Introduction to Capacitor

s, Inductors
& Magnetic Circuits

Related Book
Basic Circuit Analysis 6th
Ed
by David Erwin
1
 Chap. 6: Capacitors and Inductors
 Introduction
 Capacitors
 Series and Parallel Capacitors
 Inductors
 Series and Parallel Inductors

2
 6.1 Introduction

 Resistor: a passive element which dissipates ener

gy only
 Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
 Capacitor and inductor can store energy only and
they can neither generate nor dissipate energy.

3
Michael Faraday (1971-1867)

4
 6.2 Capacitors

 A capacitor consists of two conducting plates sepa

rated by an insulator (or dielectric).
εA
C
d
   r 0
 0  8.854  1012 (F/m)

Engineering 5
 εA
C
d
 Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing, t
he greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the
greater the capacitance.

6
Fig 6.4

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

7
Fig 6.5

Variable capacitors

8
Fig 6.3

9
Fig 6.2

10
 Charge in Capacitors

 The relation between the charge in plates and the v

oltage across a capacitor is given below.

q  Cv
q Linear
1F  1 C/V Nonlinear

11
 Voltage Limit on a Capacitor

 Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the voltag

e increases. The electric field intensity between two
plates increases. If the voltage across the capacitor
is so large that the field intensity is large enough to
break down the insulation of the dielectric, the cap
acitor is out of work. Hence, every practical capacit
or has a maximum limit on its operating voltage.

12
I-V Relation of Capacitor

dq dv
+ i q  Cv, i  C
C
dt dt
v

13
 Physical Meaning

+ i
dv
iC C
dt v

-
• when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant
voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as
an open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in
its voltage except an infinite current is applied.
14
 Fig 6.7

 A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.

 The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.

Abrupt change

15
 dv 1 t +
 v()  0 
i
iC v(t )   idt
dt C  v C

1 t
v(t )   idt  v(to)
C to
 v(to)  q(to) / C  -

 The charge on a capacitor is an integration of curre

nt through the capacitor. Hence, the memory effect
counts.

16
 Energy Storing in Capacitor

dv
p  vi  Cv
dt
t dv t v (t ) 1 2
w   pdt  C  v dt  C v (  ) vdv  Cv v (t )
v (  )
dt 2
1
w (t )  Cv 2
(t ) ( v (  )  0 ) + i
2 C
v

q 2 (t )
w (t )  -
2C

17
Model of Practical Capacitor

18
 Example 6.1

(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor w

ith 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

19
 Example 6.1

Solution:
(a) Since
q  Cv,
12
q  3  10  20  60pC
(b) The energy stored is

1 2 1 12
w  Cv   3  10  400  600pJ
2 2

20
 Example 6.2

 The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is

v(t )  10 cos 6000t V

Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
 By definition, the current is

dv 6 d
iC  5  10 (10 cos 6000 t )
dt dt
 5  10 6  6000 10 sin 6000t  0.3 sin 6000t A

21
 Example 6.3

 Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the

current through it is
 3000 t
i (t )  6 e mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Solution:
1 t
 Since v  0 idt  v(0) and v(0)  0,
C
1 t 3000 t 3  10 3000t t
3
v 6 0
6e 3
dt 10  e
2  10  3000 0

3000t
 (1  e )V
22
 Example 6.4

 Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor

whose voltage is shown in Fig 6.9.

23
 Example 6.4

Solution:
 The voltage waveform can be described mathemati
cally as

 50t V 0  t 1
 100  50t V 1 t  3
v(t )  
 200  50t V 3t  4

 0 otherwise

24
 Example 6.4

 Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the deriv

ative of to obtain

 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
6  50 1  t  3  10mA 1 t  3
i(t )  200 10   
50 3  t  4 10mA 3  t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise
 Thus the current waveform is shown in Fig.6.10.

25
Example 6.4

26
 Example 6.5

 Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in Fig. 6

.12(a) under dc condition.

27
 Example 6.5

Solution:
 Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with
an open circuit. By current division,

3
i (6mA)  2mA
3 2 4
 v1  2000i  4 V, v 2  4000i  8 V
1 1 3
 w1  C1v1  (2  10 )(4)  16mJ
2 2

2 2
1 1 3
w2  C2 v2  (4  10 )(8)  128mJ
2 2

2 2
28
Fig 6.14

Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N

29
 6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
dv dv dv dv
i  C1  C2  C3  ...  C N
dt dt dt dt
 N
 dv dv
   C K   Ceq
 k 1  dt dt
Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N
 The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected
capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitance.

30
Fig 6.15

1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN

31
 Series Capacitors

v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  ...  v N (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq id  ( C1  C2  C3  ...  C N )id
q (t ) q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
  
Ceq C1 C2 CN

 The equivalent capacitance of series-connected cap

acitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciproca
ls of the individual capacitances.

1 1 1 C1C2
  Ceq 
Ceq C1 C2 C1  C2
32
 Summary

 These results enable us to look the capacitor in this

way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the resistance.
The equivalent capacitor of capacitors connected in
parallel or series can be obtained via this point of v
iew, so is the Y-△ connection and its transformatio
n

33
 Example 6.6

 Find the equivalent capacitance seen between termi

nals a and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.

34
 Example 6.6

Solution:
 20  F and 5  F capacitors are in series:
20  5
  4 F
20  5
 4  F capacitor is in parallel with the 6  F
and 20  F capacitors:
 4  6  20  30F
 30  F capacitor is in series with
the 60  F capacitor.
30  60
Ceq  F  20F
30  60
35
 Example 6.7

 For the circuit in Fig 6.18, find the voltage across e

ach capacitor.

36
Example 6.7

37
 Example 6.7

Solution:
 Two parallel capacitors:
1
 Ceq  1 1 1 mF  10mF
 
60 30 20
 Total charge
3
q  Ceq v  10  10  30  0.3 C

 This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF capacit

ors, because they are in series with the 30-v source.
( A crude way to see this is to imagine that charge a
cts like current, since i = dq/dt)
38
Example 6.7
 Therefore, q 0 .3
v1   3
 15 V ,
C1 20  10

q 0 .3
v2   3
 10 V
C2 30  10
 Having determined v1 and v2, we now use
KVL to determine v3 by
v3  30  v1  v2  5V
 Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capac
itors are in parallel, they have the same voltage
v3 and their combined capacitance is 40+20=60
mF. q 0.3
 v3   3
 5V
60mF 60  10
39
Joseph Henry (1979-1878)

40
 6.4 Inductors

 An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire

N A2
L
l

41
Fig 6.22

N 2 A
L
l
  r 0
 0  4  10 7 (H/m)

N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross  sectional area.
 : permeability of the core

42
Fig 6.23

(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core

43
 Flux in Inductors

 The relation between the flux in inductor and the c

urrent through the inductor is given below.

  Li
ψ Linear
1H  1 Weber/A
Nonlinear

44
 Energy Storage Form

 An inductor is a passive element designed to store e

nergy in the magnetic field while a capacitor stores
energy in the electric field.

45
 I-V Relation of Inductors

 An inductor consists of i
a coil of conducting wir +
e.
d di
v L v
L
dt dt
-

46
 Physical Meaning

d di
v L
dt dt

 When the current through an inductor is a constant

, then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same a
s a short circuit.
 No abrupt change of the current through an induct
or is possible except an infinite voltage across the in
ductor is applied.
 The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage
, for example, used as an igniting element.
47
 Fig 6.25

 An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.

 The current through an inductor cannot change ins
tantaneously.

48
 1 1 t
di  vdt
L
i
L 
v ( t ) dt
+

v
1 t L
i
L 
to
v (t ) dt  i (t o )
-

The inductor has memory.

49
 Energy Stored in an Inductor

 di 
P  vi   L  i +
 dt 
t t  di  v
L
w   pdt    L idt
 dt  -
i (t ) 1 2 1 2
 L i (  ) i di  Li (t )  Li () i ()  0,
2 2

 The energy stored in an inductor 1 2

w(t )  Li (t )
2
50
Model of a Practical Inductor

51
 Example 6.8

 The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te-5t

A. Find the voltage across the inductor and the ene
rgy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v  L and L  0.1H,
dt
d
v  0.1 (10te 5t )  e 5t  t (5)e 5t  e 5t (1  5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w  Li  (0.1)100t 2 e 10t  5t 2 e 10t J
2 2
52
 Example 6.9

 Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the volt

age across it is
30t , t  0
2
v(t )  
 0, t0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s. Assum
e i(0)=0.
Solution:
1 t
Since i  t v(t )dt  i (t0 ) and L  5H.
L 0

3
1 t t
i  0 30t 2 dt  0  6   2t 3 A
5 3
53
 Example 6.9

The power p  vi  60t , and the energy stored is then

5

6
5 t 5
w   pdt  0 60t dt  60
5
 156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
Eq.(6.13), by writing
1 2 1
w(5)  w(0)  Li (5)  Li (0)
2 2
1
 (5)(2  5 )  0  156.25 kJ
3 2

2
as obtained before.
54
 Example 6.10

 Consider the circuit in F

ig 6.27(a). Under dc con
ditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored in t
he capacitor and induct
or.

55
 Example 6.10

Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor  open circuit
inductor  short circuit
12
i  iL   2 A, vc  5i  10 V
1 5
(b ) 1 1
wc  Cvc  (1)(102 )  50J,
2

2 2
1 2 1
wL  Li  (2)(2 2 )  4J
2 2
56
Inductors in Series

Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
57
Inductors in Parallel

1 1 1 1
  
Leq L1 L2 LN

58
 6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
 Applying KVL to the loop,

v  v1  v2  v3  ...  v N
 Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in
di di di di
v  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
dt dt dt dt
di
 ( L1  L2  L3  ...  LN )
dt
 N
 di di
   LK   Leq
 K 1  dt dt
Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
59
 Parallel Inductors

 Using KCL,
i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
 But 1 t
ik  t vdt  ik (t0 )
Lk o

1 t 1 t 1 t
i  t vdt  i1 (t0 )  t vdt  is (t0 )  ...  t vdt  iN (t0 )
Lk 0
L2 0 LN 0

1 1 1 t
    ...   t vdt  i1 (t0 )  i2 (t0 )  ...  iN (t0 )
 L1 L2 LN  0

N 1t N
1 t
    t vdt   ik (t0 )   vdt  i(t0 )
 k 1 Lk  Leq
0 t 0
k 1

60
 The inductor in various connection has the same ef
fect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-Δ transformation o
f inductors can be similarly derived.

61
Table 6.1

62
 Example 6.11

 Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown

in Fig. 6.31.

63
 Example 6.11

 Solution:

Series : 20H, 12H, 10H

 42H
7  42
Parallel :  6H
7  42
 Leq  4  6  8  18H

64
Practice Problem 6.11

65
 Example 6.12

 Find the circuit in Fig. 6.33, 10t

i (t )  4(2  e )mA.
If find :
i2 (0)  1 mA, (a) i (0)
1

(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

66
 Example 6.12

Solution:
10 t
(a ) i (t )  4(2  e )mA  i (0)  4(2  1)  4mA.
 i1 (0)  i (0)  i2 (0)  4  (1)  5mA
(b) The equivalentinductanceis
Leq  2  4 || 12  2  3  5H
di 10 t 10 t
 v(t )  Leq  5(4)(1)(10)e mV  200e mV
dt
di 10 t 10 t
v1 (t )  2  2(4)(10)e mV  80e mV
dt
10 t
 v2 (t )  v(t )  v1(t )  120e mV
67
 Example 6.12

1 t
(c) i  0 v(t ) dt  i (0) 
L
1 t 120 t 10t
i1 (t )  0 v2 dt  i1 (0)   e dt  5 mA
4 4 0
10 t t
 3e  5 mA  3e 10t  3  5  8  3e 10t mA
0
1 t 120 t 10t
i2 (t )  0 v2 dt  i2 (0)   e dt  1mA
12 12 0

10 t t
 e  1mA  e 10t  1  1  e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i (t )
68