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    Errors Uj

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    sakti2358
    The document discusses sources of error in numerical computations, including blunders, modelling errors, data uncertainty, and discretisation errors. It defines absolute error as the absolute value of the difference between the exact and approximate solutions, and relative error as the ratio of absolute error to the exact solution. Roundoff and truncation errors occur due to representing numbers with finite precision in computers.

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    Errors Uj

    Uploaded by

    sakti2358
    16 views3 pages
    The document discusses sources of error in numerical computations, including blunders, modelling errors, data uncertainty, and discretisation errors. It defines absolute error as the absolute value of the difference between the exact and approximate solutions, and relative error as the ratio of absolute error to the exact solution. Roundoff and truncation errors occur due to representing numbers with finite precision in computers.

    Original Description:

    This is all about errors and round off on numerical and mathematical analysis

    Original Title

    Errors.....uj

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    The document discusses sources of error in numerical computations, including blunders, modelling errors, data uncertainty, and discretisation errors. It defines absolute error as the absolute value of the difference between the exact and approximate solutions, and relative error as the ratio of absolute error to the exact solution. Roundoff and truncation errors occur due to representing numbers with finite precision in computers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views3 pages

    Errors Uj

    Uploaded by

    sakti2358
    The document discusses sources of error in numerical computations, including blunders, modelling errors, data uncertainty, and discretisation errors. It defines absolute error as the absolute value of the difference between the exact and approximate solutions, and relative error as the ratio of absolute error to the exact solution. Roundoff and truncation errors occur due to representing numbers with finite precision in computers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    1.

    3 Errors
    Occurrence of error is unavoidable in the field of scientific computing. In-
    stead, numerical analysts try to investigate the possible and best ways to
    minimise the error. The study of the error and how to estimate and min-
    imise it are the fundamental issues in error analysis.

    1.3.1 Error Analysis


    In numerical analysis we approximate the exact solution of the problem by
    using numerical method and consequently an error is committed. The numer-
    ical error is the difference between the exact solution and the approximate
    solution.

    Definition 2 (Numerical Error). Let x be the exact solution of the underlying


    problem and x∗ its approximate solution, then the error (denoted by e) in
    solving this problem is

    e = x − x∗ .

    1.3.2 Sources of Error in Numerical Computations


    • Blunders (Gross Errors) These errors also called humans errors,
    and are caused by humans mistakes and oversight and can be minimised
    by taking care during scientific investigations. These errors will add to
    the total error of the underlying problem and can significantly affect
    the accuracy of solution.

    • Modelling Errors These errors arise during the modelling process


    when scientists ignore effecting factors in the model to simplify the
    problem. Also, these errors known as formulation errors.

    • Data Uncertainty These errors are due to the uncertainty of the


    physical problem data and also known as data errors.

    • Discretisation Errors Computers represent a function of continuous


    variable by a number of discrete values. Also, scientists approximate
    and replace complex continuous problems by discrete ones and this
    results in discretisation errors.

    7
    1.3.3 Absolute and Relative Errors
    Definition 3 (Absolute Error). The absolute error ê of the error e is defined
    as the absolute value of the error e

    ê = |x − x∗ |.

    Definition 4 (Relative Error). The relative error ẽ of the error e is defined


    as the ratio between the absolute error ê and the absolute value of the exact
    solution x

    ê |x − x∗ |
    ẽ = = , x 6= 0.
    |x| |x|
    Example 2. Let x = 3.141592653589793 is the value of the constant ratio π
    correct to 15 decimal places and x∗ = 3.14159265 be an approximation of x.
    Compute the following quantities:

    a. The error.

    b. The absolute error.

    c. The relative error.

    Solution:

    a. The error

    e = x − x∗ = 3.141592653589793 − 3.14159265 = 3.589792907376932e − 09


    = 3.589792907376932 × 10−9 = 0.000000003589792907376932.

    b. The absolute error

    ê = |x−x∗ | = |3.141592653589793−3.14159265| = 3.589792907376932e−09.

    c. The relative error


    ê |x − x∗ | 3.141592653589793 − 3.14159265
    ẽ = = =
    |x| |x| 3.141592653589793
    3.589792907376932e − 09
    = = 1.142666571770530e − 09.
    3.141592653589793

    8
    1.3.4 Roundoff and Truncation Errors
    Computers represent numbers in finite number of digits and hence some
    quantities cannot be represented exactly. The error caused by replacing a
    number a by its closest machine number is called the roundoff error and
    the process is called correct rounding.

    Truncation errors also sometimes called chopping errors are occurred


    when chopping an infinite number and replaced it by a finite number or by
    truncated a series after finite number of terms.

    Example 3. Approximate the following decimal numbers to three digits by


    using rounding and chopping (truncation) rules:

    1. x1 = 1.34579.

    2. x2 = 1.34679.

    3. x3 = 1.34479.

    4. x4 = 3.34379.

    5. x5 = 2.34579.

    Solution:

    (i) Rounding:

    (a) x1 = 1.35.
    (b) x2 = 1.35.
    (c) x3 = 1.34.
    (d) x4 = 3.34.
    (e) x5 = 2.35.

    (ii) Chopping:

    (a) x1 = 1.34.
    (b) x2 = 1.34.
    (c) x3 = 1.34.
    (d) x4 = 3.34.
    (e) x5 = 2.34.

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