpa gf;f=;fSk;/ tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk;
A
//w
nghd;w jhThpd; foj=;fs; ,aw;ifiaa[k; kdpjida[k; ,izj;Jg; ngRtJ

nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd;
s:K
gf;fk;: 206
1. neU/ ,e;jpuhtpw;F vGjpa fojk; xd;iw tFg;giwapy; goj;J mJ Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.
khztu;fns-
ehL tpLjiy bgw;wgpd; Kjd;ik mikr;ruha; (gpujk ke;jpup) ,Ue;j neU mtu;fs;
rpiwapy; ,Ue;jbghGJ cyf epfH;t[fs;/ murpay; rJu=;fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;w=;fs;/ cyf
tp
,aw;if ts=;fs;/ ehfupfk; vd midj;ija[k; jd; kfs; ,e;jpuh bjupe;J/ g[upe;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhff; fojk; thapyhfg; ngrpf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;. mtw;wpy; xd;iwg;
gof;ff; nfl;Ou;fs;. mjidg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLnthkh-
,e;jf; foj=;fs; ml=;fpa E}y; `cyfrupj;jpuk;~ vd;W jkpH;g;gjpg;ghf ghfk; 1/ 2 vd
ht
,Uf;fpd;wJ. goj;Jg; gadila[=;fs;.

332
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fye;Jiuahly;
Mrpupau; : gof;ff; nfl;l fojg; gFjpapd; bra;jpfisf; TwKoa[kh>
kjd; : Iah- ehd; TWfpnwd;.
brt;tp : Iah ehDk; ....
L al
gpupah : Iah ehDk;....
Mrpupau; : rup .... thU=;fs; v=;nf> eP=;fs; g[upe;jij vy;nyhUf;Fk; g[upa[k; tifapy;
fye;JiuahL=;fs;.
A d
brt;tp : ehk; ,g;bghGJ goj;j fojk; neU ve;j rpiwapy; ,Ue;jbghGJ vGjpaJ
bjupa[kh.....
D ika
gpupah : iedp rpiwapy; ,Ue;jbghGJ 1933Mk; Mz;L vGjpaJ.
kjd; : kpft[k; rupahfr; brhd;dha;.... cyf rupj;jpuj;ij vt;tst[ mHfhfg; gfpu;e;J
bfhz;Ls;shu;.
brt;tp : Mk; kjd;- ek; ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp/ nrh&yprk;/ $dehaj;jpd; kPJs;s cWjpahd
ek;gpf;if ,tw;iwbay;yhk; ek; kdjpYk; gjpa itj;Js;shu;.
Alv
gpupah : jpuhtpl ehfupfj;jpd; gHika[k; bgUika[k; Tl brhy;yg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.
kjd; : mJ kl;Lky;y Mupau;fspd; ehfupfk;/ mtu;fspd; ,Wkhg;g[ Fwpj;Jk;
TwpapUf;fpwhu;. a
brt;tp : ,e;jpahtpw;F tpahghu nehf;fpy; te;jtu;fis Mjupj;jjhy;jhd;
moikg;gl;L tpl;nlhk; vd;Wk; Mj=;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.....
.Kk
gpupah : ,e;jpah/ Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ mbkupf;f ehLfspd; murpay;/ bghUshjhuk;
tsu;r;rp/ fpsu;r;rp Mfpa midj;Jr; bra;jpfisa[k; btWg;g[/ tpUg;g[ ,d;wp
vLj;Jf; Twpa[s;shu;.
wI
kjd; : fpnuf;f ehfupfk;/ n\hku; ,ypal; fhg;gpak; gw;wpa[k; vGjpa[s;shu;.

LV
gpupah : fhg;gpak; gw;wp kl;Lky;y- kjd; me;je;j jha;bkhHpjhd; rpe;jidia

tsu;f;f cjt[k;/ brhe;j bkhHpf;fy;tp rpwe;jJ. ve;j xU bkhHpiaa[k; mHpf;f
w
Kw;glf;TlhJ vd;Wk; fojk; thapyhf Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

brt;tp : 1933 ,y; jPu;f;fjuprdkhf rpy bra;jpfisa[k; Twpa[s;shu; my;yth.... Mk;

bry;tp. eP brhy;fpwhah ehd; brhy;yl;Lkh> kjd; eP brhy;.
A
//w
mbkupf;fht[k; u&;aht[k; cyf tptfhu=;fspy; mjpfkhfg; g=;nfw;Fk;.

1933 ,y; mbkupf;fh f&;lg;gl;lhYk; tpiutpy; kPz;L tUk;.
s:K
tpiutpy; ,d;bdhU kfha[j;jk; tUk;.

$g;ghDf;F vjpup mbkupf;fhjhd;.
,dpnky; Ma[jg;gil g[ul;rp rhj;jpakhfhJ. murpay; g[ul;rpna
kyu;r;rpf;F tHp tFf;Fk; vd;W gytw;iw md;nw jd; foj=;fs; thapyhf
ciuj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
tp
Mrpupau; : vd; mUik khztr; bry;t=;fns- ,t;tst[ bjspthfg; g[upe;J bfhz;l

c=;fis vz;Qk; nghJ bgUkpjkhf cs;sJ. ehisa ghujk; c=;fsplk;
gj;jpukha; ,Uf;Fk;.
khztu;fs;: ed;wp Iah-
ht
333
www.tnpscjob.com
.in
2. c=;fsJ Ritahd gaz mDgtk; xd;iwf; fojkhf vGJf.
gaz mDgtk;
jpUbey;ntyp/
20.07.2020
L al
md;g[s;s njhHp khyht[f;F/
espdp vGJtJ. eyk;. eykwpa Mty;.
fle;j thuk; Mz;L ,Wjpj;nju;t[ Koe;jJ. ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; gs;sp/ tPL/ gog;g[ vd;W
A d
,Ue;j epiyapy; khw;wk; njo ehd; vd; FLk;gnjhL ,uz;L Rw;Wyh brd;nwd;. Kjy;
ehs; Fw;whyk;/ ,uz;lhk; ehs; xf;nfdf;fy; vd;W vkJ jpl;lk;.
D ika
Kjy; ehs; fhiy fpsk;gp 9.00 kzpf;bfy;yhk; Fw;whyk; brd;Wtpl;nlhk;. ,aw;if
8 vHpy; bfh+;Rk; mHfhd kiy/ kiyapypUe;J g[wg;gLk; rhuy; kdij kaf;fpaJ.
bkapd; mUtp/ njdUtp/ Ie;jUtp vdg; gy;ntW tPH;r;rpfspy; md;iwa bghGijf;
,ay;
fHpj;njhk;. md;W ,unt xf;nfdf;fy; g[wg;gl;nlhk;. m=;F Mu;g;gupf;Fk; ePu;tPH;r;rpapy;

Fspj;J kfpH;e;njhk;. gpwF gupry; rthup kpft[k; ,d;gkhft[k;/ Mgj;jhft[k; ,Ue;jJ.
kpf caukhd ,lj;jpypUe;J rpwhu;fs; jz;zPupy; Fjpj;J/ v=;fs; gupriyf; nfl;ghu;fs;.
Alv
,bjy;yhk; epidj;Jg; ghu;f;f Koahj epidt[fs;. ,uz;L ehs; vg;go fHpe;jJ vd;gnj
bjupatpy;iy.
gpupah kdnjhL md;W ,ut[ ,y;yk; jpUk;gpndhk;. xnu xU Fiw eP tuhjJjhd;.
tUk; Mz;L eP mtrpak; tuntz;Lk;.a md;g[j;njhHp/
.Kk
espdp.
ciwnky; Kfthp:
k.khyh
52/ fk;gh; efh;
ts;spa{h; ? 2.
wI
LV
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
w
gyt[s; bjupf
A
//w
1. bra;jpia cupatUf;Fj; bjuptpg;gjw;fhf vGjp mDg;gg;gLtJ ________.

m) fojk;; M) g[j;jfk;
,) Rto <) Mtzk; tpil: m) fojk;
s:K
2. fpHf;F t=;fhsj;jpd; bgupa ejp ________.

m) nfhjhtup M) aKid
,) gj;kh <) kfhejp tpil: ,) gj;kh
5. rpjwpa gf;f=;fs; jhTupd; ________ Mk; fojk;.
m) 111 M) 112
tp
,) 113 <) 114 tpil: ,) 113

3. rpjwpa gf;f=;fs; vd;w fojk; vGjg;gl;l ,lk;; ________ ehs; ________.
m) rpyhapjf;/ 9 Mf!;l; 1894 M) bfhy;fj;jh/ 8 Mf!;l; 1893
,) Mf;uh/ 9 Mf!;l; 1893 <) Kk;ig/ 8 Mf!;l; 1894
ht
334 tpil: m) rpyhapjf;/ 9 Mf!;l; 1894
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
4. tHpapYk; tHpKotpYk; vd;w jhTupd; fojk; mtupd; ________ Mk; fojk;.
m) 41 M) 42
,) 43 <) 44 tpil: M) 42
5. ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ntqd;wpa etPd kdpju; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.
L al
m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
,) neU <) fhe;jp tpil: m) jhTu;
6. fpHf;ifa[k; nkw;ifa[k; ,izj;j jPu;f;fjuprp ________.
A d
m) jhTu; M) ghujp
,) fhspjhrd; <) fk;gd; tpil: m) jhTu;
D ika
7. jhTu; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehgy; gupirg; bgw;w Mz;L________.
m) 1912 M) 1913
,) 1914 <) 1915 tpil: M) 1913
8. jhTu; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhd nehgy; gupirg; bgw;w E}y; ________.
m) fPjh+;ryp M) jhTupd; foj=;fs;
,) fgp f\pdp <) nfhup ? X ? fky; tpil: m) fPjh+;ryp
Alv
9. $hypad; thyh ghf; gLbfhiy ele;j Mz;L ________.
m) 1917 M) 1919
,) 1921 <) 1923 tpil: M) 1919
a
10. $hypad; thyh ghf; gLbfhiyahy; kdk; tUe;jpa jhTu; bra;jJ ________.
m) rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhu;
.Kk
M) M=;fpy muR mspj;j `ru;~ gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gp mspj;jhu;
,) M=;fpy muirf; fz;oj;J ftpijE}y; vGjp btspapl;lhu;
<) ehspjHpy; fUj;Jg;glk; btspapl;lhu;
tpil: M) M=;fpy muR mspj;j `ru;~ gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gp mspj;jhu;
wI
LV
11. jhTu; tp!;tghujp gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij epWtpa Mz;L; ________.

m) 1920 M) 1921
w
,) 1922 <) 1923 tpil: M) 1921

12. FUnjt; vd;W midtuhYk; md;g[ld; miHf;fg;gl;ltu; ________.

m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
A
//w
,) gfu;rp=; <) nfhfny tpil: m) jhTu;

13. `$dfzkd~ vd;w ek; ehl;Lg; gz;izg; ghoatu; ________.
s:K
m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
,) ghujp <) gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;$[p tpil: m) jhTu;
14. t=;fhsnjrj;jpd; `mku; nrhdhu; g=;fsh~ vd;Dk; ehl;Lg; gz;iz ,aw;wpatu; ________.
m) jhTu; M) jpyfu;
,) gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;$p <) ,uh$huhk; nkhfd;uha; tpil: m) jhTu;
tp
15. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp btspapl;Ls;s jhTupd; foj=;fs; vd;Dk; E}iyj; jkpHpy;

bkhHpahf;fk; bra;jtu; ________.
m) j.eh. FkhuRthkp M) th.br. FHe;ijrhkp
,) k.bgh. rpt+hdk; <) r. mfj;jpayp=;fk; tpil: m) j.eh. FkhuRthkp
ht
335
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.in
16. jkpH;?t=;f bkhHpfSf;Fj; jhTu; Mw;wpa bjhz;ilg; ghuhl;o t=;f muR mspj;j tpUJ
m) nejh$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ M) fhe;jp$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ
,) ghdu;$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ <) rhl;lu;$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ
tpil: m) nejh$p ,yf;fpa tpUJ
L al
17. bgs?fjh?fnth vd;gJ ________.
m) Fuy; gapw;Wk; xU g[wh ,dk;
M) Ff;T vDk; gwitapdk;
A d
,) bfhf;fuf;nfh vd;Dk; nfhHpapdk;
<) fhfh vd;Dk; g[s;spdk; tpil: m) Fuy; gapw;Wk; xU g[wh ,dk;
D ika
8 FWtpdh
,ay;
1. ftpj;Jt ,ay;g[ bfhz;l jhTupd; foj=;fs; vtw;iw cs;slf;fpa[s;sd>

eifr;Rit  fw;gid  MH;e;j rpe;jid
2. gl;lzj;jpd; epiy gw;wpa jhTupd; ghu;it ahJ>
Alv
gl;lzj;jpy; kdpj rKjhak;jhd; kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdjhfj; jiyJ}f;fp epw;fpwJ.
m=;nf kdpjDila bfh#ukhd jd;ik btspg;gLfpwJ.
jd; RfJf;fj;jpw;F Kd; kw;w capu;fspd; RfJf;f=;fisg; gw;wp kdpjd; vz;QtJTl
,y;iy. a
3. ,aw;ifnahL xd;wp thH;tijg; gw;wpa jhTupd; fUj;J ahJ>
.Kk
ehl;Lg;g[w=;fspy; ,aw;ifnahL xd;wp clDf;Fld; ,ize;J gHFk;nghJ jd;
cs;sj;jpDs; ghuj ehl;od; ,ay;g[ jiyJ}f;Ftjhfj; jhTu; TWfpwhu;.
xU gwitapd; rpd;d+;rpW ,jaj;jpDs;Sk; thH;f;ifapd; fspg;g[ vj;Jiz mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fhky; ,Uf;f vd;dhy; Kotjpy;iy.
wI
4. fojj;jpd; fhyj;bjhd;ikia tpsf;Ff.

LV
bra;jpia cupatUf;Fj; bjuptpg;gjw;fhf vGjp mDg;gg;gLtJ fojkhFk;/ mJnt

w
cupa tot[ld; bghUl;brwpthYk; fw;gid eaj;jhYk; bkhHptsj;jhYk; foj

,yf;fpakhf cUg;bgWfpd;wJ.
ciueilapy; kl;;Lkpd;wpf; fhg;gpa=;fspYk; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspYk;Tlf; foj
,yf;fpak; fhzg;gLtJ mjd; fhyj;bjhd;ikia tpsf;Fk;.
A
//w
5. gj;kh ejpapy; bts;sk; te;jjhy; epfH;e;j tpist[fs; ahJ>

kuj;jpd; fPHpUe;j kz; rupe;J tpGe;jJ.
s:K
Tl;il tpl;Lr; rpjwptpGe;j gwit xUfzk; fz;tpHpj;jJ.

mjd; gpwF fz; tpHpf;f ntz;oa mtrpank mjw;F ,uhky; ngha;tpl;lJ.
6. jhTu; Fwpg;gpLk; kyu;fs; ahit>
$hjp?Ky;iy tifapy; xU g{ (rnkyp)
n!t[e;jp
tp
7. gpahy kuk;? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

rhe;jpepnfjdj;jpypUf;Fk; kuj;jpd; bgau; `gpahy~.
rk!;fpUj fhtpa=;fspy; g[fH;bgw;w kukhf ,J tps=;FfpwJ.
ht
336
www.tnpscjob.com
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
8. jhTu; Fwpg;gpLk; MWfs; ahit>
g[whf;fz;zp (fnghjh|p)
kapy; tpHpahs; (ka{uh|p)
tpUg;g[ilats; (,r;rkhjp)
L al
9. jhk!pfk; my;yJ bkOupayp!k; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ehfupf tHf;fj;jpy; fhyj;Jf;nfw;wgo rPf;fpunk thoLk; kyu;fSld; bjhlu;g[ cz;L.
njhl;lf;fhuDila iffspy; mtw;iwg; guhkupf;Fk; bghWg;g[ ,Uf;Fk;.
A d
kyu;;r; brg;gpDs; tHf;fk;nghy; nghtJk; tUtJk;jhd; mtw;wpd; ntiy.
,jidna jhk!pfk; mjhtJ bkOupayp!k; vd;fpnwhk;.
D ika
10. jhTupd; fijapy; ,lk;bgWk; gwitfspd; bgau;fisf; TW.
fhfk;/ Fapy;/ ikdh/ bgs?fh?fnth (Fuy; gapw;Wk; xU g[wh ,dk;)
11. tp!;tghujp gy;fiyf;fHfj;ijj; jhTu; cUthf;fpajd; nehf;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
FHe;ijfs; ,aw;ifapd; koapy; vspikahf tsu;f;fg;gl ntz;Lk;.
j=;fs; ntiyiaj; jh=;fns ftdpj;Jf;bfhz;L/ kw;wtu;fSf;Fk; bjhz;L bra;a
Alv
ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; bfhz;L 1921 ,y; tp!;tghujp gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij
epWtpdhu;.
12. vk;bkhHpfisj; jhTu; fw;Wj; nju;e;jhu;>
a
jkpH; t=;fk;
rk!;fpUjk; ghyp
.Kk
bjY=;F M=;fpyk;
13. ,U ehl;od; ehl;Lg;gz; jhTUilait ? tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpahtpd; ehl;Lg;gz; `$dfzkd~
wI
t=;fhsnjrj;jpd; ehl;Lg;gz; `mku; nrhdhu; g=;fsh~

LV
14. jhTu; ru; gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gpaspf;ff; fhuzk; ahJ>

w
1919Mk; Mz;L eilbgw;w $hypad; thyhghf; gLbfhiyahy; kdk; tUe;jpa jhTu;/

M=;fpnya muirf; fz;oj;J mtu;fs; tH=;fpa `ru;~ gl;lj;ijj; jpUg;gp mspj;jhu;.

rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. ,yf;fpa MSikapd; ngUUthfj; jhTu; jpfH;e;jhu; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfisj; jUf.

s:K
,uz;lhapuj;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l ,irg;ghly;fs;

Mapuj;Jf;Fk; nkw;gl;l ftpijfs;
Vwf;Fiwa ,UgJ bgUehlf=;fs;
FWehlf=;fs;
vl;L ehty;fs;
vl;Lf;Fk; nkw;gl;l rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[fs;
tp
Xtpag; gilg;g[fs;
gazf; fl;Liufs;
M=;fpy bkhHpbgau;g;g[fs;
ht
***
337
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.in
bra;a[s;
,ay; 8 xt;bthU g[y;iya[k;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
8 1. Tt[k; FapYk; fiua[k; fhfKk; ? bjhlupy; ,lk;bgw;w kug[
m) bgau;kug[ M) tpidkug[
,) xypkug[ <) ,it @d;Wk; tpil: ,) xypkug[
,ay;
rpWtpdh
Alv
1. ,d;Fyhg;/ ``cyFf;F ntz;Lk; ehDk; Xu; Jspaha;~~ vdf;TWtjd; eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; xt;bthU bgaupl;L miHg;ngd;.
gwitfnshL gazpj;Jr; Rje;jpukhf vy;iyiaf; flg;ngd;.
a
bgau;bjupahj fy;iya[k; kz;iza[k; bgaupl;L miHg;ngd;.
cjtpf;fuk; ePl;Lk; iffspy; el;g[ (bjhlUk;) bfhs;ntd;.
.Kk
cjthj kdpjuplk; kdj;jstpy; kl;Lk; el;g[ ,Uf;Fk;.
cyfk; fly; nghd;wJ/ jhd; mjpy; xU Jspaha; ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;W ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;.
wI
2. jhk!pfk; vd;why; vd;d>

LV
ehfupf tHf;fj;jpy; fhyj;Jf;F Vw;wgo thotpLk; kyu;fSld; ekf;Fj; bjhlu;g[

cz;L.
w
njhl;lf;fhudpd; iffspy; mtw;iwg; guhkupf;Fk; bghWg;g[ ,Uf;Fk;.

kyu;r;brg;gpDs; tHf;fk;nghy; nghtJk; tUtJk;jhd; kyu;fspd; ntiyahFk;.
mk;kyu;fshy; mt;tst[jhd; ,aYk;.
A
//w
,ijj;jhd; jhk!pfk;'bkOupayprk; vd;fpnwhk;.

,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
s:K
fy;iya[k; kz;iza[k; – vz;Qk;ik

Tt[k; FapYk; fiua[k; fhfKk; – vz;Qk;ik
bjupahj – vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
tpHpg;ngd; – jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
tp
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
tpspg;ngd; ? tpsp + g; + g; + Vd;
tpsp ? gFjp/ g; ? re;jp/ g; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy/ Vd; ? jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.
ht
338
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
vjpbuhyp ? vjpu; + xyp
`cly;nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ (u; + x = buh) vjpbuhyp
vd;whdJ.
L al
1. kdpjneak; ngRk; ftpijfs; vitnaDk; Ie;ijj; jpul;o tFg;gpy; gfpu;f.
A d
fw;rpiybad Jjpj;bjGk;g[k; J}akdk;
mwpahJ iffs; fdpe;J nehf;Fk; fUizFzk;
D ika
rpte;jpl fhf;ifapd; bfhLj;J cjt[k; bfhil kdk;
vr;rpy;fis Jilj;J vLj;jpak;g[k; Mfhe;jk;
tpLk; kHiyapd; gzpe;J bry;Yk; gupt[
khspif Fzj;jpy; kfpH;e;Jtf;Fk; kndhghtk;
kyu;fpwJ kdpj neak; mwk;gug;g[k; Md;kxGf;fk; ? ,tw;why;
rpwf;Fk; kdp neak;
Alv
mLj;jtu;fspd; typfis ehia tPl;oy; itj;J gpr;irf;fhudpd;
czu;t[fshy; gzptpilfs; bra;a[k; kdpjd; fpHe;j Milf;fpilna
czuj; bjhl=;Fk;
nghJ jhd; gpwf;fpwJ
kdpj neak;
a
jhiaf; Tl;oy; milj;J
jat[ fhl;l kWj;jjpy;
kuzpj;J tpl;lJ kdpj neak;
bjuptJ njfky;y
mij kiwg;gJjhd;
kdpj neak;
.Kk
2. ,aw;ifa[k; kdpjDk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu xd;iw vGJf.
,aw;ifa[k; kdpjDk; ? fl;Liu
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
wI
LV
Kd;Diu
fUj;Jiu
w
fhykhw;wKk; fhl;rp khw;wKk;

Kot[iu

Kd;Diu:
A
//w
,aw;if ,iwtd; bfhLj;j bfhil. kdpjd;/ g{kpapy; thH Kw;gl;lbghGJ

,aw;ifnahL thH;e;jhd;" ,aw;ifiag; ngzpdhd;" ,aw;ifia tz=;fpdhd;"
,aw;ifnahL ,uz;lwf; fye;jhd;.
s:K
fUj;Jiu:
kdpjd; jd;idr;Rw;wp ,Ue;j ,aw;ifia Ik;g{j=;fshfg; gpupj;J tz=;fpdhd;.
Itif epy=;fshfg; gpupj;J thH;e;jhd;. neha; behofspd;wp kfpH;t[lDk;/ ePz;l
Ma[SlDk; thH;e;jhd;. fhyKk; khwpaJ" fhl;rpa[k; khwptpl;lJ.
fhykhw;wKk; fhl;rp khw;wKk;:
tp
kdpjd; ,aw;ifiar; rpwpJ/ rpwpjhf mHpj;Jj; jd; thH;it tskhf;f Kad;whd;.

vg;nghJ ,aw;ifia mHpf;f Kad;whndh/ mg;nghnj mtd; ,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shdhd;.
tpy=;FfSf;Fk;/ gwitfSf;Fk; gy;Yapu;fSf;Fk; ,d;diy cUthf;fpdhd;. g{kpg;
ge;ij rpwpJ rpwpjhf eufkhf khw;wpdhd;. ,aw;ifia ,He;J/ thH;tpd; midj;J
ht
Mjhu=;fisa[k; ,He;jnjhL ,aw;if rPw;w=;fs;/ gUtfhy khw;w=;fs; vd midj;jpw;Fk;

339
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.in
tpj;jpl;lhd;. ku=;fsw;w kz;zpy; Rthrpf;ff; fhw;wpd;wpj; jj;jspf;Fk; epiy btFJ}uj;jpy;
,y;iy.
Kot[iu:
ehisa jiyKiw ed;whf thH/ ku=;fis tsu;j;J/ g{kpg;ge;ijg; gRikahf;fp
L al
,He;j Jd;g=;fis kPl;Lf; bfhLg;nghk;- Vida capupd=;fisa[k; thH itg;nghk;-
g{kpiar; brhu;f;fkhf khw;Wnthk;/ kfpH;thf thH;nthk;-
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
A d
gyt[s; bjupf
D ika
8 1. `fhf;if FUtp v=;fs; $hjp~ vd;W ghoatu; ________.
m) ghujpahu; M) ghujpjhrd;;
,ay;
,) fz;zjhrd; <) fy;fp tpil: m) ghujpahu;

2. ``Tt[k; FapYk; fiua[k; fhfKk; tpupa[k; vdJ fpisfspy; mila[k;~~ vd;wtu; ________.
Alv
,) fz;zjhrd; <) ,d;Fyhg; tpil: <) ,d;Fyhg;
3. ,d;Fyhg;gpd; ,aw;bgau; ________.
m) mg;Jy; \kPJ M) rhFy; mkPJ
a
,) mkhDy;yh <) KfkJ ,k;uhd; tpil: M) rhFy; mkPJ
4. `xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; bgau; brhy;yp miHg;ngd;~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFg;gpd; Mrpupau;
.Kk
m) e. gpr;r@u;j;jp M) kPuh
,) ,d;Fyhg; <) ,e;jpud; tpil: ,) ,d;Fyhg;
5. br=;if muR kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upf;F cly;jhdkha; mspf;fg;gl;l ftp+u; ________.
wI
m) fz;zjhrd; M) mg;Jy; uFkhd;

,) ,d;Fyhg; <) kPuh tpil: ,) ,d;Fyhg;
LV
6. nghjpapd; epHYk; rpYita[k; gpiwa[k;

w
bgh=;Fk; rkj;Jtg; g[dypy; fiua[k; ? vd;W ghoatu; ________.

m) ghujpahu; M) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
,) ftpkzp <) ,d;Fyhg; tpil: <) ,d;Fyhg;
A
//w
FWtpdh
s:K
1. ,d;Fyhg; ,a=;fpa tpupthd ,yf;fpa js=;fisf; TWf.

ftpij/ ehlfk;/ rpWfij/ bkhHpbgau;g;g[/ fl;Liu.
2. ,d;Fyhg; jdJ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF tpUk;gpaJ vd;d>
,d;Fyhg; jdJ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jd;Dliyj; jhdk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;W
tpUk;gpdhu;. me;j tifapy; mtuJ cly; br=;if muR kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upf;F
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
tp
3. vit jd; fpisfis te;jila[k; vd;W ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;>

Tt[k; Fapy;/ fiua[k; fhfk;.
4. rkj;Jtg; g[dypy; vit fiua[k; vd;W ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;>
ht
nghjp kuj;jpdoapy; +hdk; bgw;w g[j;jupd; bfhs;ifa[k;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
rpYitapy; capiuj; jpahfk; bra;j ,naRtpd; bfhs;ifa[k;
gpiwepyit milahskha;f; bfhz;l K\k;kJtpd; bfhs;ifa[k;
? rkj;Jt ejpapy; fye;J r=;fkpf;Fk; vd;fpwhu;.
5. ,d;Fyhg; jdJ brtpapdpy; vJ vjpbuhypf;Fk; vd;W TWfpwhu;>
L al
cyfpd; ve;j @iyapy; khDl rKjhak; Jd;g[w;W tpRk;gp mGjhYk; mJ jd; brtpapdpy;
vjpbuhypg;gjhf ,d;Fyhg; TWfpwhu;.
rpWtpdh
A d
1. ,d;Fyhg; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
D ika
rhFy; mkPJ vd;Dk; ,aw;bgaUila ,d;Fyhg; ftpij/ rpWfij/ fl;Liu/ ehlfk;/
bkhHpbgau;g;g[ vd ,yf;fpaj;jpy; tpupthd js=;fspy; ,a=;fpatu;.
mtUila ftpijfs;/ `xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; bgau; brhy;yp miHg;ngd;~ vd;w
bgaupy; KGikahfj; bjhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kuzj;Jf;Fg; gpwF mtUila cly;/ mtu; tpUk;gpago br=;if muR kUj;Jtf;
fy;Y}upf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Alv
***
a
bra;a[s;
8 bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs;
.Kk
,ay;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
wI
LV
FWtpdh
w
1. ``fw;nwd; vd;gha; fw;whah>~~ vd;W mg;Jy;uFkhd; ahuplk; vjw;Ff; nfl;fpwhu;>

``fw;nwd; vd;gha; fw;whah>~~ vd;W mg;Jy;uFkhd; mwpahik vd;Dk; khiaapy;

A
//w
thH;fpd;w kf;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; nfl;fpwhu;.

btWk; fhfpjj;ijg; gog;gJ kl;Lk; fy;tpahfhJ vd;fpwhu;.
s:K
rpWtpdh
1. mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; ftpijapypUe;J tpdh?tpil totj;jpw;F Vw;w mofisj; jUf.
ftpf;nfh mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs; vd;w ftpijapy; tpdh?tpilfs;
totj;jpw;F Vw;w mofs;.
tp
fw;nwd; vd;gha; fw;whah>

btWk; fhfpjk; jpd;gJ fy;tpapy;iy.
bgw;nwd; vd;gha; bgw;whah>
btWk; gps;isfs; bgWtJ bgWtjy;y.
ht
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.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
fw;nwd; – jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
cil mzpe;njd; – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj;bjhif
ciuj;jha; – Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
L al
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
btd;nwd; = bty;(d;) + w; + Vd; bgw;nwd; = bgW(bgw;W) + Vd;
A d
bty; gFjp/ `y;~/ `w;~ MdJ tpfhuk; bgW gFjp/ bgw;W vd xw;W ,ul;oj;J/
j;(e;) re;jp/ (è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;) ,we;j fhyk; fhl;oaJ
D ika
8 w;
Vd;
,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
,ay;
tpFjp
epw;fpd;wha; = epy;(w;) + fpd;W + Ma; mzpe;njd; = mzp; + j;(e;) + j; + Vd;
epy;(w;) gFjp/ `y;~/ `w;~ MdJ tpfhuk; mzp gFjp
Alv
fpd;W epfH;fhy ,ilepiy j; re;jp/ e; MdJ tpfhuk;
Ma; Kd;dpiy xUik j; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
tpidKw;W tpFjp Vd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
a
.Kk
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
1. kdpjbuy;yhk; `cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ kdpjbuy;yhk;
kdpju; + vy;yhk; ,ay;ng~ (u; + v) = bu vd;whdJ.
wI
2. Koe;jbjd;gha; `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; Koe;j;j; +

LV
Koe;jJ + vd;gha; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;gha;

Koe;j(j;+c)+
w
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ Koe;jbjd;gha;

vd;gha; ,ay;ng~ (j;; + v = bj) vd;whdJ.

A
//w
1. jkpH;f; ftpijfSf;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w ftp+u;fspd; gl;oaiyj; jpul;o

E}ypd; bgau;/ Mz;L Mfpatw;nwhL ml;ltiz cUthf;Ff.
s:K
Mz;L E}y; Mrpupau;

1955 jkpH;,d;gk; (fl;Liuj; bjhFg;g[) uh.gp. nrJg;gps;is
1956 miynahir (ehty;) fy;fp fpU&;z@h;j;jp
1958 rf;futh;j;jpj;jpUkfd; (,uhkhazj;jpd; ciueil rp. uh$nfhghyr;rhhp
tp
1961 mfy;tpsf;F (ehty;) K. tujuhrdhu;

1962 mf;fiur;rPik (gaz E}y;) kP.g.nrhkRe;juk;
1963 nt=;ifapd; ike;jd; mfpyd;
1965 _uhkhD$u; (thH;f;if tuyhW) gp._Mr;rhh;ah
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
1966 ts;syhh; fz;l xUikg;ghL k.bgh. rpt+hdk;
(thH;f;if tuyhW)
1967 tPuh; cyfk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) fp.th. $fd;dhjd;
1968 bts;isg;gwit (ftpij) m. rPdpthruhftd;
L al
1969 gprpuhe;ijahu; (ehlfk;) ghujpjhrd;
1970 md;gspg;g[ (rpWfijfs;) F. mHfphprhkp
A d
1971 rKjhatPjp (ehty;) eh.ghh;j;jrhujp
1972 rpyneu=;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs; (ehty;) b$afhe;jd;
D ika
1973 ntUf;FePh;(ehty;) uh$k;fpU&;zd;
1974 jpUf;Fws; ePjp ,yf;fpak; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) nf.o jpUeht[f;fuR
1975 jw;fhy jkpH; ,yf;fpak; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) Mh;. jz;lha[jk;
1977 FUjpg;g[dy; (ehty;) ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp
1978 g[Jf;ftpijapd; njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpa[k; (tpkh;rdk;) ty;ypf;fz;zd;
Alv
1979 rf;jp itj;jpak; (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[) jp. $hdfpuhkd;
1980 nrukhd; fhjyp (ehty;) fz;zjhrd;
1981 g[jpa ciueil (tpkh;rdk;) kh. uhkyp=;fk;
1982
1983
a
kzpf;bfho fhyk; (,yf;fpa tuyhW)
ghujp: fhyKk; fUj;Jk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;)
gp.v!;. ,uhikah
bjh.K. rpjk;gu uFehjd;
.Kk
1984 xU fhtphpiag;nghy (ehty;) yl;Rkp jphpg[uRe;jphp
1985 fk;gd;: g[jpa ghh;it (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) m.r. +hdrk;ge;jd;
1986 ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhf xU ,af;fk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) f.eh. Rg;gpukzpak;
wI
1987 Kjypy; ,ut[ tUk; (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[) Mjtd;

LV
1988 thGk; ts;Stk; (,yf;fpa tpkh;rdk;) th.br.FHe;ijrhkp

w
1989 rpe;jhejp(Rarhpjf; fl;Liufs;) yh.r. uhkhkph;jk;

1990 nthpy; gGj;j gyh (ehty;) R.rKj;jpuk;

1991 nfhgy;y fpuhkj;J kf;fs; (ehty;) fp. uh$ehuhazd;
A
//w
1992 Fw;;whyf; Fwp+;rp (tuyhw;W ehty;) nfhtp. kzpnrfud;

1993 fhJfs; (ehty;) vk;.tp. bt=;fl;uhk;
s:K
1994 g[jpa jhprd=;fs; (ehty;) bghd;dPyd;

1995 thdk; trg;gLk; (ehty;) gpug+;rd;
1996 mg;ghtpd; rpnefpjh; (rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[) mnrhfkpj;ud;
1997 rha;t[ ehw;fhyp (ehty;) njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
1998 tprhuizf; fkp&d; (ehty;) rh. fe;jrhkp
tp
1999 Myhgid (ftpijfs;) mg;Jy; uFkhd;

2000 tpkh;rd=;fs;/ kjpg;g[iufs; ? ngl;ofs; (tpkh;rdk;) jp.f. rptr=;fud;
2001 Rje;jpuehfk; (ehty;) rp.R. bry;yg;gh
ht
2002 xU fpuhkj;J ejp (ftpijfs;) rpw;gp ghyRg;ukzpad;

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2003 fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk; (ehty;) ituKj;J
2004 tzf;fk; ts;St (ftpijfs;) <nuhL jkpHd;gd;
2005 fy;kuk; (ehty;) $p. jpyftjp
L al
2006 Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL (ftpijfs;) K. nkj;jh
2007 ,iya[jph;fhyk; (ehty;) ePy. gj;kehgd;
2008 kpd;rhug;g{ (rpWfijfs;) nkyhz;ik bghd;Drhkp
A d
2009 ifbahg;gk; (ftpijfs; bkhHpbgah;g;g[) g[tpauR
2010 Noa g{ Nlw;f (rpWfijfs;) eh+;rpy; ehld;
D ika
2011 fhty; nfhl;lk; (ehty;) R. bt=;fnlrd;
8 2012 njhy; (ehty;) nldpay; bry;tuh$;
,ay;
2013 bfhw;if (ehty;) n$h o Fq!;

2014 m+;rho g{kzp
2015 ,yf;fpar; RtLfs; (jpwdha;t[ E}y;) M. khjtd;
Alv
2016 xU rpW ,ir (rpWfijfs;) tz;zjhrd;
2017 fhe;js; ehl;fs; (ftpijfs;) ,d;Fyhg;
2018 r+;rhuk; (ehty;) a v!. uhkfpU&;zd;
2019 Ny; (ehty;) nrh. jh;kd;
.Kk
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
LV
1. Fspj;njd; vd;gha; a[fa[fkha; ? eP

bfhz;l mGf;nfh nghftpy;iy ? vd;W vGjpatu; ________.
w
m) ,d;Fyhg;; M) nkj;jh
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) ,e;jpud; tpil: ,) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
2. bksyhdh qkp gpwe;j Mz;L ________ ehL ________.
A
//w
m) 1207/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd; M) 1208/ ghfp!;jhd;

,) 1206/ rt[jp mnugpah <) 1205/ <uhd;; tpil: m) 1207/ Mg;fhdp!;jhd;
s:K
3. bksyhdh qkp gpd;gw;wpa rkag; gpupt[ ________.

m) rd;dp M) &pah
,) NBgp <) jPd; ,yh\p tpil: ,) NBgp
4. k!;dtp vd;w cyfg; g[fH; bgw;w ghurPf +hd fhtpaj;ij vGjpatu; ________.
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) bksyhdh qkp
tp
,) ,d;Fyhg; <) k!;dtp n&f; tpil: M) bksyhdh qkp

5. g[y;yh=;FHiy Md;khthff; FwpaPL bra;J ftpij gilj;Js;stu; ________.
m) ,d;Fyhg; M) bksyhdh qkp
,) mg;Jy; uFkhd; <) nkj;jh tpil: M) bksyhdh qkp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. mg;Jy; uFkhd; jkpH;g; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpa fy;Y}up ________.
m) jpUr;rp $khy; KfkJ fy;Y}up
M) thzpak;gho ,Ryhkpa fy;Y}up
,) brd;id gr;irag;gh fy;Y}up
L al
<) brd;id ,uhzpnkup fy;Y}up tpil: M) thzpak;gho ,Ryhkpa fy;Y}up
7. thdk;ghof; ftp+u;fspy; xUtu; ________.
m) mg;Jy; uFkhd; M) fz;zjhrd;
tpil: m) mg;Jy; uFkhd;
A d
,) gh. tp$a; <) eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhu;
8. bjhiye;J nghdtu;fs; vd;Dk; mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; ftpij ,lk;bgw;Ws;s mtuJ
D ika
ftpijj; bjhFg;g[ ________.
m) ghy;tPjp M) neau; tpUg;gk;;
,) Rl;Ltpuy; <) gpj;jd; tpil: ,) Rl;Ltpuy;
9. ________ vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpw;Fr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu; mg;Jy;
uFkhd;.
m) ghy;tPjp M) neau; tpUg;gk;
Alv
,) Myhgid <) Rl;Ltpuy; tpil: ,) Myhgid
i) fw;nwd; – 1) Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
ii) cil mzpe;njd;
iii) ciuj;jha;
m) 2/ 3/ 1
–
–
a2) jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
3) ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikj; bjhif
.Kk
M) 1/ 2/ 3;
,) 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 2/ 3/ 1
FWtpdh
wI
1. mg;Jy; uFkhdpd; gilg;g[fisf; TWf.

ghy;tPjp/ Myhgid/ neau;tpUg;gk;/ Rl;Ltpuy;/ gpj;jd;.
LV
2. bksyhdh qkp ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

w
bksyhd qkp 1207,y; Mg;fhdp!;jhdpy; gpwe;jhu;.

Md;k +hdpahf khwp NBgp gpupitj; jGtpdhu;.

mtUila k!;dtp vd;w cyfg; g[fH;bgw;w ghurPf +hd fhtpak; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
A
//w
xd;whFk;.
rpWtpdh
s:K
1. bksyhdh qkpapd; ftpijia mg;Jy; uFkhd; tpsf;fpf; TWtjid vGJf.

g[y;yh=;FHiy Md;khthff; FwpaPL bra;J ftpij gilj;jpUf;fpwhu; qkp.
``vd;id
@=;fpw; fhl;oypUe;J
btl;o tPH;j;jpg;
tp
gpupj;jjw;fhf
ehd; vGg;g[k;
Tf;Fuy; nfl;L
Mltu; bgz;ou; ahtUk;
ht
mGJ g[yk;g[fpd;wdu;~~
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,ij/ ``jPa Fz=;fs; vd;w fiwfs; goahj J}a cyfk; mJ. mg;nghJ Md;kh
,iwj;juprdk; vd;w ngupd;gj;ij mDgtpj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa
epiyapypUe;j Md;khitg; nghu;/ bghwhik/ g{ry;/ mfe;ij/ fs;sk;/ fglk;/ nguhir/
rpdk;/ fhkk; epiwe;j rlt[yFf;F mDg;gpdhy; mJ mHhky; vd;d bra;a[k;~~ ? vd uFkhd;
L al
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
2. mg;Jy; uFkhd; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
thdk;ghof; ftp+u;fspy; xUtu;.
A d
g[Jf; ftpij/ trdf; ftpij/ kug[f;ftpij vd;W ftpijfspd; gy tot=;fspYk;
vGjpa[s;shu;.
D ika
thzpak;gho ,!;yhkpaf; fy;Y}upapy; jkpH;g; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu;.
8 Myhgid vd;Dk; ftpijj; bjhFg;gpw;fhfr; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;Ws;shu;.
gilg;g[fs;: ghy;tPjp/ neau; tpUg;gk;/ gpj;jd;/ Myhgid.
,ay;
***
Alv
bra;a[s;
,ay; 8 a kndhd;kzPak;
.Kk
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjupf
wI
1. ahnu cidg;nghy; mDjpdk; ciHg;nghu;> ? ,J vtu; bkhHp>

LV
m) tha;f;fhy; M) eh=;TH;;
,) eluhrd; <) g[y; tpil: ,) eluhrd;
w
2. jkpHpd; Kjy; ghtot ehlfE}y;

m) ,ufrpatHp M) kndhd;kzPak;
,) E}y; bjhif tpsf;fk; <) jpUtpjh=;Tu; muru; yuyhW
A
//w
tpil: M) kndhd;kzPak;
FWtpdh
s:K
1. xGf;fKk; bghiwa[k; cidg;nghy; ahu;f;Fs ? ,t;to vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ>

kndhd;kzPaj;jpy; Cupd; g[wj;nj eluhrd; eh=;TH;g; g[Gitg; ghu;j;Jg; ngRjy;.
eh=;TH;g; g[Gtpd; ciHg;iga[k; bghWikiaa[k; fz;l eluhrd;/ xGf;fKk;
bghiwa[k; cidg;nghy; ahu;f;Fs vd;W TWtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
tp
rpWtpdh
1. tha;f;fhypd; rpwg;g[fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLtd ahit>
kf;fSf;F cztpidj; jUk; gad;ghL cila tha;f;fhy; tpaf;ff;Toa
ht
gzpapida[k; bra;fpwJ.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
fliy kiyahft[k; kiyiaf; flyhft[k; khw;wf;Toa Mw;wy; tha;e;jJ tha;f;fhy;.
fodkhd fw;fis Ez;kzyhf;fpagpd;/ jd; Mw;wyhy; mtw;iw vy;yhk; jd;Dld;
,Gj;Jr; bry;fpwJ.
tha;f;fhy; jd;Dld; kz;/ fy;/ g[y;/ g[G Kjyhdtw;iwa[k; ftu;e;J flYf;Fs;
L al
,Gj;Jr; bry;Yk;.
mt;thW ,Gj;Jr; brd;W flYf;Fs; fhyj;jr;rd; fl;Lk; kiyf;Fk; ghiwf;Fk;
kpft[k; bghUe;Jk; vd vz;zp cUl;o flYf;Fs; nru;j;J tpLfpwJ.
A d
2. ,aw;ifa[ld; ciuahly; xd;iwf; fw;gidahfg; gj;Jtupfspy; vGJf.
ntg;gkuj;Jld; Xu; ciuahly;
D ika
kdpjd; : ntg;gkunk- ehd; ngRtJ cd; fhjpy; tpGfpwjh> kz;zpy; tsUk;
ku=;fspy; cd;id kl;Lk; kf;fs; kpft[k; tpUk;g[fpwhu;fns Vd;>
ntk;g[ : nfhil fhy=;fspy; ehd; ey;y epHiya[k; Fspu;r;rpapida[k; jUtjhy;
vd;id eho tUfpwhu;fs;.
kdpjd; : epHy; kl;Lk;jhdh> ntW VjhtJ....
ntk;g[ : epHnyhL eP=;fs; Rthrpg;gjw;F capu; tspia mjpf mstpy; jUtJ
Alv
eh=;fs;jhd;. eP=;fs; tpLk; fupakpy tha[it cs;spGj;J/ capu;tspia
btsptpLfpnwhk;.
kdpjd; : ntW VnjDk; c=;fisg; gw;wpr; brhy;Y=;fnsd;.
ntk;g[ : ntg;g=;bfhl;ilapypUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; ntg;g vz;bza; gy kUj;Jt
a
Fz=;fs; epiwag; bgw;wJ. mjpypUe;J gy kUe;Jfs; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kdpjd; : Mfh- vj;jifa mUk;gzp c=;fs; gzp. v=;fs; tPl;oy; g[spf;FHk;gpy; mk;kh
.Kk
rpwpJ ntg;gk;g{ nghLtijg; ghu;j;Js;nsd;. mJ kl;Lkh mk;ik te;jhy;
ntg;gpiyia miuj;J cly; KGtJk; jltpdhy; tpiutpy; FzkhFk;
vd;W vd; ghl;o brhy;thu;fs;.
ntk;g[ : v=;fshy; Koe;j cjtpfisj; bjhlu;e;J v=;fs; ,dk; bra;J tUfpwJ.
Mdhy; vd;id mHpj;J tPl;Lntiyf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fns jtpu
wI
vd;id mjpf mstpy; el;L tsu;g;gjpy; mf;fiwf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

LV
kdpjd; : ftiyg;glhnj- ,g;bghGbjy;yhk; tPl;ow;F xU ntg;g kuk; tsu;f;f

w
Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lhu;fs;.
beLtpdh

A
//w
1. eluhrd; jdpbkhHpfspypUe;J eP=;fs; mwpa[k; fUj;Jfis vGJf.

Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
s:K
Kd;Diu tha;f;fhypd; tprpj;jpuk;

Fwpf;nfhSk; ,yf;Fk; kiHiag; bghHptpf;Fk; mw;g[jk;
g[y;iyg; gw;wpa eluhrd; rpe;jid eh=;TH;;g;g[Gtpd; bghJeyk;
njdPf;fSf;F czt[ kz;g[Gthy;jhd; gapu;
fha;fis ntw;wplj;jpw;F mDg;g[jy; eluhrdpd; tpag;g[
g[y;ypd; gupt[ Kot[iu
tp
Kd;Diu:
kndhd;kzPak; fijapy; Re;ju Kdptu; eluhrdplk; Ru=;fk; mikf;Fk; gzpia
mspj;jpUe;jhu;. gzp Xust[ Koe;Jtpl;lJ. mJt[k; ,unt Koe;JtpLk;. mg;nghJ fhiy
ht
ntis/ Cupd; g[wj;nj eluhrd; jdf;Fj;jhnd ngRfpwhd;.

347
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.in
Fwpf;nfhSk; ,yf;Fk;:
Fwpf;nfhSk; ,yf;Fnk capu;f;Fj; J}z;Lnfhy;. ,yf;F ,y;yhky; cyfpy; vJt[k;
,y;iy. ,yf;F epu;zapj;J ,Ue;jhy; ,ut[f;Fs; Ru=;fg;ghijapidj; jpUbey;ntyp
fle;J Koj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W epidj;jhd; eluhrd;.
L al
g[y;iyg; gw;wpa eluhrd; rpe;jid:
rpWg[y;Yk;Tl xU Fwpf;nfhnshLjhd; jdJ jz;oid cau;j;jpg; g{itj; jh=;fpg;
gpof;fpwJ.
A d
njdPf;fSf;F czt[:
njidj; jd;dplk; itj;Jf;bfhz;L njdPf;fis cz;zr; bra;fpwJ kyu;fs;.
D ika
8 fha;fis ntw;wplj;jpw;F mDg;g[jy;:
broahdJ jdJ fha;fisj; Jwl;onghy; nka[k; tpy=;Ffs; kPJ rpf;f itj;J
,ay;
mt;tpy=;Ffs; @yk; ntwplk; mDg;gpg; gutyhf thH itf;fpwJ.

g[y;ypd; gupt[:
g[y;yhdJ jdJ FHe;ijfisj; J}ukhfj; jdpna jiHj;J tsutpl;oUf;Fk;/
Alv
,r;bray; g[y;ypd; md;gpida[k; bghWikiaa[k; fhl;Lk;. vz;zpg; ghu;j;jhy; fz;zPu;
tUk;.
tha;f;fhypd; tprpj;jpuk;:
a
tayhdJ kf;fSf;F czt[ jUk; ntiyf;F kl;Lky;yhky; ,t;t[yf ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;
gad;gLfpwJ. kiyiaf; flyhf;fpa[k;/ fliy kiyahf;fpa[k;/ guy;fw;fisj;
.Kk
Jfshf;fpa[k;/ jd; typikf;F cl;gl;l fy;/ kz;/ g[y;/ g[G ,tw;iwa[k; jd;Dld; ,Gj;Jr;
brd;W flYf;Fs; fhyj;jr;rd; fl;Lk; kiyf;F cjt[fpwJ.
kiHiag; bghHptpf;Fk; mw;g[jk;:
tha;f;fhypd; ePu; Nupadhy; Mtpahfp/ nkfkhf thdpy; gutp kiH bghHpfpwJ. kiH
wI
rpfu=;fspy; gl;L/ Fiffspy; ,Wfp/ fhl;lhwhfg; bgUf;bfLj;J kz;gpst[fspy; g[Fe;J/

LV
Cw;whf btsptUfpwJ. kPz;Lk; giHago gupzkpf;fpwJ. tha;f;fhny cd;idg; nghy

md;g[/ Cf;fk; cs;stu; vtUkpy;iy. cd;id vd; iffshy; jLj;jjhy; tUj;jg;gl;lhah
w
? vd;fpwhd; eluhrd;.
eh=;TH;;g;g[Gtpd; bghJeyk;:
A
//w
eh=;TH;g;g[Gnt cd; ghL ehd; mwpntd;. cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F cjt[fpwha;. ve;j

kz;iza[k; ey;y kz;zhf;Ftha;. kz;Qf;Fs; g[Fe;J kz;iz <ukhf;fpLtha;.
g[fiH tpUk;ghjtu; nghy cd; ,Ug;gplj;ij kz;zhy; @of;bfhs;tha;.
s:K
kz;g[Gthy;jhd; gapu;:
kz;g[G ,y;iynay; gapu; ,y;iy. g{r;rpfs; Jd;g[Wj;jpdhYk;/ mtw;wpw;Fk;
czthfpd;wha;. xGf;fKk; mlf;fKk; cd;dplnk j+;rk;.
eluhrdpd; tpag;g[:
kz;g[Gnt cd; jpahf thH;itf; fz;L jd;idj; jpUj;jpf; bfhs;shjtu; thH;tjhy;
tp
gadpy;iy vd;W vz;Qfpwhd; eluhrd;.

Kot[iu:
kndhd;kzpaj;jpy; eluhrd; jhd; ghu;j;j/ g[y;/ tha;f;fhy;/ g[G ,itfspd; thH;f;if
Kiwfisf; fz;L Fwpf;nfhs;/ gad;ghL/ md;g[/ jpahfk; nghd;wtw;iwj; jd;kdjpy;
ht
348 g[Fj;jpf; bfhz;lhd;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[
foefu;/ rhyj;jFk; – cupr;brhw;bwhlu;fs;
cUl;o – tpidbar;rk;
gpd;dpa/ Kisj;j – bgabur;r=;fs;
L al
,sKfk;/ ey;Y}z;/ rpWg[y;/
nguHF/ Ke;ePu;/ ed;kz; – gz;g[j;bjhiffs;
g{f;Fiy – ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wik cUg[k; gaDk; cld;
A d
bjhf;f bjhiffs;
Mrpyh/ Xth – <Wbfl;l vjpu;kiwg; bgabur;r=;fs;
VFkpd; Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W
D ika
–
ghu;j;Jg; ghu;j;J/ epy;epy;/ cGJGJ – mLf;Fj;bjhlu;fs;
tha;f;fhy; – ,yf;fzg;nghyp (Kd;gpd; bjhf;fpaJ)
bra;bjhHpy;/ miyfly;/ tPHUtp – tpidj;bjhiffs;
kiyaiy/ FifKfk; – ctikj;bjhiffs;
beW beW – ,ul;ilf;fpstp
Alv
g[y;g[G/ ,uhg;g[fy; – ck;ikj;bjhiffs;
fhyj;jr;rd; – cUtfk;
VFjp – Vty; xUik tpidKw;W
g[Gf;fSk; g{r;rpa[k;
j=;Fjy;
a –
–
vz;Qk;ik
bjhHpw;bgau;
.Kk
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
Kisj;j = Kis + j; + j; + m tpLj;jid = tpL + j; + j; + md; + I
Kis gFjp tpL gFjp
wI
j; re;jp j; re;jp
LV

m bgabur;r tpFjp md; rhupia
w
I Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp

VFkpd; = VF + kpd; brd;w = bry;(d;) + w; + m

A
//w
VF gFjp bry; gFjp/ `y;~/ `d;~ MdJ tpfhuk;

kpd; Vty; gd;ik tpidKw;W w; ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
tpFjp m bgabur;r tpFjp
s:K
g[zu;r;rp tpjp
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;

1. fhyj;jr;rd; `kt;tPW xw;wHpe;J capuPW xg;gt[k;~ vDk; fhy + jr;rd;
fhyk; + jr;rd; tpjpg;go/
tp
`td;ikf;F ,dkhj; jpupgt[k; MFk;~ fhyj;jr;rd;

vDk; tpjpg;go/ vd;whdJ.
ht
349
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.in
2. cGJGJ `capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ cGj; + cGJ
cGJ + cGJ vDk; tpjpg;go/
cGJ(j;+c) + `cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ cGJGJ
cGJ (j; + c = J) vd;whdJ.
L al
3. nguHF `<Wnghjy;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ìk~ tpFjp bgU + mHF
bgUik + mHF bfl;L/
`Mjp ePly;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ ngU + mHF
A d
`,idat[k;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/ cfuk; ngu; + mHF
bfl;L/
D ika
`cly;nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ nguHF
8 (u; + m = u) vd;whdJ.
,ay;

1. ``,g; g[y;ypd; gupt[k; bghWika[k; g[yD=; fhz;nghu;/ xd;iwa[k; rpWikahr; rpe;jid
Alv
brahJ~~ vd;Dk; ghly; mofSld;/
``Mapuk; kpjpgly;fspYk;
epkpu;e;J epw;Fk;
g[w;fns cd; a
tHpfhl;o~~ ? vd;w g[Jf;ftpij tupfis xg;gpl;L c=;fs; fUj;Jfis ciuf;f.
.Kk
xg;gpLjy;
eluh$dpd; Tw;W @yk; vt;tst[ mtkhdk; mile;jhYk;
g[y;ypd; jpahfk; njhy;tpfisr; re;jpj;jhYk;
gpwUf;F cztspj;J tPH;e;J/ mHpe;J tplhky;
wI
jhKk; czthfp vGr;rp bgw;W/ epkpu;e;J

LV
jd; ,dj;ijg; bgUf;fp epw;wy; ntz;Lk;

,itbayhk; eilbgw
w
vd;w jd;dk;gpf;ifia czu;j;JfpwJ

bghWikahf fhj;jpUg;gJ vd;w fUj;ijg; g[upe;J bfhs;S=;fs;
nghd;w Fz=;fisf; fhl;o vjida[k; khztu;fns-
,Hpthf vz;Qjy; TlhJ vd;gij
A
//w
czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;g[Jf;ftpij.
2. eh=;TH;g;g[G eluhrdplk; ngrpapUe;jhy;... ? xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahliy vGJf.
s:K
fw;gid ciuahly;
eh=;TH;g;g[G : Iah eluhrnd- vd;idna ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwPu;.
eluhrd; : Mk;- cd;id epidj;njd; tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ.
eh=;TH;g;g[G : vd;d epidj;jPu;...
eluhrd; : cd; gzp- cd; jpahfk; Xah cd; ciHg;g[...
tp
eh=;TH;g;g[G : Inah- Vd; vd;id ,t;thbwy;yhk; g[fH;fpwPu;...

eluhrd; : kz;iz ed;kz;zhf;Ffpwha;/ cHtDf;F cjt[fpwha;.
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mjw;fhfj; jhnd ,iwtd; vdf;F clYk; capUk; je;jpUf;fpwhu;...
eluhrd; : mit kl;Lky;y.. kz;iz rpwe;j nrwhf;fp <ug;gjj;Jld; fhj;Jf;
ht
350 bfhs;fpwha;...
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mllh- vd;id ,g;go g[fH;e;jhy; vd;d bra;tJ.
eluhrd; : cdf;F VnjDk; f&;lk; cz;lh>
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mg;gobay;yhk; vJt[kpy;iy.
eluhrd; : vWk;g[/ g[G/ g{r;rp cd;dplk; FWk;g[ bra;tJ cz;Ljhnd.
L al
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mJth/ FWk;g[ my;y mJ- kdpju;fSf;Fk; gad;gl;Lg; gpw
capu;fSf;Fk; gad;gLk; tifapy; thH;e;J kotJ bgUikjhnd..
ehd; cHtDf;F kl;Lky;y kw;w capu;fSf;Fk; vd; thH;it
A d
mu;g;gzpj;J/ vd; capiua[k;/ cliya[k; bfhLg;gJ kpf;f kfpH;r;rpna-
eluhrd; : ,t;tst[ bgUe;jd;ikahd vz;zKk;/ bghWika[k; xGf;fKk;
,Uf;Fk; cd;idg; ghu;j;J khDlu; vg;ngh khWtu;.
D ika
eh=;TH;g;g[G : mJ mtutu; tpUg;gk; Iah. tzf;fk; ehd; vd; ,Ug;gplk; bry;fpnwd;.
(FHpf;Fs; kiwjy;)
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
Alv
gyt[s; bjupf
1. kndhd;kzPak; njhd;wpa fhyk; ________.
m) 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjp a
M) 18Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjp
,) 19Mk; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjp
.Kk
<) 19Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjp tpil: <) 19Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjp
2. fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk; KGJk; epuk;gpa ehlf E}y;________.
m) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp M) kndhd;kzPak;
,) jpahfg{kp <) gpujhg Kjypahu; rupj;jpuk; tpil: M) kndhd;kzPak;
wI
3. ,aw;ifapy; <LghL bfhz;L/ mjdpy; njha;e;J ,izapy;yhj Cf;fKk; mikjpa[k;

LV
bgw;wtu;fs; jkpHu;fs; vd;gijf; TWtjhf cs;s E}y;_; _______.

w
m) Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp M) Kf;Tlw; gs;S

,) Mrpa n$hjp <) kndhd;kzPak; tpil: <) kndhd;kzPak;
4. jdJ miwapypUe;J Mrpukk; tiu ahUk; mwpahtz;zk; Ru=;fk; mikf;Fk; gzpia

A
//w
________ mspj;jpUe;jhu; Re;ju Kdptu;.

m) g[Un&hj;jkDf;F M) rPtfDf;F
,) FoyDf;F <) eluhrDf;F tpil: <) eluhrDf;F
s:K
5. `fhiyapy; foefu; fle;J ekJ ntiy Kof;FJk;~ vd;W ahu; ahUf;Ff; TwpaJ ________.
m) Re;juKdptu; eluhrDf;F M) eluhrd; Re;jpuKdptUf;F
,) eluhrd; jdf;Fj;jhnd <) rPtfd; eluhrDf;F
tpil: ,) eluhrd; jdf;Fj;jhnd
i) mak; 1) +hapW
tp
–
ii) rhL – 2) nkfk;
iii) vHpyp – 3) gha;
iv) mz;lnahdp – 4) ML/ Fjpiu
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
ht
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 351

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.in
i) foefu; – 1) gz;g[j;bjhif
ii) cUl;o – 2) bgabur;rk;
iii) Kisj;j – 3) tpidbar;rk;
L al
iv) Ke;ePu; – 4) cupr;brhw;bwhlu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4
,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
8. VFkpd; ? vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; `kpd;~ vd;gJ ________ tpFjp.
A d
m) Kd;dpiy gd;ik tpidKw;W
M) jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W
D ika
,) Vty; tpidKw;W
8 <) tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
tpil: ,) Vty; tpidKw;W
,ay;
i) cGJGJ – 1) ck;ikj; bjhif

ii) tha;f;fhy; – 2) ,ul;ilf; fpstp
iii) beWbeW – 3) mLf;Fj;bjhlu;
Alv
iv) g[y;g[G – 4) ,yf;fzg;nghyp
m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2
,) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 <) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) Kf;Tlw;gs;S
a
10. jkpHpd; Kjy; gh tot ehlf E}y; ________.
m) kndhd;kzPak; M) tz;lhf;FHyp
<) jpahf g{kp tpil: m) kndhd;kzPak;
.Kk
11. ypl;ld; gpug[ vGjpa E}y; ________.
m) ,ufrpa tHp M) ,ufrpa Mnyhrid
,) ey;tHp <) ,uh$ghij tpil: m) ,ufrpa tHp
wI
12. ,ufrpa tHp E}iyj; jGtp vGjg;gl;l E}y; ________ Mz;L ________.
LV
m) kndhd;kzPak;/ 1891 M) tz;lhu;f;FHyp/ 1892

,) jpahfg{kp/ 1895 <) gprpuhe;ijahu;/ 1898
w
tpil: m) kndhd;kzPak;/ 1891

13. kndhd;kzPaj;jpid vGjpatu; ________.
m) Re;juuhrd; M) Re;juuhkrhkp
A
//w
,) Re;judhu; <) ypl;ld; gpug[ tpil: ,;) Re;judhu;

14. kndhd;kzPaj;jpd; ghtif ________.
m) tpUj;jg;gh M) btz;gh
s:K
,) fypg;gh <) Mrpupag;gh tpil: <) Mrpupag;gh

15. kndhd;kzPaj;jpYs;s m=;f=;fs; ________.
m) 4 M) 5
,) 6 <) 7 tpil: M) 5
16. kndhd;kzPaj;jpYs;s fs=;fs; ________.
tp
m) 10 M) 15
,) 20 <) 25 tpil: ,) 20
17. jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;J ________ vd;Dk; E}ypypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;L
; s;sJ.
m) g[ul;rpf;ftp M) kndhd;kzPak;
ht
,) ghz;oad; gupR <) gprpuhe;ijahu; tpil: M) kndhd;kzPak;

352
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
18. kndhd;kzPaj;jpy; cs;s fpisf;fij ________.
m) rptfhkpapd; rgjk; M) rptfhkpapd; rupjk;
,) mgpuhkpapd; rupjk; <) mgpuhkpapd; rgjk; tpil: M) rptfhkpapd; rupjk;
19. Re;judhu; gpwe;j Cu; ________ Mz;L ________.
L al
m) jpUtde;jg[uk;/ 1855 M) Myg;g[iH/ 1855
,) nfhak;g[j;J}u;/ 1854 <) bfhr;rp/ 1854 tpil: M) Myg;g[iH/ 1855
20. jpUtde;jg[uk; muRf; fy;Y}upapy;; ________ nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpatu; Re;judhu;.
A d
m) jkpH;g; M) jj;Jtg;
,) tuyhw;Wg; <) mwptpay; tpil: M) jj;Jtg;
D ika
21. Re;judhUf;F ùht; gfJ}u;~ gl;lk; tH=;fpa muR ________.
m) ikNu; khfhz M) brd;id khfhz
,) bly;yp khfhz <) yf;ndh khfhz tpil: M) brd;id khfhz
22. Re;judhu; bgaupy; jkpHf muR gy;fiyf; fHfk; epWtpa[ss
; ,lk; ________.
m) jpUr;rp M) jpUbey;ntyp
,) nfhak;g[j;J}u; <) kJiu tpil: M) jpUbey;ntyp
Alv
FWtpdh
1. g[y; gpw capu;fis vt;thW czt[ mUe;jr; bra;fpwJ>
a
Xuwpt[ capuhd g[y;yhdJ/ jd; ntupypUe;J xU rpW jz;oidj; jh=;fp/ mjd;kPJ
xU rpW kyiua[k; kyur; bra;J/ mjDs; xUJsp njida[k; itj;J/ tz;L/ njdP/
.Kk
tz;zj;Jg;g{r;rp ,tw;iw eaKld; miHj;J czitf; bfhLj;J mUe;jr; bra;fpwJ.
2. kz;g[Gitj; Jd;gk; bra;td ahit>
vWk;g[fs;/ nfhonfhoahd g[G/ g{r;rp ,d=;fs; Kjypad kz;g[Gitj; Jd;g[Wj;JtnjhL
czthft[k; cl;bfhs;fpd;wd.
wI
3. tha;f;fhypd; Mw;wiyf; TWf.

LV
ekf;F czitj; jUk; taYf;F kl;Lnk gad;glf;Toajd;W.

w
fliy kiyahft[k;/ kiyiaf; flyhft[k; khw;Wk; ,r;rpW tha;f;fhYk; mjpy;

bry;Yk; ePUk; ,aw;ifiag; g[ul;og; nghLk; Mw;wYk; cWjpa[k; bfhz;lJ.

rpWtpdh
A
//w
1. jkpH; ehlf ,yf;fz E}y;fs; rpytw;iwf; TWf.

s:K
mfj;jpak; KWty;
brad;Kiw re;jk;
FzE}y; kjpthzdhu; ehlfj; jkpH; E}y;
brapw;wpak; rae;jk;
Tj;jE}y; ehlftpay;
tp
2. kndhd;kzPak; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

kndhd;kzPak; jkpHpd; Kjy; ghtot ehlfE}y;.
ypl;ld; kug[ vGjpa `,ufrpa tHp~ (the secret way) vd;w E}iyj; jGtp vGjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,BJ vspa eilapy; Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;jJ.
ht
,e;E}y; 5 m=;f=;fisa[k; 20 fs=;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ.

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.in
E}ypd; bjhlf;fj;jpy; flt[s; thH;j;Jld; jkpH;j;jha; thH;j;Jk; ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
kndhd;kzPaj;jpy; cs;s fpisf;fij `rptfhkpapd; rupjk;~.
,e;E}ypd; Mrpupau; ? Re;judhu;.
3. nguhrpupau; Re;judhu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
L al
nguhrpupau; Re;judhu; jpUtpjh=;Tupy; cs;s Myg;g[iHapy; 1855,y; gpw;jhu;.
jpUtde;jg[uk; muRf; fy;Yupapy; jj;Jtg; nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp cs;shu;.
brd;id khfhz muR ,tUf;F uht;gfJ}u; vd;Dk; gl;lk; tH=;fpr; rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.
A d
,tUf;Fg; bgUik nru;f;Fk; tifapy; jkpHf muR/ ,tu; bgauhy; jpUbey;ntypapy;
gy;fiyf;fHfk; xd;iw epWtpa[s;sJ.
D ika
kndhd;kzPak; vd;w E}iy vGjpatu; ,tnu Mthu;.
8 4. g[y;ypd; gupt[ gw;wpa eluhrdpd; rpe;jid ahJ>
tha;f;fhypd; fiuapy; Kisj;jpUf;Fk; rpWg[y;Yk; xU Fwpf;nfhnshLjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,ay;
g{f;Fiyia cau;j;jp nknyapUf;Fk; g{f;fspy; ,Uf;f njid cz;z njdPf;fis

miHf;fpwJ.
nkYk; g[y; ,Uf;Fk; rpWfha;fis nka tUk; tpy=;Ffspy; Jwl;o nghy; xl;of;
Alv
bfhs;sr; bra;fpwJ. mf;fha;fs;/ tpy=;Ffs; @yk; ntW ,lj;jpw;Fg; gut[fpwJ.
xnu ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;jhy; ed;whf tsu KoahJ vd;W jd; gps;isfis ntW ,lj;jpy;
tsur; bra;fpwJ.
a
,j;jifa rpWg[y;Yf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; ,uf;fk; ghu;g;gtUf;Ff; fz;fspy; ePu; gdpf;Fk;.
5. tha;f;fhypd; tprpj;jpukhf kndhd;kzPak; TWtbjd;d>
.Kk
kdpju;f;F czt[ juf;Toa braiyr; bra;a[k; ,r;rpwpa tha;f;fhy; bra;fpd;w
bray; mjprakhdJ kiyiaf; flyhft[k;/ fliy kiyahft[k; g[ul;og;nghLk;
braiy ,t;tha;f;fhy; bra;fpwJ. guy;fw;fisj; jdJ ePnuhl;lj;jhy; behWf;fpj;
Jfshf;fpg; bghoahf;fp/ jdJ typikf;F cl;gl;l kz;/ fy;/ g[G nghd;wtw;iwa[k; kw;w
wI
vy;yhtw;iwa[k; jd;Ds;ns nru;j;Jf; flYf;Fs; brd;W tpGk;.

LV
m=;nf fhyj;jr;rd; fl;oLk; kiyf;Fg; nghJk; vd;Dk; mst[f;Fr; nru;f;fpwJ.

nkYk;/ nkfkhfp kiHaha;g; bghHpa[k;nghJ kiyr;rpfu=;fspy; tpGe;J/ kiyfspy;
w
mUtpahfp/ FiffspD}nl EiHe;J g{kpapd; btog;g[f;Fs;ns gutpa[k; Ridahff;

Fjpj;Jk;/ kz;zpy; gPwpLk; Cw;whft[k;/ Mwhf tHp ele;Jk;/ kLt[f;Fs; nj=;fpa[k;/
kjFfspilna fl;Lg;gl;Lk; kPz;Lk; tha;f;fhy;fspy; jtGk; vd;W tha;f;fhypd;
A
//w
tprpj;jpuk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. eh=;TH;g;g[Gtpd; thH;it vz;zp tpae;jjhf eluhrd; TWtJ ahJ>
Xa;tpy;yhky; ciHf;Fk; eh=;TH;g;g[Gnt/
s:K
vy;yhj; bjhHpy;fSf;Fk; cau;e;jJkhd cHt[j; bjhHpYf;F eP nte;jidg; nghy;

cjt[fpwha;.
vj;jifa kz;iza[k; ey;y kz; Mf;fpLtha;.
mjw;fhf cd; cliya[k; gpwg;iga[k; mu;g;gzpf;fpwha;.
kz;iz bkd;ikahf;fp <ug;gjkhf;fpLtha;.
tp
g[fiH ntz;lhjtu;nghy ,Ug;gplj;ij @of;bfhs;tha;.

eP ,y;iybad;why; g[y;Yk; gapUk; ,y;iy.
,ij mwpahj vWk;g[fSk;/ g{r;rpfSk; cd;idj; Jd;g[Wj;Jk;. nkYk; mitfSf;F
czthfpwha;. cidf; fz;Lk; jpUe;jhtu; thH;e;Jk; gad; ,y;iy vd;W eluhrd;
ht
jdf;Fj;jhnd ngrpf; bfhs;fpwhd;.

354
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
Jizg;ghlk;
,ay; 8 brt;tp
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
beLtpdh
D ika
1. eu;j;jfp eluh$pd; neu;fhzy;tHp mwpe;jtw;iwj; bjhFj;J mspf;f.
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lfk;
Kd;Diu gujk;
eu;j;jfp eluh$; mgpea Kj;jpiufs;
Alv
eu;j;jfpapd; ,sikg; gUtk; ,He;j gz;ghl;oid kPl;f Koa[k;
eldf; FUf;fs; ehl;oak; jtpw tpUg;gKs;s ntW Jiwfs;
bgz;ik czu;thy; gujkh> gujj;jhy; bgz;ik czu;th> nrhjid/ Jauk; ,tw;iwr; rkhspf;Fk; tpjk;
jw;nghija khw;wk; befpHitf;Fk; jUzk;
Kd;Diu :
a
tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;j ntz;o bra;a ntz;oait Kot[iu
.Kk
Kj;jkpH; tsh;j;j kJiuapy; gpwe;J jk; ehl;oaj; jpwikapdhy; cyfk; KGtJk;
vz;zw;w urph;fisg; bgw;wtu;" jd;dk;gpf;if/ ciHg;g[/ tplhKaw;rpbfhz;L
ehl;oaf;fiyapy; jkf;bfdj; jdpaplj;ijg; bgw;w eh;j;jfp el;uh$; gw;wpf; fhz;nghk;.
wI
eu;j;jfp eluh$;:
LV
kJiuapy; gpwe;j gujehl;oaf; fiy+u;" jpUe=;iffSf;F kl;Lnk ,Uf;Fk;

w
jilf;fw;fisg; gof;fw;fshf khw;wyhk; vd;W cyFf;Ff; fhl;oatu; jhd; eh;j;jfp el;uh$;.

eu;j;jfpapd; ,sikg; gUtk;:

eu;j;jfp kJiu?mDg;ghdoiar; nru;e;jts;. eu;j;jfpa[k; mts; njhHp rf;jpa[k; xd;whf
A
//w
eldk; gapd;wtu;fs;. rf;jp ,y;iynay; eu;j;jfp ,y;iy. ve;j tsu;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy vdyhk;.
eldf; FUf;fs;:
s:K
itb$ae;jpkhyhtpd; eldj;jpy; <u;g;g[ bfhz;lts;. eu;j;jfpf;F Kjypy; eldk;

fw;gpf;f kWj;jhu; j+;ir fpl;lg;gh. Xuhz;ow;Fg; gpd; xj;Jf;bfhz;lhu;. gpd;du; kfshfnt
Vw;whu;. eu;j;jfp vd;w bgau; j+;ir fpl;lg;gh Nl;oanj.
bgz;ik czu;thy; gujkh> gujj;jhy; bgz;ik czu;th>
bgz;ikia btspg;gLj;j gujf;fiy xU Clfkhf cjtpaJ. gujj;jpy; Cwpa
nghJ bgz;ik gpwe;jJ. gujj;jpy; bgz;ikia btspg;gLj;Jk; neuj;jpy; cyifna
tp
kwg;ngd; vd;fpwhs; eu;j;jfp.

jw;nghija khw;wk;:
``FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; bgz;ikj; jd;ikia czu;e;njd;. Kjypy; jpiug;gl eldk;
ht
<u;j;jjhy; Mondd;. md;W ehd; xt;bthU epfH;tpw;Fk; mjpf neuk; vLj;Jf;bfhz;nld;.

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.in
tpHpg;g[zu;t[ Vw;gLj;j ntz;o bra;a ntz;oait:
jpUe=;ifau;f;fhd ,lk; vJ vd mwpa epidj;njd;. mJnt vd;id ,yl;rpag;
gf;fk; js;spaJ. r=;f ,yf;fpak; Kjy; rpw;wpyf;fpak; tiu goj;njd;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
11 tif Mlw;fiyfs; cs;sd. vy;yhf;fhy fl;lj;jpYk; jpUe=;ifau;fs;
L al
,Ue;jjhfj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; TWfpwJ. mjdhy; gujk; gf;fk; jpUk;gpndd;. ,Jt[k; xU
tpHpg;g[zu;t[jhd;~~.
gujk;:
A d
gujj;ijg; bghJkf;fspd; fiy ,y;iy vd;gij kWf;fpwhu; eu;j;jfp. ,tu; gujj;jpd;
taJ vGgJjhd; vd;gij Vw;fpwhu; vdpDk; gujk; epfH;j;Jgtu;fis xUrhuhu; vd;w
D ika
epiyapy; xJf;fp itg;gJ jtW. ml;yhz;lhtpYk; Mz;og;gl;oapYk; xnukhjpup
8 gujk;jhd; epfH;j;Jfpnwd;. kf;fSk; cs;th=;fpf; bfhs;fpd;wdu;.
mgpea Kj;jpiufs;:
,ay;
$g;ghdpd; xrhf efuj;jpy; gujk; epfH;j;jpajpy; mtu; mgpea=;fz;L kf;fs;

fz;fy=;fpdhu;fs;.
Alv
,He;j gz;ghl;oid kPl;f Koa[k;:
ehu;ntapy; jpUf;Fwis ikakhff; bfhz;L gapw;rp bfhLj;j me;j tpdhoapypUe;J
jpUf;Fwis khztpfs; Mu;tkhfg; goj;jdu;. ,jdhy; fiyapd; tHpahf khw;w=;fs;
a
epfH;e;nj jPUk; vd;fpwhu; eu;j;jfp.
ehl;oak; jtpw tpUg;gKs;s ntW Jiwfs;:
.Kk
ehd; jkpH;tHpf;fy;tp gapd;wts;. ,d;W ,jH;fspy; vGjpa[k; ngrpa[k; tUfpnwd;. r=;fg;
ghly;fs;/ gf;jpg; ghRu=;fs; @yk; eldk; gug;g[tnjhL/ ,yf;fpa Ma;t[k; bra;fpnwd;
vd;fpwhu; eu;j;jfp.
nrhjid/ Jauk; ,tw;iwr; rkhspf;Fk; tpjk;:
wI
mfpydpd; jhkiu be+;rk; ? ,jpy; fjhehafpf;Fj; Jf;fk; tUk;nghJ xU brhk;g[j;

LV
jz;zPu; Fog;ghs;. Mdhy; ehndh eldk; MotpLntd; vd;W kdk; jpwf;fpwhu;.

w
befpHitf;Fk; jUzk;:
ehd; elj;Jk; bts;sp mk;gyk; mwf;fl;lis eldf; fiyf;Tlk; thapyhf
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd khztpfis cUthf;fp cs;nsd;. ,d;iwf;F vy;yhUk; vd;id mk;kh
A
//w
vd;W miHg;gjhy; vdf;Fs; jha;ik cUbtLf;fpwJ. ,Jnt ehd; befpGk; jUzk;

vd;fpwhu; ekJ rnfhjup eu;j;jfp.
Kot[iu :
s:K
@d;whk; ghypdkhf cUbtLj;jpUf;Fk; ekJ rnfhjupfs; gyJiwfspYk; g=;Fbgw;W

nrit bra;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fsJ czu;it kjpg;nghk;/ cupik mspg;nghk;.

1. ghypdr; rkj;Jtk; vd;gjd; tpsf;fk; mwpf. ,J Fwpj;j Ek; fUj;Jfis tFg;giwapy;
tp
fye;JiuahLf.
fye;Jiuahly;
(fye;JiuahLgtu;fs; : mKjd;/ kyu;tpHp/ khypdp)
ehk; ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; jpUe=;if eu;j;jfp eluh$d; mtu;fspd; rpwg;g[fisg; goj;njhk;.
ht
mjd; mog;gilapy; ghypd rkj;Jtk; Fwpj;J xU fye;Jiuahly;.

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ghypd rkj;Jtk;:
ghypd rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ Mz;/ bgz;/ @d;whk; ghypdk; vd ,iwtdhy;
gilf;fg;gl;l kdpju;fs;/ Mz; vd;nwh/ bgz; vd;nwh/ @d;whk; ghypdk; vd;nwh
ntw;Wikg;gLj;jg;glhky; rkj;Jtk;/ rktha;g;g[/ ,tw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWtnj ghypd
L al
rkj;Jtk; MFk;.
mKjd; : ghypd ntWghL ek; ehl;oy; ,Ug;gJ gw;wp eP vd;d epidf;fpwha;>
khypdp : Mkhlh- mJ mjpfkhj;jhd; ,Uf;F.
kyu; : mjpfkhj;jhd; ,Uf;F=;Fw ghypd rkj;Jtk;dh vd;d vd;W bjupa[kh>
A d
khypdp : ,g;bghGJjhnd ek; Mrpupau; Twpdhu;. Mz;/ bgz; vd;W.
mKjd; : rup. rup. eP=;fns rz;il nghl;Lf;fhjP=;f... ehd; ngRfpnwd;.
D ika
khypdp : ruplh.
mKjd; : ek; ,e;jpa ehl;oy; ghypd ghFghL rw;nw mjpfk;jhd;. I.eh btspapl;Ls;s
bra;jp xd;wpy; cyfstpy; ghypd rkj;Jtj;jpy; ,e;jpah 130 MtJ ,lj;jpy;
cs;sJ. ,jpypUe;nj bjupatpy;iyah> ehk; ntWghl;il tsu;j;Jf;
bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpnwhk;.
kyu; : Inah ,t;tst[ nkhrkhfth ,Uf;F.
Alv
khypdp : Mkh- bjhiyf;fhl;rp bjhlupy; ,Ue;J vy;yhk; mg;goj;jhnd fhl;LJ.
mKjd; : ,d;Dk; brhy;nwd;. fy;tpapy; ,ilepw;wy; vd;gjpy;Tl ek; ehl;oy; bgz;
FHe;ijfs;jhd; mjpfk;.
kyu;
a
: bgz; Rje;jpuk; bgz; Rje;jpuKD brhy;wh=;fns mbjy;yhk;.
mKjd; : FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;nj ehk; mijbay;yhk; tsu;f;f ntz;Lk;. ek;
.Kk
tPL/ mg;gh/ mk;kh/ gs;sp/ Clf=;fs; vd midj;Jk; ,ize;jhy;jhd;
khw;wk; bfhz;L tu ,aYk;.
kyu; : @d;whk; ghy; Fwpj;J..
mKjd; : mtu;fSk; ,iwtdpd; gilg;g[ mtu;fSk; ,g;bghGbjy;yhk; ed;F
wI
goj;J fhty;Jiw/ Clfk;/ murpay;/ fiyj;Jiw vd midj;jpYk; ,lk;

LV
bgw;Wr; rkj;Jtk; bgw nghuhof; bfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.

@tUk; : ehk; tsu;e;J bgupatu;fshFk;nghJ rKjhaj;jpy; ntWghL ghu;f;fhJ
w
midtiua[k; kjpf;ff; fw;Wf; bfhs;nthk;.

ed;wp-

A
//w
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
s:K
gyt[s; bjupf
1. `brt;tp~ vd;w fl;Liuapd; neu;fhzypy; ,lk;bgWgtu; ________.
m) eu;j;jfp eluh$; M) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp
,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; khfp <) jhupfh ghD tpil: m) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
2. ehl;oaf; fiyapy; jkf;bfdj; jdpaplj;ijg; bgw;wtu; ________.
tp

,) jhupfh ghD <) n$hapjh nkhd;ly; khfp tpil: m) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
3. eu;jj
; fp eluh$dpd; gujehl;oak; mu=;nfwpa ehL ________.
m) mbkupf;fh M) fdlh
ht
,) ,=;fpyhe;J <) gpuhd;R tpil: m) mbkupf;fh 357

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.in
4. eu;jj
; fp eluh$dpd; Cu; ________.
m) mDg;ghdo?kJiu M) ty;yk;?j+;rht{u;
,) ghg;gpbul;og;gl;o?ju;kg[up <) vGk;g{u;?brd;id tpil: m) mDg;ghdo?kJiu
5. eu;jj
; fpapd; njhHp ________.
L al
m) rf;jp M) fyh
,) khyh <) ky;ypfh tpil: m) rf;jp
6. eu;jj
; fp ,sikapy; ________ tpd; eldj;jhy; <u;ff
; g;gl;lhu;.
A d
m) gj;kpdp M) rnuh$hnjtp
,) itb$ae;jp khyh <) nutjp tpil: ,) itb$ae;jp khyh
D ika
7. eu;j;jfp ahuplk; gujk; fw;whu;>
8 m) fpl;lg;ghtplk;
,) rf;jpaplk;
M) itb$ae;jp khyhtplk;
<) gj;kpdpaplk; tpil: m) fpl;lg;ghtplk;
,ay;
8. eu;jj
; fp vd;Dk; bgaiu eluh$Pf
[ F
; r; Nl;oatu; ________.
m) fpl;lg;gh M) rf;jp
,) itb$ae;jp khyh <) jhupfh tpil: m) fpl;lg;gh
Alv
9. fpl;lg;ghtpd; Cu; ________.
m) kJiu M) j+;rht{u;
,) jpUr;rp <) bey;iy tpil: M) j+;rht{u;
m) 10
a
10. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ________ tifahd Mlw;fiyfs; gw;wpa Fwpg;gf
M) 11
[ s; cs;sd.
.Kk
,) 9 <) 8 tpil: M) 11
11. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Mlw;fiyfspy; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W eu;jj
; fp Fwpg;gpLtJ
m) ntspu; Mly;; M) Fd;wf;Fuit
,) Ma;r;rpau; Fuit <) ntl;Lt tup tpil: m) ntspu; Mly;
wI
12. gujk; vd;w brhy;Yf;F taJ ________.

LV
m) ehw;gJ M) mWgJ
,) vGgJ <) vz;gJ tpil: ,) vGgJ
w
13. jpUthrf/ njthug; gz;zpirg; ghly;fisg; gujkhf eu;jj

; fp epfH;jj
; pa ,lk;________.
m) xrhfh/ $g;ghd; M) gpnshuplh/ mbkupf;fh
,) nfhyhyk;g{u;/ knyrpah <) kh!;nfh/ ,u&;ah tpil: m) xrhfh/ $g;ghd;
A
//w
14. mLj;j b$d;kj;jpy; ehd; jkpHdhfg; gpwe;J jpUf;Fws; gof;f ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gl;ltu;
m) fhe;jp$p M) tpf;nlhupah kfhuhzp
s:K
,) $p.a[.nghg; <) khf;RKy;yu; tpil: m) fhe;jp$p

15. eu;jj
; fp ehu;ntapy; epfH;rr; p elj;Jk;nghJ/ ________ ikakhf itj;nj khztpfSf;Fg;
gapw;rp bfhLj;jhu;.
m) kfhghujj;ij M) jpUf;Fwis
,) bgupag[uhzj;ij <) jpUthrfj;ij tpil: M) jpUf;Fwis
16. eu;jj
; fp jhd; xU ________ Mf ntz;Lbkd;W yl;rpakhff; bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
tp
m) tHf;fwp+u; M) Mrpupau;
,) kUj;Jtu; <) bghwpahsu; tpil: m) tHf;fwp+u;
17. mfpydpd; `jhkiu be+;rk;~ fjhehafp Jf;fk; bgh=;fp tUk;nghbjy;yhk; bra;tJ ________.
m) nghu;itiag; nghl;Lf;bfhz;L J}=;Fths;
ht
M) Myak; bry;ths;
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,) xU brhk;g[j; jz;zPu; Fog;ghs;
<) mGJ g[yk;g[ths; tpil: ,) xU brhk;g[j; jz;zPu; Fog;ghs;
18. eu;jj
; fpapd; eldf; fiyf;Tlk; ________.
m) bts;spak;gyk; mwf;fl;lis
L al
M) ts;spak;ik mwf;fl;lis
,) eu;j;jfp eluh$; mwf;fl;lis
<) bghd;dk;gyk; mwf;fl;lis tpil: m) bts;spak;gyk; mwf;fl;lis
A d
19. eu;jj
; fpia khztpfs; ________ vd;W miHf;fpd;wdu;.
m) mf;fh M) mk;kh
,) eu;j;jfp <) brt;tp tpil: M) mk;kh
D ika
20. jpUe=;if vd;w brhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ________.
,) jhupfhghD <) n$hapjh bkz;ly; tpil: m) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
21. eu;jj
; fp eluh$dpd; rhjidfisf; fz;lwp.
1) jpUe=;iffSs; Kjd;Kjypy; flt[r;rPl;L bgw;wtu;.
Alv
2) jpUe=;iffSs; Kjd;Kjypy; njrpa tpUJ bgw;wtu;.
3) jpUe=;iffSs; Kjd;Kjypy; kjpg;g[W Kidtu; gl;lk; bgw;wtu;.
m) 1 ? rup M) 1/ 2 ? rup
,) @d;Wk; rup a
<) 3 ? rup tpil: ,) @d;Wk; rup
22. 2011Mk; Mz;L fzpdp ghlg; gpupt[ ,sepiyg; gl;lg;gog;gpy; Kjy; tFg;gpy; nju;r;rp
.Kk
bgw;wtu; ________.
m) nryj;ijr; nru;e;j gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp
M) nkw;Ft=;fj;jpd; n$hapjh nkhz;ly;
,) mk;gj;J}iur; rhu;e;j jhupfhghD
<) kJiuiar; rhu;e;j rf;jp tpil: m) nryj;ijr; nru;e;j gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp
wI
LV
23. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jpUe=;if fhty; cjtp Ma;thsu; ________.

m) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp M) gpupah nfh&pdp
w
,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; <) jhupfh ghD tpil: m) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp

24. tlf;F jpdh$;g{u; khtl;lj;jpd; ,!;yhk;g{upy; nyhf; mjhyj; ePjpgjpahfg; gzpahw;Wgtu;

m) gpupj;jpfh ah&pdp M) eu;j;jfp eluh$;
A
//w
,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; khfp <) jhupfh ghD tpil: ,) n$hapjh nkhz;ly; khfp
s:K
i) jkpH;ehl;oy;/ fy;tpj;Jiwapy; @d;whk; ghypdg; gpupt[ cUthf;fg;gl;l gpd;g[

gs;spg;gog;ig Kof;Fk; Kjyhktu; jhupfh ghD.
ii) ,tu;/ jpUts;Stu; khtl;lj;jpd; mk;gj;J}upy; fhkuh$u; muR bgz;fs; nky;epiyg;
gs;spapy; mwptpapy; ghlg;gpuptpy; gapd;whu;.
iii) 2017Mk; Mz;L ele;j nky;epiyg; bghJj; nju;tpy; nju;r;rp bgw;whu;.
iv) jw;nghJ muR rpj;j kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}upapy; gapd;W tUfpwhu;.
tp
m) i, ii? rup M) ii, iii? rup

,) ehd;Fk; rup <) ii, iii, iv ? rup tpil: ,) ehd;Fk; rup
***
ht
359
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,yf;fzk;
,ay; 8 bka;g;g[j; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfs;
L al
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
A d
FWtpdh
D ika
8 1. `èPSk; iffspy; njhHik bjhlUk;
ePshj iffspy; be+;rk; glUk;~~ ? bjhil eha=;fis vLj;bjGJf.
iffspy;/ iffspy; ? Kjy; vGj;J (ffuk;) xd;wp te;J nkhidj; bjhil
,ay;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
iffspy;/ iffspy; ? ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xd;wp te;J vJifj; bjhil ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
Alv
ePSk;/ ePshj ? vjpu;kiwg; bghUs; je;J Kuz;bjhil fhzg;gLfpwJ.
bjhlUk;/ glUk; ? <w;wir ,iae;J fhzg;gLtjhy; ,iag[j; bjhil
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fw;git fw;wgpd; a gf;fk;: 220

.Kk
1. bka;g;g[j; jpUj;j=;fis mwptJ vj;Jiw ntiytha;g;g[f;F cjt[k;> ? tFg;gpy; fye;JiuahLf.
fye;Jiuahly;
fye;JiuahLgtu;fs; : r=;fu;/ Fkhu;/ ahHpdp.
r=;fu; : bka;g;g[j; jpUj;jk; vd;why; vd;d>
wI
Fkhu; : mjhtJ Vw;fdnt mr;rpl;l gpujpia/ mr;rpl;l bra;jpfis mjd; @yg;go

LV
bfhz;L jpUj;JtJ bka;;g;g[j; jpUj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

ahHpdp : epWj;jw;Fwpnghy; mjw;Fk; FwpaPL cz;lh>
w
Fkhu; : cz;L ahHpdp. vGj;ij ePf;f/ nru;f;f/ bjhlu;gpiH/ ,ilbtsp/ gj;jpg;gpupj;jy;

vd midj;Jf;Fk; cz;L.
ahHpdp : ,jdhy; vd;d gad; Fkhu;>
A
//w
r=;fu; : ,jHpay; Jiw/ mr;Rf;fiyj; Jiw/ Clfj;Jiw vd epiwa ntiy

tha;g;g[fisg; bgwyhk;.
s:K
ahHpdp : X..mg;goah... vjida[k; ehk; czu;e;J bjspthff; fw;why; rpwe;j ntiy

tha;g;g[ cz;L mg;goj;jhnd.
r=;fu; : Mk;. ahHpdp/ mjdhy; ehk; vija[k; ,J vjw;F vd;W g[wf;fzpf;ff; TlhJ.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
tp
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gpiHfs; cs;s mr;Rg;goiaj; jpUj;Jtjw;Ff; ifahsg;gLk; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfis
_________ tiffshfg; gpupg;gu;.
ht
m) 3 M) 4
360 ,) 2 <) 5 tpil: <) 5
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2. g[jpa gj;jp bjhl=;Ff vd;gjw;fhd FwpaPL _______ .
m) M)
,) Dt <) tpil: m)
L al
3. mr;roj;jpUf;Fk; brhy;iynah vGj;ijnah ePfF
; k; FwpaPL _______ .
m) M)
,) Dt <) tpil: ,) Dt
A d
4. gj;jpfSf;fpilapy;/ tupfSf;fpilapy;/ brhw;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilbtsp jUtjw;fhd
FwpaPL _______.
D ika
m) M) #
,) <) tpil: M) #
5. brhw;fis my;yJ vGj;Jfisr; nru;ff
; t[k.; ,ilbtsp tpl ntz;lhk; vd;gjw;fhd
FwpaPL _______.
m) # M)
Alv
,) <) tpil: m)
6. brhy;iynah vGj;ijnah ,e;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; nru;jJ

; f; bfhs;f vd;gjw;fhd
FwpaPL _______.
m) M)
a tpil: m)
.Kk
,) # <)
i) UnBold – 1) vGj;Jfisr; rpwpajhf Mf;Ff
ii) Bold – 2) brhw;fs; vGj;Jfis ,lk;khw;Wf
wI
iii) Trs – 3) tHf;fkhd vGj;jpy; khw;Wf

LV
iv) I.C – 4) joj;j vGj;jpy; khw;Wf

m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
w
,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 tpil: m) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1

btl;Lf;nfhL
A
i) Bar – 1)
//w
ii) Dash – 2) ,ilf;nfhL

iii) Ditto Mark – 3) Kf;fhw;g[s;sp
s:K
iv) Colon – 4) nkw;gof;Fwp

m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 M) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2
,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 tpil: m) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3

1. epWj;jf; FwpaPLfspd; tiffisf; TWf.
tp
bghJthdit ,izf;fg;gl ntz;oait

epWj;jw;FwpaPLfs; bjhlu;ghdit vGj;J totk; vd Ie;J tifg;gLk;
,ilbtsp ju ntz;oait
ht
361
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2. Vw;w ,l=;fspy; mr;Rj; jpUj;jf; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwiaf; fPH;f;fhQk;
gj;jpapd; @yk; mwpf.
L al
A d
D ika
8
,ay;
Alv
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk; a
``bghWikiag; g{Q=;fs;" bghWikapd; Mw;wiy czU=;fs;"
.Kk
czu;e;J cyif nehf;F=;fs;" ekJ ehl;il nehf;F=;fs;" ekJ
ehL ehlhapUf;fpwjh> jha;Kfk; nehf;F=;fs;" mts; Kfj;jpy; mHF
fhnzhk;. mts; ,jak; Jof;fpwJ. rhjp ntw;Wik/ jPz;lhik/
bgz;zoik cl;gif Kjypa neha;fs; mtis mupf;fpd;wd"
vupf;fpd;wd" ,e;neha;fshy; FUjpnahl;l=;Fd;wpr; ftiya[w;Wf;
wI
fplf;fpwhs;. ,s +hapw;bwhsp nehf;fp epw;fpwhs;. ,s+hapWfns- c=;fs; jpU.tp. fypahz Re;judhu;;

LV
bjhz;blDk; xspna mts; neha;f;Fupa kUe;J. mt;bthsp tPrp vG=;fs;" vG=;fs;~~

w
vd;W ,siktpUe;J E}ypy; jkpHpidr; brGika[wr;bra;a ,is+u;fis miHj;jtu;

jpU.tp.f.
jpU.tp.f. jk; je;ijaplk; bjhlf;fj;jpy; fy;tp gapd;whu;. bt!;yp gs;spapy; goj;jnghJ/
A
//w
eh. fjpiuntyu; vd;gtuplk; jkpH; goj;jhu;. gpwF kapiy jzpfhryk; vd;gtuplk; jkpnHhL
irt E}y;fisa[k; gapd;whu;. `jkpH;j;bjd;wy;~ vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; jpU.tp.f. bgz;zpd;
bgUik/ KUfd; my;yJ mHF/ kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;/ vd; fld; gzp bra;J
s:K
fplg;gnj/ irtj;jpwt[/ ,e;jpaht[k; tpLjiya[k;/ bghJik ntl;ly;/ jpUf;Fws; tpupt[iu

Kjypa gy E}y;fis vGjpdhu;. rpwe;j nkilg; ngr;rhsuhft[k; vGj;jhsuhft[k; tps=;fpa
,tu; njrgf;jd;/ etrf;jp ,jH;fSf;F Mrpupauhft[k; tps=;fpdhu;" jkpH; mwp+u;fSs;
murpay; ,af;f=;fspy; mjpfkhd <LghL bfhz;ltuhf ,Ue;jhu;. bjhHpw;r=;fj;ijj;
njhw;Wtpj;Jj; bjhHpyhsu;fspd; cupikf;Fk; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; ghLgl;lhu;.
brd;id ,uhag;ngl;il bt!;yp fy;Y}upapy; jiyikj; jkpHhrpupauhf ,Ue;jhu;.
,yf;fpag;gapw;rpa[k; ,irg;gapw;rpa[k; bgw;wtu;.
tp
fPH;f;fhQk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp.

1. bghWikiag; g{Q=;fs;" bghWikapd; Mw;wiy czU=;fs;" czu;e;J cyif
nehf;F=;fs; ? xnu bjhluhf khw;Wf.
ht
362 bghWikg; g{z;L/ mjd; Mw;wiy czu;e;J/ cyif nehf;F=;fs;.
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Mk; tFg;g[
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2. vitnaDk; ,uz;L Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wr; brhw;fisg; gj;jpapypUe;J
vLj;J vGJf.
czU=;fs;/ nehf;F=;fs; ? Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs;.
3. jkpH;j;bjd;wy; vd;W jpU.tp.f. miHf;fg;gLfpwhu; ? ,j;bjhliur; bra;tpidj; bjhluhf
L al
khw;Wf.
jpU.tp.f.itj; jkpH;j; bjd;wy; vd;W miHg;gu;.
4. +hapw;bwhsp ? g[zu;r;rp tpjp TWf.
A d
tpdh tpjp khw;wk;
+hapw;bwhsp `beonyhL capu;j;bjhlu;f; Fw;Wfu=;fSs; +hapw;W + xsp
D ika
+hapW + xsp lw xw;W ,ul;Lk;~ vDk; tpjpg;go/
`capu;tupd; cf;Fws; bka;tpl;nlhLk;~ +hapw; + w; + xsp
vDk; tpjpg;go/
`cly; nky; capu; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;ng~ +hapw;bwhsp
(w; + x) = bwh vd;whdJ.
Alv
5. vz;Qk;ikj; bjhlu;fs; ,uz;oid vLj;J vGJf.
kdpj thH;f;ifa[k; fhe;jpaofSk;
,e;jpaht[k; tpLjiya[k;
jkpHhf;fk; jUf.
1.
a
An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind.
.Kk
fz;Qf;Ff; fz; vd;w gHpth=;Fk; vz;zk; ,t;t[yfk; KGika[k; FUlhf;fp tpLk;.
2. You must be the change you wish to see in the world.
cyfj;jpy; eP vij khw;w tpUk;g[fpwhnah/ Kjypy; cd;id khw;wpf; bfhs;f.
wI
3. The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.
gytPdj;ij xUnghJk; kd;dpf;f ,ayhJ. kd;dpg;g[ gyrhypapd; gz;g[.
LV
4. Nobody can hurt me without my permission.

w
vd;Dila mDkjpapd;wp vd;id ahUk; g[z;gLj;j KoahJ.

5. You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the

ocean does not become dirty.
A
//w
kdpjneaj;jpy; ehk; itj;Js;s ek;gpf;ifiaj; jsutplf; TlhJ. kdpj neak;

fly;nghd;wJ. mf;flypy; rpy khRf;fs; fye;jpUe;jhYk; fly; KGika[k; khrhfp tplhJ.
? kfhj;kh fhe;jp
s:K
fijiag; goj;Jg; bghUSzu;e;J epfH;it ciuahlyhf khw;Wf. fijapy; fhzyhFk;

vitnaDk; Ie;J gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fSf;F cupa jkpH;r;brhw;fis vGJf.
mYtyfj;Jf;Fs; EiHifapy; nghd; moj;J. vLj;Jg; ngrpdhs;. kWKidapy;
``clnd Mgp!;f;F yPt; nghl;Ll;L vd; Mgp!;f;F th ftp. ,d;&ûd;!; ngg;gu;y
ifbaGj;J nghlQk;. cd; nghl;nlhita[k; r+;Rtpd; nghl;lhita[k; vLj;Jl;L th~~
vd;W brhy;yp Koj;jJk; nghidj; Jz;oj;jhd; bre;jpy;. Vw;bfdnt jd; Mgp!py; elf;f
tp
,Uf;Fk; Mol;?I epidj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;j mtSf;Fr; bre;jpypd; nghd; gjw;wj;ija[k;

FHg;gj;ija[k; je;jJ. FHg;gj;Jld; nghid itf;ifapy; kWgoa[k; nghd; xypj;jJ.
,k;Kiw r+;Rtpd; gs;sp ek;gu;. xU beho gjw;wkhfptpl;lJ. vjw;F miHf;fpwhu;fnsh>
vd;W gae;jgo nghid vLj;njd;. nghdpy; r+;Rtpd; Fuy;. ``mk;kh ehd;jhd;~~ vd;whd;.
ht
``vd;dlh/ clk;g[f;F vjhtjh>~~ vd;nwd; bld;&id kiwj;jgo. ``mbjy;yhk; 363
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xd;Dkpy;iyk;kh. kp!; fpl;l !;bg&y; gu;kp&d; nfl;L cdf;F nghd; gz;nwd;.
fhiyapnyna brhy;y epidr;nrd;. kwe;jpl;nld;. !hupk;kh vd;whd;. vJf;Flh r+;R
!hup vd;nwd;. ,d;dpf;F cdf;F gu;j;nlk;kh. kwe;Jl;oah~~ vd;whd;. ml Mkhk;. $îy
gj;J. ,g;goah kwg;ngd;. bre;jpy; Tl epidtpy; itj;J thH;j;jtpy;iy. r+;R bfh+;Rk;
L al
Fuypy; ``k;kh iel;Tl +hgfk; ,Ue;Jr;R fhiyy lf;FD kwe;Jl;nld;. rhupk;kh
\hg;gp gu;j;nl # a{~~ vd;whd;. xU beho vJt[k; ngr Koahky; jpf;fptpl;nld;. mtnd
bjhlu;e;J ``mk;kh cdf;fhf xU Nupafhe;jpg;g{ tiu+;rp tr;rpUf;nfd;. <t;dp=; rPf;fpukh
th jnud; Xnfth>~~ vd;whd;. ``jh=;f;!;lh bry;yk;/ jh=;f;a{ n!h kr;~~ vd;nwd;. me;j
A d
ehspd; Rikfs; vy;yhk; fiue;J kdR befpH;e;J cUfpaJ. uapy;/ mYtyfk;/ bre;jpy; vd
vy;yhk; kiwe;J ngha;/ ehDk; r+;Rt[k; iffs; nfhu;j;J elg;gJnghy ,Ue;jJ.
D ika
,lk; : ftpapd; (kidtpapd;) mYtyfk;
8 g=;FbgWnthu; :
neuk; :
ftp (kidtp) bre;jpy; (fztd;) r+;R (kfd;)
fhiy (ftp mYtyfj;jpy; EiHe;jJk; nghd; moj;jJ.)
,ay;
bre;jpy; : clnd MgpRf;F yPt[ nghl;L th ,d;Nud;!; ngg;gu;y ifbaGj;Jg;

nghlQk;. cd; nghl;nlh/ r+;R nghl;nlh vLj;J th. (Vw;bfdnt/
Mgprpy; Mol; FHg;gk;/ ,jpy; ntW bre;jpy; FHg;gk;/ kWgoa[k; nghd;/
Alv
,g;nghJ r+;Rtpd; gs;sp ek;gu;/ xnu gjw;wk;)
r+;R : mk;kh ehd;jhd;.
ftp : vd;dlh clk;g[f;F>
r+;R : mbjy;yhk; xz;Qkpy;nyk;kh/ kp!;fpl;l gu;kp&d; th=;fpj;jhd; nghd;
ftp :
a
gd;nwd;. !hupk;kh fhiyapny epidr;nrd;. brhy;y kwe;Jl;nld;.
vJf;Flh rhup.
.Kk
r+;R : ,d;dpf;fp cdf;Fg; gu;j;nlk;kh.
ftp : Mkhk;. $îy gj;J. ,g;goah kwg;ngd;. bre;jpy;Tl thH;j;jypah
,d;dpf;F.
r+;R : \hg;gp gu;j;nl # a{ mk;kh/ cdf;F xU Nupafhe;jpg;g{ tiu+;rp
itr;rpUf;nfd; <t;dp=; te;J ju;nwd;.
wI
ftp : jh=;f;!; lh bry;yk;. nj=;f; a{ nrh kr;. (me;j ehspd; Rikfs; vy;yhk;
LV
nghna nghr;R. uapy;/ mYtyfk;/ bre;jpy; vy;yhk; kiwe;J/ ehDk;

r+;Rt[k; ifnfhu;j;J elg;gJ nghy; ,Ue;jJ.)
w
gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpHhf;fk; bra;f.
gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpHhf;fk; gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpHhf;fk;

A
//w
nghd; bjhiyngrp gu;j;nl gpwe;jehs;

nghl;nlh g[ifg;glk; !hup kd;dpg;g[
s:K
ek;gu; vz; Mgp!; mYtyfk;

gu;kp&d; mDkjp Mol; jzpf;if
!;bg&y; rpwg;g[ iel; ,ut[
\hg;gp kfpH;r;rp jh=;f;a{ ed;wp ? cdf;F
ciu vGJnthk;
tp
c=;fs;; gs;spapy; jpU. mg;Jy;fyhk; mtu;fspd; epidt[jpdk; bfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

gs;spf;F mUfpy; cs;s fy;Yupapd; khztu;fs; jpul;oa epjpiaf; bfhz;L gs;spapd;
cau;tFg;g[ khztu;fs; midtUf;Fk; jpUf;Fws; ifalf;fg; g[j;jfk; xd;Wk;/ epy
tiuglg; g[j;jfk; xd;Wk; guprspf;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fSf;Fg; gs;spapd; rhu;ghf ed;wp Tw
ht
xUgf;f mstpy; ed;wpa[iu xd;iw vGJf.

364
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Mk; tFg;g[
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ed;wpa[iu:
midtUf;Fk; ,dpa tzf;fk;.
,e;jpahitg; bghWj;jkl;oy; Nupad; fpHf;nf cjpf;ftpy;iy.
,jpy; vd;d Mr;rupak;/ ekJ mwpt[r;Nupad; ,uhnk!;tuj;jpy; my;yth njhd;wpdhu;.
L al
gs;spapy; gof;Fk;nghJ kpjptz;oapy; tPL tPlhfr; brd;W ehspjH; nghl;L ehl;fis
Xl;odhu;.
khwhf ,d;W me;j ehspjH;fspy; mf;dp Vt[fiz ehafd; fyhikg; gw;wpa bra;jpfs;
,Ue;jhy;jhd; ehspjnH XLk;.
A d
,e;jpahtpy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W ek;ikj; jtpu;j;j ehLfs; gy/ mf;dp Vt[fiziaf;
fz;L/ mjprapj;J ,d;W cwthl fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
D ika
fyhkpd; gpwg;g[f;FKd; ,uhnk!;tuk; ,e;jpaht[f;Fs; ,Ue;jJ.
fyhkpd; gpwg;g[f;Fg;gpd; ,uhnk!;tuj;jpw;Fs; ,e;jpah.
jhd; vg;go ,wf;fntz;Lk; vd;W fyhk; epidj;jhnuh/ mg;gona mJ epfH;e;jJ.
ahUf;F ,J tha;f;Fk;> fyhKf;F kl;Lk;jhd; ,e;j Kot[ ,iwtd; je;jJ.
,j;jifa khkdpju; epidt[ehspy; ,isa rKjhak; vGr;rpa[w jpUf;Fws; ifalf;fg;
g[j;jfk; epy tiuglg; g[j;jfk; ,tw;wpidg; guprhf mspj;j fy;Y}up mz;zd;fSf;F
Alv
be+;rhu;e;j ed;wpiaj; bjuptpj;Jf;bfhs;fpnwhk;.
r=;fj; jkpH; midj;Jk; jh
a
,uz;lhapukhz;L ePsKs;s ftpijia <d;w ghzdpd; nfhg;ig
@jhapiaj; njoaiye;j fisg;gpy; gwit ,g;nghJ fhypahapUe;jJ
.Kk
xUfhyj;jpy; jd; jhfk; jzpj;j jd; clypypUe;J fps;spg; gwpj;j g{itf;
kz;ghidiaj;njo my;yYw;wJ. FHe;ijf;Fj; je;J typapy; @H;fpa
ghlg;g[j;jfj;jpy; glk;ghu;j;Jr; brhd;d gr;irj;jhtuj;jpd; fz;fspy;
fijf;Fs;spUe;J ePqw;W vJt[k; gPwpltpy;iy xUJsp uj;jk; nj=;fpapUe;jJ.
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Itif epy=;fisa[k; myfpy; bfhj;jp ............................................................

r=;ff; ftpijapd; vGj;bjhd;iwj;jpwe;J
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milfhf;f ,d;bdhU ,lkw;Wg; nghf...

fhf;ifg;ghodp btspnate;jhs;.
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ePy tz;zf; flw;gug;gpy;

me;jg; gwit xU Kl;il ,l;lJ. Mwhk;epyj;jpy; Jspu;j;j mwptpay;jkpHp ePbad
mjd; F+;R bghupg;gpy; mUnf te;jts; Kj;jk; jUifapy;
gwitfs; bjhiye;Jnghd g{kpapy;

Ma[jKk; g[y;yh=;FHy; kWifa[kha;
A
//w
mz=;bfhUj;jp cjpj;bjGe;jhs;. Fspql;lg;gl;l miwf;Fs; cl;fhu;e;J

fzpg;bghwpj;jpiuapy;
tay;btspba=;Fk; ryryj;Jj; jpupe;j vd; rpd;dkfs;
s:K
kUjahHpd; Xir tHpe;njhl xU fhf;ifia tiue;J bfhz;oUe;jhs;.

fhy;fs; fHd;whoa tpwypf; Tj;jpd;Kd;
gpug+;rnk jd;idg; g[ide;J bfhz;lJ. ? b\r;.$p. uNy;.
jiyg;g[ :
r=;fj;jkpH; midj;Jk; jh.
Mrpupau; Fwpg;g[:
tp
bgau; : b\r;. $p. uNy;

taJ : 59
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gzp : vGj;jhsu;/ ftp+u;/ fl;Liuahsu;
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rhjid : ,Ryhkpa mog;gil thjj;jpw;F vjpuhhff; Fuy; bfhLj;jJ.

365
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,wg;g[ : 05.08.2017
gilg;g[fs; : $d fz kd/ vd; rpwFfs;/ ikyh+;rp?ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fs;
ghly; bghUs;:
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L al
me;jf; fisg;gpy; fhfkhdJ Kd;bdhU fhyj;jpy; jhfj;jpidj; jzpj;j
kz;ghidiaa[k; njoj; Jd;g[w;wJ.
ghlg;g[j;jfj;jpy; glj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; fij brhd;d fijfspy; ,Ue;J ePqw;Wfs;
vJt[k; gPwpltpy;iy.
A d
Itif epy=;fisa[k; jd; myfhy; bfhj;jp vLj;Jf; bfhz;ljhy;/ Kl;ilia
milfhf;f ,lkpy;yhky; nghdJ gwitf;F.
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8 ,l;lJ.
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tay; gug;gpidf; bfhz;l epybk=;Fk; kUj ahHpd; Xir ,irj;jtz;zk; ,Ue;jJ.
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Alv
xg;gid bra;J bfhz;lJ.
ghLk; ghzdpd; ifapypUe;j kJf;nfhg;ig ,g;nghJ fhypahapw;W.
(jhtuj;jpypUe;J) jdJ clypypUe;J fps;spa g{itj; jd; FHe;ijf;Fj; je;jjhy;/
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typapy; @H;fpa gr;irj; jhtuj;jpd; fz;fspy; xU Jsp uj;jk; nj=;fpapUe;jJ.
r=;ff; ftpijfspd; (ghly;fspd;) jkpH; vGj;J xd;wpidj; jpwe;J bfhz;L bgz;ghw;
g[ytu; fhf;ifg; ghodp btspna te;jhs;.
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Mwhk; jpizapy; Jspu;tpl;l mwptpay; jkpHp ePna vd;W mUnf te;J Kj;jk;
jUk;nghJ gwitapdk; fhzhky; nghapw;W.
Fspql;lg;bgw;w miwapDs;ns fzpdpapd; jpiuapy; vd; rpd;d kfs; xU fhf;ifia
tiue;J bfhz;oUe;jhd;.
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vJif eak;:
LV
ahidf;Fj; Jk;gpf;if
w
kdpjDf;F ek;gpf;if
ghly; mofspd; rPu;fspy; Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J
xd;wptUtJ vJif.
v.fh: mUnf/ jUifapy;
A
//w
nkhid eak;:
Fatdpd; tz;zk; ghidapny
s:K
ftp+dpd; tz;zk; nkhidapny

v.fh: Ma[jKk;/ mz=;bfhUj;jp " Mwhk; epyj;jpy;/ mUnf te;jts;
mzp eak;:
gpug+;rnk jd;idg; g[ide;J bfhz;lJ/ jhtuj;jpd; fz;fspy; xU Jsp uj;jk;
nj=;fpapUe;jJ vd;Dk; ,t;tpU mofspy; cau;thd tifapy; ftpij g[idag;
gl;oUg;gJ fz;TL. vdnt/ cau;t[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
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fw;gid eak;:
ghly; KGika[k;/ etPd fhy=;fspy; fij brhy;y @jhl;ofs; ,y;iy vd;Wk;/
kz;ghidfisf; fhz KoahJ vd;Wk; ePqw;Wfs; mw;Wg;ngha;tpl;lJ vd;Wk;/ Itif
epy=;fspd; jd;ik khwptpl;lJ vd;Wk; uNy; jdJ fw;gidj; jpwj;jpd; cr;rj;ijg;
ht
ghly;fspy; fhl;oa[s;shu;.
366
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vdjd;igf; fhl;l vdJthiy Ml;Lntd;
xUntis nrhw;Wf;F tPl;oidf; fhg;ngd;
kpUf $hjpehbad xJf;Fk; kdpjnd
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ed;wp bra;tjpy; cd;dpYk; cau;e;jtd;
Jg;gwpa[k; ,yhfhthy; Jg;g[ Jy=;fhjijf;Tl
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1. kf;fSf;F eyk; bra;a[k; thH;tpay; 2. g[Jikg;gpj;jdpd; g[fH;bgw;w rpWfij (4)

bewpfisf; TWk; Jiw (9) 3. ghujp elj;j tpUk;gpa fUj;Jg;gl ,jH; (6)
A
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7. njd; ? kw;bwhU brhy; (4) 4. ,isauh$h cUthf;fpa ,uhfk; (5)

15. g[y;ypd; ,jH;fs; ? E}yhrpupau; (4) 5. ew;wpiz 153MtJ ghliy ,aw;wpatu;
16. fw;w tpj;ijfis mu=;nfw;Wk; (6)
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,lk; (4) 6. mQitg;nghyr; rpWj;J epw;Fk; Mw;wy; (3)

17. rp.R. bry;yg;gh elj;jpa ,jH; (4) 12. ,e;jr; brhy;ypd; jpupng rPwh (3)
19. $p.a[.nghg; M=;fpyj;jpy; bkhHp 13. kfhghujj;jpy; bfhil tPud; (4)
bgau;j;j gf;jp ,yf;fpak; (6) 14. ghujpjhrd; elj;jpa ,jH; (3)
tykpUe;J ,lk; fPHpUe;J nky;
tp
6. ahid ? ntbwhU brhy; (5) 7. jtW ? ntbwhU brhy; (2)

9. te;jthrpf;F mUfpy; rkzg;gs;sp 8. jUK rptuhk; vd;Dk; g[idbgaupYk;
,Ue;j Cu; (3) vGjpatu; (4)
12. ckWg;g[ytiu Mjupj;jtu; (5) 9. @=;fpy; ? kw;bwhU brhy; (2)
ht
20. ftp+u; kPuh elj;jpa gjpg;gfk; (4) 10. khzpf;fthrfu; gpwe;j Cu; (6)
367
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11. I=;FWE}W ghLk; kyu;fspy; xd;W (2)
18. kiy vd;Wk; brhy;yyhk; (2)
19. gj;jhk; jpUKiw (7)
tpil: ,lkpUe;J tyk;:
L al
1. bghUz;bkhHpf; fh+;rp (9)/ 7. gpurk; (4)/ 15. tpl;kd; (4)/ 16. kd;wk; (4)/
17. vGj;J (4)/ 19. jpUthrfk; (6)
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2. fh+;rid (4)/ 3. rpj;jpuhtsp (6)/ 4. g+;rKfp (5)/ 5. jdpkfdhu; (6)/ 6. Fz;L (3)/
12. rPwj; (3)/ 13. fz;zd; (4)/ 14. Fapy; (3).
D ika
tykpUe;J ,lk;:
8 6. F+;ruk; (5)/ 9. ntly; (3)/ 12. rPjf;fhjp (5)/ 20. md;dk; (9)
fPHpUe;J nky;:
,ay;
7. gpiH (2)/ 8. gpukps; (4)/ 9. fiH (2)/ 10. jpUthjt{u; (6)/ 11. fhah (2)/ 18. tiu (2)/
19. jpUke;jpuk; (7)
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epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
kdpj ,dk; TothGk; ,ay;g[ilaJ. ehk; md;whk; gyUld; gHff;Toa ,d;iwa
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rpf;fy;
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nfl;Lf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;whu;. rpd;d FHe;ij mGfpwJ. nju;t[f;Fg;
gof;fpwhu;fs; vd ntz;Lnfhs; bra;jy;.
eP=;fs; kl;ilg;ge;J nghl;oiag; ghu;f;f nghl;oia ,d;W kl;Lnk ghu;f;fyhk;.
ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;g[k; neuj;jpy; bjhliu ,d;bdhU Kiw ghu;f;f
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c=;fs; j=;if bjhiyf;fhl;rpj; bjhlu; tha;g;g[z;L vdf; TWjy;/ my;yJ

LV
xd;iwg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwhu;. tpl;Lf;bfhLj;jy;.

c=;fs; mUfpy; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; c=;fs; ehk; gof;fpd;w ,lk; J}a;ik njit
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tFg;g[j; njhHu; c=;fs; nkir kPJ vdy;/ mtd; ,iwj;j cztpid ehnk
cztpid ,iwj;jgo rhg;gpl;Lf; Rj;jk; bra;jy;.
bfhz;oUf;fpwhu;.
A
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eP=;fs; mLj;jehs; nju;t[f;fhfg; goj;Jf; Iaj;ij tpsf;Fjy; ,uz;LKiw

bfhz;oUf;Fk;nghJ/ c=;fs; tFg;g[j; gog;gjw;Fr; rkk;/ 15 epkpl=;fSf;F nky;
njhHu;/ ghlj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Iaj;jpw;fhf bjhiyngrpapy; ngRjy; nju;t[ neuj;jpw;F
s:K
c=;fSf;Fj; njhiyngrpapy; miHg;g[ cfe;jjy;y.

tpLf;fpwhu;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
eh=;TH;g; g[G – Earthworm
cyfkakhf;fy;
tp
– Globalisation
Kidtu; gl;lk; – Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)
tpHpg;g[zu;t[ – Awareness
flt[r;rPl;L – Passport
bghUs;Kjy; thjk;
ht
– Materialism
368 ***
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gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
E}Yk; ? E}yhrphpaUk;
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E}y;?E}yhrphpah;  gHbkhHpfis tpsf;Fjy;  ftpijfs;  gHbkhHpfs;
E}y; E}yhrpupau;
ciueil
1. ngr;RbkhHpa[k; ftpijbkhHpa[k; ? ,e;jpud;
A d
2. kiy ,lg;bgah;fs;: Xh; Ma;t[ ? Mh;. ghyfpU&;zd;
D ika
3. fhw;wpy; fye;j ngnuhir ? Re;ju uhkrhkp
bra;a[s;
1. a[fj;jpd; ghly; ? R. tpy;tuj;jpdk;
2. ed;D}y; ? gtze;jp Kdpth;
3. Vjpypf;FUtpfs; ? mHfpa bghpatd;
Alv
4. fhtpak; ? gpukps;
5. jpUkiy KUfd; gs;S ? bghpatd; ftpuhau;
6. I=;FWE}W (MLfk; tpiue;nj) ? ngadhu;
7. fhtor;rpe;J
8. Fwe;bjhif (mk;k thHp)
a ?
?
brd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiyahu;
bts;sptPjpahu;
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9. g[wehD}W (cz;lhy; mk;k) ? flYs; kha;e;j ,sk;bgUtGjp
10. jpUf;Fws; ? jpUts;Stu;
11. gps;isf;Tlk; ? ,uh. kPdhl;rp
12. ew;wpiz (gpurk; fye;j) ? nghjdhu;
wI
LV
13. bjhy;fhg;gpak; ? bjhy;fhg;gpau;

14. bjhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; rpwg;g[g; ghapu tpsf;fg; ghly; ? er;rpdhh;f;fpdpau;
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15. mfehD}W (bgU=;fly; Kfe;j) ? tPiu btspad; jpj;jdu;

16. rPwhg;g[uhzk; ? ckWg;g[ytu;
A
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17. Mj;khehk; ftpijfs; ? Mj;khehk; (kJNjdd;)

18. Fw;whyf; Fwt+;rp ? jphpTl uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;
19. jpUr;rhHy; ? khzpf;fthrfu;
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20. g[ul;rpf;ftp ? ghujpjhrd;

21. gjpw;Wg;gj;J (gjpgpiHg;g[) ? Fkl;#h;f fz;zdhu;
22. xt;bthU g[y;iya[k; ? ,d;Fyhg;
23. bjhiye;J nghdth;fs; ? mg;Jy; uFkhd;
24. kndhd;kzPak; ? Re;judhu;
tp
ht
369
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Jizg;ghlk;
1. Mwhk; jpiz ? m. Kj;Jyp=;fk;
2. ahid lhf;lh; ? b$ankhfd;
L al
3. thothry; ? rp.R. bry;yg;gh
4. gpk;gk; ? gpug+;rd;
5. brt;tp ? eh;j;jfp eluh$;
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gHbkhHpfis tpsf;Fjy;
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
gpd;tUk; gHbkhHpfis thH;f;if epfH;nthL bghUj;jp vGJf.
1. ahidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
btw;wpa[k; njhy;tpa[k; epue;juky;y. VjhtJ xd;W xU neuj;jpy; elf;ff;TLk;
vd;gij tpsf;FtJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
Alv
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
khwd; v=;fs; gs;spapy; gog;gtd;. mtd; gog;g[ kl;Lky;yhky; midj;jpYk;
mtd;jhd; Kjyplk; bgWthd;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; mtd; je;ija[k; ey;y gzpapy;
a
cs;stu;. mjdhy; mtd; ahiua[k; kjpf;f khl;lhd;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf nju;t[ neuj;jpy;
cly;epiy rupapy;yhky; nghdjhy; kjpg;bgz; Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; kdk; cile;jhd;.
.Kk
ePjp:
jpwika[k;/ brhe;j ge;jKk; ,Ue;jhYk; Vnjh xU neuj;jpy; njhy;tp mila neupLk;.
,Jnt àhidf;Fk; morWf;Fk;~ vd;Dk; gHbkhHpahy; mwpa[k; bra;jp MFk;.
2. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;/ tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
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gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; gpwu;f;F bra;a[k; bray;fns ekf;Fk; elf;Fk;. ey;yJ bra;jhy; ey;yJ" jPad
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bra;jhy; jPad neUk;.

thH;f;if epfH;t[:
Rfe;jpa[k;/ RFzht[k; beU=;fpa njhHpfs;. ,UtUk; xnu tFg;igr; nru;e;jtu;.
A
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Rfe;jpa[k; ed;whfg; gog;gts;. gog;nghL kl;Lky;yhky; midtUf;Fk; cjtpfs;

gy bra;ths;. RFzht[k; gog;ghs;. jPa vz;z=;fs; bfhz;lts;. vtiuf; fz;lhYk;
bghwhikf; bfhs;ths;. ,UtUk; gog;g[ Koj;J ntiy njLfpd;wnghJ Kjypy; Rfe;jpf;F
s:K
ntiy fpilj;jJ. fhuzk; ,ts; cjtp bra;jtupd; je;ij mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jjhy;/

Rfe;jpiag; gw;wp vLj;Jr; brhy;yp ntiyia th=;fpj; je;jhu;.
ePjp:
vz;zk;nghy; thHyhk; vd;gJjhd; ,g;gHbkhHpapd; ePjpahFk;.
3. Fw;wk; ghu;f;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy
tp
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; ahiua[k; ey;ytu;/ bfl;ltu; vd;W Kot[ bra;af;TlhJ. gpwupd; Fw;w=;fis jk;
Fw;wk;nghy; epidf;f ntz;Lk;. Fw;wk; ghu;j;jhy; cwt[ ,y;yhky; ngha;tpLk;.
ht
370
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thH;f;if epfH;t[:
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g[z;gLkhW ngRths;. Rjht[k; vt;tsnth vLj;Jr; brhy;ths;. khyh nfl;fkhl;lhs;.
xUehs; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf Rjhitna ngrptpl;lhs;. kdk; behe;j Rjh khyhit tpl;L
L al
gpupe;J tpl;lhs;.

ePjp:
ehk; xUtupd; Fiwfis kl;Lk; ghu;f;ff; TlhJ. ey;y Fz=;fisa[k; ghu;f;f
ntz;Lk; vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
A d
4. vWk;g[ Cuf; fy;Yk; nja[k;
D ika
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
Kaw;rp cilatu;fs; Kaw;rpia iftplhJ jd; nehf;fpy; cWjpaha; ,Ue;jhy; btw;wp
,yf;if epr;rak; milthu;fs; vd;w bghUis czu;j;JfpwJ ,g;gHbkhHp.
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
v=;fs; tFg;gpy; tpf;nd&; vd;w khztd; gs;spf;F rupahf tUtJk; ,y;iy. mg;go
vd;whtJ xUehs; te;jhYk; rupahfg; gog;gJk; ,y;iy. Mrpupau; TWk; mwpt[iuia
Alv
mtd; nfl;gJk; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; nju;t[ beU=;fpa neuj;jpy; Mrpupau; khztd;
tPl;ow;Fr; brd;W jpdKk; miHj;J te;J gof;f itj;jhu;. mtUila tplhKaw;rpahy;
tpf;nd&; nju;tpy; ey;y kjpg;bgz; bgw;whd;.
ePjp:
a
ehk; ve;jbthU braiya[k; tplhKaw;rpnahL bra;jhy; vWk;g[ Cu;e;J fy; nja;tJ
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nghy; ehk; btw;wp mila Koa[k;.
5. CHp bgaupDk; jhk; bgauhu;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
xUtu; ve;jr;NHypYk; bgha;nah/ fsnth bra;akhl;lhu;. vt;tst[ rPw;wk; te;jhYk;
wI
fly; jd;epiy khwhJ vd;gJ gHbkhHp.

LV
thH;f;if epfH;t[:
w
tWikahd FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ed;F gof;Fk; khztd; jdpahu; gs;spapy; gof;fpwhd;.

mtd; gs;spf; fl;lzk; ruptu fl;lKoatpy;iy. mof;fo Mrpupau; mtidf; nfl;ghu;.
mtd; mnjh ,njh vd;W ehl;fs; flj;jpdhd;. Mdhy; mtd; gs;spapy; Kjyhtjhf
A
//w
nju;r;rp bgWk; khztd;. xUehs; gs;spia tpl;L tPl;Lf;Fr; bry;Yk;nghJ xU

gzg;igiaf; fz;blLj;jhd;. mjpy; epiwa gzk; ,Ue;jJ. mij vLj;Jf;bfhz;L
ngha; gs;spf;fl;lzk; brYj;jpapUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mtd; mt;thW bra;atpy;iy.
s:K
fhty;epiyak; brd;W gzg;igia xg;gilj;J tpl;lhd;. mtidf; fhty; epiya

mjpfhupfs; ghuhl;odhu;fs;.
ePjp:
tWik thH;tpid tijj;jhYk; jd; gz;g[fspy; ,Ue;J khwf;TlhJ vd;gJ
,g;gHbkhHpapd; ePjp MFk;.
tp
6. Mlj; bjupahjtd; bjUf; nfhzy; vd;ghd;.

gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
xU braiy rupahfr; bra;a ,ayhjtd; TWk; Tw;whf miktJ ,J. ve;j xU
fiyiaa[k; Kiwahd gapw;rp ,y;yhky; fw;f KoahJ. mJnghy kfpGe;ijr; rhiyapy;
ht
Xl;lg; gapw;rp ,y;yhjtd; ,e;jr; rhiy rupapy;iy vd;W Twpj; jg;gpf;fg; ghu;g;ghd;.
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.in
thH;f;if epfH;t[k; bghUj;jKk; :
,e;jpah ? ghfp!;jhd; mzpfSf;F ,ilapyhd kl;il ge;jhl;l nghl;oapy;
,e;jpa mzpapd; ge;J tPr;irr; rkhspf;f Koahky; Fiwe;j Xl;l=;fspy; Ml;lkpHe;jJ
ghfp!;jhd; mzp. ,J Fwpj;Jr; bra;jpahsu;fsplk; ngrpa mt;tzpapd; jiytu;/
L al
`nkhrkhd MLfsnk Fiwe;j Xl;l=;fspy; Ml;lkpHf;f f; fhuzk;~~ vd;W Twpdhu;.
,e;epfH;t[ `Mlj;bjupahjtd; bjUf;nfhzy; vd;ghd;~ vd;w gHbkhHpf;Fg;
bghUe;Jtjhf mikfpwJ.
7. ViHr; brhy; mk;gyk; VwhJ
A d
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
bry;thf;F cs;stu;fs; vijr; brhd;dhYk; jiyia Ml;Lk; ,t;t[yfk;/ ViH
D ika
ey;yijr; brhd;dhYk; Vw;Wf;bfhs;shJ.
xU fpuhkj;jpy; gzf;fhud; xUtdplk; ViH xUtd; ntiy bra;J te;jhd;.
mg;gzf;fhudpd; tPl;oypUe;j bghUl;fis me;j ViHjhd; jpUotpl;lhd; vd;W vz;zp
mg;gzf;fhuDk; mt;t{uhUk; moj;Jj; Jitj;Jtpl;ldu;. me;j ViH jhd; jpUltpy;iy
Alv
vd;W vj;jidnah Kiw bf+;rpanghJk; mt;t{uhu; mtidf; fhty;Jiwapduplk;
xg;gilj;jdu;.
fhty; Jiwapdu; mg;gzf;fhud; tPl;L fz;fhzpf;Fk; glf;fUtpia Ma;e;jnghJ
a
mg;gzf;fhudpd; kfd;jhd; jpUld; vd;gJ cWjpahdJ. jhd; jpUltpy;iy vd;W fjwpa
ViHapd; brhy; ,t;t{uhuplk; Vw;fg;glntapy;iy vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; ,e;epfH;t[ ViHr;
brhy; mk;gyk; VwhJ vd;Dk; gHbkhHpf;Fr; rhd;whfpwJ.
.Kk
8. gzk; ge;jpapny ? Fzk; Fg;igapny
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ey;y trjp gilj;jtu;f;F xUtpjkhd cgrupg;g[k; trjp ,y;yhjtu;f;F xUtpjkhd
wI
cgrupg;g[k; bra;fpd;wjhf ,t;t[yfk; tps=;FfpwJ.

LV

w
Xu; ,sk; bjhHpyjpgu; tPl;oy; jpUkz tpHh eilbgw;wJ. mj;bjhHpyjpgu; bgUk;

gzf;fhuu;fs; midtiua[k; Kd;tupirapy; mku;j;jp cupa kupahijia tH=;fpdhu;.
Mdhy; rpWtajpy; jd;idj; J}f;fp tsu;j;J Mshf;fpa jha;khkd; Kd;tupirf;F
te;jnghJ ``,J bgupa ,lj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu;fs; cl;fhUfpd;w ,lk;. vdnt filrp
A
//w
tupirapy; brd;W mkU=;fs;~~ vd;W Twpdhu;. fhyr;NHyhy; ,d;W tWikapy; thGk;

jha;khDf;F ,Jnghd;w mtkhd=;fs; xd;Wk; g[jpjhdjy;y. gzk; ge;jpapny Fzk;
s:K
Fg;igapny vd;W Rk;khthfth Twpdhu;fs;-

9. `Ìe;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisa[kh>~~
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
,sikapy; fy;tp fw;fhjtd; KJikapy; fy;tp fw;gJ vd;gJ Koahj fhupakhFk;.
mJnghy ,sikapy; Kaw;rp bra;ahjtd;/ KJikapy; Kaw;rp bra;a KoahJ vd;gnj
,g;gHbkhHp czu;j;Jk; bghUshFk;.
tp

ehDk; vd; njhHp khyjpa[k; ,izgpupahjtu;fs;. Mdhy; vd; njhHp Kjy;
tFg;gpypUe;nj ed;whfg; gog;ghs;. Mdhy; ehd; rpWgps;isj;jdkhf tpisahl;oy;
ht
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLj;njd;. mts;; ed;whfg; goj;J cau;e;j epiyia mile;jhs;. Mdhy;

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
vd;dhy; mtisg;nghy; cau;epiyia mila Koatpy;iy. gpd;g[ Kjpnahu; fy;tpf;Fr;
brd;W/ gof;f Mirg;gl;L goj;J te;njd;. Mdhy; vd; KJik fhuzkhf vd;dhy; fy;tp
fw;f Koatpy;iy. ,jpypUe;J ehd; mwpe;J bfhz;lJ vd;dbtd;why;/ fw;f ntz;oa
fy;tpia/ Kiwahf ,sikapnyna fw;f ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ``gUtj;nj gapu; bra;~~
L al
vd;gJ nghy/ rpW tajpy; fw;gJ/ ,Wjp tiu ed;ik gaf;Fk; vd;Dk; fUj;ijj;jhd;

,g;gHbkhHp vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. (``,sikapy; fy;~~)
10. ``rpWJUk;g[k; gy;Fj;j cjt[k;~~
A d
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
rpwpa bghUs; vd;W vjida[k; ,fHf; TlhJ. cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthU bghUSf;Fk;
D ika
gad;ghL cz;L.
v=;fspd; gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuu; jPuhj nehahsp. mtu; jpdKk; jdf;Fj; jhnd Crp kUe;J
nghl;Lf; bfhs;thu;. fhypahd Fg;gpfis v=;fs; tPl;od; vy;iyf;Fs; J}f;fpg; nghl;L
tpLthu;;. ``c=;f kUe;J ghl;oy;fisj; jpdKk; ehd; Fg;igahf ms;spg; nghfpnwd;~~ vd;W
v=;fs; mg;gh mtUld; rpWrpW rz;il nghl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jhu;.
Alv
rpy ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF/ v=;fs; tPl;Lg; gFjpapy; tpGk; rpW Fg;gpfis xU rhf;Fg;
igapy;/ ehd; nru;j;J itf;fj; bjhl=;fpndd;. mg;ghtpd; rz;ilf;F Kw;Wg;g[s;sp
itf;fg;gl;lJ. v=;fs; gs;spapy; khtl;l=;fSf;F ,ilapyhd fiyg; nghl;o ele;jJ.
a
mjpy; tPzhFk; bghUs;fspy; fiyg; bghUs; cUthf;Fk; nghl;o ,Ue;jJ. kpFjpahf
vd;dplk; ,Ue;j Fg;gpfisf; bfhz;L/ xU mHfpa fl;olk; cUthf;fpndd;. fz;nlhu;
.Kk
tpae;jdu;. Kjw; gupRk; vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. Mk;- fHpt[g; bghUl;fs; vd;W vija[nk
tPzhf;ff; TlhJ. mJt[k; xU rpy neuj;jpy; gaDs;sjhf khWk; vd;gij ,e;epfH;t[
epqgpj;;Jtpl;lJ.
11. ``nehaw;w thH;nt Fiwtw;w bry;tk;~~
wI
tpsf;fk;:
LV
cyfpy; vt;tst[ bry;tk; gilj;jtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ nehapUg;gpd; mtu;fs;

w
twpatu;fs;" VH;ik epiyapYs;s xUtu; nehaw;w thH;t[ bgw;wpUe;jhy; mtnu cyfpy;

bry;te;ju; Mthu;.
A
//w
vd; ghrj;Jf;Fupa ez;gu; rpwg;ghff; fy;tp fw;W/ xU gl;ljhupahdhu;. gpd; gzj;jpd;

njitia czu;e;J gy khztu;fSf;Ff; fzpjk; brhy;ypf; bfhLj;J/ gy khztu;fisj;
jpwikahd khztu;fshf cUthf;fpdhu;. mtuJ vspikahd Kiw khztu;fisf;
s:K
ftu;e;jJ. gy gs;spfspypUe;J te;J/ E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd khztu;fs; mtuplk; fy;tp

gapd;wdu;.
fod ciHg;ghy; rpy kzp neuk; cly;epiy rupapy;yhky; ,Ug;gJz;L. mijr;
rupahff; ftdpf;fhky; ,Ue;jhy;/ fhyg;nghf;fpy; mtUf;F cly;epiy fLikahfg;
ghjpj;J/ kUj;Jtuplk; brd;wnghJ/ mst[f;F mjpfkhf khj;jpiufis cz;ljhy;/
mtuJ rpWePufk; ghjpj;jJ vd;W lhf;lu; Twpdhu;. gpwF mtu; rk;ghjpj;j gzk; vy;yhk;/
tp
jd; neha;f;Fr; bryt[ bra;jjhy;/ VH;ik epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lhu;.

ehk; gzj;ijr; rk;ghjpj;Jtplyhk;. Mdhy;/ ek; cly;epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;
kPz;Lk; ey;y epiyf;Ff; bfhz;Ltu ,ayhJ vd;Wk; fUj;J ,g;gHbkhHpapd; @yk;
bgwg;gLfpwJ.
ht
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.in
12. ``cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epid~~
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
rpW tajpy; ekf;Fg; gpwu; bra;a[k; cjtpia kwf;fhky;/ kw;wtUf;Fr; rpwpnjDk;
ek;khy; Koe;j cjtpiar; bra;a ntz;Lk;.
L al
mwptHfd; rpW tajpnyna je;ijia ,He;J tpl;lhd;. mtDila gf;fj;J
tPl;Lf;fhuuhd gukrptk; thj;jpahu;/ mtDf;F ntz;oa cjtpfs; bra;J/ mtdJ gog;g[
A d
jilglhky; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;lhu;. mwptHfd; ed;F gog;gtd;. fy;Y}upapy; gukrptj;jpd;
cjtpa[ld; nru;e;J/ gl;lg;gog;g[ bgw;W/ ntiyapy; mku;e;jhd;. Mz;Lfs; rpy Mapd.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
gukrptk; thj;jpahu; Xa;t[ bgw;w gpwF neha;tha;gl;Lg; gLj;jg; gLf;ifahdhu;.
,ijawpe;j mwptHfd; mtUf;Fj; njitahd cjtpfisr; bra;J/ mtuJ FLk;gj;ijg;
ghu;j;Jf;bfhz;lhd;. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sst[k; epidf;f ntz;Lk; my;yth>
xUtu; bra;j ed;wpia kwj;jy; TlhJ" `èd;wp kwg;gJ ed;wd;W~~ vd;gJ ts;Stupd;
tha;bkhHp md;nwh-
13. ``tpisa[k; gapu; Kisapnyna bjupa[k;~~
Alv
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
xU kdpjdpd; rpwe;j gz;g[fSk; jpwikfSk; mtdJ rpW tajpnyna btspg;gLk;.
thH;f;if epfH;t[k; bghUj;jKk; :a
kJiuapy; tWikapy; thH;fpd;w FLk;gk; xd;wpy; fUg;g[ ituk; nghy vl;lhtjhf
xU Mz; FHe;ij gpwe;jJ. gs;spg; gUtj;jpnyna mf;FHe;ij gy gupRfisa[k;/
.Kk
gjf;f=;fisa[k; bgw;wJ. mtUila mk;kh ,utpy; rpW tpsf;fpd; xspapy;/ jdJ gps;is
th=;fpa gupRfisg; ghu;j;Jf; fz;zPu; toj;jhu;. ``gupR gzkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,tDf;F ehd;
,d;Dk; ey;y czt[ bfhLg;ngnd~~ vd;W jk; kdjpw;Fs; brhy;ypf; bfhz;lhs;.
mtu; tsu;e;J jdJ ngr;rhw;wyhy;/ nguhrpupauhdhu;. gpwF gy;ntW fpuhk=;fspYk;/
wI
efu=;fspYk;/ ahtUk; tpUk;gpf; nfl;Fk;go ciuahw;Wk; gl;okd;w eLtuhdhu;. rpW

LV
gps;isg; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;j ngr;rhw;wy;/ ,d;W ,tiu cyk; mwpe;j ngr;rhsuhfg;

w
nghw;Wk; epiyf;Ff; bfhz;L te;Js;sJ. mtu;jhd; gl;okd;wj;jpy; g[fH;bgw;w jpU.

rhykd; ghg;igah mtu;fs;-
mtuJ md;id cs;sk;/ ,d;W ,tiug; ghu;j;J ``tpisa[k; gapu; Kisapny
bjupe;jJ~~ vd;W vz;zp mfkfpH;fpd;whd;.
A
//w
14. mDgtnk rpwe;j Mrhd;

gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
s:K
VL fw;Wf; bfhLg;gijtpl/ mDgtnk mjpfkhd ghl=;fisf; fw;Wf; bfhLf;fpwJ.

gyruf;Ff; filf;fhuu; ,uhikah jpdrup filapy; tNyhd gzj;jpidg; bgl;oapy;
g{l;o itg;ghu;. mtuJ ez;gu;fs; gzj;ij t=;fpapy; brYj;jpdhy; ghJfhg;g[ my;yth
vdf; Twpdhy;/ t=;fp eilKiw jkf;F xj;J tuhJ vd;W Twp tpLthu;. xU Kiw mtu;
tp
filapy; ,y;yhj neuk;/ gzj;ijj; jpUlu;fs; bfhs;isaoj;Jtpl;ldu;. ,jw;F tUe;jpa

,uhikah/ mjd;gpwF gzj;ij t=;fpapy; brYj;j Muk;gpj;jhu;.
ekf;F Vw;gLk; mDgtnk/ ehk; thH;f;ifapy; mLj;j jtW bra;ahky; ,Uf;f
cjt[fpwbjd;gij ehk; ,jd; @yk; g[upe;J bfhs;syhk; my;yth>
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
15. Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;/ Kaw;rpa[ilahu; ,fH;r;rp milahu;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ehk; bra;a[k; xt;bthU braypYk; Kaw;rpiaf; iftplhky; bjhlu;e;J bra;jhy;/
thH;tpy; cau;t[ fpilf;Fk;.
L al

fPjh xd;gjhk; tFg;g[ gof;Fk; khztp. fPjh jkpH; thrpj;jhYk; M=;fpyk; thrpj;jhYk;/
jtwhf mts; thrpg;gijf; nfl;L tFg;ng rpupf;Fk;. Mdhy; mts; mjw;fhf
A d
btl;fg;gltpy;iy. mnj rkaj;jpy; mts; gs;spapd; njhl;l=;fspYk;/ tay; btspapYk;/
fz;zho Kd;g[k; cuf;f thrpj;Jg; ngrg; gHfpdhs;. mg;nghJ bgh=;fy; tpHhtpidf;
D ika
Fwpj;J/ ngr;Rg; nghl;of;F fPjh jd; bgaiuf; bfhLj;J ,Ue;jhs;. mtisg; ghu;j;J
midtUk; nfyp bra;jdu;. ,tsh ngrg; nghfpwhs;. Mdhy; mts; jd; mg;gh/ mk;kh/
j=;if Kd;dpiyapy; tPl;oy; ngrpg; gHfpdhs;. ele;j ngr;Rg; nghl;oapy;/ rpwg;ghfg;
ngrp/ Kjy; gupirj; jl;or; brd;whs;. Kaw;rp bra;jhy; Koahj fhupak; xd;Wkpy;iy.
``rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gHf;fk; bre;jkpGk; ehg;gHf;fk;~~ vd;gij czu;e;J/ ehk;
nkw;bfhs;Sk; braypy; tplhKaw;rp bra;jhy;/ ek; thH;tpy; btw;wp milayhk; vd;gij
Alv
,g;gHbkhHp @yk; mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;.
16. ``kpd;Dtbjy;yhk; bghd;dy;y~~
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
a
btspg;g[wj; njhw;wk; fz;L vija[k; cz;ik vd epidj;J/ ek;gptplf; TlhJ.
.Kk
vd; ez;gu; xUtu; ,uz;L khj=;fSf;F Kd; brd;idapypUe;J/ fy;fj;jh efUf;Fg;
gazk; bra;jhu;. mg;nghJ jhk;guj;jpy; xU egu; Vwp/ vd; ez;gupd; mUfpy; mku;e;jhu;.
mtu; ghu;g;gjw;F kpft[k; ey;ytuhft[k;/ ngz;l;/ ru;l; vd kpLf;fhft[k; njhw;wkspj;jhu;.
ifapy; kpfg; bgupa bgl;oa[k; itj;jpUe;jhu;. mtu; vd; ez;guplk; bkJthfg; ngr
wI
Muk;gpj;jhu;. vd; ez;gUk; ngrpdhu;. gpd;/ ,UtUk; ,ut[ czt[ cz;ldu;.

LV
gpd; brd;idiaj; jhz;oa gpwF/ vd; ez;gUf;F mtu; gp!;bfl; je;jhu;. vd; ez;gu;
mJ kaf;f gp!;bfl;lhf ,Uf;Fk; vd th=;f kWj;jhu;. gpd; me;j egu; rpwpJ neuj;jpy;/ xU
w
eguplk; bry;nghdpy; Vnjh bjhlu;g[ bfhz;L ngrpdhu;. gpd; mLj;j ,uapy; epiyak;
,Ue;jJ. mg;nghJ ntW xU egu; fhgp tpw;whu;. clnd me;j egu;/ vd; ez;guplk; `fhgp
Fof;fhynk~ vdf; Twpdhu;. gpd; ,UtUk; fhgp Foj;jdu; ; ez;gu; rpwpJ neuj;jpy;
A
//w
ka=;fpdhu;. fhiyapy; fz; tpHpj;Jg; ghu;j;jnghJ/ gzg;igiaf; fhztpy;iy. clnd

fhtyuplk; g[fhu; bra;jhu;. fhtyu; me;j egiur; re;njfj;jpy; mog;gilapy; gpoj;J
itj;jpUe;jdu;. mg;nghJjhd; vd; ez;gUf;F/ me;jf; fhgp tpw;wtUk; me;j eghpd;
s:K
Tl;lhsp vdj; bjupe;jJ. gpd; fhtyuplk; jd; gzj;ijg; bgw;whu;.

,t;thW ve;j egUk; ghu;g;gjw;F kpLf;fhfj; njhw;wkspg;ghu;fs;. ehk; mJjhd;
cz;ikbad;W ek;gptplf; Tlhbjd;gnj ,g;gHbkhHp czu;j;Jk; fUj;jhFk;.
17. ty;ytDf;F g[y;Yk; Ma[jk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
tp
xUtd; jpwikahdtdhf ,Ue;jhy;/ mtd; vg;gog;gl;l NH;epiyiaa[k; rkhspj;Jf;

bfhs;thd;.
KUfd; ,ut[ neuk; tPl;ow;Fj; jpUk;gpf; bfhz;oUe;jhd;. mg;nghJ kpd;jil
ht
Vw;gl;oUe;jjhy;/ rhiyapy; ,Us; NH;e;jpUe;jJ. me;j neuj;jpy; vjpnu ,U jpUlu;fs;

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te;J/ KUfid kpul;o bfhs;isaof;f Kaw;rp bra;jhu;fs;. me;j neuj;jpy;/ rknahrpjkhf
KUfd; vjpnu ,Ul;ilg; ghu;j;J ``,d;!;bgf;lu; bfh+;rk; ,=;nf thU=;fs;~~ vd;W
fj;jpdhd;. clnd jpUlu;fs; gae;J Xotpl;lhu;fs;. ,t;thW KUfd; NH;epiyiag;
g[j;jprhypj;jdkhf rkhspj;jhd;.
L al
``kpfj;jpwikahd xUtd; vg;gog;gl;l ,Uf;fl;lhd NH;epiyiaa[k;/ rkhspj;J
mjpypUe;J kPz;L te;J tpLthd;~~ vd;W Twpdhy;/ mJ kpifahfhJ md;nwh!
18. ,s=;fd;W gakwpahJ
A d
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
,sik vd;gJ ntfk; epiwe;jJ ; rthy;fis vjpu; bfhs;tjpy; Mu;tk; mjpfk;.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
ntfj;ijj; jtpu ve;j rpe;jidfSk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. gpd; tpist[fisr; rpe;jpg;gJk;
,y;iy.
xU ehs; v=;fs; cwtpdu; xUtu; jk; FLk;gj;Jld; nkl;#u; mizf;Fr; brd;whu;.
mtu; kfd; gj;jhk; tFg;g[ Koj;J tpLKiwapy; ,Ue;jhd;. tpLKiwia kfpH;r;rpa[ld;
fHpj;Jf; bfhz;oUe;jtDf;F/ nkl;#u; ,d;Dk; kfpH;r;rpiaj; je;jJ. jz;zPiug;
Alv
ghu;j;jt[ld; g[jpa ntfk; gpwe;jJ. Kd;ghf Xo jz;zPUf;Fs; tpGe;jhd;. ntfkha; ePe;jpr;
brd;w je;ij/ kfidg; gpoj;J ,Gj;J te;jhu;. jhaplk; Twpdhu;/ ,jd; MHk;/ nghf;F
vJt[k; bjupahJ. Mdhy; ntfkhf tpGe;Jtpl;lhd;. vdnt ehk;jhd; gps;isfisf;
a
ftdkhfg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
Vbddpy; ``,s=;fd;W gakwpahJ~~ md;nwh-
.Kk
ePe;JtJ/ thfdk; Xl;LtJ/ rhiy tpjpfisj; bjupe;J bfhs;tJ vd mj;jida[k;
ehk; ,stajpny fw;Wf; bfhLj;jhy;/ mth;fs; re;jpf;Fk; tpgj;Jfisg; bgUk;ghYk;
jtpu;j;Jtplyhk;;.
19. nghJbkd;w kdnk bghd; bra;a[k; kUe;J~~
wI
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
LV
``nguhir ngupHg;g[~~ kdepiwt[ld; ``nghJk;~~ vd;w kdJld; thHf; fw;Wf; bfhz;lhy;/

w
vy;yh ehSk; kfpH;r;rpa[ld; thHyhk;.

xU ehs; bra;jpj;jhspy; xU bra;jp btspahdJ. rPl;L nrfupf;Fk; epWtdk; xd;W/
A
//w
tpsk;guk; xd;iw btspapl;lJ. `èP=;fs; brYj;Jk; gzk;/ MW khj=;fspy;/ @d;W

kl=;fhf/ c=;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gpj; jug;gLk;~~ vd;gnj mt;tpsk;guk;. ,jidg; goj;j vd;
ez;gu; xUtu; 2 ,yl;rkhf (rpWfr; rpWfr; nrkpj;jJ) gzk; 6 ,yl;rkhf khwptpLk;
s:K
vd;W nguhira[ld; me;epWtdj;jpy; brYj;jptpl;lhu;. MW khjk; Koe;jt[ld;/

me;epWtdj;ijr; brd;W ghu;j;jhy;/ m=;F me;epWtdk; bray;gl;ljw;fhd milahsk;
Tl ,y;iy. vd; ez;giug; nghynt gyu; mt;tplj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;. mg;nghJ m=;fpUe;j
xUtu; ``nghJbkd;w kdnk bghd; bra;a[k; kUe;J~~ vd;gij kwe;J/ ,Ue;jija[k; ,He;J
tpl;nlhnk vd;W kpft[k; tUe;jpdhu;.
``nghJk;~~ vd;w kdepiwnt/ Fiwtw;w bry;tk;. Mfnt me;j vz;znk
tp
midtiua[k; gjw;wk;/ kd mGj;jkpd;wp/ mikjpahf thH itf;Fk; khkUe;J- ``Mir

vd;gnjh Jd;gj;jpd; ntu;~~.
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
20. gHfg; gHfg; ghYk; g[spf;Fk;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
ve;jg; bghUSk; g[jpjhf ,Uf;Fk; tiujhd;/ midtUf;Fk; ftu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
me;jg; bghUns ehshf ehshf giHajhfp tpl;lhy;/ mJt[k; btWj;Jg; ngha;tpLk;.
L al

ehd; rpW FHe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk;nghJ/ v=;fs; tPl;oy; fWg;g[/ bts;is
bjhiyf;fhl;rpjhd; ,Ue;jJ. mJ ehshf ehshfg; gGjhdjhy; vd; je;ij/ tz;zj;
A d
bjhiyf;fhl;rp xd;iw tPl;ow;F th=;fp te;jhu;. ,J ehs; tiu fWg;g[/ bts;isg;
gl=;fisg; ghu;j;Jf; bfhz;oUe;j v=;fSf;F/ tz;zkakhd bjhiyf;fhl;rpnah/
D ika
fz;fSf;Ff; FGikahd tpUe;J mspj;jJ. fhiy Kjy; khiy tiu bjhiyf;fhl;rpna
fjpaha;/ ehDk; vd; j=;ifa[k; ,Ue;njhk;. rhg;gplf; Tlr; bry;yhkypUg;gijg; ghu;j;J
v=;fs; mk;kh/ mg;gh jpl;of; bfhz;nl ,Ug;ghu;fs;.
Kjy; xU tUlk; v=;fs; thH;f;if tz;zj; bjhiyf;fhl;rpna fjp vd;W XoaJ.
gpwF bky;y bky;y mj;bjhiyf;fhl;rp ftu;r;rpapypUe;J tpLgl;nlhk;. ,g;nghbjy;yhk;
eh=;fs; gog;gpd; fhuzkhfj; bjhiyf;fhl;rpia vg;nghnjh xU Kiwjhd; ghu;f;fpnwhk;.
Alv
tz;zj; bjhiyf;fhl;rpna fjpaha; ,Ue;j eh=;fs;/ ,d;W me;jg; gf;fnk bry;tjpy;iy.
ve;jbthU/ bghUisa[k;/ bra;jpiaa[k; ghu;j;jhYk;/ nfl;lhYk; fre;J ngha;tpLk;
vd;gij ,jd; @yk; mwpe;J bfhs;syhk;.
a
21. To thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ik / xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
.Kk
jdp xUtdhy; rhjpf;f Koahj gy fhupa=;fisf; Tl;L Kaw;rpapdhy; btw;wp bgwr;
bra;a Koa[k;.
xU Cupy; gy rkaj;jhu;fs; xd;W To thH;e;J te;jdu;. me;j Cupy; ey;yJ/ bfl;lJ
wI
vJ ele;jhYk;/ xw;Wika[ld; bray;gLthu;fs;. ,t;thW gy ehl;fs; fHpe;Jtpl;ld.

LV
gpwF xUtUf;bfhUtu; rpy fhuzj;Jf;fhf tha;r;rz;il/ ifr; rz;ilahf khwp/

,Wjpapy; capiug; gwpf;ff;Toa rz;ilahf khwp tpl;lJ. ,e;jr; braiyg; ghu;j;J/
w
gf;fj;J Cu;f;fhuu;fSk; ,tu;fisj; jhH;thf epidj;jhu;fs;. filrpapy; xUtUf;bfhUtu;

gpur;ridapy; khl;of; bfhz;L/ fhty; epiyak;/ ePjpkd;wk; vd;W ngha;/ jd;dplk;
,Uf;Fk; gzj;ij vy;yhk; tpuak; bra;J/ ,Wjpapy; jd; FLk;gj;ijr; nrhfj;Jf;Fj;
A
//w
js;sptpl;lhu;fs;. gpwF xt;bthU rkaj;jhUk;/ jd; epiyiaj; bjupe;J bfhz;L/ ehk;

xw;Wika[ld; ,Ue;jhy;jhd;/ thH;f;ifapy; brk;ikia milnthk; vd;W brhy;yp/
xw;Wika[ld; thH;e;jdu;.
s:K
``xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L thH;t[~~

``xw;Wikna typik~~
vd;Wk; gHbkhHpfSf;nfw;g/ njiu ,Gg;gjw;Fg; gy kdpju;fs; njit. mJnghy
xUtu; kl;Lk; njiu ,Gf;f KoahJ vd;gJ nghyf; `To thH;e;jhy; nfho ed;ik~
cz;lhFk; vd;gjpy; vs;sst[k; Iakpy;iy.
tp
22. Rlu; tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;L nfhy; ntz;Lk;

gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
tpsf;F jhnd vupe;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ,Ue;Jtplf; TlhJ. jpup vupa
vupa xsp k=;Fk;. mg;nghJ jpupiaj; J}z;otpl;lhy;jhd; xsp gpufhrpf;Fk;. ,J jpwik
ht
kpf;ftu;fSf;Fk; tHpfhl;Ljy; ey;y gad; jUk;.

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.in
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujku; $tfu;yhy; neU Mthu;. mtu; je;ijahu; g[fH; bgw;w
tHf;fwp+Uk;/ njr gf;jUkhd nkhjpyhy; neU mtu;fs;/ jd; xnu kfd; $tfiuf;
fz;Qk; fUj;Jkhf tsu;j;J te;jhu;. ,aw;ifahfnt Ez;zwpt[ gilj;jtu; $tfu;.
L al
mtu; gps;isfnshL ge;J tpisahof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; nghJ/ xU rpW FHpf;Fs; ge;J
tpGe;Jtpl;lJ. ifia tpl;L vLf;f Koatpy;iy. gps;isfs; jpiff;f/ $tfu; xU
thsp jz;zPiuf; FHpapy; Cw;wpdhu;. ge;J nkny te;jJ. ,j;jifa Ez;zwpit mtu;
bgw;wpUe;jhu;.
A d
mnj nghy; khztu;fs; vt;tst[ Ez;zwpt[ bgw;wpUe;jhYk;/ mtu;fs; tsu;r;rpf;Fj;
J}z;Lnfhyha; cjtp bra;a Mrpupau; njit vd;gJ ,g;gHbkhHp czh;j;JtjhFk;.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
23. gzk; gj;Jk; bra;a[k;
gHbkhHp tpsf;fk;:
``<l;o vl;Lk; tiu gha[k;~~/ ``gzk; ghjhsk; tiu gha[k;~~/ ``gzbkd;why; gpzKk;
thiaj; jpwf;Fk;~~ vd;gjw;nfw;g gzj;jpw;F kpft[k; Mirg;gl;lhy;/ ,Wjpapy; Mgj;jpy;
Koa[k;.
Alv
Kk;igapy; vd; mz;zQk; mtd; ez;gDk; I.o (I.T.) epWtdj;jpy; ntiy
ghu;j;J te;jdu;. mtu;fs; ,UtUk; xnu miwapy; j=;fp ,Ue;jdu;. ey;y ntiy if
a
epiwa rk;gsk;. kfpH;r;rpahf ,Ue;jdu;. jpObud;W mtu;fs; j=;fpapUf;Fk; miwf;F rpy
egu;fs; te;J ez;gu;fshfpdu;. xU ehs; miwapy; nghijg; bghUl;fisf; bfhz;L te;J
.Kk
itj;J tpl;ldu;. v=;fsplk;/ c=;fSf;F mjpfg; gzk; jUfpnwd; vd;wdu;. vd; mz;zd;
gae;J ngha;/ jd; ez;gdplk; vt;tst[ vLj;Jf; Twpa[k; nfl;ftpy;iy. vd; mz;zd;
mtidtpl;L tpyfptpl;lhd;. rpwpJ ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;/ mz;zdpd; ez;gid/ fhtyu;fs;
gpoj;Jr; brd;wdu;. mtDf;F Ma[s; jz;lid vd;W nfs;tpg;gl;L kdk; tUe;jpndd;.
gzk; mjpfk; ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gl;L/ ehk; ek; thH;f;ifia ,He;Jtplf;
wI
TlhJ vd;Dk; fUj;ij ,g;gHbkhHp czu;j;JfpwJ.

LV
w
ftpijfs;
gs;sp Kaw;rp
A
//w
gs;sp vd;w fiyf;Tlk; ? ek; Kl;lhky; vJt[k; Kisf;fhJ jk;gp-

thH;itr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; md;whlk;. jl;lhj cspapd;wpr; rpiynaJ brhy;tha;
rpiyaha; ek;ikr; brJf;Fk; ? ey;y gl;lhil bea;tjw;Fk; ghl;lhsp nkdp
s:K
fiyaha; ek;ik Mf;Fk;. brhl;lhj tpah;itfs; brhl;oLnk jk;gp-

nfs;tp nfl;Fk; +hdk; ? m=;Fg; fukpy;yhg; gwitfs; myfhy; TLfl;Lk;.
gjpiyf; bfhLf;fj; njhd;Wk;. kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhky; kpd;kpdp xspfhl;Lk;.
ntw;Wik mfw;Wk; ge;jk; ? ek; Rk;kh ,Ug;gth;f;Fr; Rf=;fs; nruhnj.
xw;Wik xd;nw brhe;jk; mk;gha; Kad;wpl;lhy; mhpait ,dpnaJ>
tp
ht
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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
el;g[ kiH
Cnuh- cwnth- fhzhJ kz;zpy; thGk; g[ijaiy ms;s
cs;s=;fs; ,izf;Fk; el;ng- tpz;nzwp tPGk; ePh;j;Jspf; fu=;fns-
L al
ahnuh> vtnuh xd;whfp vz;zpa aht[k; ,k;kz;zpy; cd;dhny

cwtha;g; gilf;Fk; el;ng- ez;zpa fiyfs; ehbsyhk; kyuyhk;.
ngnuh/ bgUiknah fz;lhYk; rpd;d+; rpWkyUk; broapy; ,se;jspUk;
bghwhik fhzhj el;ng-
A d
g[j;jhil fl;oajha;f; Tj;jho kfpHyhk;.
Mnzh> bgz;nzh> jpUkfnsh>
md;ig tphpf;Fnk el;g[. gUtkiH tPH;e;jpl;lhy; gz;g[fs; vGe;jpLnk-
D ika
fhu;nkfk; ,aw;if
Js;spj; jphpa[k; nkfnk- jhdhf cjpf;Fk; Nhpad;
J}J brd;w nkfnk- jhdhfg; g{f;Fk; g{
gjpnyJk; brhy;yhky;
v=;F brd;wha; jhdhfg; bga;a[k; kiH
Alv
vd;d brhd;dhd; vd;dtd;> jhdhf tPRk; fhw;W
brhy;yhky; Vd; fiyfpwha;...
jhdhf xspUk; re;jpud;
xd;W TL kiHaha; te;J
brhy;yp tpL...
mtd; fuk; nghy;
vd;id miHj;JtpL
a jhdhf kpD=;Fk; el;rj;jpuk;
jhdhf XLk; ejp
.Kk
fhh;nkfnk- tPzhfr; bra;tJ ehnk.
cd; kiHj;Jspapy;
vd;id mizj;JtpL...
thdk; fly;
wI
LV
V ......... thdnk cyfpdpy; bghpats; ePna-

mjpfhiyg; bghGjpYk; czt[ cg;g[f;Fk; ePna jha;-
w
me;jpkhiyg; bghGjpYk; cdf;Fs;ns thH;e;jpLk; caph;fs; gy

rptg;gJ Vndh> cd;dhny brHpj;jd cyfpy; rpy
rhjpapd; bgauhy;
cz;z kPd;je;J grpahw;wpdha; eP-
A
//w
CHp miyaha; te;J Vd; mr;RWj;jpdha;>

cd; kf;fs; rhtijf; fz;L
ctl;lhj bry;t=;fs; cd;dpy; cz;L
Joj;jplj; jhndh>
caph;g;nghL mspj;jpLtha; vdf;F ,d;W-
s:K
FHe;ij
fUtiwapy; cUthfp ,y;yj;jpd; jpUthfp
cytpLk; bja;tnk- Cuwpa[k; bry;tnk-
ed;kHiyr; brhy;Kd;nd brk;bkhHp njhw;Fnk-
eWkyh;r; nrtoapy; brk;kz;qk; rpyph;f;Fnk-
tp
FHe;ijiaf; fhz;gjw;Fr; brhh;f;fnk ,w=;Fnj-

nfhg[uf; fyrkha;g; bgUikfs; caUnj-
cs;sj;jpd; J}a;ikahy; ehk; FHe;ij MfpLnthk;
Ch;thGk; bja;tbkyhk; ,jaj;jpy; MoLnk-
ht
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.in
gHbkhHpfs;
1. All is for the best. â™ô£‹ ï¡¬ñ‚«è.
2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. àŸø è£ôˆF™ àî¾ðõ«ù à‡¬ñ ï‡ð¡.
L al
3. Art is long and life is short. è™M è¬óJô; èŸðõ˜ ï£œ Cô.
4. All that glitters is not gold. I¡Âõù â™ô£‹ ªð£¡ù™ô.
5. A penny saved is a penny gained. CÁ¶O ªð¼ªõœ÷‹.
A d
6. All his geese are swans. è£‚¬è‚°‹ î¡ °…² ªð£¡ °…².
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
7. A smooth tongue and an evil heart. àœª÷£¡Á ¬õˆ¶Š ¹ø‹ å¡Á «ðê£«î.
D ika
8. As is the King, so are his subjects. ñ¡ù¡ âšõN, ñ‚èœ ÜšõN.
9. A contented mind is a continual feast. «ð£¶‹ â¡ø ñù«ñ ªð£¡ ªêŒ»‹ ñ¼‰¶.
10. A crying child will get milk. Ü¿Aø Hœ¬÷î£¡ ð£™ °®‚°‹.
11. A guilty conscience needs no accuser. °Ÿøºœ÷ ªï…² °Á°Á‚°‹.
Alv
12. A hasty man never wants woe. ÝˆFó‚è£óÂ‚°Š ¹ˆF ñ†´.
13. A hog is an armour but still hog. àòó àòóŠ ðø‰î£½‹ á˜‚°¼M ð¼‰¶
Ýè£¶.
14. A honey tongue, a heart of gall. a
15. A little stream will drive a light mill.
ð®Šð¶ Þó£ñ£òí‹, Þ®Šð¶ ªð¼ñ£œ «è£M™.
CÁ ¶¼‹¹‹ ð™ °ˆî àî¾‹.
.Kk
16. A low hedge is easily leaped over. ã¬ö â¡ø£™ «ñ£¬ö»‹ ð£»‹.
17. A man of courage never wants weapons. õ™ôõÂ‚°Š ¹™½‹ Ý»î‹.
18. A young calf knows not fear. Þ÷ƒè¡Á ðò‹ ÜPò£¶.
19. Add fuel to the fre. âKA¡ø ªè£œOJ™ â‡ªíŒ áŸPò¶ «ð£ô.
wI
20. Afer death, the doctor. è‡ªè†ìH¡ ÅKò ïñvè£ó‹.

LV
21. All are not saints that go to church. ªõÀˆî¬õ â™ô£‹ ð£™ Ý°ñ£?
w
22. An artist lives every where. èŸ«ø£¼‚°„ ªê¡ø Þì‹ â™ô£‹ CøŠ¹.
23. As you sow, so shall you reap. F¬ù M¬îˆîõ¡ F¬ù ÜÁŠð£¡; M¬ù
M¬îˆîõ¡ M¬ù ÜÁŠð£¡.
A
//w
24. Barking dogs seldom bite. °¬ó‚A¡ø ï£Œ è®‚è£¶.

25. Bare words buy no barley. ªõÁƒ¬è ºö‹ «ð£´ñ£?
s:K
26. Be frst at a feast and the last to slander. ð‰F‚° º‰¶; ð¬ì‚°Š H‰¶.
(or) First come frst served.
27. Birds of the same feather fock together. Þù‹ Þùˆ«î£´ «ê¼‹.
28. Blessed are the meek; for they shall ªð£Áˆî£˜ ÌI Ýœõ£˜.
inherit the earth.
tp
29. Blood is thicker than water. î£¡ Ýì£M†ì£½‹ î¡ î¬ê Ý´‹.

30. Calm before the storm. ¹ò½‚°Š º¡ Ü¬ñF.
31. Calm afer the storm. ¹ò½‚°Š H¡ Ü¬ñF.
ht
32. Casting pearls before Swine. è¿¬î ÜP»«ñ£ èŸÌó õ£ê¬ù ?

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Mk; tFg;g[
.in
33. Charity begins at home. îù‚° I…C«ò î£ùº‹ î¼ñº‹.
34. Coming events cast their shadow before. ò£¬ù õ¼‹ H¡«ù; ñE æ¬ê õ¼‹ º¡«ù.
35. Constant dropping wears the stone. âÁ‹¹ áó‚ è™½‹ «î»‹.
L al
36. Covet all, lose all. «ðó£¬ê «ðKöŠ¹.

37. Custom in infancy becomes nature ªî£†®™ ðö‚è‹ ²´è£´ ñ†´‹. (Ü™ô¶)
in old age. (or) What is learned in the ä‰F™ õ¬÷ò£î¶ ä‹ðF™ õ¬÷»ñ£?
cradle is carried to the grave.
A d
38. Death keeps no calender. ÝP½‹ ê£¾ ËP½‹ ê£¾.
D ika
39. Difculties give way to diligence. è¬óŠð£˜ è¬óˆî£™ è™½‹ è¬ó»‹.
40. Distance lends enchantment to the view. Þ‚è¬ó‚° Ü‚è¬ó ð„¬ê.
41. Do as Romans do when you are in Rome. àôèˆ«î£´ å†ì å¿°.
42. Do not rob Peter to pay Paul. è¬ìˆ «îƒè£¬ò â´ˆ¶ õNŠ Hœ¬÷ò£¼‚°
à¬ì‚è£«î.
Alv
43. Do not add fuel to the fre. âKA¡ø ªï¼ŠH™ â‡ªíŒ áŸø£«î.
44. Drawn wells are seldom dry. Þ¬ø‚A¡ø AíÁ ²ó‚°‹.
45. Do well what you have to do. ªêŒõù F¼‰î„ ªêŒ.
46. East or West, home is the best.
47. Every tide has its ebb.
a âL õ¬÷ò£ù£½‹ îQ õ¬÷ «õ‡´‹.
ãŸø‹ Þ¼‰î£™ Þø‚èº‹ Þ¼‚°‹.
.Kk
48. Empty vessels make most noise. °¬ø°ì‹ îÀ‹¹‹. (Ü) °¬ø °ì‹ Ãˆî£´‹.
49. Early ripe, early rotten. H…C™ ð¿ˆî£™ ªõ‹HŠ «ð£°‹.
50. Even a demon will pity a woman. ªð‡ â¡ø£™ «ð»‹ Þóƒ°‹.
wI
51. Every man hath his hood. ò£¬ù‚° å¼ è£ô‹ õ‰î£™ Ì¬ù‚°‹ å¼
è£ô‹ õ¼‹.
LV
52. Every tide has its ebb. ê£‡ ãPù£™ ºö‹ êÁ‚°‹. (Ü™ô¶)
w
ò£¬ù‚ªè£¼ è£ô‹ Ì¬ù‚ªè£¼ è£ô‹.

53. Evil begets evil. ªè´õ£¡ «è´ G¬ùŠð£¡.
54. Experience is the mother of wisdom. ÜÂðõ«ñ ÜPM¡ HøŠHì‹.
A
//w
55. Face is the index of the mind. ÜèˆF¡ Üö° ºèˆF™ ªîK»‹.
56. Failure is the stepping stone to success. «î£™M«ò ªõŸP‚°Š ð®‚è™.
s:K
57. Fair words butter no parsnips. ã†´„ ²¬ó‚è£Œ èP‚° àîõ£¶. (Ü™ô¶)
ê˜‚è¬ó â¡Á ªê£¡ù£™ FˆF‚°ñ£?
58. Familiarity breeds contempt. ðöèŠ ðöèŠ ð£½‹ ¹O‚°‹.
59. First deserve then desire. ºìõ¡ ªè£‹¹ˆ «îÂ‚° Ý¬êŠðìô£ñ£?
60. Even Homer sometimes nods. ò£¬ù‚°‹ Ü® êÁ‚°‹.
tp
61. Good coral needs no colouring. ªð£¡ °ìˆ¶‚°Š ªð£†®ì «õ‡´ñ£?

62. Health is wealth. «ï£òŸø õ£›«õ °¬øõŸø ªê™õ‹.
63. Haste makes waste. ðîPò è£Kò‹ CîÁ‹.
ht
64. Honesty is the best policy. «ï˜¬ñ«ò Cø‰î ªè£œ¬è.

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65. Hunger breaks through stone walls. ðCõ‰FìŠ ðˆ¶‹ ðø‰¶ «ð£°‹.
66. If a crab gets fat it will not stay in its hole. ï‡´ ªè£¿ˆî£™ õ¬÷J™ îƒè£¶.
67. Jack of all trade is master of none. ðôñó‹ è‡ì î„ê¡ å¼ ñóº‹ ªõ†ìñ£†ì£¡.
L al
68. Knowledge is power. ¹ˆFñ£«ù ðôõ£¡ Ýõ£¡. (Ü) ÜP¾ ÝŸø™
õ£Œ‰î¶.
69. Kindness cannot be bought. Ü¡¬ð M¬ô‚° õ£ƒè º®ò£¶.
A d
70. Lamb at home and lion at the chase. ð£˜ˆî£™ ð²; ð£Œ‰î£™ ¹L. (Ü)
i†®™ âL; ªõOJ™ ¹L.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
71. Let every man praise the bridge he goes àŠH†ìõ¬ó àœ÷÷¾‹ G¬ù.
over.
72. Little brooks make great rivers. ï£ô£Á «ê˜‰î£™ ð£ô£Á Ý°‹. (Ü)
CÁ¶O ªð¼ªõœ÷‹.
73. Little strokes fell great oaks. Ü®«ñ™ Ü® Ü®ˆî£™ Ü‹I»‹ ïè¼‹.
74. Live and let live. õ£¿; õ£öM´.
Alv
75. Look before you leap. Ýö‹ ªîKò£ñ™ è£¬ô Mì£«î.
76. Love is God. Ü¡«ð èì¾œ.
77. Misfortunes never come single.a ¶¡ðƒèœ îQˆ¶ õ¼õF™¬ô. (Ü)
ð†ì è£L«ô ð´‹; ªè†ì °®«ò ªè´‹.
.Kk
78. Money makes many things. ðí‹ ðˆ¶‹ ªêŒ»‹. (Ü) ðí‹ â¬î»‹ ê£F‚°‹.
79. Man proposes, God disposes. ï£‹ å¡Á G¬ù‚èˆ ªîŒõ‹ å¡Á G¬ù‚°‹.
80. Make hay while the sun shines. è£ŸÁœ÷«ð£«î ÉŸP‚ªè£œ.
81. Make the best of a bad jole. âKAø i†®™ H´ƒAò¶ õ¬ó Þô£ð‹.
wI
82. Man without money is a bow without an ðíI™ô£îõ¡ ï¬ìHí‹.

LV
arrow.
w
83. Many a slip between the cup and the lip. ¬è‚° â†®ò¶ õ£Œ‚° â†ìM™¬ô.
84. Necessity is the mother of invention. «î¬õ«ò è‡´H®ŠH¡ î£Œ.
85. Never look a gif horse in the mouth. î£ù‹ ªè£´ˆî ñ£†¬ìŠ ð™¬ôŠ H®ˆ¶Š
A
//w
ð£˜‚è£«î.
86. Nip in the bud. ºœ¬÷ º¬÷J«ô«ò AœÀ.
s:K
87. No pain no gain. à¬öŠH¡P áFò‹ Þ™¬ô.

88. No rains no grains. ñ£K Þ™ô£¶ è£Kò‹ Þ™¬ô.
89. No smoke without fre. ªï¼Š¹ Þ™ô£ñ™ ¹¬è Þ™¬ô.
90. No fower makes no garland. (or) îQñó‹ «î£Š¹ Ýè£¶.
One fower makes no garland.
tp
91. Our life has a limit, but knowledge is è™M è¬óJô; èŸðõ˜ ï£œ Cô.
without limit.
92. Perseverance prevails. ºòŸC F¼M¬ù Ý‚°‹.
93. Poor men’s words have little weight. ã¬ö ªê£™ Ü‹ðô‹ ãø£¶.
ht
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94. Practice makes one perfection. CˆFóº‹ ¬èŠðö‚è‹.
95. Prevention is better than cure. õ¼º¡ è£ˆî«ô ï¡Á. (Ü)
ªõœ÷‹ õ¼º¡ Ü¬í«ð£´.
L al
96. Self help is the best help. î¡ ¬è«ò îù‚° àîM.

97. Sadness and gladness succeed each õÁ¬ñ å¼ è£ô‹, õ÷¬ñ å¼ è£ô‹. (Ü)
other. Þ¡ðº‹ ¶¡ðº‹ Þó¾‹ ðè½‹.
98. Something is better than nothing. ñù‹ «ð£™ õ£›¾.
A d
99. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Ü®ò£î ñ£´ ð®ò£¶. (Ü)
Ü® àî¾õ¶«ð£™ Ü‡í¡, î‹H àîõ£˜.
D ika
100. Strike the rod while it is hot. è£ŸÁœ÷ «ð£«î ÉŸP‚ªè£œ.
101. Strike while the iron is hot. ð¼õˆ«î ðJ˜ ªêŒ.
102. Success has many friends. ªõŸP‚° ï‡ð˜ ðô˜.
103. Take time by the forelock. õ£ŒŠ¬ð ï¿õMì£«î.
Alv
104. Te kick of the dow hurts not the colt. «è£N IFˆ¶‚ °…² ºì‹ Ýè£¶.
105. Law - makers should not be a law- «õL«ò ðJ¬ó «ñŒ‰î£™ M¬÷¾ â¡ù Ý°‹?
breakers. (Ü) ê†ì‹ ÞòŸÁ«õ£˜ ê†ìˆ¬î eø‚Ãì£¶.
a
106. Te Mills of God grind slow but sure.
107. Te noisy fowler catches no birds.
Üóê¡ Ü¡Á ªè£™õ£¡; ªîŒõ‹ G¡Á ªè£™½‹.
¶œÀA¡ø ñ£´ ªð£F ²ñ‚è£¶.
.Kk
108. Tink every body alike. î¡¬ùŠ«ð£™ Hø¬ó»‹ G¬ù.
109. Tink frst and fght aferwards. â‡Eˆ ¶Eè è¼ñ‹.
110. Time and tide waits for none. è£ôº‹ Ü¬ô»‹ âõ¼‚°‹ è£ˆFó£. (Ü)
äò˜ õ¼‹ õ¬ó Üñ£õ£¬ê è£ˆF¼‚è£¶.
wI
111. Time once lost can never be regained. Þö‰î è£ôˆ¬î â¡Á‹ ªðø Þòô£¶.
LV
112. Time once lost; is lost for ever. èì‰î è£ô‹ â¡Á‹ e÷£¶.
w
113. Tit for tat. ðN‚°Š ðN.

114. To carry coals to new castle. ªè£™ô¡ ð†ì¬øJ™ áC MŸèô£ñ£?
115. To err is human; to forgive is divine. îõÁ ªêŒõ¶ ñQî Þò™¹; ñ¡QŠð¶ ªîŒõ
A
//w
Þò™¹.
116. To the good people world appears good. ï™ôõ˜èÀ‚° àôè‹ ï™ôî£è«õ ªîK»‹.
s:K
117. To throw pearls before swine. è¿¬î‚°ˆ ªîK»ñ£ èŸÌó õ£ê¬ù?

118. Too much of anything is good for nothing. Ü÷¾‚° I…Cù£™ Üºîº‹ ï…².
119. Union is strength. åŸÁ¬ñ«ò õL¬ñ (Ü) å¡Áð†ì£™ à‡´ õ£›¾.
120. United we stand, divided we fall. å¡Áð†ì£™ à‡´ õ£›¾; åŸÁ¬ñ cƒA®™,
Ü¬ùõ¼‚°‹ î£›¾.
tp
121. Walls have ears. ð‚è‹ ð£˜ˆ¶Š «ð².

122. Wealth is best known by want. GöL¡ Ü¼¬ñ ªõJL™ ªîK»‹.
123. Weight and measure take away strike. ÝŸP™ «ð£†ì£½‹ Ü÷‰¶ «ð£´.
ht
124. Where there is a will there is a way. ñù‹ Þ¼‰î£™ ñ£˜‚è‹ à‡´.
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125. While in Rome, be a Roman. á¼ì¡ åˆ¶ õ£›. (Ü) àôèˆ«î£´ å†ì
å¿°.
126. We are here today and gone tomorrow. Þ¡P¼Š«ð£˜ ï£¬÷ Þ™¬ô.
L al
127. With out wisdom, wealth is worthless. M«õè‹ Þ™ô£„ ªêò™ i«í.
128. Work more, talk less. «ð„¬ê‚ °¬ø, à¬öŠ¬ðŠ ªð¼‚°.
129. Youth and age will never agree. Þ÷¬ñ»‹ º¶¬ñ»‹ â¡Á‹ åˆ¶Š«ð£õF™¬ô.
A d
130. You will never have a friend if you must °Ÿø‹ ð£˜‚A™ ²Ÿø‹ Þ™¬ô.
have one without fault.
gpd;dpizg;g[fs;
D ika
131. Time is gold. è£ô‹ ªð£¡ «ð£¡ø¶.
132. Drops of water makes an ocean. CÁ¶O ªð¼ ªõœ÷‹.
133. A sound mind a sound body. Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£ù àìL™ Ý«ó£‚Aòñ£ù ñù‹
Þ¼‚°‹.
134. Might is right. õ™ô£¡ õ°ˆî«î ê†ì‹. (Ü) ðô«ñ êKò£ù õN.
Alv
135. Te pen is mightier than the sword. «ðù£ º¬ù èˆF º¬ù¬ò Mì õ½õ£ù¶.
136. It is no use crying over split milk. ïì‰î¬î G¬ùˆ¶Š ¹ô‹ð£«î. (Ü™ô¶)
èø‰î ð£™ ñ® ¹°ñ£?
a
137. Youth comes but once in a lifetime.
138. Youth is life’s seed time.
õ£›M™ Þ÷¬ñ å¼º¬øî£¡ õ¼‹.
õ£›M¡ M¬îŠ ð¼õ‹ õ£Lð«ñ.
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139. Zest without knowledge is fre without light. ÜPM™ô£ ÜŸð àí˜„C; ²ìK™ô£î b.
140. Zeal without prudence is frenzy. M«õè‹ Þ™ô£î Ý˜õ‹ ªõPJ™ º®»‹.
wI
LV
***
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A
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s:K
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ht
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11th Tamil Full Guide - Surya Elamai Tamil

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