B.Tech First Year: Course Name: Basic Electrical Technology

B.
TECH FIRST YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2020-2021
COURSE NAME: BASIC ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

COURSE CODE : EE 1001
LECTURE SERIES NO : 01 (ONE)
CREDITS : 3
MODE OF DELIVERY : ONLINE (POWER POINT PRESENTATION)
FACULTY : DR. VISHNU GOYAL
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
PROPOSED DATE OF DELIVERY: 16 OCTOBER 2020
SESSION OUTCOME
“RECALL SERIES AND PARALLEL
CONNECTION OF CAPACITORS AND ENERGY
STORED”
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
MID TERM EXAMINATION –I ASSESSMENT CRITERIA’S
END TERM EXAMINATION
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
CO1
[PO1]
ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE: APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE
OF MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS, AND AN ENGINEERING
SPECIALIZATION TO THE SOLUTION OF COMPLEX
ENGINEERING PROBLEMS.
Analysis of Electric Circuits
Capacitor, Series & Parallel connections, Charging &
Discharging, Energy stored
Lecture 10
Contents
Analysis of Electric Circuits :
1. Capacitor & its Types

2. Series & Parallel connections
3. Charging & Discharging
4. Energy stored
B Tech. 1st Year Basic Electrical Technology

1. Capacitor
A capacitor is an electric device that can store energy in the electric field
between a pair of closely spaced conductors
Passive circuit element which holds electric charge
Capacitor (C): Property which opposes the rate of change of voltage;

The capacitive current is proportional to the rate of change of voltage
across it ;
ic = C (dv/dt); Unit – Farad (F)
Circuit representation is
Un-polarized polarized variable

The charge accumulated in a capacitor
is proportional to the potential
difference across it.
This proportionality constant is the
Capacitance.
Capacitors have thin conducting
plates (usually made of metal),
separated by a layer of dielectric, then
stacked or rolled to form a compact
device
Specifications: Capacitance & voltage +
Vc C
rating
Q = C V c

Parallel Plate Capacitor
Electric field strength,
E = V / d volts / m
Electric flux density,

D = Q / A columbs / m2
Permittivity of free space,

0 = D/E = C d / A = 8.85 x 10-12 F / m
Relative permittivity, r
Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor,
C = 0 r A / d

Equivalent Capacitance
In series
Q = C1V1 = C2V2 = … = CnVn
= CeqV
In parallel
Q1 = C1V; Q2 = C2V;
Qn = CnV

3. Charging & Discharging
Charging Current + R
dv c
iC ; & V  iR  v c ;
dt +
dv c V i vc C
 V  RC  vc
dt
when t  0; v c  0 & when t  ; v c  V
-
 t
v c  V[1  e RC ]
t Derive
V  RC
i e
R
𝑅C is the Time constant

Charging of a Capacitor
Time Constant,  = RC
Time taken by the voltage of the capacitor to reach 0.632 of its final steady
value. 𝑉𝑐 = 0.632𝑉
vc
ic

Discharging of Capacitor through a Resistor
t=0 R
a
b +
vc
V i C
t

Capacitor is initially charged to V volts
vc Ve RC
Derive
At t=0, switch is moved from position a t
V 
to b i e RC
R
4. Energy stored
Energy stored in a Capacitor
Instantaneous power,
dvc
p  vc i  C v c
dt
Energy supplied during dt is
dw  C vc dvc
Energy stored when potential difference
increased from 0 to V volt is
V

1 2
W  C v cdv c  C V Joules
2
0

Q.1 A capacitor of 1000 μF is with a potential difference of 12 V across
it is discharged through a 500 Ω resistor. Calculate the voltage across
the capacitor after 1.5 s.
V = Voe-(t/RC) so V
= 12e-1.5/[500 x 0.001]
= 0.6 V
Q.2 A capacitor is discharged through a 10 MΩ resistor and it is found
that the time constant is 200 s. Calculate the value of the capacitor.
The time constant is RC= 200s
Therefore C = 200/10 x 106 = 20 μF.

Q.3 Calculate the time for the potential across a 100 μF capacitor to fall
to 80 per cent of its original value if it is discharged through a 20 kΩ
resistor.
Sol.
V = 0.8 Vo.
Therefore 0.8 = e–t/20000x0.0001
ln(1/0.8) = 20 000 x 0.0001
This gives t= 2xln(1/0.8) = 0.45 s.

Q.4 A 4000 μF capacitor is charged through a 2.5 kΩ resistor using a 15 V supply.
Calculate:
(a) the potential difference across the plates after 5s
(b) the time taken for the potential difference across the plates to reach 10 V
Solution
(a) V = Vo[1 – e-t/RC] = 15[1 – e-5/(2500x0.004)] = 5.9 V
(b) 10/15 = 1 – e-t/RC and so e-t/RC = 0.33 therefore t/RC = 1.099
This gives: t = 1.0986x2500x0.004 = 11 s
B.TECH FIRST YEAR

CREDITS : 3
FACULTY : DR. VISHNU GOYAL
SESSION OUTCOME
“RECALL SERIES AND PARALLEL
CONNECTION OF INDUCTORS AND ENERGY
STORED”
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA’S
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
MID TERM EXAMINATION –I
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
CO1
[PO1]
Analysis of Electric Circuits
Inductor, Series & parallel connections, Growth &
Decay of current in inductive circuit, Energy Stored
Lecture 11
Contents
Analysis of Electric Circuits :
1. Inductor & its Types

3. Growth & Decay of current
4. Energy stored in a Inductor

1. Inductor
Inductor is a passive electric device that store energy in its Magnetic field
when a current flows through it.
A coil of wire wound on a Ferromagnetic core
Air core Inductor
Circuit representation is

Inductance (L) : Property which opposes the rate of change of current.
The voltage induced in the inductor is proportional to the rate of change

of current flowing through it;
eL = L (di/dt)
This proportionality constant is the self inductance or inductance (L)
Unit is Henry (H)

In series
di di di
Leq  L1  L2
dt dt dt
 Leq  L1  L2
In parallel
iT  i1 
i21
  
1 1
vL dt vL dt vLdt
Leq L1  L2

L1 L2
 eq 
L L1 
B Tech. 1st Year Basic Electrical Technology L
2
3. Growth & Decay of Current
Growth of Current in an Inductive Circuit
di
V L  Ri
dt
 di Ri   V
R
   Solve ∀ 𝑖
 dt L  L
+
i  Ae
 R
 t
 L
B
+
At t  0; i0
0A B BA i vL L
V
At t ; i  V/R
V V
0 B  A
R R -
 R
V  L t V
 i e 

R R
V 
  R  t 
i 1  e L 
R  
 
L/R
where τ time const ant 
B Tech. 1st Year

Basic Electrical Technology
Time Constant,  = L/R
Time taken by the current through the inductor to reach 0.632 of its final
steady state value.

Decay of current in an Inductive Circuit
Initial current through the inductor is
I = V/R A
At t =0, switch is moved from position a to b
di t=0 R
L  Ri  0 a
dt
 R
b
  t V i L
i  Ae B
 L
At t  0;i  I 0
I0 A B
Decay of current in an Inductive Circuit …
At t  ;i  0; B  0 & A  I 0
 R t=0 R
 t
 i  I 0e  L a
 R  R
b
 t  t V i L
VR  I 0 Re  L
V0 e  L
R
 t
VR  VL  0; VL  V0 e  L 

Decay of current in an Inductive Circuit …

4. Energy stored in an Inductor
di
p  vL i  L i
dt
Energy absorbed during dt
is dw  Lidi
Energy absorbed by the field when current is
magnetic increased from 0 to I A
is I
1 2

W  L i di  L I Joules
0
2

“RECALL THE FLEMING’S RULE,
SESSION OUTCOME LENZ’S LAW, FARADAY’S LAW AND
REVIEW THE CONCEPT OF
ELECTROMAGNETISM”
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
CO2 MAPPED WITH
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES MAPPING
WITH [PO1],[PO2] &
[PO12]
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Induction,
Fleming’s left & right hand rules, Lenz’s Law
Lecture 12 & 13

Contents
Electromagnetism :
1. Electromagnetism
2. Electromagnetic Induction
3. Fleming’s left & right hand rules
4. Lenz’s Law
Reference Books
Book No 1 Chapters 6 & 7 (Hughes E., )
Book No 2 Chapter 3 (Nagasarkar & Sukhija)
Book No 3 Chapter 8 (Kothari & Nagrath)

1. Electromagnetism
Recognition of magnetism in 2637 BC by the
Chinese
The branch of engineering which deals with the
magnetic effects of electric current-
Electromagnetism N S
No physical existence
Field around a bar magnet - Magnetic flux
Magnetic lines of force
(The total lines of force in a magnetic field); Unit is
Weber (Wb)
Lines of magnetic flux passes through the magnet,
emerge from N pole and return to S pole

Characteristics of Magnetic Flux
Each line of magnetic flux forms a closed loop
Lines of magnetic flux never intersect
Unlike poles attract each other and like poles repel each other
Lines of magnetic flux are parallel
N S N S N S
(b) Unlike poles attract (a) Field of bar magnet
N S S N
(c) Like poles repel

Magnetic field around a current carrying conductor
Grip rule : If the conductor is
gripped with right hand,
with the thumb extended
in the direction of current,
the fingers wrapped
around the conductor
indicate the direction of
Magnetic flux
field.

Magnetic field produced by a solenoid
Grip rule: If the coil (solenoid)
is gripped with the right
hand, with the fingers
pointing in the direction of Field
current, then the thumb
out-stretched parallel to the
axis of the coil points in the
direction of the magnetic
field inside the solenoid

Force acting on a Conductor
A current carrying conductor, placed in a magnetic field, produces a force.
This force can be increased,

When the current in the conductor is increased
When the magnetic field is made stronger
Force on the conductor = f lux density  current  length of conductor

or f = B I l sin𝜃
Flux density : Flux per unit Cross sectional area –
Tesla (Wb/m2)
If B is in Tesla, then f = B I l sin𝜃 Newton
Dynamic emf :
emf = B l v sin𝜃

• Great experimental scientist

• Discovered electromagnetic induction
• Invented electric motor, generator and
transformers
• Discovered laws of electrolysis
Michael Faraday
(1791 - 1867)
Three conditions must be satisfied in order to Induce voltage:
• Magnetic field
• Conductor in the field
• Relative motion between the Conductor & Field
Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction :
When a conductor cuts or it is cut by magnetic flux, an emf is
induced in the conductor.
The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate at which

the conductor cuts or is cut by the magnetic flux

Electromagnetic Induction
Direction of induced emf:
Lenz’s law
An electro magnetically induced emf always acts in such a direction
to set up a current opposing the motion or change of flux
responsible for inducing the emf.
d
e N
dt
Fleming’s right hand rule……

Induced emf
Statically induced emf: - The voltage
induced in the conductor due to change in
the magnetic field
Conductor is stationary
Magnetic Field is changing/moving;
Ex: Transformer
Dynamically induced emf: - The voltage

induced in the conductor due to conductor
moving in the magnetic field
Conductor is moving
Magnetic Field is stationary
Ex: Motor

3. Fleming’s left & right hand rules
Fleming’s left hand rule
Mechanical force exerted on the conductor
always acts in a direction perpendicular to the
plane of the conductor and the magnetic field
thumb
(Mechanical force)
(First finger)
Field
(Second finger)
Current

Fleming’s right hand rule
Right hand rule: If the first finger Motion
of the right hand is pointed in
Field (thumb)
the direction of the magnetic
flux, and if the thumb is (First finger)
pointed in the direction of Emf/Current (second finger)

motion of the conductor
relative to the magnetic field,
then the second finger, held at
right angles to both the thumb
and the first finger represents
the direction of emf/current.

Solved Examples
Q1. In uniform field of 1 Wb/m2 , a direct current of 70A is passed
through a straight wire of 1.5m placed perpendicular to the filed.
Consider the conductor is moving at a uniform velocity of 5m/sec.
Calculate:
a) the magnitude of the mechanical force produced in the wire.
b) the emf generated in the current carrying wire.
Sol.
a) 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 sin𝜃
= 1 × 70 × 1.5 × sin900 = 105𝑁
b) 𝐸𝑚𝑓 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
= 7.5 V

Q2. A conductor of length 150 cm moves at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field of flux density 1.5 Wb/m2 with a velocity of 60 m/s.
Calculate the emf induced in it. Also, find the emf induced, if the
conductor moves at an angle of 30º to the direction of the field.
Sol.
a) 𝐸𝑚𝑓 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 sin𝜃
= 1.5 × 1.5 × 60 × sin900
= 135 V
b) 𝐸𝑚𝑓 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐵𝐼𝑣 sin𝜃
= 1.5 × 1.5 × 60 × sin300
= 67.5 V

“DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF EMF
SESSION OUTCOME INDUCED IN COIL, DOT RULE AND
COUPLING COEFFICIENT”
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
CO2 MAPPED WITH
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES MAPPING
WITH [PO1],[PO2] &
[PO12]
Electromagnetism
Induced emf in a conductor & coil, Mutual
Inductance, Coupling Coefficient, Dot rule,
Lecture 14 - 15
Contents
Electromagnetism:
1. Induced emf in a conductor & coil

2. Mutual Inductance
3. Coupling Coefficient
4. Dot rule
5. Coupled Circuits

The induced emf, e2, in coil2 is proportional to the
rate of the change of the magnetic flux passing
through it and hence proportional to rate of
change of current in first coil and is termed as
Mutually induced EMF.
This flux is due to current I1 in coil 1 and the two

coils are said to be magnetically coupled.
e2

The induced emf, e2, in coil2 is proportional to the
rate of the change of the magnetic flux passing
through it and hence proportional to rate of
change of current in first coil and is termed as
Mutually induced EMF.
This flux is due to current I1 in coil 1 and the two

coils are said to be magnetically coupled.
e2

i1 M
The induced emf e1 is proportional
to the rate of change of current
11 12 +
through coil 1 and this proportionality
constant is called the V1 e1 N1 N2 e2
L1 L2
self inductance, L1
di -
e1  L1 1
dt 1 = 11+ 12
The induced emf e2 is proportional to the rate of change of current through
coil 1 and this proportionality constant is called the mutual inductance, M
and is expressed as, di1
e2  M
dt
d 12
This induced emf can also be expressed as, e2  N 2
dt
d12
Therefore, M  N2 M
di1 i1
𝑑𝜙12
If 𝜇𝑟 is constant,
𝑑𝑖1
is constant 11 12 +
and
Φ12 V1 e1
M  N2 N1
L1
N2
L2
e2
I1
-
Unit: Henry (H)

3. Coupling Coefficient
Self Inductances L1 and L 2 are
N11 N22
L1  and L2 
I1 I2
Mutual Inductance M
N 2 12 N1 21
M  
I1 I2
where 12  k 1 ;  21  k  2 and
k is the coupling coeficient
M2 M
L1 L2  2
or k
k L1 L2
Alternate expressions
N1φ1 N1 N1 I1 N12 μ o μ r1A1

L1   
I1 I1S1 l1
N 2 φ 2 N 2 N 2 I 2 N 22 μ o μ r2 A 2
L2   
I2 I 2S 2 l2
N 2 φ12 N 2 kφ1 N 2 kN1I1 kN1 N 2μ o μ r1A1
M   
I1 I1 I1S1 l1
kN1 N 2μ o μ r2 A 2
M
l2

4. Dot Rule
Sign of M terms same as sign of L terms Sign of M terms opposite sign of L terms
To determine the sign of mutual induced emf

i1 i2
A current entering the dotted terminal of one coil produces an open  
circuit voltage with a positive voltage reference at the dotted terminal •
of the second coil. v 1 v
• 2
i2 i
i1    i 2 +
+
 
+ 1
+
v1 v2 v1 v2
- - - -
i1 i2
 
• •
d 1 di di
v1 v2 d 1 di di
v1   L1 1  M 2 v1   L1 1  M 2
dt dt dt dt dt dt
d 2 di1 di2 d 2 di1 di2
v2  M  L2 v2   M  L2
dt dt dt dt dt dt

For the circuit shown in the following figures, determine v1and v2.
i1 M i2 i1 M i2 i1 M i2
     －
• • • L2 L1 •
v1 L v v1 L uv 2 v1 L2 u2v2
1 L2 u2 2 1 • 2 •
＋
di di di di di1 di
v1   L1 1  M 2 v1   L1 1  M 2 v1   L1 M 2
dt dt dt dt dt dt
di di di di di di
v2  L2 2  M 1 v2  L2 2  M 1 v2   L2 2  M 1
dt dt dt dt dt dt

Series Connection
Coils in Series – Aiding di di
e1  L1  M
dt dt
di di
e2  L2  M
dt dt
di
e  e1  e 2  (L 1  L 2  2M)
dt
L eq  (L 1  L 2  2M)
Total Energy in magnetic field = 0.5 L1I12 + 0.5 L2I22 + M I1 I2
Equivalent circuit

Coils in Series – Opposing di di
e1  L1 M and
dt dt
di di
e2  L2  M
dt dt
e  e1  e2
di di
 ( L1L2  2 M )  Leq
dt dt
Leq  L1 L2  2 M
Total Energy in magnetic field = 0.5 L1I12 + 0.5 L2I22 - M I1I2
Equivalent circuit M
=
L1 L2 (L1 + L2 - 2M)

Parallel Connection
Coils in parallel – Opposing
𝐿1 𝐿2 − 𝑀2
𝐿𝑃 =
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 2𝑀
Coils in parallel – Aiding
𝐿1 𝐿2 −𝑀2
𝐿𝑃 =
𝐿1 +𝐿2 −2𝑀

5. Coupled Circuits
M12  M 21  M
Ψ1 (t ) = L1i1 (t ) + M 12i2 (t )
𝑁1 𝑁2 Ψ2 (t ) = M 21i1 (t ) + L2i2 (t )
d 1 di di
v1   L1 1  M 2
dt dt dt
d 2 di di
v2   M 1  L2 2
dt dt dt
——Ideal Coupled Circuit’s v ~ i relationship

Solved Examples
Q1. Two coils with inductances in the ratio 1:4 have a coupling
coefficient k=0.6. When these coils are connected in series aiding
the equivalent inductance is 44.4mH. Find L1, L2, and M.
Ans:
L1:L2=1:4
Leq = L1+L2+2M = 44.4mH
L1 =6mH
L2 =24mH
M =7.2mH

Q2. Coil 1 of a pair of coupled coils has a continuous current of 5A, and
the corresponding fluxes 1 and 12 are 0.6mWb and 0.4 mWb
respectively. If the turns are N1=500 and N2=1500, find L1, L2, M
and k.
Ans:
k = 12/1 = 0.667
M = N2 12/I1= 0.12H
L1 = N1 1/I1= 0.06 H
L2 = 0.539H

Q3. The combined inductance of two coils connected in series is 1.2H &
0.2H, depending on the relative directions of the currents in the
coils. If one of the coils, when isolated, has a self inductance of
0.4H, calculate:
a) the mutual inductance
b) the coupling coefficient
Ans:

Q4. Two coils of inductance 8H and 10H are connected in parallel. If
their mutual inductance is 4H, determine the equivalent inductance
of the combination if
a) the mutual inductance assists the self-inductance
b) the mutual inductance opposes the self-inductance
Ans:

B.TECH FIRST YEAR

CREDITS : 3
FACULTY : DR. MANISH KUMAR THUKRAL
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
MID TERM EXAMINATION –II ASSESSMENT CRITERIA’S
CO3 MAPPED WITH
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES MAPPING
WITH [PO1],[PO2] &
[PO12]
Single Phase Circuits
Generation, Emf induced, Average value, RMS value,

Peak factor, Form factor
Lecture 16 - 17

Contents
Single phase circuits:
1. Generation
2. Emf induced
3. Average value
4. RMS value
5. Peak factor
6. Form factor

Introduction
Alternating Quantity
An alternating quantity is time dependent or frequency dependent.

The direction changes over every half cycle.
Eg: Time varying voltage, current etc.
The most frequently used form of alternating quantity is sinusoidal.

i
i i
0 0 0
t t t

Rotation Rotation
a b b a a
N S
b a b a b
a
Em
b
Coil
Generator Voltage
Coil
0 o o o o Position
90 180 270 360

2. Instantaneous Value of Generated E.M.F.
Velocity perpendicular to magnetic
Field is

v sin
Hence emf generated in one side of N S
the loop is
e1= B l v sinθ
Where B = flux Density, in Tesla(T)
l = length of the conductor, in

meters (m)
v   A
Field
v = Peripheral speed of v
rotation of conductor, in sin
meters/second (m/sec) B

EMF Induced in the Coil is
e= 2 B l v sinθ b
If b = width of the coil, v =  b n
Where ‘n’ is the speed in revolutions per
l Conductor
sec.
e = 2 B l b  n sinθ B
= 2 B A  n sinθ
If there are N turns in the coil, the emf v

induced is, coil
e = 2 n B A N sinθ
= Em sinθ

Important Definitions
Cycle: One complete set of positive and
negative values.
Time Period: Time duration of a cycle

denoted by T.
Instantaneous Value: Magnitude of the e

varying quantity at any instant of time. Em
e = Emsinθ
Peak Value: Maximum instantaneous value
[ ex – Em as shown in the fig.]  2
0 
/2
Frequency: Number of cycles that occur in
one second. One Cycle
Unit: Hz ; cps (cycles per second)
Denoted by f, f1
T
Relation between Frequency and Speed
Frequency (f) = number of cycles per sec.
f = (No. of Cycles/revolution)*(revolution/Sec)
Let P be the no. of poles of ac generators
P/2 cycles of emf induced per revolutions of the conductor.
f = (P/2)*n Hz
f = p*n Hz where lowercase ‘p’ = pole pairs

& n = revolutions per sec

3. Average value of an Alternating Current
i
i1 i2 i3
0 123
Definition: It is that steady unidirectional current which transfers

across any circuit, the same amount of charge as is transferred
by that alternating current during the same time
Iav = (I1+I2+….+In)/n
n = no. of segments in half a period
in = mid ordinate in the nth segment.
Area enclosed over a half cycle
AverageValue 
Length of base over half cycle
Average Value of Sinusoidal current
Average Value Of Sinusoidal Current
Area under half cycle

Iav 


1

0 I m sin  d Im
2I m  2
 0
 /2 
Im
 I av   0.637 I m
 / 2
4. RMS Value (Root Mean Square Value)
Definition: It is that value of current which when flowing through a
resistance produces the same amount of heat as that of direct
current flowing through the same resistance.
Let Idc = DC current
IRMS - RMS value of alternating current flowing through a
resistance R, Then, this value is the square root of the mean of
square of instantaneous value.
i 12 R  i 2
2 R  .........i n R
2
I dc R 
2
n
i
i12  i 22  ........i n2
I dc  i1 i2 i3
n 0
123
 I RMS
RMS Value ...
RMS value is also called the Effective Value
Square of RMS value over a half cycle 

Area enclosed by i 2 over a half cycle
Period of half cycle .

 d
2
i
2
I RMS  0
; assuming i  I m sin 

2 2 i i2
I I
 
m m
i
2 2 Im
Im
 I RMS 
2 Im 2
 t
B Tech. 1st Year
0
Basic Electrical Technology
RMS value
Form Factor   1.11 for sinusoidal
Average value
Maximum value
Peak factor(Crest factor) 
RMS value
 2 for sinusoidal

B.TECH FIRST YEAR
Course name: basic ELECTRICAL TECHNOLO

• Course code : EE 1001
• lecture series no : 01 (one)
• Credits : 3
• Mode of delivery : online (Power point presentation )
• Faculty: Mahipal Bukya & Satyanarayan Agrawal
• Email-id : [email protected]
M Tech. - Control Systems : System
• PROPOSED DATE OF DELIVERY: 29 OCTOBER 2020
Modeling & Identification
“Describe the phasor
operations and calculation of
Session outcome different quantities pertaining
to different combinations of
series ac circuits”
Assignment,
Quiz, Mid
Assessment criteria’S
terms and
End term.
CO3 mapped with
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
[po1],[po2], & [po12]
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
School of Electrical, Electronics & Communication SEEC
Faculty of Engineering
Phasors, Analysis of pure R, L, C, Series RL, RC &

RLC circuits, Impedance, Power, Power factor
Lecture 21 - 24
Contents
Single phase circuits:
1. Phasors
2. ‘j’ operator
B Tech. 1st Year Basic Electrical Technology S N Agarwal

1. Introduction to Phasors
Rotation Vm v(wt) = Vm sin wt
v() = Vm sin 
N S w Vm

v p 2p
a 0 0 wt
Vm
b
Coil -Vm
A phasor is a graphical representation of the magnitude and angular position
of a time varying quantity such as a voltage or current in which variation is
sinusoidal.
A phasor diagram can be used to show the relative relationship of two or
more sine waves of the same frequency.
Leading Sine Wave
Im
v(ωt)

Vm wt

i(ωt)
Phase angle is the angular difference between the two quantities under
consideration.
One quantity is the reference
Im leads Vm (or i leads v) by an angle  where Vm is the reference.
Time domain: v(t) = Vm sin(ωt); i(t) = Im sin (ωt + )
Polar form: V = Vm / 0o; I = Im /
Lagging Sine Wave
i(ωt)
 Vm 0 wt
Im 
v(ωt)
Im lags Vm (or i lags v) by an angle 
Time domain: v(t) = Vm sin(ωt); i(t) = Im sin (ωt - )
Polar form: V = Vm / 0o; I = Im /-

The ‘j’ operator
jA
O A
Any phasor when operated by ‘j’ is rotated in anticlockwise
direction by 90 degrees.
jOA = OA /90 ;
j*jOA = - OA = OA /180 ;
j2  1 OR j  1

The ‘j’ operator …
y
C A

O x
B
A phasor can be resolved into two components at right angles to
each other.
OA is a phasor.
Horizontal component = OB
Vertical component OC = AB
OA=OB + jOC

Phasor Representation
Two forms of representation:
i Im
A
IA
• Polar form: represented by

magnitude and the angle 0 θ1 p IB 2p
A  I A 1 θ2 B
B  I B 2
y
A
• Rectangular form: represented θ2 θ1 X - Ref.
by its X and Y coordinates
A  I A (cos( 1 )  jSin (1 ))
B
B  I B (Cos(2 )  jSin (2 ))
1
Exercise
Convert the following into polar form using calculators
1 ) 3  j4  553.13
2) 8  j6  10 36.87
3) 8 - j6  10 - 36.87
Convert the following into rectangular form using calculators
1)530  4.33  j2.5

2)3  60  1.5  j2.59
3)  1045  7.07  j7.07

Pure resistive circuits
Pure inductive circuits
Pure capacitive circuits

1. Pure resistive circuits
Let
i(t)
v(t) = Vm sin wt --------------- (1)
v( t )
i( t )  R
R v(t)
= Im sin wt -------------(2)
Im
I Where I = Irms
2
v(t)
Phasor diagram
V i(t)
I
Phase angle between V & I = 0 p/2 p 2p wt
Vm
Im 
R
0
current through the resistor is in
phase with the voltage across it.
V & I are RMS values
Pure Resistive Circuits - Power Consumed
p(t) = v(t).i(t) p(t)
= Vm Im sin2wt v(t)
i(t)
T
1
Average Power , P 
T0 p( t ) dt
0 p/2 p 2p
wt
Vm I m
  VI
2
2
V
P  I2 R 
R

2. Pure Inductive Circuits
Let
i(t)
v(t)  Vmsinw t ........eq(1)
di(t)
+
e(t)  L ;
dt v(t) L e(t)
di(t) -
v(t)  e(t)  L
dt
1 1
i(t) 
L  v(t) dt 
L  Vmsinw t dt v(t)
Vm
 (  cos wt ) i(t)
ωL
i(t)  I msin(w t-90) ........eq(2) p/2 p 3p/2 2p wt
Vm
where I m  ;
ωL
V  V 00 ; I  I   900
Pure Inductive Circuits - Phasor diagram
Current through pure inductor lags the
voltage across it by 900 .
Vm = wL Im.
= XL Im.
V̂ V0
XL = wL = 2pf L ----- inductive reactance,
in ohm 90º
V I m Vm / 2
Im  m 
XL 2 XL
V V Î  I  90
I XL 
XL I
Phasor Diagram Phase difference = 90º
V  V0 0 ; I  I  900
V V0 V
  jX where  XL
I  90 0 L
I I
Pure Inductive Circuits …
The inductive reactance is directly

Inductive
proportional to frequency.
reactance
XL = wL = 2pf L
The current through pure inductor

is inversely proportional to Current
frequency.
I = V/(wL)
0
Frequency

Pure Inductive Circuits -Power Consumed
p(t) = v(t).i(t)
= Vm Im sinwt. sin(wt-90)
= - Vm Im coswt. sinwt
= -(Vm Im/2) sin2wt
v
Average Power Consumed in a
Pure Inductor i p
2p
1
P
2p  p(wt ) d (wt )  0
0
0 p/2 p 3p/2 2p
wt
The net (average/active) power

absorbed in a pure Inductor is
zero
3. Pure Capacitive Circuits
Let i(t)
v(t)  Vm sinwt ........eq (1)
dv(t) v(t)
i(t)  C ; C
dt
d(Vm sinwt)
i(t)  C v(t)
dt
 wCVm (coswt ) i(t)
i(t)  I m sin( wt  90) ........eq (2)
p/2 p 3p/2 2p wt
where I m  wCVm ;
V  V0 0 ; I  I90 0
Pure Capacitive circuits - Phasor diagram
Current through pure Capacitor leads the
voltage across it by 90º. Î  I90
Vm = Im/(wC)
= XC Im.
XC = 1/(wC) = 1/(2pf C) -----
Capacitive reactance, in ohm
90º V̂ V0
V Im V / 2
Im  m  m
XC 2 XC
Phasor diagram
V V
I XC 
XC I
Phase difference = 90º
Phasor Diagram
V  V0 0 ; I  I900
V V0 V
   jX where  XC
I90 0 C
I I
Pure Capacitive Circuits…
The capacitive reactance is inversely

proportional to frequency.
Capacitor current
XC = 1/ (w C)
Capacitive Reactance
The current through a pure capacitor
is directly proportional to frequency.
I=wCV
0
Frequency,w

Pure Capacitive Circuits - Power Consumed
p(t) = v(t).i(t)
= Vm Im sinwt. sin(wt+90)
= Vm Im coswt. sinwt
= (Vm Im/2) sin2wt
Average Power Consumed in a Pure

Capacitor v
2p i p
1
P
2p  p(wt ) d (wt )  0
0
0 p/2 p 3p/2 2p
wt
The average/active power consumed by a pure Capacitor is zero.

Series RL Circuits
Series RC Circuits
Illustrations

1. Series RL Circuit
Phasor Diagram - R L
let i (t )  I msin w t; I  I 0
Let I be the reference axis and v(t) i(t)
let us represent all the
quantities in polar form
VR  IR; VL  IX L 90  jwLI  VL 90; V VL  wLI  X L I
V  V  ;  90º
v(t )  Vm sin (w t   ) I
VR  IR Reference
(phasor)

Series RL Circuit - Complex Impedance
Complex Impedance
V  IZ VL  wLI  X L I
V  VR  VL  RI  jX L I

 ( R  jX ) I  I Zˆ 90º
L
I
VR  IR
Zˆ  ( R  jX L )  Z   Z Reference
(phasor)
 Z (cos   j sin  )
Z wL  X L
R  Z cos  ; X L  Z sin 

wL 90º
or Z  ( R  X
2 2
L ) ;   tan 1
I
R R Reference
(phasor)
The phase difference between V & I is termed as phase angle , .
Also  is termed as Impedance angle
Series RL Circuit - Waveforms
i(t )  I m sin ωt
v(t )  Vm sin( wt   )
v
p/2 p 3p/2 2p
wt

The current lags behind the voltage

by a phase angle 

2. Series RC Circuit – Phasor diagram
Phasor Diagram -
R C
Let i(t)  I m sin ω t  I 0
Let I be the reference axis and
let us represent all the v(t) i(t)
quantities in polar form
VC  IX C   90   jX C I ;
VR  IR VR  IR Reference
 I
V  V   ; -90º
(phasor)
v(t )  Vm sin( w t   ) V VC  X C I

Series RC Circuit - Complex Impedance
Complex Impedance
VR  IR Reference
V  VR  VC  RI  jX C I  (phasor) I
-90º
 ( R  jX C )I  I Ẑ
V  IZ VC  X C I
Ẑ  ( R  jX C )  Z     Z  
 Z (cos  j sin  ) R Reference
 (phasor) I
R  Z cos  ; X C  Z sin  -90º
 1  1
or Z  ( R  X C ) ;  tan 
1
 XC 
2
2 Z
 wCR  wC
The phase difference between V & I is termed as phase angle , .
 is the Impedance angle

Series RC Circuit - Wave forms
i(t )  I m sin ωt
v(t )  Vm sin( wt   )
v
p/2 p 3p/2 2p wt

The current Leads behind the voltage by a phase angle 

Solved Examples
1. A resistance of 50 is connected in series with an inductance
of 100 mH across a 230V, 50 Hz, single phase AC supply.
Calculate
a) impedance
b) current drawn
c) power factor
d) power consumed
e) Draw the phasor diagram.

Ans.
a) Z = 5932.14  e)
V VL
b) I = 3.898  32.14 A
32.12º
c) Pf = 0.847 lag VR I
d) P = 759.15W

2. A resistance of 50 is connected in series with a capacitance
of 100 F across a 230V, 50 Hz, single phase AC supply.
Calculate
a) impedance
b) current drawn
c) power factor
d) power consumed
e) Draw the phasor diagram.

Ans.
a) Z = 59.272  32.48  e)
VR
b) I = 3.8832.48 A;
I
assu min g V  V0 32.48º
0.847 lag VC
c) Pf = 0.843 lead V
d) P = 752.81W

Series RLC Circuits
Complex power
Illustrations

Series RLC Circuit
Let i(t) = Im sinwt R L C
Impedance, Z=R+j(XL-XC)
(i) If XL=XC , resistive circuit v(t) i(t)
(ii) If XL>XC, RL series circuit
(iii) If XL<XC, RC series circuit
Note: - i(t) is the reference

Series RLC Circuit
R L C
v(t) i(t)

Series RLC Circuit – Power consumed
Instantaneous power
p( t )  v ( t )  i ( t )
 Vm sin w t    I m sin wt
Average power
2p
1 Vm I m
P
2p 0 p(t ) d (wt )  2 cos 
P  VI cos  = Active Power
Cos  is called the power factor

Power Triangle
V VI
VL V sin  VI sin 
 90º  90º
I I
VR  V cos  VI cos 
P = Average power = Active power = VI cos 
measured in Watt
Q = Reactive power = VI sin 

measured in VAr
(Volt-Amp reactive)
S = Absolute power = Apparent power = VI

measured in VA (Volt-Amp)
Complex Power
For inductive loads, current is lagging, the angle  is negative.
Q = Reactive power = VI sin (  )   VI sin 

But in SI units, lagging reactive power is +ve.
Hence, conjugate of the angle  is used in power calculations.
S = VI* = V0o I   * = VI = VI cos  j VI sin 

S=P+jQ
Similarly For capacitive loads, reactive power is –ve in SI units.
S = VI* = V0o I   * = VI = VI cos   j VI sin 

S=P-jQ

Power Factor
- Ratio of active power to absolute power
- Also, cosine of the impedance angle is numerically same as power factor.
P VI cosφ
Power Factor    cosφ
S VI

B.TECH FIRST YEAR
Course name: basic ELECTRICAL TECHNOLO

• Course code : EE 1001
• lecture series no : 01 (one)
• Credits : 3
• Mode of delivery : online (Power point presentation )
• Faculty: Mahipal Bukya & Satyanarayan Agrawal
• Email-id : [email protected]
M Tech. - Control Systems : System
• PROPOSED DATE OF DELIVERY: 29 OCTOBER 2020
Modeling & Identification
“Analyse and calculate
Session outcome different quantities pertaining
to parallel ac circuits”
Assignment,
Quiz, Mid
Assessment criteria’S
terms and
End term.
CO3 mapped with
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
[po1],[po2], & [po12]
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
School of Electrical, Electronics & Communication SEEC
Faculty of Engineering

Series & Parallel Resonance, Resonant frequency, Voltage &
Current magnification, Dynamic resistance
Lecture 23 - 24
Contents
Single Phase Circuits:
1. Series Resonance
2. Parallel Resonance
Resonant frequency
Voltage & Current magnification
Dynamic resistance

Series Resonance
Reference books :
Chapter 13 of Hughes E, Electrical and Electronic Technology (8th

e), Pearson Education, 2002.
Chapter 4(4.14) of T.K.Nagsarkar & M.S.Sukhija, Basic Electrical

Engineering, OXFORD University Press.

SERIES RESONANCE - RLC Series Circuit
Z  R  j(X L  X C )
X L  L
1
XC 
C
v(t), variable frequency
Is said to be in resonance, when

Current is in phase with voltage
Inductive reactance =Capacitive reactance; XL = XC
Circuit Power factor is unity
Effective Circuit impedance is resistive; Z = R

SERIES RESONANCE - Resonant frequency (f0)
At series Resonance
Resonant frequency (f0)
XL  XC
1
0 L 
0 C
1 v(t), variable frequency
 02 
LC
1
o  radians / sec
LC
1
fo  hertz
2 LC

SERIES RESONANCE - Variation of Current
I0
I
Acceptor circuit
ωo ω
• at resonance Irms is maximum when XL = XC;
V
I o  ; rms value
R
SERIES RESONANCE - Variation of phase angle

2
o ωo
ω


2
For -
ω< ωo; XC>XL leading current
ω= ωo; XC=XL in phase current
ω> ωo; XC<XL lagging current

Series Resonance - Bandwidth and Half Power frequencies
At 1 and  2 , I
Io i
2 IO
2
 Io 
Power  
 
 R
Io
 2  2
1

2
Io R
2
= Half the power at
ω1 ωo ω2 ω
resonant frequency
ω1 = lower half power frequency

ω2 = upper half power frequency
Band Width = ω2- ω1

Relation between Band Width and Half Power Frequencies
Vo
Im pedance at 1 and  2 Z   2R
Io
2
At 1 , Z1  R  j(X C  X L ) At 2 , Z 2  R  j(X L  X C )
R 2  ( X C  X L ) 2  2R R 2  (X L  X C ) 2  2 R
1 1
X C  X L  R;  1 L  R X L  X C  R; 2 L  R
1C 2 C
R
2 2
 R  1 R  R  1
1      2     
2L  2 L  LC 2L  2L  LC
R
Hence  2  1 
L
Series Resonance - Q - Factor
Quality factor- a measure of selectivity
XL
Q
R
ωo ωo
 (ω o L ) / R  
 R  ω 2  ω1 
 
L
Resonant frequency

Band Width
ωo L 1 1 L
Q   ;
R ωo CR R C

SERIES RESONANCE - Voltage Magnification
At Series Resonance
Voltage across L or C VL or VC

Supply vol tage V
I X I X
 O L  O C Q
IO R IO R
Sharpness of resonance depends on R

Small R gives sharp resonance
Large R gives broad resonance

Parallel Resonance

PARALLEL RESONANCE - Characteristics
At Resonance Voltage and current must be in phase
iR iL iC
Hence in the case of Parallel Resonance : R L C

v(t)
The admittance of the circuit is minimum
at resonance so Z is maximum & I in
minimum.
The current (maximum) drawn from the
supply is V/R
The currents IC and IL are equal and
opposite.
Power factor is unity
Net susceptance is zero
PARALLEL RESONANCE - Resonant frequency (fr)
For pure RLC parallel circuit
Let  be variable and r = Resonant frequency (fr)
At resonance, the net susceptance is zero for

iR iL iC
Parallel Resonance.
R L C
1 1 v(t)
YL   j ; YC  j ;
XL XC
1 1 1
ωr C  ; ωr  rad/sec; f r  Hz
ωr L LC 2π LC
Same expression as in case of Series resonance

PARALLEL RESONANCE - Resonant frequency (fr)
For the Circuit shown…
At resonance, the net susceptance is zero for
Parallel Resonance (C – 1/ L)=0 . R
(R  j L) v(t)
C
Ẑ1  (R  jX L )  (R  j L); Ŷ1 
(R) 2  (ωL) 2 L
1 1 1
Ẑ 2   jX C   j ; Ŷ2    j ωC
ωC Z2  1 
  j 
 ωC 
R L
Y  Y1  Y 2  2 j 2  jC
R  (L) 2
R  (L) 2
L 1 R
2
r  1   R 
2
C 2 fr 
1
 
R  ( r L ) 2 LC  L  2 LC  L 
PARALLEL RESONANCE - Current magnification
I IC
C
v(t) IL I
ωL
L IC Φ V
Φ R
IL
At resonance, IL and IC >>>I I C I L Sin  r L

  tan  
Current magnification, I I LCos  R

PARALLEL RESONANCE - Variation of current
o ωr ω
At resonance Current is minimum (as its reactive part = 0);
𝑳
Thus, Maximum Impedance = Dynamic Impedance =
𝑹𝑪
Also called Rejector circuit.
𝑸 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
Defined as the ratio of the line current (𝐼𝑜 ) , circulating between
the two branches of the parallel circuit to the line current.
𝑉
were, 𝐼𝑜 =
𝐿Τ𝑅𝐶
𝜔𝐿
Thus, 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑅
And at resonance,
𝜔𝑜 𝐿 1 𝐿 1 𝐿
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = . =𝑅
𝑅 𝐿𝐶 𝑅 𝐶
In series circuit 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 gives Voltage Magnification &

In parallel circuit 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 gives Current Magnification.
Solved Examples
[1] A series RLC circuit consisting of R=100Ω, L=10mH and C=100μF is
supplied by an ac supply of 100 volt at varying frequency.
Determine
a) Resonant frequency
b) Current at resonance
c) Half power frequencies
d) Q factor
e) Voltage across capacitor

Sol.
1
Re sonant frequency f o   159.15Hz
2 LC
Vo
At resonance I o  I max   1A
R
1  99 rad / sec
 2  10099 rad/sec
o L 2f o L
Q
R

R

1
R
L
C
 0.099  0.1
Capacitor voltage  Q * supply voltge  0.1*100 10 V

[2] An RLC series circuit of R=8Ω resistance should be designed to have a
bandwidth of 50 Hz. Determine the value of L and C so that the system
resonates at 200 Hz.
Given f 2  f1  50 Hz
o 2f o
Q 
 2  1 250
o L 1 L  L  25.46mH
Q 
R R C C  24.86F
[3] The parallel circuit shown in figure is made to resonate by varying L.
Find the value of L if ω=5000rad/sec .
Sol.
5  j10
Z1=5-j10Ω Y1  2 5
125
2  jX L
Z2=2+jXLΩ Y2  2 L 20F
2  X2L
10 XL
Im(Y1+Y2)=Im(Y) =  2 0
125 2  X L
2
XL = 12.17 Ω or 0.3286Ω
L = 65.73μH or 2.434mH
[4] Show that circuit given in figure will be at resonance at supply
L=0.5H C=1F
frequency
Sol.
5
Given ω=1.4 rad/sec vs=Cos(1.4t)
Find overall impedance (admittance)
If it results in real answer, then frequency at resonance is 1.4

rad/sec
Z  0.099    purely resistive at   1.4 rad/sec

B.TECH FIRST YEAR

CREDITS : 03
FACULTY : MR. RITESH SINGH
“IDENTIFY AND ANALYSE DIFFERENT
SESSION OUTCOME TYPES OF THREE PHASE AC
CIRCUITS”
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
MID TERM EXAMINATION –II ASSESSMENT CRITERIA’S
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
MAPPING WITH
CO3
[PO1]
THREE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
LECTURE 25-26
CONTENTS
THREE PHASE AC CIRCUITS:
1. THREE PHASE AC SYSTEM & ADVANTAGES

2. GENERATION OF THREE PHASE VOLTAGE
3. TYPES OF CONNECTION - STAR AND DELTA
4. VOLTAGE & CURRENTS
5. LINE & PHASE VALUES
Why three phase supply?
Higher Efficiency
Lower Cost
Size Reduction
Less amount of power-conductor material for transmission
Unidirectional torque production in 3 phase motor

Three phase supply… Merits
3 phase motors are self starting
Parallel operation of 3 phase generators
Better operating power factor of 3 phase motors
Lighter, efficient and cheaper 3 Phase transformer
Two different levels of voltages can be obtained

Generation of three phase voltages
rotation
R
•eR = Em Sin (ωt)
Y B •eY = Em Sin (ωt -120˚)
•eB = Em Sin(ωt-240˚)
N S
= Em Sin (ωt+120˚)
B
Y
R
e
2π/3 π
Phase sequence: Is the order in which three phase voltages (currents)

attain their maximum values -RYB
Three phase windings with six terminals
At any instant,
eR + eY + eB = Em [Sin(ωt) + sin (ωt-120o) + sin (ωt-240o)] = 0
Sum of the instantaneous values of the voltages is zero
R
emfs are assumed to be positive when acting

R' from R| to R,Y| to Y and B| to B respectively
Y
emf of each winding is called a phase emf

Y'
B'
Types of 3 phase connections
The six terminals can be inter connected to form 2 types of 3 phase connections.
 DELTA connection
 STAR connection
DELTA connected system
R Y B
R
B R
R
B Y
Y ' ' Y Y
R' B
B
There is no neutral wire

At any instant, eR+eY+eB=0
Delta connected system
In phasor form, the phase e.m.f.s are
E BB '
ERR'  EPh0,
120˚
EYY '  E ph 120,
E RR '
E BB'  E ph  240  E ph  120 120˚
E YY'
Phase sequence: - R-Y-B

Balanced system:
Magnitude of phase emf ’s are equal and mutually displaced by 120 degrees
Types of 3 phase connections
In DELTA connected system R
B
The voltage between lines R & Y,

 E RY
Y & B and B & R E BR
R
are called Line Voltages

Y
ERY  ERR' , EYB  EYY ' , EBR  EBB'
Y

E YB
B
In a delta connected system the line and phase emfs are the same
ERY  EL  ERR'  E ph00

EYB  E L  EYY '  E ph  1200
EBR  EL  EBB'  E ph  1200
THREE PHASE DELTA CONNECTED SYSTEM WITH BALANCED LOAD
(Relation between Line and Phase currents)
Phase voltage is equal to the line voltage.
Currents flowing in each phase are called Phase Currents
IRY  I ph 0 , IYB  I ph   120 , IBR  I ph   120
Phase currents are balanced. 
R IR
The currents in each line from 
I RY
supply are the currents are

I R  I RY  I BR V RY Z
Z
 
I Y  I YB  I RY V BR  I BR
Y
IY
I B  I BR  I YB 
Z
 I YB
IR  IY  IB  0 V YB 
IB
(I R  I Y  I B  I L )
B
Delta Connected – Balanced Load

I R  I RY  I BR IB
I Y  I YB  I RY  
I BR  I YB
I B  I BR  I YB


 I RY I RY
30
I R  IY  I B  0 120
I L  2 I ph cos (30)  3I ph 

 
IY  I BR IR
I YB
The line voltages are given by
VRY  VL 0, VYB  VL   120, VBR  VL   120
(Let line voltage VRY be the reference)
VRY V 0 VL
I RY   L    φ  I ph   φ
Phase currents Zφ Zφ Z
I YB  I ph   (120  φ)
I BR  I ph (120  φ)
Conclusion: - Phase Currents are also balanced
IR  IRY  IBR  Iph ( φ )  I ph (120  φ)
 3 I ph   30  φ   I L   30  φ 
I Y  I YB  I RY  3 I ph   150  φ   I L   150  φ 
I B  I BR  I YB  3 I ph 90  φ  I L 90  φ 

Line currents V BR 
IB

I BR
I R  I RY  I BR  I L   (30   ) I
RY
I
I Y  I YB  I RY  I L   150  φ 
YB

IY


I B  I BR  I YB  I L 90  φ  V RY
120  30  
 I RY
I YB

I
BR
Line Currents are also balanced 

V YB

IR
Active power  3 Vph I ph cos ()
IL
 3 VL cos ()
3
 3 VL I L cos ()
Reactive power  3 VL I L sin ()
Note: Φ is the phase angle between phase voltage and

phase current = angle of impedance
Summary
Delta connected balanced load line currents are also balanced
Line current IL= 3 Iph

I R  I RY  I BR  I L   (30   )
I Y  I YB  I RY  I L   150  φ 
I B  I BR  I YB  I L 90  φ 
Summary : In a balanced delta connected load,

The line voltages and phase voltages magnitudes are equal
The line voltages are 120 deg. apart
The line current is 3 times the phase current.
Example 1
Three equal impedances, each of (8 + j10) ohms, are connected in star. This is further connected to a 440 V, 50 Hz, three-
phase supply. Calculate,
(a) phase voltage, (b) phase angle, (c) phase current, (d) line current, (e) active power, and (f ) reactive power.
Solution
Solution …
Example 2
A balanced delta-connected load of impedance (8 − j6) ohms per phase is connected to a three-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz
supply. Calculate,
(a) power factor, (b) line current, and (c) reactive power.
Solution
Solution …
Example 3
Three coils, each having a resistance and an inductance of 8 W and 0.02 H respectively, are connected in star across a
three-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the,
(a) power factor, (b) line current, (c) power, (d) reactive volt-amperes, and (e) total volt-amperes.
Solution
Solution …
Example 4
Three coils, each having a resistance of 8 W and an inductance of 0.02 H, are connected in delta to a three-phase, 400 V,
50 Hz supply. Calculate the,
(a) line current, and (b) power absorbed.
Solution
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B.

TECH FIRST YEAR

COURSE NAME: BASIC ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

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1. Capacitor & its Types

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Permittivity of free space,

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The time constant is RC= 200s

Therefore C = 200/10 x 106 = 20 μF.

Therefore 0.8 = e–t/20000x0.0001

ln(1/0.8) = 20 000 x 0.0001

This gives t= 2xln(1/0.8) = 0.45 s.

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COURSE NAME: BASIC ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

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Air core Inductor

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Unit is Henry (H)

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(c) Like poles repel

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Force on the conductor = f lux density  current  length of conductor

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• Great experimental scientist

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