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    Lecture 2

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    Muhammad Tarif Hasan
    This document discusses various types of errors that can occur in numerical computations, including inherent errors from limited precision data, numerical errors from rounding and truncation during calculations, and human errors. It defines significant digits, accuracy, and precision. Rounding errors are introduced when numbers are represented with a fixed number of digits and can be minimized using symmetric rounding. Truncation errors occur when extra digits are dropped. Absolute and relative errors are defined to quantify the differences between approximate and true values.

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    Lecture 2

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    Muhammad Tarif Hasan
    28 views18 pages
    This document discusses various types of errors that can occur in numerical computations, including inherent errors from limited precision data, numerical errors from rounding and truncation during calculations, and human errors. It defines significant digits, accuracy, and precision. Rounding errors are introduced when numbers are represented with a fixed number of digits and can be minimized using symmetric rounding. Truncation errors occur when extra digits are dropped. Absolute and relative errors are defined to quantify the differences between approximate and true values.

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    This document discusses various types of errors that can occur in numerical computations, including inherent errors from limited precision data, numerical errors from rounding and truncation during calculations, and human errors. It defines significant digits, accuracy, and precision. Rounding errors are introduced when numbers are represented with a fixed number of digits and can be minimized using symmetric rounding. Truncation errors occur when extra digits are dropped. Absolute and relative errors are defined to quantify the differences between approximate and true values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views18 pages

    Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Tarif Hasan
    This document discusses various types of errors that can occur in numerical computations, including inherent errors from limited precision data, numerical errors from rounding and truncation during calculations, and human errors. It defines significant digits, accuracy, and precision. Rounding errors are introduced when numbers are represented with a fixed number of digits and can be minimized using symmetric rounding. Truncation errors occur when extra digits are dropped. Absolute and relative errors are defined to quantify the differences between approximate and true values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    Numerical Methods

    CSE 2105
    Lecture 2
    Chapter 4 : APPROXIMATIONS AND ERRORS IN
    COMPUTING
    2

     Introduction
     Significant Digits
     Inherent Errors
     Numerical Errors
     Absolute and Relative Errors
    Introduction
    3

     Approximations and errors are integral part of


    numerical methods. Errors can come in a variety of
    forms and sizes.
     By careful analysis and proper design and
    implementation of algorithm, we can restrict their
    effect quite significantly.
     Prior to using the numerical methods it is essential
    to know :
     how errors arise.
     how they grow during the numerical computations.
     how they affect the accuracy of a solution.
    Significant Digits
    4

     Π =3.1415926535897032384626…..
     2/7 = 0.285714285714…..

    Suppose we write Π as 3.14159 and 2/7 as 0.285714.


    Then the number contains six significant digits.

     “good to four digits” means that the number has


    four significant digits.
    Notion of Significant Digits
    5

     All non-zero digits are considered significant. For example,


    91 has two significant figures (9 and 1), while 123.45 has
    five significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
     Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are
    significant. Example: 101.1203 has seven significant figures:
    1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 and 3.
     Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are
    significant. For example, 12.2300 has six significant
    figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0.000122300 still
    has only six significant figures (the zeros before the 1 are
    not significant).
     Zeros between the decimal point and preceding a non zero
    digit are not significant. Example : 0.0001234 (1234 x 10-7)
    the following number have four significant digits.
    Accuracy & Precision
    6
     Accuracy : Accuracy is
    how close you are to the
    true value.
     Precision : Precision is
    how close two or more
    measurements are to
    each other.
    Inherent Errors
    7

     Inherent Errors are those that are present in the data


    supplied to the model. (Known as input errors).
     Contain two components :
     Data Errors
     Conversion Errors
     Data Errors : arises when data for a problem are
    limited accuracy and precision.
     Conversion Errors : arises due to the limitations
    of the computer to store the data exactly.
    Numerical Errors
    8

     Numerical errors are introduced during the process


    of implementation of a numerical method. They
    come in two forms :
     Roundoff Errors
     Truncation Errors
    Roundoff Errors
    9

     Roundoff Errors occur when a fixed number of digits


    are used to represent exact numbers.
     Rounding a number can be done in two ways :
     Chopping
     Symmetric Rounding
    Chopping
    10

     In Chopping, the extra digits are dropped. This is


    called truncating the number.
     True x = (fx +gx x 10-d )10E
    =(fx x 10E) + (gx x 10E-d)
    = approximate x + error (Where, 0<gx <1)
    Where, fx = mantissa
    d = length of the mantissa permitted
    E = exponent
    In Chopping, gx is ignored entirely.
    Symmetric Rounding
    11

     In symmetric roundoff method, the last retained


    significant digit is “rounded up” by 1 if the first
    discarded digit is larger or equal to 5.
     42.7893 would become 42.79 & 76.5432 would
    become 76.54.
     Approximate x =(fx x 10E).
     Error = (gx - 1)x 10E-d Where, gx > 0.5
    Example
    12

     Find the roundoff error in storing the number 752.6835


    using a four digit mantissa.
     Solution : True x =0.7526835 x 103
    = 0.7526 x 103 + 0.835 x 103-4
    In Chopping Method,
    Approximate x = 0.7526 x 103
    Error = 0.0835
    In Symmetric Method,
    Approximate x = 0.7527 x 103
    Error = (gx - 1)x 10-1
    = -0.165 x 10-1
    = -0.0165
    Blunders
    13

     Blunders are errors that are caused due to human


    imperfection.
     As the name indicates, such errors may cause a very
    serious disaster in the result.
     Since these errors are due to human mistakes, it
    should be possible to avoid them by acquiring a
    sound knowledge about the numerical process.
    Blunders
    14

     Some common types of human errors :


     Lack of understanding the problem.

     Wrong assumption.

     Overlooking of some basic assumptions.

     Errors in deriving the mathematical equation.

     Selecting a wrong numerical method.

     Selecting a wrong algorithm.

     Making mistakes in the computer program.

     Mistakes in data input.

     Wrong guessing of initial values.


    Absolute and Relative Errors
    15

     True value xt = Approximate value xa + Error.


     Error = xt - xa .
     Absolute error, ea = | xt - xa |
     “Normalized” absolute error is called Relative error.
     er =(absolute error) / |true value|.
     er = | xt - xa | / | xt |.
    Example
    16

     Problem : A civil engineer has measured the height of a 10 floor


    building as 2950cm and the working height of each beam as 35cm
    while the true values are 2945cm and 30cm, respectively. Compare
    their absolute and true percent relative errors.
     Solution : Absolute error in measuring the height of the building is
    e1 = 2950 – 2945 = 5 cm
    The true percent relative error is,
    er,1 = 5/2945 = 0.0017 = 0.17 %
    Absolute error in measuring the height of the beam is
    e2 = 35 -30 = 5 cm
    The true percent relative error is,
    er,1 = 5/30 = 0.17 = 17 %
    Homework
    17

     Problem : Suppose that you have the task of


    measuring the lengths of a bridge and a rivet and
    come up with 9999 and 99 cm, respectively. If the
    true values are 10000 and 100 cm, respectively,
    compute (a) the true error and (b) the true percent
    relative error for each case.
     Truncation error
    (Adding new slide in this existing slide for solving
    these two. I will take feedback in the next class)
    18

    THANK YOU

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