I N TRO D U C TIO N .

OT t h e l e a s t di fficult m a tt e r in c onn e ction

w ith t h e p r e s e n t w o r k h a s b e e n t h e choic e
of a titl e Th e o n e fin a l ly d e t e r m in e d
.

u pon i s fa r fr o m s a ti s fa cto ry b e c a u s e it s c a r c e ly
,

s u gg e s t s t h e s cop e of t h e s ubj e ct t r e at e d T r u e .

e nou g h , t h e s in g l e wo r d N O M E N C L ATU RE offe re d

it s e lf a s a s uit a bl e titl e ; but t hi s i s r e a lly a
F re n ch wo r d d e r iv e d of cou rs e fro m t h e L a ti n a n d
, , , ,

a ltho u g h it h a s b e e n a d m itt e d into o u r voc a bul a ry

s i m ply o win g to t h e l a ck of a n E n g li s h e q uiv a l e nt ,

i t s u s e i s p r op e r ly r e s t r ict e d to t h e cl a s s ifi c a tion of
t e chn ic a l t e r m s in r e l a tion to a p a r ticul a r b r a nch
of s ci e nc e I n a s ci e n tific s e n s e th e n t h e wo r d
.
, ,

N o m e ncl a tu r e find s a r e a dy a cc e pt a nc e but fo r t h e

cl a s s ific a tion of t h e n a m e s of p e rs on s of pl a c e s a n d
, ,

of thin g s it i s a lto g e th e r too p e d a ntic A youn g

,
.

fr i e n d of t h e a utho r t h e oth e r d ay on b e in g i n ,

fo r m e d i n a n s w e r t o h i s in q u i ry th a t thi s wo r k
, ,

“
woul d p r ob a bly b e e ntitl e d Th e C u r io s iti e s of
N o m e ncl a t u r e p r o m ptly a s k e d wh e th e r it m i g ht
,

not b e a s w e ll to e xpl a in fi r s t of a l l w h a t t h e wo r d
, ,

N o m e nc l a t u re m e a nt . N o w t h e a utho r do e s not
,

b e li e v e fo r o n e m o m e nt th a t a n y int e lli g e nt p e r s on

2 24 5 2 1
 I n t r o d uc t i o n .

wh o took up thi s volu m e w o ul d b e a t a lo s s to j ud g e

of i t s cont e nt s fr o m t h e t itl e th a t i s s uppo s in g t h e
, ,

w o r d N o m e n cl a tu r e a pp e a r e d on t h e p a g e ; n e v e r
t h e l e s s h i s youn g fr i e nd s s u g g e s tion r e m ind e d h i m
’

th a t a b o ok int e n d e d n o t fo r t h e s ci e ntific a n d
l e a r n e d b u t fo r g e n e r a l r e fe r e nc e s ho u ld b e a r a
, ,

t itl e e a s ily co m p r e h e nd e d by a l l cl a s s e s of t h e c o m
m u nity . Th e titl e o r i g in a lly cho s e n h a s th e r e fo re , ,

b e e n r ej e ct e d in fa vou r of o n e l e s s p r e t e ntiou s a n d
m o r e m a tt e r o f fa ct : if it i s not s u ffi ci e ntly e xp r e s
- -

s i v e t h e fa u lt m u s t b e a tt r ibut e d to t h e pov e r ty of
,

t h e En g l i s h l a n g u a g e .

Of a l l t h e Olo g i e s P HILO L O GY o r t h e s ci e nc e of
, ,

l a n g u a ge i s t h e m o s t s e ductiv e ; a n d th a t b r a nch of
,

it known a s E TY M O L O GY w h ich t r a c e s t h e d e r iv a t ion

,

a n d co m bin a tion of t h e wo r d s of a l a n g u a g e fr o m

—
i t s p r i m a ry r oot s po s s e s s e s a n int e r e s t o n e m i g ht
,

a l m o s t s a y a fa s cin a tion
— fo r a l l wh e n on c e t h e
,

a tt e ntio n h a s b e e n a r r e s t e d by it Thi s fa ct i s
.

p r ov e d by t h e popul a r ity of A r ch bi s hop T r e nch s ’

p u bli s h e d l e ct u r e s on Th e S tudy of Wo r d s wh ich ,

”

h a v e n o w r e a ch e d a nin e t e e nth e dition B ut it i s .

not to a n e x a m i n a tion of t h e dict ion a ry wo r d s of t h e

En g li s h l a n g u a g e th a t t h e p r e s e n t vol u m e i s d e vo t e d .

B e a r in g 1 n m i n d th a t s e v e r a l e xc e ll e nt wo 1 k s a l r e a dy
e xi s t on thi s s ubj e ct t h e a utho r h a s occ u pi e d
,

h i m s e lf i n t h e fo llowin g p age s e xcl u s iv e ly with t h e

e ty m olo g y and , s i g nific a nc e of N AM E S — o f p er s o n a l

n a mes , co m p r i s in g S u r n a m e s Sob r iqu e t s P s e u

, ,

d o n ym s N ickn a m e s Cl a s s N a m e s a n d P r ofe s s ion a l

, , ,

D e s i g n ation s ; of n a mes of p l a ces includin g t h e ,

 I n tr o d u c ti on .
7

C ount r i e s of th e Wo r ld wit h t h e p r in cip a l

,

Seas ,
I s l a nd s Gulfs S t r a it s & c t h e U nit e d
, , ,
.
,

S t a t e s of N o r th A m e r ic a t h e C ounti e s of E n g l a n d
,

a n d Wal e s , a n d p a r tic u l a r ly t h e D i s t r ict s Str eet s , ,

S q u are s C hu r ch e s a n d P ublic B u il din g s of Lon don

, ,

of t h e n a m e s of R e li g iou s S e ct s a n d P o liti c a l Fa c
t ion s of t h e n a m e s of I nn s a n d Ta v e r n s in a ddition
t o t h e n a m e s of a n infinit e nu m b e r of obj e ct s with
wh ich e v e ry o n e i s fa m il i a r b ut wh o s e a ctu a l s i g n i fi
,

c a nc e i s co m p r e h e nd e d only b y a fe w .

As to t h e utility of s uch a wo rk a b r i e f g l a nc e int o

,

t h e s e p a ge s m ay convin c e t h e r e a d e r th a t t h e s ubj e ct
of N AM E S i s fr a u g ht with m uch popul a r int e r e st .

T a k e t h e n a m e s of London s t r e e t s Ho w m a ny .

a m on g t h e thou s a nd s who follow th e i r d a ily occup a

tion s within s i g ht of t h e g ilt c r o s s of S t P a u l s .

’
,

e v e r r e fl e ct th a t t h e n a m e of e a ch s t re e t th e y fr e

q u e nt a n d p a s s by t h e w a y p ,o m t s to t h e o r i g in of
t h e s t r e e t it s e lf ; a n d th a t w e r e th e y to c ultiv a t e a
,

p r a ctic a l a c q u a int a nc e with tho s e n a m e s th e i r know ,

l e d g e o f E n g li s h H i s to ry a n d S ociolo gy m i g ht b e
con s id e r a bly e nl a rg e d with a r e s ult th a t th e y woul d
,

b e b r ou g ht to a s k th e m s e lv e s a t l e n gth how th e y
“
could h a v e b e e n p o s s e s s e d of s oul s s o d e a d a s
n e v e r t o h a v e e nt e r e d upon s uch a p r ofit a bl e fi e l d
of in q ui ry b e fo re ! Whit e fr i a r s B l a ckfr i a rs a n d
, ,

Au s tin F r i a r s c a r ry u s b a ck in i mag in a tion to t h e

,

d a y s of yo r e ; t h e fr i a r s h a v e lon g r e tu r n e d to t h e
d u s t but t h e loc a liti e s th e y inh a bit e d a r e s t ill id e n
,

t i fi e d with th e i r e xi s t e n c e by t h e n a m e s th e y b e a r .

Y e t th e s e a r e po s s ibly t h e only tho r ou g hfa r e s in t h e

8 I n tr o d u c t i o n .

—
C ity with xc e ption of s uch a s h a v e d e r iv e d
t he e

th e i r n a m e s fr o m a n e i g hbou r i n g chu r ch publi c ,

—
buildin g o r p r iv a t e m a n s ion con c e r nin g which t h e
,

a v e r a ge Lo n do n e r c a n e xp re s s hi m s e lf with a n y
d e gr e e of c e rt a inty : if h e v e ntu re a g u e s s a t t h e
re st ,
it i s s a fe t o a s s e r t th a t h e will b e op e n t o
c o rre ction Th e lik e ob s e r v a tion a ppli e s to public
.

buildin g s .

If t h e q u e s tion w e re a s k e d fo r e x a m pl e why , ,

t h e w e ll -known S hip s R e g i s t r y O ffic e s ov e r t h e

’

Roy a l Exch a n g e a r e u niv e r s a lly r e fe r re d to a s

Lloyd s nin e ty nin e out of e v e ry hund r e d C ity
’
-
,
”

m e n would a v a il th e m s e lv e s of t h e v e ry pl a u s ibl e
su
gg e s tion th a t t h e s y s t e m of M a r in e I n s u r a nc e w a s

fi rs t e s t a bli s h e d e ith e r th e r e o r e l s e wh e r e by s o m e
, ,

p e r s on n a m e d Lloyd T r u e a c e r t a i n E d wa r d Lloyd
.
,

h a d a r e m ot e conn e ction with t h e e nt e r p r i s e ; but h e

wa s a coffe e hou s e k e e p e r who p r ob a bly kn e w n o
-
,

“
m o re a bout s hip s a n d th e i r tonn a g e th a n J on a
”
th a n a noth e r not e d London coffe e -h ou s e k e e p e r
, ,

a ft e r who m t h e S tock Exch a n e w a s fo r m e r ly d e s i

g g
“
h a t e d kn e w a bout bull s a n d b e a r s A g a in it ”
, .
,

i s not e v e ry o n e who could a ccount off h a nd fo r , ,

s uch fa m ili a r n a m e s a s S cotl a n d Y a rd B e dl a m ,

,

Docto r s C o m m on s t h e Ch a r t e r hou s e t h e ch u r ch e s
’

, ,

o f St M a r y -Ax e St Cl e m e nt -D a n e s St H a llo w s
.
,
.
,
.
’

B a r kin g o r St C a th e r in e C r e e A fe w b a r r i s t e r s
, . .

would doubtl e s s b e in a po s ition t o info r m u s

, ,

w h e r e fo r e o u r s e m in ar i e s fo r t h e s tudy of t h e l a w
“
w e r e o r i g in a lly s tyl e d I nn s of Cou rt ; but t h e ”

o r din a ry in q u i r e r l e ft to h i s o wn r e s ou r c e s m i g h t
, ,
 In tr o d u c t i o n .
9

fin d t h e p r ob l e m s o m e wh a t di fficult t o s olv e S u re ly .

th e y w e r e n ot a t o n e ti m e inn s ! a n d if s o wh e nc e ,

c a m e t h e d e s i g n a tion I n n s of C ou r t ! D id t h e Cou r t
fl un k e ys p a t r oniz e th e m p e r h a p s ! , O r m o r e l ik e ly, ,

did t he s ov e r e i g n a tt e nd e d by t h e C ou r t t a k e a fa n cy
, ,

t o s l e e pin g b e n e a th t h e r oof of e a ch fo r onc e in a way ,

a ft e r t h e m a nn e r of Q u e e n Eliz a b e th And s p e a k ,

i n g a bout inn s e v e ry London e r i s of cou r s e a w a r e

, , ,

of t h e o n e -t i m e e xi s t e n c e of L a B e ll e S a uv a g e on
t h e no r th s id e of Lud g a t e H ill a lb e it t h e o r i g in of
,

thi s s i g n h a s g e n e r a lly b e e n a s c r ib e d to P oc a hont a s ,

of Vi rg ini a wh o a c co m p a n i e d h e r h u s b a nd J oh n
, ,

Rolfe b a ck t o E n g l a n d in t h e y e a r 1 6 1 6 a n d a s
, , ,

t ra dition h a s it p ut u p at thi s fa m ou s ol d co a ch in g
,

hou s e M o r e ov e r M e s s r s C a s s e ll a n d C o who s e p r e
.
, . .
,

m i s e s occupy t h e s it e a n d a r e a pp r o a ch e d fr o m L a
,

B e l l e S a uv a g e Y a r d h a v e p r ofit e d by t h e popul a r
,

m i s con c e ption t o t h e e xt e nt of a dopti n g t h e fi g u r e of

a fe m l
a e p a r tly cl a d in s kin s a s th e i r t r a d e -m ark .

”
Th e n a g a i n wh o h a s not h e ar d of Th e T a b a r d !
, ,

a n d w h e n c e did th a t d e r iv e i t s s i g n ! A m on g oth e r
c e l e b r a t e d i n n s s till p r e s e rv e d to u s we h a v e ,

“
J a ck St ra w s C a s tl e on H a m p s t e a d H e a th B u t
’
.

w h o wa s J a ck St r a w ! a n d h a d h e e v e r a c a s tl e
t h e re a bout s ! I f t h e p a g e s of En g li s h H i s t o ry d o
not fu r ni s h a clu e to t hi s p e r s on t h e followin g ,

p ag e s will .

A g r e a t d e a l of t h e e a r ly h i s to ry of En g l a n d c a n
b e g l e a n e d fr o m t h e n a m e s of t h e counti e s int o
which t hi s count ry i s divid e d Th e t e r m s Shi re
.

a n d C ounty a r e s o fa r s ynony m o u s i n th a t th e y
1 0 I n t r o d u c ti o n .

indic a t e apo rtion of l a nd di s tin g ui s h e d by a p a r

t i c u l a r n a m e ; y e t e ty m olo g ic a lly con s id e r e d th e y
, ,

a r e wid e ly diffe r e nt Althou g h e v e ry s hi r e i s a

.

c ou n ty , it i s not e v e ry county to wh o s e individu a l

n a m e t h e wo r d s hi r e m a y b e a dd e d Th e l a tt e r i s .

e s s e nti a lly An g lo S a xon d e notin g a divi s ion of l a n d

-
,

po s s e s s e d by a n e a r l a n d wh e r e v e r it o ccu r s it poi n t s
,

c o nclu s iv e ly to t h e S a xon occup a tion of En g l a n d .

C e r t a i n ly we do not s p e a k of E s s e x s hi r e M iddl e
,
-
,

s e x s hi r e o r Su s s e x s hi r e b e c a u s e t h e S a xon t e r r i
-
,
-
,

to r i e s r e fe r r e d to a s w e l l a s th e i r r e l a ti v e po s ition s
, ,

a r e fu lly indic a t e d in t h e n a m e s th e m s e lv e s N e ith e r .

a r e w e a ccu s to m e d to a llud e to S u r r e y -s hi r e fo r t he ,

r e a s on th a t t h e w o r d S ur r ey e xp r e s s e d t h e An g lo
S a xon fo r t h e l a n d s o u th of t h e r ey o r r iv e r , ,

c o m p r i s in g a s it did
, th a t l a rg e t r a ct of l a nd d e
,

s c r ib e d a s W e s s e x o r t h e l a n d of t h e \ V e s t S a xon s
, ,

now divid e d into s i x s outh e r n s h i r e s Th e fa ct i s .

,

W e s s e x wa s t h e g r e a t ki n g do m of t h e S a xon s in thi s
c ou n t r y wh e r e a s E s s e x
, M iddl e s e x a n d S u s s e x w e r e
, ,

but p e tty kin g do m s Co n s e qu e n tly in t h e kin g do m

.
,

o f W e s s e x it w a s th a t e a r l d o m s w e r e fi r s t c r e a t e d ,

a n d l a n d s a pp e r t a ini n th to w r lit l ly i d
g e r e e e e r a s c r e ,

o r s h e a r e d off O n t h e oth e r h a nd it woul d b e

.
,

r idic u lo u s in t h e e xt r e m e quit e a p a r t fr o m t h e
,

u nfa m ili a r ity of s u ch a n e xp r e s s ion to s p e a k of ,

K e n t s hi r e b e c a u s e th e r e i s n oth i n g in t h e n a m e
-
, ,

a n d b u t littl e i n t h e hi s to r y of t h e co u nty th a t i n ,

v e s t s i t with a S a xon i n t e r e s t It i s o n ly fr o m h a bit

.
,

t o o o r b e c a u s e t h e n a m e l e nd s it s e lf to t h e e u phony
, ,

t h a t D e vo n i s d e n o m i n a t e d a s h i r e ; fo r n ot only
 I n tr od uc ti o n . II

is thi s a C e ltic n a m e b ut t h e S a xon s s c a r c e ly

,

p e n e t r a t e d i nto a n d c e rt a inly n e v e r o cc u pi e d a n y
,

con s id e r a bl e po r tion of t h e county Th e E n g l a n d

, .

of t h e S axon s th e re fo r e i s to b e di s tin g u i s h e d
, ,
“
wh e r e v e r t h e wo r d s h i re a pp e a r s a s p a r t of t h e
n a m e of a county .

I f t h e fo r e g oi n g p a ra g r a ph b e d e e m e d i nt e r e s tin g
to t h e g e n e ra l in qui r e r a c a r e fu l di g e s t of t h e
,

ch a pt e r on Th e C ount r i e s of t h e Wo r l d s houl d
“

p r o v e m o s t i n s t r u ct iv e With a fe w e xc e ption s only

.
,

t h e n a m e s of t h e di ffe r e nt count r i e s of t h e O ld Wo r ld
a ffo r d u s a n i n dic a tion of th e i r o r i g in a l inh a bit a n t s ,

o r t h e r ud e t r ib e s th a t ov e r r a n th e m I n r e g a r d to
.

t h e N e w Wo r l d s uch n a m e s of count r i e s a s a r e n o t
,

of n a tiv e o r i g in inv a r i a bly point t o t h e n a tion a lity

of t h e n a vi g a to r s wh o di s cov e re d t h e m o r of t h e
a dv e nt u r e r s who e xplo r e d a n d colo n iz e d th e m .

Th e m a r it i m e e n t e r p r i s e of t h e S p a n i s h a n d P o r t u
g u e s e i s i n noth i n g s o e vid e n t a s i n t h e t e r r ito r i e s

n a m e d i n a c co r d a n c e w i t h th e i r r e s p e cti v e l a n u a e s
g g
in So u th a n d C e n t ra l A m e r ic a t o s ay n othin g of ,

t h e i s l a nd s d i s cov e r e d by t h e m i n t h e Atl a nt ic a n d
P a cifi c O c e a n s . And a s a s e t o ff a g a in s t t h e
,
-

s h a m e fu l t r e a t m e nt by t h e S p a n i a r d s of Ch r i s toph e r

C ol u m bu s it m u s t n o t b e fo rg ott e n th a t t h e wh o l e
,

o f t h e N o r th A m e r ic a n t e r r ito r y n o w e m b r a c ed in t h e

U nit e d St a t e s wa s o r i g in a lly d e s i g n a t e d C o l u m bi a i n
h i s honou r wh ich n a m e h a s b e e n p r e s e r v e d i n t h e
,

W e s t e r n po r tion of t h e contin e nt know n a s B r iti s h

C ol u m bi a . A fe w Sp a n i s h n a m e s s till li n g e r
i n N o r th A m e r ic a not a bly C a lifo r n i a L a b r a do r
, , ,
1 2 I n tr o d u c t i o n .

Fl o r id a N e v a d a O re go n a n d Co lo r a do B u t t h e
, , ,
.

Sp a n i a r d s w e r e r o v e r s r a th e r t h a n s e ttl e r s ; w h e r e
fo re th e y co n t e n t e d th e m s e lv e s w ith m a i n t a ini n g
th e i r n a tio n a l r e p u t a tion a s s ucc e s s fu l n a vi g a t o r s by
g i v i n g n a m e s t o t h e c o u n t r i e s th e y di s cov e r e d a n d ,

e s t a bli s hi n g a l u c r a tiv e t r a din g m onopoly i n th a t

po rti o n of t h e C a r ibb e a n S e a w hich fo r m e r ly bo r e
t h e n a m e of t h e Sp a n i s h M a in .

O n t h e co n t ra ry t h e E n g l i s h a n d F r e nch hav e
,

di s ti n g u i s h e d th e m s e lv e s a l wa y s a n d a l l t h e w o r ld
,

ov e r a s col o n i s t s ; s o th a t s a vin g tho s e St a t e s o f

, ,

N o r th A m e r ic a w hich h a v e r e c e iv e d t h e n a tiv e
n a m e s of t h e g r e a t l a k e s a n d r iv e r s w e c a n di s c o v e r
,

e x a ctly which w e r e c olo n iz e d by t h e o n e n a t i o n a n d

which by t h e oth e r . M o r e ov e r t h e E n g li s h a n d
,

F r e n ch h a v e g e n e r a lly e x e r ci s e d t h e c o m m on t r a it o f
h o n o u r i n g t h e m oth e r co u nt ry by n a m in g a n e w
colo n y o r a n e wly -di s cov e r e d i s l a n d a ft e r t h e
r e i g n i n g m o n a r ch o r a di s tin u i s h e d co n t ry m a n
g u .

A s i m il a r t r a it in t h e D utch ch a r a ct e r p r e s e n t s
i t s e lf i n t h e r e p e tit i o n of t h e n a m e s of t h e n a t i v e
pl a c e s of th e i r n a vi g a to r s a n d coloni s t s ; whil e t h e
Sp a ni a r d s a n d P o r t u g u e s e h a v e di s pl a y e d a t e n d e n cy
fo r n a m i n g a n i s l a n d di s cov e r e d o r a r i v e r e xpl o r e d
by th e m i n a m a n n e r c o m m e m o r a ti v e of t h e d ay
th a t w it n e s s e d t h e e v e n t At t h e s a m e t i m e i t
.
,

wo u ld n o t b e w i s e to c o nj e ct u r e m e r e ly fr o m t h e,

n a m e th a t C o l u m b u s di s cov e r e d t h e i s l a n d o f
,

T r i n id a d o n t h e F e a s t of t h e H o ly T r i n ity b e c a u s e ,

h e did n o t hi n g o f t h e ki n d . Th e r e fo r e it b e h o v e s t h e
,

c u r i o u s i n q u i r e r t o m a k e hi m s e lf a c q u a i n t e d wit h
 I n t r o d u c ti o n . I 3

t he c i r c u m s t a nc e s u nd e r which o u r g e o g r a phic a l
n a m e s h a v e a r i s e n s o a s to a void fa lli n g into e r r o r
, .

As w e ll m i g ht h e m a int a in without t h e r e q u i s it e
,

knowl e d g e th a t t h e C a n a ry I s l a n d s ow e d th e i r
,

d e s i g n a tion to t h e bi r d s th a t h a v e s o lon g b e e n
e xpo r t e d th e nc e ; fo r a lthou g h s uch a co n cl u s ion w e r e

e xt r e m e ly p l a u s ibl e h e wo uld s til l b e a t a lo s s to

,

k n o w how t h e c a n a r i e s c a m e by th e i r n a m e i n t h e
fi r s t pl a c e
.

A lik e diffic ulty i s li a bl e t o b e e ncount e r e d r e l a tiv e

t o t h e S a n dwic h I s l a nd s A p a rticul a r ly s m a r t boy
.

m i g ht ind e e d b e e xp e ct e d to i nfo r m u s a s t h e
, , ,

-
o u tco m e of a h a s tily fo r m e d opin ion th a t t h e S a nd ,

wich I s l a nd s w e r e s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e a s hip wr e ck e d
c r e w who onc e found a r e fu g e th e re on continu e d t o
s uppo r t th e m s e lv e s unt il s u ch ti m e a s th e y w e r e

r e s cu e d by a p a s s in g v e s s e l up on s a n dwich e s Th e .

b a re id e a m ay b e l a u g h e d a t ; but it i s n o m o r e
p r e po s t e r ou s th a n th a t t h e C a n a r y I s l a n d s r e c e iv e d
t h e i r n a m e fr o m t h e b i r d s th a t a r e fou n d th e r e i n
s u ch pl e nty . Th e q u e s tion a t i s s u e fu r ni s h e s a n
e x a m pl e a s to how a n a m e m ay b e p e r p e tu a t e d in

diffe r e nt wa y s Thu s C a pt a in Cook n a m e d t h e

.
,

S a n dwich I s l a nd s in c o m pl i m e nt t o J ohn M ont a g u e ,

fo u r th E a r l of S a nd wich a n d Fi r s t Lo r d of t h e
Ad m i r a lty who took h i s t itl e fr o m S a nd wich o r a s
, , ,

t h e e ty m olo g y of thi s pl a c e i m pli e s t he

“
s a nd
,

t o wn o n e of t h e a n ci e n t C i n q u e P o r t s in K e nt
, .

An i n v e t e r a t e g a m e s t e r wa s thi s L o r d S a n d wi ch ; s o
m u ch s o th a t h e would s i t a t t h e g a m i n g -t a bl e fo r
t hi r ty hou r s a n d mo r e a t a s t re tch n e v e r d e s i s ti n g
,
1 4 I n tr o d uc ti on .

fr o m t h e g a m e to p a r t a k e of a m e a l b ut fr o m ti m e
,

to ti m e o r d e r i n g t h e w a it e r to b r i n g h i m s o m e s lic e s
of m e a t pl a c e d b e tw e e n t wo s lic e s of thin b r e a d ,

fr o m which ci r c u m s t a nc e thi s conv e ni e n t fo r m of

r e fre s h m e nt r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e of S a nd w ich e s .

M e nti o n of s a n d wich e s r e m ind s u s th a t v e ry fe w

t r a d e s m e n po s s e s s t h e r e m ot e s t id e a o f t h e s i g n ifi
c a nc e of t h e n a m e s of t h e v a r iou s co m m oditi e s in
which th e y d e a l As k a pu r v e yo r of h a m a n d b e e f
.

to e xpl a i n t h e o ri g in of t h e wo r d S a ndwich a n d h e ,

w ill b e q u it e un a bl e to fu r ni s h a n a n s w e r P ut a .

s i m il a r qu e s tion to a Tob a cconi s t a n d it w ill b e

,

foun d th a t h e h a s n e v e r i n t e r e s t e d hi m s e lf to t h e
e xt e nt o f in q u i r in g wh a t t h e wo r d Tob a cco m e a n s not ,

to s p e a k of t h e n a m e s of t h e diffe r e nt ki n d s of to
b a cco . A H a b e r d a s h e r a g a in wo u l d b e s o re ly
, ,

p e rpl e x e d to a c count fo r h i s individu a l t r a d e n a m e ; -

s o woul d a M illin e r s o would a Gr oc e r s o would a

, ,

T a ilo r ; a n d s o woul d a l m o s t e v e ry o n e wh o p a s s e s
fo r a n int e lli g e n t citiz e n ye t who s e r e fl e ction s h a v e
,

n e v e r b e e n di r e ct e d tow a r d tho s e t r ifli n g conc e r n s

which a s o n e m i g ht b e l e d to s uppo s e a re m o s t
, ,

i m m e di at e ly int e re s tin g to h i m An d s o w e m i g ht
.

g o on m u lti plyin g e x a m pl e s unt il thi s I nt r o d u ction

r e a ch e d a n a lto g e th e r ino r din a t e l e n g th with n o ,

oth e r obj e ct th a n to a r ou s e t h e r e a d e r s i n t e r e s t in
’

t h e p a g e s th a t foll o w . B u t t h e n e c e s s ity fo r a m o r e
e xt e n d e d I nt r od u ction do e s not a r i s e Th e s c o p e
.

of th i s wo r k w ill b e s u ffici e ntly i n dic a t e d by t h e

An alytic a l T a bl e of Co n t e nt s ; but e v e n th e re a v e r y
l a rg e n u m b e r o f n a m e s i n cid e n t a lly r e fe r r e d t o in
 I n tr o d u c t i o n . 1 5

t he t e xt h a v e not b e e n inclu d e d Th e I nd e x m a y b e
.

s o m e wh a t m o r e to t h e p u r po s e in a s m uch a s e v e r y
,

it e m s e t fo r t h th e re in wil l b e foun d not m e r e ly

a llud e d to b u t di s cu s s e d in t h e book ; a n d to t h e

book it s e lf t h e r e a d e r i s now r e fe rr e d .

L W
. .
 C O N TE N TS .

THE C O UN TR IE S O F THE W ORL D .

A i
s a, Af i r c a, p e Am i Euro P a l ti A i Mi
,
er c a es n e, s a nor .

P i A bi I di H i d t
ers a , ra a, T k tn Af
a, n u s an , ur e s an ,

g h i t
an s a n B l h i t
, K de ooct ; Ch i S i b
s an ,e i a ur e s an na, r ,

R i Ci
u ss a , i C i m Fi l d S w d N w y
rc ass a , r ea, n an , e en, or a

B it i E g l d S t l d C l e d i I e l d Th
r a n, n an ,
co an ,
a o n a, r an ,
e

Em
J
.
_
L eral d I l C m b i a W l e S ax y G l F
s e, a r , a s on , au ,
ran c e,

N or m d y B itt y ; G m a y H ll a d B l g i m
an , r an er n , o n , e u ,

D m k j tl d P i B h m i H g y P l d
en ar ,
u an ,
ru ss a , o e a, un ar , o an ,

S vier M t e g B i M l d vi M vi B l
a, on ne ro , o sn a , o a a, o ra a, u

g i
ar a, R m i ouT k y O tt m
an a ,
a E m p i G
ur ; e , o n re , re e c e

A t i a I t l y S wit z l d S p i P t g l ; A l g i
us r , a , er an , a n, or u a ers ,

M B b y S h
o ro c c o , S
ar da E gyp t S
ar , a ara , ou n , , en e

g m
a b i G l
a,d C t G i
o e Z z i b o as Z l l, d T u n a, an ar , u u an , ra n s

v l N t l O g F e e S t t C p C l y C p e of
aa ,
a a ,
ran e r a es , a e o on , a

G od H p
o C p H
o e P t g i Ch i l i A g ti e
a e o rn , a a o n a, ,
r en n

R p b l i c B z i l B l ivi U g y P g y P e
e u , ra , o a, ra ua , a ra ua ,
ru ,

P am b
e rn E d C l m b i Ve z l a ; P m
uc o , c ua o r, o u a, n e ue an a a,

C t Ri a H d
os a c N ica g
, on M q it o C t
u ra s , ra ua , os u o as ,

Y t u a c an Q t,m l M e x i cua e C l i f a a, i B iti h o , a o rn a , r s

C o l m b i ; C d M a it o b
u a O t i
an a a, Q b n a, n ar o , ue ec ,

L b d G e l d N e w B wi k N v a S ti
a ra o r, re n an ,
r un s c ,
o co a,

Fl i d ; Vi g i i
or a M a y l d B l ti m
r n a, Pe y l r an , a o re , nns

v i G gi C li L i i
an a , eor a, M i aro N w na, o u s an a , a ne, e

O ler N w H mp hi
an s, N w j
e ay N w Y k s re , e e rse ,
e or ,

Mi h i g I d i
c an, Al b m N b k O h i M
n ana, a a a, e ra s a, o, a s sa

2
1 8 C o n ten ts .

P A GE

c h u se t t s, W i s c s i K a s T e e s ee K e t c k y on n, an s , nn s ,
n u ,

Mi i i pp i Mi
ss ss i Mi e o t A k
, sso ur I ll i i s ,
nn s a, r a n s a s, no ,

O egr T e x s Ve m t C l a d N e v d a C
on, a , r on ,
o or o ,
a ,
on

n e c t ic t I wa A t o i a D el w ; L k S p e i
u ,
o , s r , a a re a e u r o r,

L k E ie L k H
a e r ,
L k O t i N i g L ke
a e uro n , a e n ar o , a a ra, a

Mi h i g L k W i i p e g G e a t B L k G e a t
c an , a e nn , r ear a e, r

S a l t L k ; Th a eA c ti O c e a A t ti O e r c n, n a rc c c ean ,

A t l ti c O c
an Pac i fic O c C i bb
ean , S Medi ean , ar ean ea,

terr a e n Se an Ad i a ti c S e a B a l ti c S ; G m
a, r , ea er an

O e c I d i O c e a I i s h S e a ; W h it S
an , n an Bl a c k n, r e ea,

S e a Re d S e
,
G ee Se Y ll o w S e a D e d S e a
a, r n a, e , a ,

C p i S e S ea f M m o a ; Th e G l f S t m Th e
as an a, o ar r u re a ,

H e L tit d e s Th e S p a i h M i ; H d
o rs a u ,
B y n s a n u so n s
’
a ,

J a m e B ys
’
B oaw S t it
, A ll S i t
arr B y G l f ’
s ra ,
a n s
’
a , u

o f St L w . ce a G lf f C p ta i T
re n S t it
, u o ar en r a, o rre s ra ,

B t a y B y ; S t Ge o g e Ch e l Th S k g e c k
o n a . r
’
s an n ,
e a rra ,

Z yd
u Z e er B y of Bi c y
e S t it f Gi b a l t
a Th e s a ra o r ar ,

B ph
os Th D a d e ll e ; A t l i a N w H ll an d
o rus , e r an s u s ra , e o ,

N e w Ze l d T m a i V D iem
a an ,
L d S o c i e ty
as n a, an an s
’
an ,

I l
s an d F i e d l y I l d Ch i t m I l d S d wi c h
s, r n s an s, r s as s an , an

I l d Ph i l i pp i e I l d s C l i I l d s ; P a p a
s an s, n s an ,
a ro ne s an u ,

J a v a S,
m t u B e o J p
a ra , F m o C e y l o o rn ,
a an , or s a, n,

M a iti s I s l e o f B
ur u ,
b M a d g c a ; T i e d el o ur on, a as r r ra

F g ue I l d f D e s o l ti
o, s an H v I l d Ad e o a on, an o er s an ,

l ai d I sl d J
e anFe a d e z L d, e I l
uan d P it rn n ,
a ro n s an s,

i
c a rn s I l d E t e I l d V o v e I sl an d
’
s an , as r s an , anc u r ,

Q ue e Ch n l o tt e I l d P i c e o f W le I l d
ar s an , r n a s s an ,

A l e ti u I l d ; B o w I la d B i g I l d
an s an s a rr s n , ar n s an ,

P y I l d B ffi L a d B k L d N wf d l d
arr s an , a n n ,
an s an ,
e o un an ,

Rh d I l d L g I l d B m d I l d S
o e s an , on s an ,
er u a s an s, an

S lv d
a J m i C b H yti B b d
a o r, a a c a, D mi i u a, a ,
ar a o e s, o n ca,

P t Ri
or o T i i d d T b g I l d S t Kitt I
co , r n a ,
o a o s an , .
’
s s

la d ; A
n i I l d St H le T i t d A h
sc e n s o n s an ,
. e na, r s an
’
c un a,

M di Mj a e ra , Mi c a B l i I l d C i c
a o rc a , nor , a ear c s an s, o rs a,

S d i i C p i S i i l y M l ta C
ar n a, a d i C yp
r ,
Rh d ; c , a , an a, rus, o es

B e ll i l e J e e y I l e f W i g h t Go t h l
e s ,
rs d H l ig l,
d s o , an , e o an ,

A gle e
n I l f M H b i d O k y I le Sh t
s a, s e o an , e r es, r ne s s, e

l a d I sl
n I c e l a d S p it z b e g e N va Ze m b l a
e s, n , r n, o
20 C o n ten ts .

TA VE RN S I GN S .

Th e Gre e n M a n , Th e Gr e e n M a n a n d S ll , Th e Re d ti
Li
o n , Th e B e a r a n d R
a g g e d S a ff, Th e B o a r s H e a d , t ’

Th e Bl a c k B u ll , Th e T a l b o , Th e Ch e q u e r s ; Th e t
W h it e R o se , Th e Re d R o se , Th e S t ar ; Th e W h it e
S wa n , Th e W h it e S wa n an d A t l p
n e o e ,
Th e Wh it e
H t ar Th e S u n , Th e
, T
h r e e S u n s , Th e W e o n , h it Li
Th e E a g l e , Th e Bl u e B o a r Th e Re d r a g o n , Th e
, D
yh
Gr e o u n , Th e do s e , Th e R Th i t
s l e , Th e S a m r o c k h
Th e C
r o wn , Th e o se a n d R
r o wn , Th e C r o wn a n d C
pt C
S c e r e , Th e r o wn a n d n c o r Th e E a r l o f A h a rc M h
Th e H a r e a n d H o un s , Th e a ll H0 ! Th e Fo x i n d T y
t h e H o l e ; Th e n g e l , Th e AS a l u a o n , Th e re e t ti Th
Ki n g s , Th e ro ss C
e s , Th e Ky r e ; Th e Mit
urk s H e a ,
’
T d
Th e S a r a c e n s H e a , Th e Go l e n’
d r o s s , Th e H a l f d C
M oon Th e S wa n , Th e e a sa n , Th e Ph ea c o c k t
Th e P
S t Ge o rg e , Th e Ge o rg e a n d
. r a g o n , Th e D
Gr e e n
D r a g o n , Th e Ge o r e , Th e
g n g
’
s r m s ,
T Kih e u e e n
’
s A Q
A rm s ,Th e Fr e e m a s o n s ’
r m s , Th e A
C o a c h m ak e rs ’

A r m s , Th e S a dd A
l e r s r m s , Th e a r e n e r s r m s ;
’ ’
C p t A
t
Th e C a r t e r , Th e S a r a n d Ga r e r ; Th e L e g a n d t
t
S a r , Th e C a t a n d F i dd
l e , Th e B a g 0 N a l s , ’
i
Th e Go a a n d t C p o m a s s , Th e ro n e I
l , Th e B u ll D vi
and M th
ou , Th e B u ll a n d Ga e , Th e o n a n d K e y, t Li
Th e C th i
a er n e h W e e l , Th e l u m e a n d Fe a e r s , P th
Th e B u ll y R u ffi a n , Th e Bl u e P ig , Th e Pi g
an d W hi t
s le ; C
Th e o ac an d h
H o r s e s , Th e a c k P
H o r se Th e B e a r , Th e D o g a n d u c k, Th e B o wl n g D i
Gr e e n ; Th e Gr a e s Th e p C t
a s l e , Th e Gl o e , Th e
,
b
p
S re a d
E a g l e , Th e o rk s Y hi
r e S n g o ; Th e B e ll , Th e ti
y
B a r l e m o w, Th e O l d Ha t , Th e Ra m a n d e a l e ,
-
T z
i
Th e B r c kl a ye r s r m s , Th e
’
A r c ke e rs C i
r m s, Th e t ’
A
J Ry
Bl a c k a c k ; Th e o a l O a k , Th e B o s c o e l , Th e b
P alm ers o n
,
T t
h e a r u s o f GM q i
r a n , T h
,
e o r o e ll o by P t b
A r m s , Th e N e l s o n , Th e W e ll n
g o n , T h e r i t
a fa lga r , T
Th e W a e r l o o Th e S t ,,
T h e hip
’
ng s H e Ki
a , Th e d
Q u e e n s H e a , Th e
’
d c o r a , Th e Vi t i r nce l e r , Th e Pi Ab t
Pi r n c e o f W a l e s Fe a
’
ers th
 C o n t en ts . 21

E U YAL S URN AM E S .

P A GE

Al fr e d t h e Gr e a t
th l d th U ,
d
E wa r d the M ty ar r, E e re e n

rea dy Edm d I , i d E dg A t h l i g H l d un ro n s es, ar e n ,

a ro

H f t Edw d th C f
a re o o ,; W i ll i m t h C ar e o n e sso r a e on

q u W i ll
eror , i m R f H y B l Ri h d
a u u s, enr ea uc e rc , c ar

C d
oe u r Li W i ll i m t h Li J h L kl d
e on, a e on, o n ac an ,

E dw d L g h
ar k E d w d t h Blon k P i J h s an s, ar e ac r nce, o n

o f G t H y B l ing b k ; B l ff Ki g H l
aun , en r o ro e u n a ,

D f d f t h F it h Th W h it Q
e en er o Bl d y e a ,
e e ueen , oo

M y G d Q
ar ,
B ; Th L d P t t Th
oo u e en e ss e or ro e c o r, e

M y M e rr h Th S ai l Ki g ; P l t g t
o n arc , e or n an a en e ,

T d S t t Ch l m g Th S h -W l f f F
u o r, u ar ar e a ne, e e o o ra n c e ,

P d t h C l I v th T ibl F d i k B b
e ro e r ue , an e e rr e, re er c ar a

F di
r o ssa, d B m b E g l it é Ph i l i pp
er n an o a, a e

IVEI YYTZAC4 IZ ALNC[KAL4 1MDEEL .

B ro th J er ona th an , Un c l e S a m , Y k an J h B ll M
ee o n u ,
rs .

Gr un d y
B iti s h M t ;
, Th e r a ro n T m m y A tk i ; P t
o ns a ,

S a d i e T a ffy J o h
n ,Ch i a m n n an ,P igt i l P l F c esa s, a e a ,

R e d sk i s N i gge S m b o M l a tt o
n r, a , u

TLDQ ZZS .

C uc k o o P e wit C l e w Ch i c k a d e e VVh ip p o o -wi ll ;

, , ur , ,
- r

T um p e t e N i g h ti g l e N i g h t -j
r r, M c ki g bi d n a ,
ar, o n - r ,

H u i g b i d G e e n fi c h Go l d fi c h G e e l e t
m m - n r , r n ,
n , r n ,

Jya Bl ,
e b i d Bl c k bui d S t l i n g
r Fl m i g ,
O i l e a r , ar , a n o , r o ,

Ly e b i d ; R d p ll S e c e t a y -b i d ; B i d f P a
r
- - r e o ,
r r r r s o ar

d i s e L o v e -b i d s ; Ki g fi h e ; L p wi g ; W a g t i l
, r n s r a n a ,

S c i sso b i d H a g b i d W e a v -b i d T a i l o -b i d ;
rs
-
r , n
-
r , er r , r r

W i d o w b i d M a ti M c vy D k ; S wi ft P a s
- r ,
r n, us o uc ,
‘

s e ge n -p i g e o ; S k y l a k C h a ffi c h D ive S a dp i p e
r n r ,
n , r, n r,

Ch i m e y s wa ll o w ; H -b i ll B a t b i ll S p
- n b i ll o rn ,
o
-
,
oon
-
,

D u c k b i ll C s b i ll ; P o u t p i g o
- -
, Ri g d o ve
-
ro s e r- e n , n ,

W y e c k W o d c c k W o dp e c k e ; G i e a fo wl
r n ,
o o , o r u n -
,

B r a h m a f wl B t m B a b T k e y B a l ti m o e
- o ,
an a ,
r , ur , r

b i d C an a y P e t e l
r , r ,
r
22 C o n t en ts .

R E L I GI O US ORD E RS .

P AGE

M t y C v t Abb y P i y ; M k N F i ;
o nas er . on en , e , r or on , un, r ar

D mi i
o Bl k F i
n c an s F i G y
or ac r a rs, ra n c s c an s or re

Fi r ars ; C m l it W h it F i ar A g ti e es or e r a rs , u us n es or

A ti F i
us n T i it i C t h d Fi ;
r ars , r n ar ans or ru c e r ars

Ob v t Fi
se r C v ti l F i ; C p h i
an r a rs, on en ona r ars a uc n

Fi r ars , C d l i ; B d i ti or C th i e Ci ers en e c n es , ar us a n s , s

t i Cl i
e rc a n s , B di B ili T pp i t
un a c s , e rn ar n es, as a n s, - ra s s

J i t
e su s s,S vit P i i t R d m pt i t
er e s, a ss o n s s, e e or s s

P AP E R AN D P RI N TIN G .

P pe P c h m e t ; H d p p
a r, ar p pe P t p p n an - a er, -
Po t a r, os - a er,

C w p pe F l p ; N ep l p p I di p p
ro - n a
-
r, o o sc a au
-
a e r, n a a er,

C p p p e E l ph
a - a t C t i dg p p B i sto l b d
- r, e an , ar r e a er, r
-
o ar

F l i o Qu t O t v D d i m ; P i t e r D vi l ’
o , ar o , c a o, uo ec o r n s e ,

H s d Bl B k Y ll w B k ; B o k L f
an ar ,
. ue oo ,
e o oo o ,
ea ,

V l m e Li b y ; P m ph l t B h
o u , Ch a t M p rar a e ,
ro c u re , r , a

Atl Ca t B d i d e P s t S t ti e y
a s, r o on, ro a s , o er, a on r

P OL I TI CAL N I CK N A M E S .

Wh i gs , T ie
Li b l Cor v tivs, R di l e ra s , o n se r a es, a c a s,

S i li t
oc a L v ll D m t ; R y li t P li
s s, e e er s , e o c ra s o a s s, ar a

m t i C v li
e n a r a n s, R dh d ; O g m a a e rs , o un ea s ra n e en,

J b it P p d y B y Wh it B y F i
ac o es, ee -o ’-
a o s, e o s, e n a n s,

I i h I vi i b l
r s Rib b m
n Em gnc y M ; es, on en , er e nc en

S p i t N ti
e a r s s, li t P ll it B y tt ; S
a ona s s, a rn e e s, o co e rs an s

l tt R d R p b l i
cu o es, Th M t i Th P l i
e e u c an s , e o un a n , e a n,

Gi d i t ; Th H t Th C p N i h i l i t C b o
ro n s s e a s, e a s, s s, ar

n ari Bl k C l k L zz i G l ph Gh i b ll i
, ac oa s, a ar ,
ue s, e nes

F de l C f d t C pp h d K w t h i g
e ra s, on e e ra e s, o er ea s, no -n o n s

Ch ti t J i g
ar P t ti i t
s s, n o es, ro ec on s s

FL O W E RS .

W l a l -fl o we r , - l t
S c ar e run n e r, W o o db i n e H o e y s c kl e ,
n u ,

C o rn fl o we r
-
, Bl ue b tt l
-
o F x g l o ve
e, H e -b e ll o , ar ,

Bl u b ll
- e e of Sc o t l d Gl b e —fl o we r C o x c o m b
an , o , ,
 C o n ten ts 23

PAGE

T lip u , Ja sm n e i ; B ac h el or s
’
B u tt o n ,
S p e d we ll
e ,

Fo rg e -m e -n o t , t
Mi g tt C ti G i m none e, arn a on, era n u ,

C b i ll ; P y C m ll i ; D h l i F h i
ra n e s -
’
ans ,
a e a a a, uc s a,

Vi t i R g i Ad i H y i t h A p i O h i d
c or a e a, o n s, ac n ,
s as a , rc ,

Sw t b i eeLi l L v d ; D g
- r er, D m k ac , a en er o -r o s e
,
a as -r o s e
,

C bb g a Ch i t m
a P im ; M yfl w
e -r o s e ,
r s
-
a s ro se, r ro se a o e r,

H wt h a Gi ll y fl w T i g fl w D fl d il H ll y
o rn , - o er, er- o e r, a
'

o ,
o

h k Noc ti d N fl w C v l v l D i y
, oon - e, oon - o e r, on o u us , a s ,

B tt p C w lip ; S fl w H li t p G ldy
u e rc u ,
o s un- o e r, e o ro e, o

l k M i g l d Ch y t h m m R h d d d
oc s, ar o , r san e u , o o en ro n

P i fl w St k
a ss o n - o er, oc

THE B I B L E .

B i bl e , Sc r ipt i t L ti V lg t D y B i b l
ur e s ; Se pt uag n , a n u a e, o ua e,

R h i m B i b l ; Ki g J m B i b l Th B i h p B i b l
e s e n a es s
’
e, e s o s
’
e,

C mran B i b l Th G t B i b l M z i B i b l
er s
’
e, e re a e, a ar n e,

P l B i bl G v B i b l B
e ar h B i b l Vi g
e, en e a e, re e c es e, ne ar

B i bl B B i bl Te, l B i b l W h i g B ib l W i k d
eer e, re ac e e, e, c e

B i bl B g B ibl e, H B ibl u Sh B i b l ; Vi g i i
e
“
e
”
e,
“
e
”
e r n a

B i b l P t t h G i E x d L viti
e en a euc N m e n e s s, o u s, e c us , u

b D t
e rs , m y Ap y ph Ap l y p
e u ero n o ocr a, oca se

B urg u d y Ch a m p g e P o n t c M o s e ll e J h a n i b e g
n ,
a n ,
a , ,
o n s r ,

Fl o e c e F l e i
r n M o t ep l c i o M l g
,
a Sh e y
r an , n u n , a a a, rr ,

P t ; C y p u s M a l m se y M a d e i a C a a y ; T k a y
or r , ,
r ,
n r o ,

C l a e t T e t W i e ; S i ll e y P o m m e y M e t
r , n d n r , r , o an

Ch n d o n ; H i pp o c a s B a d m i t o n N e g u s S a c k ; D y
a r ,
n , , r

W i n e C u s t e d P o t Th e e M e n W i e
,
- r r , r n

L I TE RAR r S OB RI Q UE TS .

Gi l d a s t h e
W i se V e n e r b l e B e d e C e n t y W h it e M o n k
,
a , ur ,

L ewi s R i y D y S m it h ; S i l ve T o n gue d S y l ve s t e r
-
,
a n
- a r ,

Th e W a t e P e t Th e E tt i c k S h e ph e d Th e B i d efo d
r o ,
r r ,
r

Po st m a Th e M a d P o e t Th e Q a k e
n, P o e t Th e ,
u r ,

B an ke P o e t A a c e n M o o e O i o n H o n e Th e
r ,
n r o r ,
r r ,
 C o n t en ts
'

24 .

P A GE

th i
Fa r ng P eto ; Th e Wi za d r of th e Nor th ,
Th e
Add i so n of the N o r th ,
Th e Mi t l n s re of th e B o de r r,

Th e C o rn La w Rh ym er

THE C O UN TI E S OF EN GL AN D AN D W A LE S .

N or th m b l d C m b l d W t m l d D h m
u er an , u e r an ,
es o re a n , ur a ,

Y k; L
or h i Ch h i L i t h i W
an c a s re , es re , e c e s e rs re , o rc e s

t hi
ers Gl t h i ; Li l N f lk S ff lk
re , o uc es e rs
-
re nc o n, or o ,
u o ,

E x S
s se x Mi dd l x ; S
, y K t H mp hi
usse ,
ese ur re , en , a s re,

D t S m t D v C w ll Wi l t h i B k
o rse ,
o e rse , e on, o rn a ,
s re, er

s hi B k i g h m O xf d H tf d H f d
re , uc n a or , er or , e re o r ,

S t ff d B d f d C m b i d g H
a or ,
ti g d N t h m p
e or ,
a r e, un n o n, or a

t R t l d W wi k N t t i g h m D b y S h p
on, u an , ar c ,
o n a , er ,
ro

s h i M m t h A gl
re , Gl m gon B k kou n e sea, a or an ,
’

re c noc ,

R d a M t g m y D b i gh Fl i t C
n o r, onv o er , en ,
n , a rn a r on

C m th M i th C d ig P m b k
ar ar en , er on e ,
ar an , e ro e

CA RRI A GE S .

Ph a e t on, Vi t i t h p S i bl
c or a, Cl a r e n c e B r o ug h a m, ,
S an o e, oc a e,

L d T i l b y D g C t B gg y Gi g S lk y
an au, ur o
-
ar ,
u , , u ,

N dd y J
o ti g C B k ; S t g C h O m i b ;
,
aun n ar, re a a e
- o ac , n us

H k yC h C h C b C bi l t H
ac ne m C b
- o ac
,
o ac ,
a , a r o e ,
a n so a

H ea rse, Pa n t e c h m c o n
‘

D AN CE S .

Te p i h
r s c o re an Ar t ; M i D
orr s b d Gav tt an c e , S a ra an ,
o e,

Q d i ll L
ua r e, an c e rs , P lk S h tti h M z k
o a, c o sc e, a o ur a,

R d w W ltz ; C
e o a, a o un r tyD Rg d C v ly an c e , o er e o er e ,

Mi t T t ll
n ue , a ra n e a ; C i d ll D B ll B ll e t
n ere a an c e, a , a ,

C y ph é P h y i
or e, rr c D c ; H o p i p R e l Jig
an e rn e, e , ,

B rea kd o wn

P I GM E N TS AN D D YE S
z
.

lg
U m b e r, S i en n a, Ga m b o g e , K r em s W h it e P s i a B 1uéf ,
ru s n

S aun de rs Bl ue, Ch i n e se Y e ll w F k f t Bl a c k
o ,
ra n or ,
 C o n t en ts . 25

P A GE

H am L k ; Ul t m i ; M z i
b u rg P mp a e ra ar ne a ar n e, o a

d o u r,C di l C ti C miarP i k P pl na ,
a rn a on, ar ne, n ,
ur e,

S l t C i m ; C i M g t V d yk B w
c ar e ,
r so n as s us, a e n a, an e ro n,

S pi
e S p G
a, Em ld G L m p Bl k
a re e n , e ra re e n , a ac ,

I v y Bl k I b l
or ac ,
sa e

L ON D ON D I S TR I C TS A N D S UB URB S .

L d
on Th m
on, ; a es B e l g a vi P We tm i t
i m l i c s n s e r, r a, o,

K i gh t b i dg
n e M y fa i S h Bl m b y S m it h
s r ,
a r, o o ,
oo s ur ,

fi ld Cl k
e ,
w ll S p er Fi e l d B en h i l l Fi l d s M o
e ,
a s, un e ,
or

fi l d Fi b y ; S h d it h W h it e c h p l G o d m a
e s, ns ur o re c , a e , o n s
’

Fi e l d S h d w ll R a t c l i ff H i g h w y S t e p y S p it a l
s, a e ,
e a ,
ne ,

fi l d s B th l G ee H xt
e ,
e na D e B ea vo i T w r n, o o n, u r o n ,

C p h g Fi e l d H gg e t e H a c k y D a l t o
o en a en s, a rs o n , ne ,
s n,

S t o k e N wi g t S o t h g t e Ki g l
e n d Ab e y P k
on, u a ,
n s an , n ar ,

G ee La e E dm o t
r n nB a ll s P d Mi l d m a y P a k
s, n on ,
’
on ,
r ,

M w l l H i ll W d G e e
us e H ,
ey C bu y
oo r n, o rn s ,
an o n r ,

H i g hb y H ll wa y B sb y I l i g t
ur ,
o o Ki g s , a rn ur , s n on n
’

C r o ss , St P a c a s Ag . To w So me n To w
r , ar n, rs n,

C m d e T w K ti h T w P i m o H i ll H i g h
a n o n, en s o n, r r se ,

g a t e H , m p s t d aF o g l B i h o p ea W o d H
,
e d o nr na , s
’
s o , n

G p e l O k Ch lk F m S t J h s W o d Ki l b
os a ,
a ar , . o n
’
o , ur n ,

M i d a V a l e M y l e b e T y b ; B y s w t Pa d
a , ar on ,
ur n a a e r,

d i gt We tb
n o u, e P k N tti g H i ll S h ph e d
s o u rn ar , o n ,
e r
’
s

B h; A t
us G b u y Kew B
c on , t fo d I l eunn ers r , ,
re n r ,
s

w th S t i e
or , Ki g t S h e pp t o T wi ke h a m
a n s, n s o n, er n , c n ,

Ri c h m o d S h e ; Ch i wi c k H a m m e sm it h K e
n , en s ,
r , n

si gt
n B mpt
o n, Ch l s e a B a tt e s e a W l h a m
ro on, e , r , a

G ere P o G ee F lh m P t e y Wi m bl e do
n, ars ns r n, u a ,
u n ,
n

V Va n d s w t h L m b e t h V a xh a ll ; S
or , thw k B e
a , u ou ar ,
r

m o d e y Ho l e yd w
n s , W a l wo t h Th e B o gh ;
rs o n , r , or u

R t h e h it h e D e p t fo d G e e wi c h W o o l wi c h I sl e
o r , r , r n , ,

o f D o gs N e w C o s ,
L e wi h a m Bl c k h e a th E l t h a m ;
r s s ,
a ,

C a t f d B e c k e h m S y d e h m Fo e t H i ll N o
or ,
n a , n a , r s ,
r

w o d D u l wi h
o , H o o O k N u h ea d P e c kh am
c ,
n r a , n , ,

B i x t C m b e we ll S t o c k we ll K e n i g t o n N e wi n g
r o n, a r , ,
n n ,

S t Ge o g e s Fi e l d s
’
to n, . r
26 Co n t en ts .

B A TTL E S .

P A GE
T e a l e s Vi c t o y Th e Th d e i g L g i
r s Th e r , un r n e on,

H all e l j h Vi c t y Th B tt l e f t h e S t a d a d Th e
u a or e a o n r ,

B tt l e f t h e H e i g ; Th B a tt l e o f S p s ; Th
a o rr n s e ur e

B tt l e f t h e S p
a f G l d ; Th e B a tt l e o f t h e
o u rs o o

Gi n t s Th e B a tt l e o f A ll t h e N a ti n
a , o s

N O TAB L E D A YS A N D FE S TI VAL S .

N ew Y e ar s
’
L m m ti d M ti m
Day V h it s u n t i d e ,
V
a as e, ar n as,

C d l m D y L d y D y Mi d m m Mi h l m
an e as a a a , su er, c ae a s,

Ch i t m D y ; I
r s t D y E p i ph y T w l ft h
as a n no c en s
’
a ,
an , e

N i g h t Di t ff D y R k D y P l gh M
, s a d y ’
s a ,
oc a , ou on a ,

H d l M d y B xi g D y ; L t S h v T
an se on a , o n a en ,
ro e ue s

d y A h W d
a , d y P i S d y P i W k
s e n es a ,
a ss o n un a , a ss o n ee ,

P l m S d y M d y Th d y G d F i d y
a un a , aun a - u rs a ,
oo r a ,

L g F id y H ly S t d y E t P v L w
on r a , o a ur a a s er , a s so er, o

S un d y S x g im S d y Q i q g i m S d y
a , e a es a un a ,
u n ua es a un a ,

Q d g i m S d y ; P t t T i ity S d y
ua ra es a un a en e c o s , r n un a ,

C p Ch i ti R g ti
or us S d y R g ti r s D y ,
o a on un a , o a on a s,

Emb D y A er i D y Th A m p ti H l y
a s sc en s o n a , e s su o n, o

C D y A ll S i t D y A ll S l D y Al l h l ’ ’
ro ss a , a n s a , ou s a , a

l w D y ; Al l h l l w
’
C k N i gh t ; S t
’
o es t
a a o e en , ra c nu .

V l ti D y S t S wit h i D y S t D vi d D y
a en ne s
’
a ,
. n s
’
a , . a
’
s a ,

C mb M ; P im
o
’
s D y R y l O k D y G y
ass r ro se a , o a a a , u

F wk D y ; A b D y; F f th D y I d
’ ’
a es a r or a o re a ers a , n e

p end D y E v
en c e ti D y M t h i g S
a d y , a c ua on a o er n un a

G D y P t i d g D y S p t D y ; R d L tt
r o u se a , ar r e a , ra a e e er

D y H lid y
a , o a

IB R OID E R IE S , A N D L A CE
TE X TIL E S , E IV .

D amas k M l i N an k e e C a l i c o C h m e Di m ity
, us n, n , , as er , ,

Val a n c e H ll a d C a m b i c S h ll
, Ta l t o n ,
r , a oon, r a an ,

W t d C o b o g An g l F i e z e C tt S i lk B
o rs e , ur , o a, r o o n, ,
ro

c ade D m s i S s e t M o h a i M i e -A ti q
, a as n, ar an ,
r, o r n ue ,

Ch i n t z T fl t y Li e L a w P m p d ; S wa
, a
'

e , n n, n, o a o ur ns

d o w M l k i M e i n o A l p c a ; K e y Gi n g
n, o es n, r , a e rs ,
 28 C o n t en ts .

Ag n e s, Fa i M id
r M id f O l a en L i ll ia r d , Th e a o r e a n s,

Th M i d f Se g ;aT h L doy F m T h
a ra o ssa e a ree a so n , e

Th S w d i h N i g h ti g l
e eTh Js y Li l y ; Th n a e, e e rse e

W p i g Ph i l ph Th L g h i g Ph i l ph
ee n o so er, e au n o so er ,

Th S b t l D t
e Th A g l i D t
u e St P
oc l f o r, e n e c oc or, . au o

th C
e ; R bi H d Litt l J h W i ll S l t
ro s s o n oo ,
e o n, c ar e ,

Fi T k ; S i xt
r ar t i g J k Sp i g h l J k ;
uc ee n s r n
-
ac ,
r n - ee ac

G tl m
en J k G t l m S m it h Ad m i b l C i h
e an ac ,
en e an ,
ra e r c

t Fi g h ti g Fit z g
on, ld R m C t B
n Fi l d era ,
o eo o a e s, e au e

i g B
n ,
B m m ll B e au N h Th Ki g f B t h ;
ru e ,
eau as ,
e n o a

Th F t y Ki g Th
e R i l w y Ki g Th P p
ac o r n ,
e a a n , e a er

Ki g Th N it t Ki g ; Th M
n ,
e f R Th
ra e n e an o o s s, e

P p l F i d Th M i l S m ll C l M
eo e s
’
r en , T m e us ca a - oa an , o

F li o Th I f t R
o i S i gl S p h H m i l t
e n an o sc u s n e - eec a on,

S t v ti
ar D d O g P l Th H v S t
a on un a s, ra n e ee ,
e ea en -
en

Mi i t Fi l ity J h ; Di zz y Th G d O l d M
n s er, na o n , e ran an ,

B k t ll S m it h ; Th D i g Ch
oo s a ll P i e an c n an c e o r, ra se

G d B b ; Si S v d H ti g d O t -
o a re ones n n er a e un n on, ra o r

H l y M m y W d f ll M m y C
en e e or Th m p oo a , e or
-
o rn e r o

so n; Di t y Di k ; C p b i l ity B
r w G cg R g a a ro n , eor e an e r,

Th J b i l
e P l g ; L g P t M g d l S m it h
u ee un er on e er, a a en ,

C l d L i T i t tt Il F i ; Th S tti h
au e o r ra n e , n o re o , ur o so e co s

H g t h Th Liv p l L d
o ar , ; Th
e Li b t er oo an se e r e era o r

Th P t h fi d
e Y k J th
a n er an ee o na an

THE I N N S OF C O UR T .

L i l
nc o n s
’
In n Gr a y ’
s C l i ff d I
In n , Fu r n iv l a
’
s In n , or
’
s nn ;
S e rj e a n t In n ;
s B d I St pl I C l m t
a rn ar
’
s nn , a e nn, e en
’
s

In n , D ’
a n e s In n
,
N w I Th vi e I ; B h
e nn, a
’
s nn en c e rs

RA CE S .

Go o d wo o d , A t Ep
sc o , so m , D by er , Oa ks D o , n c a s er t St
L ege r H dl R
ur e a c e, S t pl h
ee ec ase S we e p t k
s a e

L ON D ON CH UR CHE S AN D B UI L D I N GS .

W es tmi t n s er Abb y e , Th e T em pl e, Sa v y Ch p l o a e , St .

Cl em e n - tD an e s, St . M y ar -l e -B o w, St M y A . ar - xe , St .
 C o n t en t s . 29 .

P AGE

C t h i C e e S t C t h e i C l m S t M ga e t
a er n e r ,
. a r ne o e an , . ar r

P a tt S t S p l h e St B i d
e n s, . St A d e w U d
e u c r ,
. r e s,
’
. n r n er

sh ft Al lh ll we B k i g ; S t O l
a ,
a o Th W h it s, ar n . a ve s ,
’
e e

T w B l dy T w B
o e r, h m p T w T it
oo o er, eauc a o er , ra o rs
’

G t e N wg t S t J h
a e G t T m pl B a e, L d . o n s
’
a e, e e a r, on on

B i d g B i ll i g g t Th Mi t Th T i ity H
r e, n s ; a e, e n , e r n o u se

C b y H ll M m i l H ll Th G i l dh ll D t
ro s a ,
e or a a , e u a , o c o rs
’

C mmo St M ti l e G a d ; Th Ch t
ons, . ar n s - ’
- r n e ar er

h Ch i t H p it l B t h l m e w H p it l
o u se , r s
’
s os a ,
ar o o
’
s os a ,

G y u H p it l B d l m Th M g d l H p it l ;
’
s os a , e a , e a a en os a

St J m
. P l
a B k i gh m P l
es s
’
M lb gh
a ac e , uc n a a ace, ar o ro u

H o use ,S m t H W h it h ll Th H
o erse o u se , e a ,
e o rse

G ua rd D v H e Y k H s, o ; D v
er hi o us , or o use e ons re

H Ap l y H
o use , Ch d H e Th A l b y
s e o use, an os o us , e an ,

B li gt H
ur n S on M m ; P i ted H llo use , o an e use u a n a ,

V anb gh C tlur Ry H ; B as C tl e, e o u se ru c e as e,

Li l H e S d f d H
nco n o us C m w ll H ,
an or o u se , ro e o u se ,

I t re o n H L d dl H o us e, Th Cl k au er a e o u se, e oc

H R ly H
o u se , E ki o ss H ; S t nw b y o use , rs ne o u se ra err

H i ll ; O l H E ex H
r ean s B i t l H o use , ss o use, r s o o u se,

C v e C tt g M t e H e P t b
ra n o a gh H
e, un s r o us ,
e er o ro u o u se ,

H ll d H
o an ; Th A l b e t H ll C y t l P l
o u se Al x e r a , r s a a ace, e

d P l O lym pi E g y p ti H ll S t G g ’
an ra a ac e, a, an a ,
. eor e s

H ll S t J m
a , H l l W ill i
. aR m Al m k es s
’
a , s s
’
oo s, ac
’
s

A m b l y R m E x t H ll M d m T s d ;
s se oo s, e er a , a a e u sau
’
s

S cot l d Y d L d C i k t G d T a tt e ll ;
an ar ,
or
’
s r c e ro un , rs a
’
s

L l y d R m ; C p l C t Th e R y l E x h g
o
’
s oo s a e o ur ,
o a c an e,

Th S t k E x h g B a k
e oc C le i g H c R il an e, n e rs
’
ar n o use , a

w y Cl
a i gH ea r n o use

CL AS S N AM E S AN D N I CK N A M E S
'

S pi t
n s e r, Wi d
W i d w Ch a p e o w, D e Gr a s s o , ro n , u nn a,

D w g e ; B l e S t k i g Ab i ga i l G i e tt e C ll e e ;
o a r u oc n , , r s , o n

Mi ll i H b e d h e G o c e G e e g o e B o i f e
n e r, a r as r, r r, r n r c r, n ac ,

O stl ; C d wa i e T i l T a ll y m a U l e B a b
er or n r, a o r, n , nc ,
r e r,

B a b S ge o ; A c a di a M e t U sh e B ac h el ;
r e r - ur n r n, n o r, r, or

B fe a t e
ee P o l i e B bb i e s P e e l e s B o w S t e t
r s, c , o ,
r ,
r e
3 0 C o n ten ts .

P A GE
R un n ers M h wk S ; ; G tt S db g
o a s, c o ure rs a r ro e rs , an a

ge rs F p D dy Mo i M h Gi p i B h
,
an , a c a ro n ,
as er s es, o e

mi T t t l
an s R h b it G d T m p l
e e o a e rs , J k ec a es, oo e ars ac

T L gh m
a r, onN vvy Jsh J
o re y b i l d an , a , e u, e rr u er,

J y
o urn e m D M fan S t w C t m g un , an o ra , o s er on e r,

P d l H wk Ch p J k Q k M y A d w
e ar , a e r, ea ac , ua c , e rr n re ,

J gg
u l S t m p
er, O t B l k g u d S ll i S ll y
ra o r ac ua r , cu on , cu er

M i d ; Bl kl g P l g B k m k W l h ;
a ac e un e r, oo a e r, e s er

B gl J k K t h ; C k y ; G h
ur a r, ac Ni e cm oc ne r een o rn , nco

p p L ti D t h m
oo ,
un a H mb g c, u c an , u u

M AL T L I Q o o z es .

Al e , B e e r S m a ll B e T wo p e y H l
,
e r nn ,
a f an d
- - H al f , En ti re ,

P o t e S t o u t Y k h i e S ti g o X Al e
r r, ,
or s r n ,
M um , L age r

b i e B o c k -b i e
r, r

D IA M ON D S AN D P RE CI O US S TON E S .

Di am o n ; Thd e o K hi M tt O l ti S h h S t f n o o r, a an , r o
'

,
a ,
ar o

the So u , S a u c th i R g t P itt P i g tt D d l y T wi
, e en , , o , u e ,
n

Di amo n s ur d T q i T p z Ag t Am t h y t O p l uo se , o a ,
a e, e s , a

E m e ra ld G , t R by P l C t
a rn e , u ,
ear ara

N A VA L A N D M I L I TA R Y S OB RI Q UE TS .

M li
an u s To r
-
q u a t u s ,
Ch l ar es M tl Rb t
ar e ,
o er th e D vi l
e ,

Th e H amme d Sco g f E gl d ; Bl a c k
r an ur e o n an

D o g l B e ll t h C a t Th e Ki g M k e H o t p
u a s, e , n a r, s ur,

Th M d C a v l i e ; I o i d
e a Th e A l m i g h ty N o
a ; r r ns es, se

Th e Bl d y B t h e C o p a l J h Th e Litt l e
oo u c r, r or o n,

C p l ; Th e I
or o ra D k M a h l F w d Th e ro n u e, rs a or ar ,

I n C h e ll H l m t h t h e T a c it ; S t o e w ll
ro an c o r, e u urn n a

J k
ac O ld H i k y F l W ath
so n , J k Old G g c or ou
-
e er ac ,
ro ,

Th S i l ve C pt i er a a n

M one y St li g M y ; G i
, er n o ne u n ea , So v ig C
e re n, ro l i
wn , F o r n,

S h i ll i g P y H l fp y
n , en n , a enn , Fa r th i g Dn u cat N o ble , ,
 C o n t en t s .
3 1

P A GE
R o s e -No ; ble l Th i
, s t l C w Ge o r g e N o b l e
n -
A n ge ,
e - ro ,

J c o b u s C a o l l D l ph i L o i d o N a p o l e o ;
a ,
r us, o n, u s
’
r, n

F c
r an D ll
o a J oa,
h i m -Th a l e Th a l e K e u z e ;
r, c s r, r, r r

W o d s H l fp e c e G e b c k Bl u e b c k Ab a h m
o
’
a n ,
r en a s, a s, r a

N wl a d s ; B ll i
e S t o c k T ll y C o n so l s S i k i g
n u on, ,
a , , n n

F d To t i
un ; B
, d g t
e n ne u

S P I RI TS .

Ru m , W h i sk y B a d y Gi ; H o ll d C o g c N a t e s
, r n , n an s, na ,
n ,

O ld T m ; P ch T dd y G g ; M t i D e w
o un ,
o ,
ro o un a n

Gl e l iv e t LL W h i k y
n ,
s

L ON D ON S TRE E TS AN D S Q UARE S .

Fl e e t S t t S l i b y C t W h it f i S t t Bl k
re e ,
a s ur o ur ,
e r ars re e , ac

f i
r ars R d L d g t H i ll O l d B i l y F i S t t
oa ,
u a e ,
a e , r ar re e ,

S m
er L on P l C h i O l d Ch g P t
an e , t au
’
s a n, an e, a e rn o s e r

R w A
o , M i L C d L
ve Am C ar a an e, ree an e, en o r n e r,

W wi k L
ar I vy L
c ; Ch p i d B dan e , an e ea s e, re a

St t F i d y S t t Mi lk S t t ; G tt L
re e ,
r a ree , re e u er ane ,

F t
o s er L I m g L W d St t L w
an e , ro n on er an e, oo re e , a

ren c e L G h m S t t L d L Al d m b y
an e , res a re e ,
a an e , er an ur ,

Ki g S t t B i gh l l S t t C l m S t t O l d
n re e , as n a re e ,
o e an re e ,

J w y P l t y B k l b y Ki g W i ll i m S t t
e r ,
ou r ,
uc e rs ur ,
n a r ee ,

Q ue e nVi t i S t t ; C St t B dg R w
c or a re e an n o n re e , u e o ,

W t l i g S t t W l b k C ll g H i ll Q
a n h it h
re e , a ro o ,
o e e , ue e n e,

D wg t
o St ly d ; G
a e, h h St t F h h ee ar ra c e c urc ree , enc ur c

St reet E t h p Mi i g L
,
M kL
as c R d ea , nc n a n e, ar an e, oo

L S t h i g L B i ll it S t t Mi i C t h d
an e , ee n an e, er ree ,
n o r e s, ru c e

Fi A l d g t ; L d h l l S t t S t M y -A
r a rs , a e ea en a re e , . ar xe ,

T h gm t S t t Ni h l L
ro or onL t hb y Th d ree , c o as a n e, o ur , re a

n ee d l S t t C h i ll B i h i L
e re eC h g Al l y ;
,
o rn ,
rc n an e , an e e

L m b d S t t ; A ti F i
o ar O ld B d St t
re e us n r ars , ro a ree ,

B i h p g t St t St H l
s o s D v hi Sq
a e re e ,
. e e n s,
’
e ons re ua re ,

A ti ll y L
r H
er d d i t h B vi M k P tti t
an e , o un s c , e s ar s, e coa

L an e, W mw d St t C m mil St t L d or oo re e , a o e re e ,
on on

W ll B b i
a , B hL ar G t Wi h t S t c an , t eec an e , re a nc es er ree ,

M g t S t t C i pp l g t W h it
o or a e St t Rdre e ,
r e a e, e c ro ss re e
, e
3 2 C o n t en ts .

c ro ss t t Pl yh
S Y d J wi S t t A l d g t
re e ,
a o u se ar ,
e n re e , e rs a e

St t B i dg w t S q
re e ,
r B th l m w C l
e Cl th
a er uare, ar o o e o se, o

F i
a r, Litt l B it i D k S t t N wg t S t t
e r a n, u e re e , e a e re e ,

B t h S t t Ki g E d w d S t t Gi l t p S t t
a re e ,
n ar re e ,
s ur ree ,

K ig h t id
n St t Pi C
r er F i gd R d
re e ,
e o rn e r , a rr n on oa ,

S ff
a H i ll E l y P l
ro n H tt G d ,
H lb ace, a on ar en , o o rn ,

H lb
o Bo rn L th L F tt
ars , L B k ea er an e , e er an e , ro o e

St t G vi ll S t t G y I R d F i l ’
re e , re e re e , ra s nn oa ,
urn va

St t Dy B i l d i g C it S t t Ch y
’
ree , er s u n s, urs or ree ,
an c e r

L ; S th m p t B i ld i g V l m B i ldi g ;
an e ou a on u n s, eru a u n s

Li l s I Fi l d G t Q
nco n
’
nn St t L g e s, re a ue en ree , on

A ; D y L
c re D z i l S t t H ll S t t
r ur an e , en re e , o es re e ,

Cl a re M k t W h it H t S t t C t h i S t t
ar e , e ar re e , a er n e re e ,

P t g l S t t S l S t t W y h S t t H l y w ll
or u a re e , er e re e , c re e , o e

St reet S t d ; E x S t t Mi l f d L
, ra n A d l s se re e ,
or an e , run e

St t N f lk S t t S y S t t H w d S t t
re e , or o re e , u rr e re e , o ar ree ,

S v y St
a o t W ll i g t S t t B w S t t C v t
re e ,
e n on re e ,
o ree , o en

G d
ar Y k S t t Ki g S t t H i tt S t t
en , or re e , n re e , enr e a ree ,

T vi t k S t t B d f d S t t S t h m p t S t t
a s oc ree , e or re e , ou a on re e ,

B df db y M id
e or L ur Ch d St t Ex t
, a en ane, an os re e , e er

St reet B l i gh S t t C i l S t t S l i b y S t t
, ur e re e , ec ree , a s ur re e ,

Ad l ph i T
e Ad m S t t J h S t t R b t
e rr a c e, a ree , o n re e , o er

t t J m St t ; G g St t D k St t
s ree , a es re e eo r e re e , u e re e ,

B k i g h m S t t Vi ll i
uc n a St t ; Ch i g C re e , er s re e ar n ro ss ,

C v S t t N t h m b l d Av
ra en ree ; T f lg
, or u er an en ue ra a ar

Sq S t M ti L Ki g W i ll i m S t t ’
u ar e , . ar n s ane , n a re e ,

S v
e en Di l C b St
a s, t L i t Sq r an o u rn e re e , e c es er uare ,

C v t y S t t W i d m i ll S t t H y m k t J m y
o en r re e ,
n re e , a ar e , er n

St t A d l St t O g St t P t St t
re e ,
run e ree , ra n e re e , an o n re e ,

S ff lk S t
u o t ; Sp i g G d ree P ll M ll Ki g r n ar e n s, a a , n

St re et St J m S q
, . B y St t G
a es sP k ’
u are, ur re e re en ar ,

H y d P k R tt R w A l b t G t M b l A h
e ar , o en o , er a e, ar e rc ,

R t l d G t C mb l d G t G v
u an a e, G t u er an a e, ro s eno r a e,

St h p Gt P k L
an o e P t g l S t t Ch p l
a e, ar an e, or u a ree ,
a e

St t Ch t fi l d S t t G v
r ee , es er Sq H mile re e , ro s en o r uare , a

ton P l ; P i d i ll y C z S t t Ch l S t t
ac e cca ur o n re e , ar es ree ,

Q ueen St t S h ph d M k t H y H i ll F m
re e , e er
’
s ar e ,
a ,
ar

St t B k l y Sq
re e , erS t tt Ste e t B t St t ua r e , ra on ree , ru o n ree ,
 C o n ten ts .
33

M t S t t Cl g St t H l f M
o un re e , St t ar es re e , a oon re e ,

A li gt S t t B
r n on tt S t t D v S t t A l b
re e , enn e ree ,
o er ree ,
e

m l St
ar e t B d S t t C l i ff d S t t B l i g t
ree ,
on re e , or re e , ur n on

St t C k S t t S vi l R w Vi g S t t S kvi ll
re e , or re e , a e o ,
o re e , ac e

St t Ay S t t S w ll w S t t Vi S t t ;
re e , r ree , a o re e ,
ne re e

R g e t S t t ; C d it S t t M dd x S t t
e n re e on u re e , a o re e ,

B k S t t Mi ll S t t G g S t t H v
ro o re e ,
re e , eo r e re e ,
an o er

Sq u are,D vi S t t ; A g yl l S t t G t M l
a es re e r re e , rea ar

b o ro ug h S t t Bl h i m S t t
re e W d ,
S t t en e re e ,
ar o ur ree ,

N a s sa u St t G ld S q ree ,S h ft b y A v ; o en uare , a es ur en ue

Old C mpt St o t N w C mpt St t D

on re e ,
e o on re e ,
e an

St t G d St t M l fi ld S t t G k
re e ,
e rr a r re e ,
ac c es e re e ,
re e

St t C l i l S t t ; H w y S t t R t hb
re e ,
ar s e ree an a re e , a one

Pl ac e, N wm St t G dg S t t C tl S t t
e an re e , oo e re e , as e ree ,

W ll S t t B
e s St ree t F l y S t t Ch l tt
, e r n e rs ree , o e ree ,
ar o e

St t G t Ti t h fi l d S t t G ft S t t Fit z y
re e , re a c e re e , ra on re e ,
ro

Sq uare ,E t Sq S th m p t S t t T t
us on ua re, ou a on re e ,
o

t h m C t R d ; O xf d S t t H l y S t t
en a o ur oa or ree ,
ar e re e ,

Wigm St t C v di h S q
o re ree H ll S t t , a en s uare , o es re e ,

H i tt S t t B ti k S t t M g t S t t
enr e a re e , en nc re e , ar are ree ,

D h
uc St
ess t P tl d Pl W lb k S t t
re e ,
or an ac e, e ec re e ,

Wimp l S t t St tf d Pl
o e L gh m P l
re e ,
ra or ac e , an a ac e,

M fi ld St t V St t M h t Sq
an s e re e , ere ree ,
an c e s er ua re ,

Sp i h P l Ch d S t t H i d S t t A d l y
an s a c e, an os re e ,
n e ree , u e

St re et O ld Q b S t t S y m S t t M t g
, ue ec re e , e o ur ree , on a ue

Sq B k l y Sq
u ar e , P tm S q
er e e B y uare , or an u ar e , r an

t Sq
s one Bl d f d S q
ua re, D t Sq B k
an or u ar e, o rs e u a re , a er

St reet H w d Sq , Li
a re G v ooO lt uare , s so n ro e, s su on

Sq ; R g t P k Al b y S t t O b g ’
uare e en s ar ,
an re e , sn a ur

St t M t Sq
re e ,
P k St t B k k R d
un s er uare , ar re e ,
re c noc oa ,

G t C ll g S t t O kl y S q
re a o e e A m p t h i ll S q re e , a e u a re , u a re ,

H i gt
a rr n Sq M i gt C
on t G byua r e , o rn n on re sc en , ra n

Stre et Ski ,
S t et ; P nn er R d B tt l B i d g re an c ra s oa , a e r e

R d Y k R d C l d i R d Li p l S t t
oa , or oa , a e o n an oa , ve r oo re e ,

Si dm th S t t B t C
ou t J dd S t t G t
re e , ur o n r e sc e n , u re e , rea

C m S t t L m b C d it S t t H p S t t
o ra ree , a
’
s on u re e , ar ur re e ,

B d f d R w S th m p t R w R
e or o ,
ll S q ou a on o , u sse u ar e,

T vi t k S q
a s oc G d Sq T i gt S q
u a re, or on uare , o rr n on u a re ,
34 C o n t en ts .

P AGE

M to n a gu e i k Sq
S t t B
re e M k l b gh
,
run sw c uare , ec en ur

Sq u a re Th l w P l G t O m d S t t Bl m
ur o ac e, re a r on ree , oo s

b y Sq
ur ; Q S
ua re q R d Li S q
uee n s
’
u a re , e on u are ,

Ki g g t S t t T h b l d R d C l db t h S q
n s a e re e ,
eo a
’
s oa o a uare ,

R y St
a t R m re e St,
t B k l y St t o so an re e ,
er e e ree ,

H kl y i t h H l
oc e
-n-M yd d l t e - Sq P t
o e e on u are , en o n

vi ll R d ; S t J h S t t R d C ity R d S h p
e oa . o n re e oa ,
oa , e

h d W lk C t i R d H l y w l l L
er e ss a , ur a n Ni h l oa ,
o e an e c o s

Sq S tt Q E l i z b t h W lk FI t
’
uare, Pl u on ac e, uee n a e s a ,
ee

w d R
oo d ; S v Si t oa R d A hw y R d e en s e rs oa , rc a oa ,

Fl k W lk ; J d g
as W lk ; Fl t R d D l R d
a u es
’
a ee oa ,
a e oa ,

B a rrow H i ll P l Abb y R d ; D b ac e, g h P l e oa es o ro u ac e,

C h h S t t N tti g h m P l
u rc re e , P d d i gt S t t ;
o n a a c e, a n on ree

C v
ra H i ll G d ; S t h wi k C
en art Om en s ou c re sc en ,
r e

Sq ua re,L db k G v N l d S q a ro K i gt
e ro e, o r an ua re , en s n on

G o re ,E i m Pl nn s C m w ll R d Glo re t a c e, ro e oa , o uc es er

R d C m pd H i ll W wi k R d H ll d R d
oa a en , ar c oa ,
o an oa ,

E l
ar C t R d Add i
’
s o ur R d ; C m w ll P l
oa ,
so n oa ro e ac e,

Ki g R d C h y W lk J ti W lk M l
n
’
s oa ,
e ne a ,
us ce a ,
ar

bo ro ug h R d K pp l S t oa t C d g
, S q e e re e ,
a o an ua re ,

Sl o an e St t H Pl D v Stre e ,
G v
ans ac e, an e rs re e t ro s eno r

Pl E l t
a c e, Sq B lg v S q
c c es on Eb y uare, e ra e ua r e , ur

Sq Ch t S q
uare, E tes er Sq L p St t u ar e , a on u a re , u us re e ,

St G .
g S
eo rq L w
e s
’
d S q Ch
uare, h m S t t o n es uare , es a ree

V xh l l B i d g R d Vi t i S t t ; B i d g
au a r e oa , c or a re e r ca e

W lk S t y G t Q
a , o re A ’
sG t D lh y
a e, ue en n ne s
’
a e, e a a

St t R h t R w B i dg S t t C
re e ,
oc es er St t o ,
r e ree , ann o n ree ,

Ki g S t t P i
n St
re e t P k St t G t
,
r nc es ree , ar er re e ,
re a

G eor g St t Ab i g d S t t H l y w l l S t t
e ree ,
n on re e ,
o e re e ,

B t S t t C wl y S t t M h m S t t E l
ar o n ree , o e re e , a rs a re e , ar

St t R m y S t t Py S t t G t P t S t t
re e ,
o ne re e , e re e ,
re a e er ree ,

Vi S t t O h d S t t T t h i ll S t t H
ne re e , rc ar ree , o re e , o rse

fe rry R d ; N wi g t B tt G t S ff lk S t t
oa e n on u s, re a u o re e ,

Mi t S t t O l d K t R d G g R d S p R d
n ree , en oa , ra n e oa , a oa ,

R ll S t t T l y S t t J m i R d Ch y
usse re e , oo e re e , a a ca oa , e rr

G d ar P i Ev l y S t t
en s e r, e n ree
3 6 N a mes a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

p a l a sh , to w a nder P a l e s tin e i s u s u a lly d e no m in a t e d

.

t h e H o ly L a n d b e c a u s e it wa s t h e s c e n e of t h e
,

bi r th life a n d d e a th o f t h e R e d e e m e r A s i a
, ,
.

Mi n o r i s of c o u r s e L e s s e r A s i a
, ,
.

Fo r t h e t itl e of P e r s i a w e a r e ind e bt e d t o t h e
G r e e k s who g a v e t h e n a m e of P er si s to t h e r e g ion
,

( o f which t h e c a pit a l w a s P er s ipo li s ) o r i g in a lly ov e r

r u n by a wild b r a n ch of t h e Ay r i a n r a c e c a ll e d t h e

P a r s a m e a ni n g i n t h e n a tiv e ton g u e t h e Ti g e r s
, , ,

[ s ee P AR S E E S ] T h e s u.ffix i a wh e r e v e r it occu r s, in
a g e o g r a phic a l s e n s e e xp re s s e s t h e C e ltic fo r l a n d
,

o r t e r r ito r y H e n c e P e r s i a s 1g n i fi e s t h e t e rr ito r y of
.
,

t h e P a r s a o r P a r s e e s ; Ar a b i a t h e c o u n t r y o f t h e ,

A r a b s m e n o f t h e d e s e r t Ab y s si n i a th a t of t h e
,
”
,

A b a s s in s o r m ix e d r a c e s
, K a ffi ar i a th a t of t h e ‘

Ka ffi r s o r , unb e li e v e r s ; a n d Et h i o p i a t h e l a n d
” “
,
”
of t h e bl a ck s a cc o r di n g t o t h e t wo G r e e k wo r d s
,

a i t k ei n to b u r n a n d ops t h e fa c e In d i a d e n o t e s
, , , .

t h e co u nt r y t r a v e r s e d by t h e I n d u s o r r a th e r t h e ,

Hi n d u which n a m e i s a P e r s iciz e d fo r m o f t h e
,

S a n s k r it S i n d hu a g r e a t r iv e r r e n d e r e d Hi n d us in
, ,
”

t h e G re e k Syno n y m o u s w ith t h e C e ltic s u ffix j u s t

.

di s c u s s e d i s t h e P e r s i a n sta n co n s e q u e n tly Hi n d u
s t a n s i g n ifi e s t h e t e rr ito r y t r a v e rs e d by t h e r iv e r

Hi n d u a n d p e o pl e d by t h e H i n d o o s ; T ur k e s t a n
, ,
.

t h e c o u n t r y o f t h e T u r k s ; A fg h a n i s t a n th a t of ,

t h e Afg h a n s B e l o o c h i s t a n th a t of t h e B e l o o c h e s ; ,

a n d Ku r d e st an p r o p e r ly K o o r d i s t an th a t of t h e
, ,

Ko o r d s Th e t e r m Ch i n a i s a we s t e r n co r r upti o n
.

of Ts i n a s o c a ll e d in h o n ou r o f T s i n t h e fo u nd e r
, ,

of t h e gr e a t dyn a s t y which co m m e nc e d i n t h e thi r d

 The C o un tr i es of t he W o r l d .
37

ce ntu ry B C wh e n a knowl e d ge of thi s count ry wa s

. .
,

fi r s t co n v e y e d t o t h e W e s t e r n n a tion s I t wa s thi s .

T s i n wh o buil t t h e G r e a t W a l l of C hi n a ( o r T s in ) to
k e e p o u t t h e B arb a ri a n s Th e Chi n e s e E m pi r e b e a r s
.

t h e d e s c r iptio n o f t h e C e l e s t i a l Em p i r e b e c a u s e i t s

e a r ly r u l e r s w e r e a l l c e l e s t i a l d e i t i e s S i b er i a i s a.

t e r m i n dic a ti v e o f S i ber t h e r e s id e n c e o f K u t s h e e n
,

Kh a n t h e c e l e b r a t e d T a r t a r p r i n c e r e c o g n iz e d a s
, ,

t h e a n ci e n t c a pit a l o f t h e T a r t a r s t h e r uin s o f ,

w hich m a y s t il l b e s e e n H e r e a g a i n t h e C e ltic
.

s u ffix i n h a s r e fe r e n c e t o t h e s u rr o u n di n t i t y
g e r r o r .

Ru s s i a c o n s tit u t e d t h e cou n t r y o f t h e R u s s a ,

t r ib e w h o ov e rra n it a t a v e r y e a r ly p e r i o d Th e .

R u s s i a n E m pi re w a s fo u n d e d by Ru r ic o r Ro u r ik a , ,

S c a ndi n a v i a n chi e f who s e d e a th took pl a c e i n t h e

y e a r A D 8.
79 .
,
C i r c a s s i a d
. e n o t e s t h e co u nt r y o f t h e

Tc h e r k e s a T a r t a r t r ib e wh o s e ttl e d i n t h e n e i g h
,

bo urh o o d o f t h e ri ve r Tero k Th e C r i m e a r e c e iv e d
.

i t s n a m e fr o m a s m a l l t o w n e s t a bl i s h e d i n t h e p e ni n
s u l a by t h e K i m r i o r C m r i a n d k n o wn t o t h e G r e e k s
y , ,

“
a s K i i n ni er i ho n F i n l a n d i s p r o p e r ly F e n l a n d t h e
.
,

l a n d of m a r s h e s S we d e n i s a m o d e r n t e r m m a d e
.

u p of t h e L a tin S u edi a s i g n ifyi n g t h e l a n d o f t h e

,

S u e vi a w a r lik e t r ib e o f t h e G o th s a n d t h e A n g l o
, ,

S a x o n d en t e s t ifyi n g t o i t s o cc u p a ti o n by t h e D a n e s
, .

N o r wa y s h o ws t h e r e s u l t o f a g r a d u a l m o dific a tion
of t h e A n g l o S a xo n N o r ea a n d t h e o r i g i n a l N o r d o e
-
, ,

b e i n g t h e S c a n di n a vi a n fo r n o r t h i s l a n d It i s .

e a s y t o u n d e r s t a n d i n thi s c o n n e cti o n h o w t h e ol d

N o r s e m e n d e t e r r e d by t h e i n t e n s e c o ld o f t h e A r cti c
,

S e a t o o k i t fo r g r a n t e d th a t t h e g r e a t no r th e r n
,
3 8 N a m es : and th ei r M ea n i n g .

p e ni n s u l a w a s s u r r o u n d e d by wa t e r w i t h o u t a c t u a lly ,

d e t e r m i n i n g t h e fa ct Th e n a ti v e n a m e o f th i s
.

c o u n t r y i n m o d e r n ti m e s i s N o r d r i he i e t h e n o r th ,
. .
,

ki n g d o m .

B r i t a i n wa s k n o wn t o t h e P h oe n ici a n s a s B a r a t
An a c o r
, t h e l a n d of t i n a s fa r b a ck a s t h e y e a r
,

1 03 7 B C . S o m e fi v e h u nd r e d y e a r s a ft e r w a r d s t h e
.

I s l a n d wa s a ll u d e d t o by t h e R o m a n s u n d e r t h e
n a me of B r it a n ni a w hich s u b s e q u e n t ly b e c a m e
,

s h o rt e n e d i n t o B r it a i n En g l a n d w a s o r i g i n a lly
.

E ng a l a n d t h e l a n d o f t h e E n g l e s o r A n g l e s w h o
, , ,

c a m e o v e r fr o m Sl e s w ick a p r o v i n c e o f J u tl a n d ,
.

P r i o r t o t h e v e a r 2 58 w hich w i t n e s s e d i t s i n v a s ion
,

by t h e Sc o ti a t r ib e w h o i n h a bi t e d t h e n o r th e r n
,

p o r ti o n s o f t h e co u n t ry n o w k n o wn a s I r e l a n d ,

Sc o t l a n d b o r e t h e n a m e o f C a l e d o n i a lit e r a lly t h e ,

hi l ly co u n t ry o f t h e C a e l s o r G a e l s Th e wo r d C a e l
,
.
,

o r G a e l i s a c o rr u pti o n o f Ga d hel s i n ifyi n i t h

, g g n e ,

n a ti v e t o n g u e a b idd e n r o v e r w h il e S co t d e r iv e d
“ ”
,

fr o m t h e n a tiv e sen i t e m e a n s p r a ctic a l ly t h e s a m e

,

thi n g i e a w a n d e r e r Th e C a l e do n i a n s w e r e t h e
, . .
, .

i n h a bit a n t s o f t h e H i g hl a n d s t h e t e r m i n a ti o n d un ,

e xp r e s s i n g t h e C e l t i c fo r a hill fo r t s t r o n hold ; t h e
g , ,

S cot s w e r e t h e 1n v a d e r s fr o m Sc o t i a wh o a pp r o ,

p r i a t e d t h e H e b r id e s a n d t h e W e s t e r n I s l a n d s ;
wh e r e a s t h e L o w l a n d e r s w e r e t h e P ic t s s o c a ll e d ,

fr o m th e i r d e s c r iptio n by t h e Ro m a n s oi c ti p a i n t e d u ,

m en . Th e s e P ict s we r e e v e n t u a lly s u bd u e d by t h e
C a l e do n i an s a n d B r it o n s fr o m th e i r r e s p e c t i v e s id e s .

Th e G a e lic d e s i g n a t i o n o f w h a t i s n o w I r e l a n d w a s
I er n e indic a tiv e o f t h e
, we s t e r n i s l e I re l a n d is .
 The Co un tr i es of the W or l d .
39

c o m m only s tyl e d Th e Em e r a l d I s l e owin g to it s

fr e s h v e r d u r e .

W a l e s w a s o r i g i n a lly C a m b r i a s o c a ll e d o n a c ,

co u nt o f t h e C y m r i o r Ki m r i wh o p e opl e d it Th e
, ,
.

m od e rn titl e o f W a l e s w a s g iv e n t o thi s p r o v i n c e
by t e An g l o S a xo n s b e c a u s e th e y r e g a r d e d it i n
h -
, ,

co m m o n w i th C o r n w a ll a s t h e l a n d o f fo r e i g n e r s
,
.

T r a c e s o f t h e W a hl o r W e l s h s t ill p r e s e n t th e m
s e lv e s i n s u ch n a m e s a s W a ll a chi a W a lch e r e n , ,

W a ll o o n W a lli n g fo r d W e l s hpo o l & c Th u s w e s e e

, , ,
.

t h a t t h e p r e n o m e n W a hl s u bj e ct to s li g ht m o d i fi ,

c a t ion s i n t h e s p e l li n g d e n ot e s a n y fo r e i g n s e ttl e
,

m e n t fr o m t h e S a x o n p oi n t o f V i e w Th e S a xo n s .
,

by t h e wa y w h o s e o r i g i n a l s e ttl e m e n t i s d e t e r m i n e d
,

by t h e littl e ki n g d o m of S a x o n y d e r i v e d th e i r n a m e ,

fr o m t h e sca n o r s h o r t c r o ok e d knife w ith w hich t h e y

,

a r m e d th e m s e lv e s .

F r a nc e w a s k n o wn to t h e G r e e k s a s Ga l l a t i a a n d ,

t o t h e R o m a n s a s Ga l l i a a ft e r w a r d s m odifi e d i n t o
,

G a u l b e c a u s e it wa s t h e t e r r ito ry o f t h e C e l t i ae o r
, ,

C e lt s Th e m o d e rn s e ttl e r s o f t h e co u n t ry w e r e t h e
.

F r a n k s s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e fr a n c a a ki n d of j a v e l i n
, ,

which th e y c a r r i e d wh o i n t h e fifth c e n t u r y i n
,

h a bit e d t h e G e r m a n p r o v i n c e o f F r a n c o n i a a n d , ,

t r a v e llin g w e s tw a r d s g r a d u a lly a cco m pl i s h e d t h e

,

con q u e s t o f G a u l F r a n c e th e r e fo r e s i g n ifi e s t h e
.
, ,

c ou n t ry o f t h e F r a nk s o r a s t h e G e r m a n s c a ll it
, , ,

Fr a n kr ei c h i e t h e Ki n g do m of t h e F r a n k s
,
. .
,
Al l .

t h e w e s t e r n n a ti o n s w e r e s t yl e d F r a n k s by t h e
Tu r k s a n d O r i e n t a l s a n d a n ythi n g b r o u g h t t o t h e m
,

fr o m t h e we s t i n v a r i a bly m e r it e d a p r e n o m e n d e
 4 0 N a m es an d t hei r M ea n i ng .

s c r ipti v e o f i t s o r i g i n a s fo r e x a m pl e FRAN KI N CEN S E

, , , ,

by which w a s m e a n t i n c e n s e b r o u g h t fro m t h e
co u n t r y o f t h e F r a n k s N o r m an d y indic a t e s t h e
.

c o a s t s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e N o r th m e n o r D a n e s ; w hil e ,

B r i t t an y c o m p r i s e d t h e l a nd a pp r op r i a t e d by t h e
k i n g s o f B r it a i n .

G e r m a n y wa s i n a nci e n t ti m e s k n o wn a s Tr o n g e s ,

o r t h e c o u n t ry o f t h e T a n gr i a L a ti n w o r d s i g n i ,

s p e a ke r s R n ft d v
”
fyi n g ; b u t t h e o m a s a e r w a r s g a e

it t h e n a m e of Ge r m a n u s w hich w a s a L a ti n iz e d ,

C e ltic t e r m m e an in g n e i g hb o u r s o r i g in a lly
“ ”
,

b e s to we d by t h e G a ul s up o n t h e w a r lik e p e opl e
b e yo n d t h e Rhi n e H o ll a n d i s t h e m od e r n a cc e pt a
.

”
ti o n o f O tta n t t h e D a n i s h fo r m a r s hy g r o u n d
,
“

w h e r e a s B e l g i u m d e not e s t h e l a n d o f t h e B e l g i ae .

Th e fa ct th a t t h e t e r m N e t h e r l an d s i s e xp r e s s i v e of
t h e l o w c o u n t r i e s n e e d s c a r c e ly d e t a i n u s D e n m ar k .

i s p r o p e r ly D a n m a r k i e t h e t e rr it o r y co m p r i s e d
,
. .
,

w ithi n t h e m a r e o r b o u n d a ry e s t a bl i s h e d by D a n t h e
, ,

S c a n di n a v i a n chi e ft a i n Ju t l a n d m e a n s t h e l a n d
.

o f t h e J ute s , a fa m ily of t h e G o t h s wh o s e ttl e d i n

thi s p o r tio n o f D e n m a r k Pr u s s i a i s a co r r u ption .

of B o r u ssi a, t he c o u n t ry o f t h e B o r u s s i ; a n d
B o h e m i a t h e c o u n t r y o f t h e B 0 i i j u s t a s Hu n g ar y
, ,

w a s o r i g i n a lly i n h a bit e d by t h e H u n s a w a r lik e ,

A s i a tic fa m ily wh o e xp e ll e d t h e G o th s fr o m thi s

,

t e r r i t o ry i n t h e y e a r 3 7 6 Th e s e H u n s w e r e fi r s t .

h e a r d o f i n Chi n a i n t h e thi r d c e n t u ry B C u n d e r t h e . .

n am e o f Hi o n
g
-n u m e a n i
, n g
“
g i a n t s P o l a n d .
”

i s a n i n v e r s i o n o f L a n d -P o l e t h e S l a v o n ic fo r , m e n

o f t h e pl a i n s wh o fi r s t o v e rr a n thi s t e rr it o r y
”
, .
 The Co un tr i es of the W or l d .
4 1

S er v i a wa s s tyl e d by t h e Ro m a n s S u ed i a t h e ,

d i s t r ict p e opl e d by t h e Su e vi b e fo r e th e y w e r e d r iv e n
no r th wa r d s to th e i r fin a l s e ttl e m e n t i n t h e t e r r i t o ry
n o w c a ll e d Sw e d e n M o n t e n e gr o lit e r a lly indic a t e s
.

“
bl a ck mo u n t a in .
”
B o s n i a i s t h e c o u nt ry t r a v e r s e d
by t h e r iv e r B o s n a ; M o l d av i a th a t t r a v e r s e d by
,

t h e M old a u ; a n d M o r a v i a th a t t r a v e r s e d by t h e
,

M o rav a . B u l g ar i a i s a m o d e r n co rr u pti o n o f Vo l
ari a m e a n i n g t h e c o u n t r y p e opl e d by t h e V o l s ci
g ,

w hil e Ro u m a n i a w a s a n ci e n tly a R o m a n p r ovi n c e .

T u r k e y i s m o r e co r r e ctly wr itt e n Tu r ki a t h e c o u n t ry ,

o f t he Tu rks . Thi s co u nt r y a l s o b e a r s t h e s tyl e o f

t h e Ot t o m a n Em p i r e in h o n ou r o f Oth m a n I
,
.
,

who a s s u m e d t h e g o v e r n m e n t of t h e e m pi r e a bout
t h e ye ar 1 3 0 0 . Gr e e c e i s t h e m o d e r n fo r m of t h e
L a t i n Gr eec i a fr o m t h e G r e e k Gr a i ho i a n a m e
, ,

o r i g i n a l ly b e s to w e d u po n t h e i n h a bit a n t s of H e ll a s .

Au st r i a i s o u r m o d e o f d e s c r ibi n g t h e Oester r ei c h ,

l it e r a lly t h e E a s t e r n E m pi re i n c o n t r a di s ti n ctio n
,

t o t h e W e s t e r n E m pi r e fo u n d e d by Ch a r l e m a g n e .

I t a ly w a s s o c a ll e d a ft e r It a l u s o n e o f t h e e a r ly ,

k i n g s o f thi s co u n t ry S wi t z e r l a n d i s a n A n g liciz e d
.

fo r m o f t h e n a tiv e S chw e i t z t h e n a m e of t h e th r e e
,

fo r e s t c a n to n s w ho s e p e opl e a s s e r t e d th e i r i n d e
p e n d e n c e of A u s t r i a a f t e
, r w a r d s a ppli e d to t h e w h o l e

c o u n t ry . S p a i n e xp r e s s e s t h e E n g li s h of Hi sp a n i a a ,

d e s i g n a ti o n fo u n d e d u p o n t h e P u n ic sp a n a r a bbit , ,

o wi n t o t h n m b f w ild bbit f d in thi

g e u e r o r a s o u n s

p e n i n s u l a by t h e C a r th a g i n i a n s Th e a n ci e n t n a m e
.

o f t h e c o u nt r y w a s I ber i a s o s tyl e d fr o m t h e I b e r i
, ,

a t r ib e w h o s e ttl e d i n t h e vici n ity of t h e r iv e r Eb r o .

4 2 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i ng .

P ort u gal w a s t h e P o r tu s Ga lli az of t h e Ro m a n s ,

“
lit e r a lly t h e g a t e of G a u l a s ,
”
a pp r o a ch e d fr o m t h e

M e dit e rr a n e a n a n d Atl a n tic S e a s .

Alg i e r s i s a m o difi e d s p e lli n g o f t h e A r a bic

Al j ez a i r m e a ni n g , t h e p e ni n s u l a T u n i s wa s
.
”

a nci e n tly k n o wn a s Tu n e n t u m t h e l an d o f t h e
,

Tu n e s ; M o r o cc o s i g nifi e s t h e t e rr it o r y o f t h e
M oo r s ; a n d B ar b a r y ; th a t o f t h e B e r b e r s Th e .

t e r m S a h ar a i s A r a bic fo r d e s e r t ; w hil e t h e
”

S o u d an d e n o t e s a cc o r di n g t o t h e A r a bi c B el a d em
,
-

S u d en t h e
,
“
di s t r ict of t h e bl a ck s Eg yp t e x
.
”

”
p r e s s e s t h e H e b r e w fo r t h e l a n d o f o pp r e s s io n
“
,

a ll u di n g t o t h e b o n d a g e o f t h e I s r a e li t e s S en e
.

g a m b i a w as o r i g i n a lly s o n amed o win g t o i t s

s it u a ti o n b e t we e n t h e S e n e g a l a n d G a m bi a r iv e r s .

Th e G o l d Co a s t i s th a t p o r ti o n o f G u i n e a o n t h e
W e s t C o a s t o f Afr ic a wh e r e g o ld i s fo u n d G u i n e a
i s a n a tiv e W e s t Afr ic a n t e r m m e a n i n g a b o u n din g

i n g old . I n Za n z i b a r p r o p e r ly w r itt e n Z a ng u eba r

”
, ,

we h a v e a n i n v e r s i o n of t h e A r a bic B er ez Z i ng t h e
- -
,

“
c o a s t of t h e n e g r o e s .Zu l u l a n d i s t h e c o u n t r y
of t h e Zul u s By t h e Tr a n s v a a l i s m e a n t t h e
.

t e r r ito r y b e yond t h e r iv e r V a a l ; j u s t a s i n E u r op e
t he H u n g a r i a n s c a ll a p o r ti o n o f th e i r c o u n t r y
T RAN S Y LVAN I A fr o m i t s s it u a ti o n
,
“
b eyo n d t h e
wood .
”
N a t a l r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m V a s c o d i
G a m a b e c a u s e h e di s cov e r e d i t o n t h e F e a s t of t h e
N a ti v ity Th e s e t t l e m e nt s of t h e D utch Bo e r s i n
.

South Afr ic a a r e d e s i g n a t e d t h e Or a n g e F r e e
S t a t e s fr o m t h e ci r c u m s t a nc e th a t th e i r o r i g i n a l
s e ttl e r s w e r e e m i gr a n t s fro m t h e P r incip a lity o f
44 N a m es and t hei r M ea n i ng .

w hich s ant ds thenci e nt city of P a r u r u Th e B r a

a .

z il ia n t e r m P a r a h o we v e r m o difi e d i s a t a l l t i m e s
, ,

s u g e s tiv e o f a r iv e r
g P e.r n a m b u c o m e a
“
ns
“
t h e

m o u th o f h e ll i n a ll u s io n t o t h e viol e n t s u r f
,

a l w a y s di s ti n g u i s h e d a t t h e m o u th o f i t s chi e f r i v e r .

E c u a d o r i s Sp a n i s h fo r Eq u a to r s o c a ll e d by v i r t u e
,

o f i t s g e o g r a phic a l po s itio n C o lu m b i a wa s n a m e d
.

i n h o n o u r o f C h r i s toph e r C o l u m b u s Ven e zu e la .

e xp r e s s e s t h e S p a n l s h fo r Littl e V e n ic e which ,

d e s i g n a ti o n w a s g iv e n t o th i s c o u nt ry o wi n g t o t h e
d i s cov e ry o f s o m e I n di a n vill a g e s b u ilt u po n pil e s
a ft e r t h e m a n n e r o f t h e Sil e n t City o n t h e A d r i a tic
S ea .

Th e t e r m P a n am a i s C a r ibb e a n i n d ic a tiv e of t h e
,

m u d fi s h th a t a b o u n d i n t h e w a t e r s o n b o th s id e s o f
t h e i s th m u s C o s t a Ri c a i s lit e ra l Sp a n i s h fo r
.

r ich co a s t w hil e H o n d u r a s s i g n ifi e s i n t h e s a m e
”
,

d e e p w a t er Th e n a m e o f N i c ar a g u a
”
t o n gu e , .

w a s fi r s t g iv e n by G il Go n z a l e s d e A r il a i n 1 52 1 t o
t h e g r e a t l a k e s it u a t e d i n t h e r e g i o n n o w c a ll e d
a ft e r it i n c o n s e q u e n c e o f h i s fr i e n dly r e c e ption
,

by t h e Ca c i gu e a Ha yt i a n t e r m fo r a chi e f w ho s e
, ,

o wn n a m e w a s N ic a r o of a t r ib e o f W e s t I n di a n s
, ,

with wh o m h e fe l l i n o n t h e b o r d e r s of t h e l a k e
r e fe r r e d t o . Th e M o s qu i t o C o a s t o w e s i t s n a m e to
t h e t r o u bl e s o m e i n s e ct s ( Sp a n i s h m o sc a fr o m t h e ,

L a ti n m u sc a a fly ) w hich i n fe s t thi s n e i g hb o u r h o o d
, .

Y u t a c a n i s a co m p o u n d I n di a n wo r d m e a n i n g
“
Wh a t d o yo u s a y ! w hich w a s t h e only a n s we r
”

t h e Sp a n i a r d s co u ld o bt a i n fr o m t h e n a tiv e s t o t h e i r
i n q u i r i e s c o nc e r n i n g a d e s c r iptio n of t h e cou n t r y .
 The C o un tr i es o f t he W orld .
45

Q u a t e m al a i s Eu r op e a n r e nd e r in g of t h e M e xic a n
a
“
q u a h t em a l i s i g nifyin
, g a d e c a y e d l o g of w ood ; s o
”

c a ll e d by t h e M e xic a n I ndi a n s who a cco m p a ni e d

Alv a r a do into thi s r e g ion b e c a u s e th e y fo u nd a n ol d
,

w o r m e a t e n t r e e n e a r t h e a n ci e nt p a l a c e of t h e
-

Ki n g s o r K a c hi qu el w h ich w a s t hou g ht to b e t h e
, ,

c e n t r e o f t h e count ry .

M e xi c o d e n ot e s t h e pl a c e o r s e a t of M e xitli t h e ,

Azt e c God of W a r Th e n a m e o f C a l i fo r n i a
.
,

d e r iv e d fr o m t h e t wo Sp a ni s h w o r d s Ca li en t e For ,

“
n a l la, i e
. .
,
hot fu r n a c e w a s g iv e n by C o r t e z in
,
”

t h e y e a r 1 53 5 to t h e p e n in s u l a now kn o w n a s Old o r
Low e r C a lifo r n i a of w hich h e wa s t h e di s cov e r e r on
, ,

a c cou n t of i t s hot c li m a t e B r i t i s h C o lu m b i a i s
. .

t h e o n ly p o r tio n of N o r th A m e r ic a th a t r e t a i n s t h e
n a m e of t h e di s cov e r e r of t h e N e w W o r ld ; b u t
o r i g i n a lly t h e whol e of t h e t e rr ito ry n o w c o m p r i s e d
i n t h e U nit e d St a t e s b o r e t h e d e s i g n a ti o n o f CO
lu m b i a in hono u r of C h r i s toph e r C ol u m b u s Th e .

t e r m C a n a d a i s I n di a n i n dic a tiv e o f a coll e ct ion

,

of h u t s M a n i t o b a t r a c e s i t s o r i g i n fro m M a n it o u ,

t he I n di a n a pp e l l a tion of Th e G r e a t Spi r it
“
.
”

On t ar i o c o m e s fr o m t h e n a ti v e O n o n t a c
“
the ,
”
vill a g e o n t h e m o u nt a i n a n d chi e f s e a t o f t h e ,

Ono n d a g a s ; whil e Q u e b e c i s a n Al g on q ui n t e r m
“ ”
s i g nifyi n g t a k e c a r e of t h e r ock L ab r a d o r wa s .

o r i g in a l ly d e n o m in a t e d Ti er r a L a br a d or t h e Sp a ni s h ,
”
fo r “
cultiv a t e d l a n d a s di s tin g u i s h e d fr o m t h e
,

non fe rtil e thou g h m o s s cov e r e d Gr e e n l a n d N e w

- -
.

B r u n s wi ck colo n iz e d in 1 7 8 5 r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e in
, ,

co m pli m e nt to t h e H ou s e of B r un sw ick N o v a .
4 6 N a mes : a nd thei r M ea n i n g .

S cot i a , h e r wi s e N e w S c o tl a n d w a s s o c a l l e d by
ot ,

S i r Wil li a m A l e x a n d e r a S cot s m a n w h o o b t a i n e d a
,

r a n t o f th i s c o l o n y fr o m J a m e s I i n 1 6 2 1 Fl o r i d a
g . .

wa s n a m e d by P o n c e d e L e o n i n a cco r d a n c e w ith
t h e d a y o f i t s di s c o v e r y to w i t E a s t e r S u n d ay
, , ,

w hich i n t h e Sp a n i s h l a n g u a g e i s s tyl e d P a scu a

Fl o r i d a .

Th e fi r s t B r iti s h s e ttl e m e n t i n N o r th A m e r ic a wa s
c l a i m e d by S i r W a lt e r R a l e i g h o n t h e 1 3 th of J u ly ,

1 58 4 ,
i n t h e n a m e o f Q u e e n El iz a b e t h a n d c a ll e d ,

V i r gi n i a i n h e r h o n o u r M ar yl a n d wa s s o d e
.

n o m i n a t e d by L o r d B a lti m o r e ( wh o g a v e t h e n a m e

o f B a l t i m o r e t o a n e i g hbo u r i n g St a t e ) i n ho nou r o f ,

H e n r i e t t a M a r i a Q u e e n o f Ch a r l e s I P e n n s ylv a n i a
, .

d e n o t e s t h e c o l o n y fo u n d e d in t h e w o o d by Wil l i a m
“ ”

P e n n t h e s o n o f A d m i r a l P e n n i n 1 68 1 Th i s i s
, , .

u s u a lly a ll u d e d t o a s t h e K E Y S TO N E S TATE fr o m i t s ,

r e l a ti v e po s iti o n t o t h e o th e r St a t e s Georgi a w a s .

n a m e d a ft e r G e o r g e I I i n w h o s e r e i g n t hi s s t a t e
.
,

w a s c o l o n iz e d ; a n d C a r o l i n a ( N o r th a n d S o u th )
a ft e r C a r o l u s I I . t h e L a t a n i z e d s tyl e o f Ch a r l e s I l
, .
,

by w h o m thi s s t a t e wa s g r a n t e d t o e i g ht o f h i s
f a v o u r it e s .L o u i s i a n a w a s s o c a ll e d by M d e l a .

S a l e i n t h e y e a r 1 68 2 i n h o n o u r o f L o u i s X IV of
, .

F r a n c e ; w hil e M a i n e a n d N e w Or l e a n s r e c e i v e d
t h e n a m e s o f e xi s ti n g F r e n ch pr o v i n c e s Th e t i t l e .

o f N ew H a m p s hi r e w a s i v n t o t h e s t a t e gr a n t e d
g e

t o h i m i n 1 6 2 9 by J o h n M a s o n i n co m pli m e n t t o h i s
,

n a tiv e c o u n ty i n E n g l a n d ; N e w Je r s e y c o m pli
m e n t e d t h e s c e n e o f a ct i o n w h e r e o n S i r G e o r g e
C a r t e r a t di s ti n g u i s h e d h i m s e l f i n t h e d e fe n c e o f
 Th e C o un t r i es f
o the W or ld .
47

J e rs e y I sl an d aga n s i tP a r li a m e nt a r y fo r c e s
t he in
1 664 ; a n d N e w Y o r k ( S t a t e ) w a s d e n o m in a t e d in

h o n o u r o f J a m e s D u k e of Yo r k a ft e r w a r d s J a m e s
, ,

II .
[ F o r M i ch i g a n s e e t h e g r e a t l a k e of t h e s a m e

n am e ) . I n d i a n a d e r i v e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e g r e a t
n u m b e r o f I n di a n s fo u n d h e r e Al a b am a i n t h e .

n a ti v e t o n g u e ,
s i n ifi e s
g H e r e we r e s t N e b r a s k a

w a t e r v a ll e y b e a u tifu l
“
m e an s Ot is
M a s s a ch u s e t t s “
abo ut t he t h ill W
”
, g r e a s i s
w ild r u s h i n g ch a n n e l K an s a s s m o ky
“
c o n si n , ,

wate r Ten n e sse e r i v e r o f t h e gre a t b en d

“
,

K e n t u ck y a t t h e h e a d o f a r iv e r
,
M i s s i s s i pp i ”
,

g r e a t a n d l o n
g r iv e r M i s
”
s o u r i m u ddy r i v e r ;
,
”

a n d Mi n n e s o t a
,
w hit e wa t e r Ar k a n s a s c o n v e y s
.
”

t h e s a m e m e a n i n g a s K a n s a s w ith t h e a dditio n o f t h e ,

F r e n ch p r e fix a r e a b o w I ll i n o i s i s \a c o m po u n d of
,
.
!

t h e I ndi a n i tl u m m e n a n d t h e F r e n ch s u ffix o i x a
, , ,

t r ib e Or e g o n r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e Sp a n i s h
.

g
o re a n o wild
, m a j o r a m w hich g r
,
o w s i n a b u n d a n c e

o n thi s p o r tio n o f t h e P a cifi c s h o r e Texas m e an s .

“
t h e pl a c e o f p r o t e cti o n in r e fe r e n c e t o t h e fa ct
”
,

th a t a col o n y o f F r e n ch r e fu g e e s w e r e a ffo r d e d
p r o t e cti o n h e r e by G e n e r a l L a l l e m o n t i n 1 8 1 7 ;
V e r m o n t i s m o r e c o r r e ctly Ver d M o n t s o c a ll e d
, , ,

i n t e s ti m o n y t o t h e v e r d u r e cl a d m o u n t a in s w hich
-

t r a v e r s e thi s s t a t e ; C o l o r a d o e xp r e s s e s t h e Sp a n i s h
“
fo r c o l o u re d ,
”
a ll u di n g to i t s col o u r e d r a n g e s ;
whil e N e v a d a i s Sp a n i s h fo r s n o wy i n dic a ,

t i v e of t h e ch a r a ct e r o f i t s m o u n t a i n r i d g e s t h e ,

S i er r a N eva d a . C o n n e c t i cu t p r e s e n t s it s e lf i n
t h e n a tiv e I n di a n fo r m Q u i n n i t u hu t m e a n i n g
“
t he ,
4 8 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

c o unt ry o f t h e lon g r iv e r I o wa i s a F r e nch

co rr u ptio n of a Si o ux t e r m s i g n ifyi n g d r ow s y o r , ,
”

t h e s l e e py o n e s a ppli e d t o t h e P a h o a o r G r a y
”
, j ,

s no w t r ib e ; A s t o r i a wa s fo u nd e d by John J a cob

A s to r of N e w Y o r k a s a fu r t r a di n g s t a tion in t h e
,
-
,

y e a r 1 8 1 1 ; a n d D e l a w a r e r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m
Tho m a s W e s t Lo r d d e L a W a r r e G o v e r n o r o f
, ,

Vi rg ini a wh o vi s it e d t h e b a y i n 1 6 1 0 a n d di e d o n
, ,

bo a r d h i s v e s s e l a t i t s m o u th .

L a k e S u p er i o r d e not e s t h e u pp e r m o s t a n d chi e f
of t h e fi v e g re a t l a k e s of N o r th A m e r i c a L a k e .

Er i e i s t h e L a k e o f t h e Wild C a t t h e n a m e g i v e n ,

t o a fi e r c e t r ib e of I n di a n s e xt e r m i n a t e d b y t h e ~

I r oq u oi s L a k e Hur o n o w e s i t s n a m e t o t h e
.

F re nch w o r d hu r e a h e a d o f h a i r ; i n r e fe r e n c e t o
,

t h e Wy a n d o t s who m t h e F r e n ch s e ttl e r s d e s i g n a t e d
,

H u r o n s o w in g t o th e i r p r ofu s io n of h a i r L a k e .

On t a r i o b e a r s t h e d e n o m i n a ti o n o f t h e C a n a di a n
t e r r ito ry a l r e a dy di s cu s s e d N i a g a r a o r r a th e r t o
.
, ,

iv e it i t s fu ll n a m e O ni a
- z o -
g ar ah e xp r e s s e s t h e
g “
, ,
“
W e s t I n di a n fo r t h e th u nd e r of wa t e r s L ak e .
”

Mi ch i g a n s i g n ifi e s i n t h e n a tiv e to n g u e a w e i r fo r
fi s h ; a n d L a k e Wi n n i p e g
“
”
l a k e of t h e t u r bid
,

w at e r .
”
Th e Gr e a t B e a r L a k e i s i n d e bt e d fo r i t s
n a m e t o i t s n o r th e r n s itu a tio n [see A RC T I C O C E AN]
a n d t h e Gr e a t S a l t L a k e to t h e s a l i n e ch a r a ct e r
,

of i t s wa t e r s .

H a vi n g di s p o s e d of t h e diffe re n t co u n t r i e s l e t u s ,

now co n s id e r t h e n o m e n cl a tu r e of t h e p r i n cip a l s e a s
a n d i s l an d s .

Th e Ar c t i c Oc e a n r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e pu r s u a nt t o
 The C o un tr i es of t he W o r l d .
49

t he G r e e k a r ht o s b e a r on a cc o u n t of t h e n o r th e rn
, a ,

co n s t e ll a t i o n s of t h e G r e a t a n d Littl e B e a r Th e .

An t ar c t i c Oc e an d e not e s t h e oc e a n a n ti a g a i n s t , ,

o r o pp o s it e to t h e A r ctic O c e a n
, Th e At l a n t i c .

Oc e a n k n o w n to t h e G r e e k s by t h e n a m e of A t l a n
,

t i ko s p el a g os w a s o r i g i n a lly s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e I s l e of
,

Atl a n t e s which both P l a to a n d H o m e r i m a g in e d t o

,

b e s it u a t e d b e yo n d t h e St r a it s of Gib ra lt a r Th e .

P a c i fic Oc e an wa s s o n a m e d by M a g e l l a n o wi n g t o ,

i t s c a l m a n d p a cifi c ch a r a ct e r i n s t r iki n g cont r a s t t o ,

h i s t e m p e s t u o u s p a s s a g e th r o u g h t h e St r a it s of M a g e l
l a n fr o m which h e e m e r g e d N o v e m b e r 2 7 1 52 0
,
Th e ,
.

C ar i bb e an Se a wa s h e s t h e t e rr it o ry of t h e C a r i b b s ,

wh o s e n a m e m e a n s
“
c r ue l m e n Th e M e d i t e r .
”

r a n c a n S e a e xp r e s s e s t h e L a tin ( m ed i u s m iddl e , ,

a n d t er r a e a r th ) fo r t h e s e a b e t w e e n t w o c o nti n e n t s
, ,

v iz . E u r op e a n d A fr ic a Th e A d r i at i c S e a indi c a t e s
, .

t h e S e a of Ad r i a n o r H a d r i a n Th e B a lt i c S e a .

d e n ot e s i n a cc o r d a n c e with t h e S w e di s h bal t a s t r a i t
'

, , ,

a s e a fu ll of b e lt s o r s t r a it s Th e N o r t h S e a t h e
, .
,

G e r m a n Oc e an t h e In d i an Oc e a n a n d t h e Ir i s h
, ,

S e a a r e n a m e s i n dic a tiv e of t h e po s itio n s of t h e s e

,

r e s p e ctiv e s e a s Th e W h i t e Se a i s s o c a ll e d fr o m
.

i t s p r oxi m ity t o t h e s t e r il e r e g ion s o f s n o w a n d

i c e ; t h e B l a ck S e a b e c a u s e it a bound s w ith bl a c k ,

r ock s t h e Re d S e a on a ccount of t h e r e d s oil which

,

fo r m s i t s botto m ; t h e Gr e e n S e a oth e r wi s e t h e ,

P e r s i a n Gulf owin g to a p e c u li a r s t r ip of g re e n
,

a lw a y s di s c e r n ibl e a lo n g t h e A r a bi a n s ho r e ; t h e
Y e ll o w S e a fr o m t h e c olou r of t h e w a t e r c a u s e d by
,

t h e n a tu r e o f i t s m uddy s oil ; a n d t h e D e a d S e a ,
50 N a mes : a nd t h ei r M ea n i ng .

b e c a u se no fish of a ny kind v e r b e e n fo u n d in
has e

i t s wa t e r s . Th e C a sp i a n S e a p r e s e r v e s t h e n a m e of
t h e C a s p i i a t r ib e w h o o r i g i n a lly fo r m e d a s e ttl e m e n t
,

o n i t s sh o re s Th e S e a o f M ar m o r a o w e s i t s d e s i g n a
.

t i o n t o a s m a ll i s l a n d a t i t s we s t e r n e xt r e m ity which
h a s l o n g b e e n fa m o u s fo r i t s m a r bl e ( L a tin m a r mo r )
q u a r r i e
. s T h e G u l f S t r e a m i s a w a r m c u r r e nt of

w a t e r th a t i s s u e s fro m t h e m o u th of t h e A m a zon ,

i m m e di a t e ly u n d e r t h e Eq u a t o r a n d a ft e r t r a v e r s i n g
,

t h e c o a s t o f S o u th A m e r ic a t h e C a r ibb e a n S e a t h e
, ,

G u lf of M e xic o a n d t h e co a s t of t h e U n it e d St a t e s
, ,

m a k e s i t s w a y a c r o s s t h e A tl a n t ic di r e c t ly fo r t h e
B r i t i s h I s l e s r a i s i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e w a t e r
,

t h r ou g h which i t p a s s e s Th e H o r s e L a t i t u d e s
.
,

s it u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e t r a d e wind s a n d t h e w e s t e r ly

w i n d s o f hi g h e r l a tit u d e s a n d di s ti n g u i s h e d fo r
,

t e di o u s c a l m s r e c e iv e d thi s n a m e b e c a u s e it wa s i n
,

t hi s p o r ti o n o f t h e Atl a ntic t h e ol d n a v i g a to r s oft e n

t h r e w o v e r bo a r d t h e ho r s e s which t h e y h a d un d e r
t a k e n t o t r a n s po r t t o t h e W e s t I n di e s Th e s outh e r n
.

b a n k s of t h e W e s t I n di a I s l a n d s a n d t h e wa t e r e x ,

t e n di n g fo r s o m e di s t a nc e i n to t h e C a r ibb e a n S e a ,

w e r e fo r m e r ly k n o w n a s t h e S p a n i s h M a i n fr o m ,

t h e fa ct th a t t h e Sp a n i a r d s co n fin e d th e i r b u cc a n e e r
i n g e n t e r p r i s e s t o thi s l o c a l ity .

Hu d s o n s B a y a n d Hu d s o n s S t r a i t w e r e n a m e d
’ ’

a ft e r t h e i r r e -d i s c o v e r b
y y C a pt a i n H e n r y H u d s o n wh il e

s e a r chi n g fo r t h e n o r th -we s t p a s s a e i n 1 6 1 0
g P r io r .

t o thi s d a t e t h e B a y a n d t h e St ra i t h a d n o t b e e n
n a v i g a t e d s i n c e th e i r o r i i n a l di s c o v e r y by C a bot i n
g
1 51 2 . Ja m e s B a y h o n o u r s t h e m e m o ry o f J a m e s
’
 5 2 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

i s h ge n e r a l w h o ffe ct e d t h e i n v a s io n of Sp a i n i n t h e
e

y e a r 7 1 2 by obt a ini n g po s s e s s io n of t h e a pp a r e n tly

i m p r e g n a bl e r ock w h ich h a s e v e r s inc e bo r n e t h e
n a m e in con s e q u e nc e o f j ebel a l ta r i k t h e M ount a in
, , ,

of T a r ik Th e B o s p h o r u s i s a G r e e k t e r m c o m
.

po s e d o f bo u s a n ox a n d p o r us a fo rd a l l u di n g to t h e
, , , ,

l e g e n d t h a t wh e n Io w a s t r a n s fo r m e d i n to a cow
s h e fo r d e d thi s s t ra it Th e D a r d a n e ll e s d e r iv e
.

th e i r n a m e fr o m t h e a nci e nt city of D a r d a n u s ,

fo und e d by D a r d a n u s t h e a n c e s t o r o f P r i a m wh e r e
, ,

t h e c a s tl e n o w s t a n d s o n t h e A s i a tic s id e
By t h e t e r m Au st r a l i a i s m e a n t t h e South ,

a n d by Au s t r a l a s i a S o u th e r n A s i a a g r e e a bly t o ,

t h e L a ti n a u s tr a l i s s o u th e r n
,
P r e vi o u s to i t s s e ttl e
.

m e n t by t h e B r iti s h Au s t r a li a wa s k n o wn a s N e w
,

H o ll a n d owi n g to i t s di s cov e ry by t h e D u tch i n t h e

y e a r 1 60 6 .Th e e xi s ti n g n a m e of N e w Ze a l a n d
lik wi s e b e a s t e s i m ony to
e r t t h e d e p r o ot e d a ffe ction
e -

of t h e D utch n a vi g a to r s a n d ind e e d of t h e D utch ,

—
p e opl e g e n e r a lly fo r th e i r n a tiv e co u n t ry t h e w o r d
,

Z eela n d d e noti n g s e a l a n d b e in g s i g nifi c a nt of t h e

,
-
,

low count r i e s T a sm an i a wa s o r i g i n a lly kn o wn a s

.

V a n Di e m a n s L an d t h e n a m e b e s tow e d upon it
’
,

by Ab e l J a n s e n T a s m a n wh o di s cov e r e d it in 1 64 2
, ,

in co m pl i m e n t t o t h e d a u g ht e r of t h e D utch g ov e r n o r
of B a t a v i a Th e ch a n g e of t itl e wa s e ffe ct e d in 1 8 53
. .

Th e S o c i e t y I s l a n d s r e c e iv e d th e i r n a m e fro m
C a pt a i n C o o k i n h o n o u r o f t h e Roy a l Soci e ty ; t h e
F r i e n d ly I s l an d s o n a cc o u n t of t h e fr i e n dly d i s
,

po s iti o n o f t h e n a tiv e s a n d Chr i st m a s I s l a n d ,

b e c a u s e h e s e t foot upon it o n Ch r i s t m as D a y 1 7 7 7 , .
 The Co un tr i es of the W o r l d .
53

Th e n a m in g of t h e S a n d wi ch I s l a n d s by C ook
conv e y e d a g r a c e ful co m pli m e nt to Lo rd S a ndwich ,

Fi r s t Lo r d of t h e Ad m i ra lty . Th e Ph i l i pp i n e
I s l a n d s di s cov e re d by M a ge ll a n in 1 52 1 w e r e
, ,

n a m e d aft e r P hilip I I of S p a in ; a n d t h e Car o l i n e

.

I s l a n d s di s cov e re d by Lop e z d e V ill a lobo s in 1 543 ,

a ft e r C h a r l e s V E m p e r o r of Ge r m a ny a n d fi rs t Kin g
o f S p a in.

P ap u a i s a P o rtu g u e s e t e r m fo r frizzl e d in
“
,

a l l u s ion to t h e e no r m ou s fr i z zl e d h e a d s of h a i r wo r n

by t h e n a tiv e s Ja v a i s a n a tiv e M a l a y wo r d s ig n i
fyi n g “
t h e l a nd of n ut m e g s S u m at r a a co rr up ,
”
tion of Tr i ma ta r a m e a n s t h e h a ppy l a nd ; whil e
,
“

B o r n e o co m e s fro m t h e S a n s k r it bhu r n i l a nd “
, .
”

Ja p a n i s a E u r op e a n m odific a tion b rou g ht a bout ,

th r ou g h t h e P o rtu g u e s e Gepuen of t h e n a tiv e N ipho n ,

,

c onfound e d of u i , sun , fi re a n d po n l a nd lit e ra lly

, , ,

sun - l a n d o r l a n d of t h e r i s in g s u n a n d s i g nifyin g
, ,
”

“
t h e fount a in of li g ht .
”
F o r m o s a i s P o rtu g u e s e
fo r “
b e a utiful ; wh e re a s C e yl o n r e nd e r e d in t h e
”
,

P o r t u g u e s e ton g u e S el en i s b u t p a r t of t h e o ri g in a l
,
“ ”
S a n k it S i n h a d wipa
s r a l -
,
t h e I s l a nd of Lion s Th e .

M a u r i t i u s wh e n coloniz e d by t h e D utch r e c e iv e d
, ,

t h e n a m e o f M a u r ic e P r inc e of O r a n g e ; a n d t h e
,

I s l e o f B o u r b o n wh e n s e ttl e d by t h e F r e nch th a t
, ,

of t h e Bou rbon fa m ily M a d a g a s c ar i s p rop e r ly

.

M a l a g a sy t h e I s l a nd of t h e M a l a ge s e b e c a u s e t h e
, ,

n a tiv e s b e lo n g to t h e M a l a y r a c e .

Ti e r r a d e l F u e g o e xp re s s e s t h e Sp a ni s h fo r l a n d
“

o f fire . Th e I s l a n d o f D e s o l a t i o n wa s s o d e s ig
ma t e d by C a pt a in Co o k owi n g t o t h e a b s e n c e of a l l
 54 N a m es and t hei r M ea n i n g .

s i g n s of l ife H a n o v e r I s l a n d h o n o u r s t h e H o u s e
.

of H a nov e r ; a n d A d e l a i d e I s l a n d t h e q u e e n o f ,

Willi a m I V whil e Ju a n F e r n a n d e z ( a l s o k n own

a s S e lk i r k s I s l a n d a ft e r Al e x a n d e r S e l ki r k i t s
’
, ,

s olit a ry i n h a bit a n t fr o m S e pt e m b e r 1 7 04
,
t o Fe b ,

r u a ry ,
p e r p e t u a t e s t h e n a m e o f i t s di s cov e r e r
in t h e y e a r 1 567 Th e L a d r o n e I s l an d s m e r it e d
.

thi s d e s i g n a ti o n fr o m t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e th a t wh e n
M a g e ll a n to u ch e d u pon o n e of t h e l e s s e r i s l e s of t h e
r o u p in 1 52 0 t h e n a ti v e s s tol e s o m e of h i s g o o d s ;
g
wh e r e u pon h e c a l l e d t h e I s l a n d s t h e L a d r o n es w h ich ,

i s t h e Sp a n i s h fo r thi e v e s . P i t c a i r n s I s l a n d wa s
’

di s cov e r e d by P itc a i r n i n 1 7 68 Ea s t e r I s l a n d w a s
.

s o d e no m i n a t e d by J a c o b Ro g g e v i n i n co n s e q u e n c e

of h i s vi s it t o i t s fe r til e s ho r e s o n E a s t e r S u n d a y ,

1 7 22 t h e i s l a n d h a vi n g p r e vio u s ly b e e n di s co v e r e d
by C a pt a in D a vi s i n 1 6 8 6 V a n c o u v er I s l a n d
.

p r e s e r v e s t h e m e m o r y of C a pt a i n V a n co u v e r a m i d ,

s hip m a n und e r C a pt a i n Cook who di s cov e r e d it i n

‘

1 7 9 2 w hil e c r u i s i n g a b o u t l n s e a r ch o f a r iv e r o n t h e
,

w e st co a s t of N o rth A m e r ic a Th e A l e u t i a n I s l an d s
.

“
e xp r e s s e s t h e R u s s i a n fo r b a ld r ock s Qu e en ”
.

Ch ar l o t t e I s l a n d wa s n a m e d in c o m p li m e n t t o t h e
q u e e n of G e o r g e I I I ; a n d P r i n c e o f W a l e s I s l an d
.
,

a ft e r t h e P r i n c e R e g e nt a ft e r wa r d s G e o r g e I V
, .

B arr o w I s l an d di s cov e r e d by C a pt a i n P e n n y i n
,

1 8 50 r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e of J oh n B a r r ow s o n of S i r
, ,

J o h n B a r r o w t h e e m in e n t s t a t e s m a n whil e B a r i n g
,

I s l a n d a l s o di s cov e r e d by P e n n y in t h e co u r s e of
,

th e s a m e voy a g e r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e of S i r F r a nci s
,

B a r in g Fi r s t Lo r d of t h e Ad m i r a lty Th e P a r r y
, .
 The C o u n t r i es f
o t he W o rld .
55

I s l an d s a n d B a fii n L a n d indic a t e t h e n a m e s o f
t h e fa m ou s A r ctic n a v i g a to r s t o who m th e i r di s co v e r y
wa s d u e B a n k s L a n d w a s s o c a ll e d i n c o m pli m e n t
.

t o S i r J o s e ph B a n k s t h e e m in e nt n a t u r a li s t a n d
,

P r e s id e n t o f t h e R o y a l S oci e ty .

N e wfo u n d l a n d i s t h e o n ly t e r r ito r y di s c o v e r e d
by C a bot wh ich h a s b e e n a llo we d to r e t a i n i t s
o r i g in a l n a m e Rh o d e I s l a n d a c o r r u ptio n o f t h e
.
,

D a ni s h r o o d r e d s i g nifi e s Re d I s l a n d i n a ll u s io n t o
, , ,

i t s r e ddi s h a pp e a r a nc e ; wh e re a s L o n g I s l a n d h a s
r e fe r e n c e t o i t s lo n g a n d n a r r ow con fo r m a tio n Th e .

B e r m u d a I s l an d s w e r e d i s cov e r e d by J u a n B e r
m u d e z i n 1 52 2 . S an S a lv a d o r m e a n s H o ly
S a vi o u r.
”
Thi s wa s t h e fi r s t l a n d s i g ht e d by
C o lu m bu s ( O ctob e r 1 1 , h e th e r e fo r e g a v e it
thi s n a m e a s a tok e n of th a n k s g i v i n g Ja m a i c a i s
,
.

a co r r uption of X ay ma c o a n a t iv e W e s t I n di a n n a m e
,

s i g n ifyi n g
“
t h e cou n t r y a boundi n g i n s p r i n g s Cu b a .
”

a n d H a y t i a r e a l s o n a tiv e n a m e s t h e l a tt e r m e a n i n g
,

m ou n t a i n o u s co u n t r y Th e I s l a n d o f B a r b a d o e s
.
”

d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e L a ti n ba r ba a b e a r d in , ,

a llu s ion to t h e b e a r d -lik e s t r e a m e r s o f m o s s a l wa y s

h a n g i n g fr o m t h e b r a nch e s of t h e t r e e s D o m i n i c a .

i s indic a tiv e of t h e d a yo f i t s di s cov e ry by C ol u m bu s ,

n a m e ly S u nd a y N ov e m b e r 2 1 49 3 a n d P o r t o
, , ,

Ri c o i s lik e wi s e S p a n i s h fo r r ich po r t
“
Wh e n .
”

C olu m bu s fi r s t s i g ht e d t h e I s l e of Tr i n i d a d h e
di s c e r n e d th r e e m o u nt a in p e a k s r i s i n g fr o m t h e s e a ,

thu s co n v e yi n g t h e i m p r e s s io n of t h r e e di s ti n ct
i s l a n d s ; b u t o n a pp r o a chi n g n e a r e r h e di s cov e r e d
th a t th e y fo r m e d o n e p i e c e of l a n d only ; wh e re fo r e
5 6 N a mes : a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

v
h e g a e t h e i s l a n d t h e n a m e of t h e T r i n ity , of which
it w a s s o e m i n e n tly a n e m bl e m B u t p e r h a p s t h e .

m o st i n t e r e s ti n g o f t h e W e s t I n di e s i n c o n n e cti o n
w ith t h e s u bj e c t we a r e n o w di s c u s s i n g i s T o b a g o
I s l a n d s o c a ll e d by C o l u m b u s fr o m i t s fa n ci e d r e
,

s e m bl a n c e to t h e To ba c o o r i n h a li n g t u b e o f t h e
,

a b o ri g i n e s , wh e n c e t h e w o r d T O B AC C O h a s b e e n
d e r iv e d St Ki t t s I s l a n d i s a n a bb re vi a ti o n of
. .
’

St Ch r i s t o ph e r s I s l a n d s o c a ll e d by Col u m b u s in
.
’

1 4 9 3 a ft e r h i s p a t r o n s a i n t .

A s c en s i o n I s l a n d wa s di s cov e r e d by t h e P o r t u
g u e s e o n A s c e n s io n D a y 1 5 0 1 ; , a n d t h e I s l e

o f St . H e l e n a o n t h e F e a s t of St H e l e n a 1 50 2 .
, .

T r i st an d Ac un h a r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e of t h e P o r tu
’

g u e s e n a vi g a to r w h o di s cov e r e d it i n 1 6 5 1 T h e .

C an ar y I s l an d s we r e o r i g in a lly s o c a ll e d o n a c
c o u n t o f t h e n u m e r ou s do g s a s w e l l a s o f th e i r u n ,

u s u a l s iz e ( L a t i n c a n i s a d o ) b r e d h e r e M a d e i r a
, g , .

i s a P o r t u g u e s e t e r m s i g n ifyi n g t i m b e r ; t h e i n
fe r e n c e b e i n g th a t thi s i s l a n d wa s fo r m e r ly cov e r e d
by a n i m m e n s e fo r e s t M aj o r c a a n d M i n o r c a
.
,

li t e r a lly in a cco r d a n c e w ith t h e L a t i n maj o r a n d

m in o r t h e G re at e r a n d L e s s e r I s l a n d a re d e
, ,

n o m i n a t e d a l s o t h e B a l e ar i c I s l a n d s fr o m t h e
G r e e k ha l l ei n t o th r o w b e c a u s e th e i r i n h a bit a nt s
, ,

w e r e a n ci e n tly n o t e d s li n g e r s C o r s i c a i s a P h oe n i
.

o i a n w o r d d e n oti n
g
“
t h e w o o d e d i s l a n d S a r d i n i a
“
e xp r e s s e s t he l a nd of t h e S a r d o n i o n a G r e e k ,

t e r m fo r a pl a nt i n di g e n o u s t o thi s i s l a n d ; C a p r i
“
s i g n ifi e s t h e i s l a nd o f g o a t s a g r e e a bly t o t h e ,

L a i c p e a h e g o a t ; S i c i ly r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m
t n a r ,
-
 Th e C o u n t r i es f
o t he W or ld .
57

t he S i c ul i , t r ib e w h o s e ttl e d up o n it i n e a r ly t i m e s ;
a

M a lt a w a s a n ci e n tl y M el i t a t h e pl a c e o f r e fu g e
,
“
C a n d i a co m e s fr o m t h e A r a bic K h a n d a t h e i s l a nd ,

o f t r e n ch e s a n d C yp ru s fr o m t h e G r e e k K up r os
”
,

t h e n a m e of a h e r b w i t h w hi ch thi s i s l a n d a bou n d s ;
w hil e Rh o d e s i n dic a t e s a n “
i s l a n d of r o s e s in ”
,

c onfo r m ity w i t h t h e G r e e k r h o d o n a r o s e , .

“
B e l l e i s l e i s F r e n ch fo r b e a utifu l i s l a n d
Je r s e y w a s o r i g i n a lly C z a r -ey m e a n in g , C ae s a r s
’

I s l a n d s o c a ll e d by t h e Ro m a n s in hono u r of
,
”

J u li u s C ae s a r ; t h e I s l e o f W i
g h t d e n ot e d in t h e

lon g l o n g a g o t h e I s l a nd of t h e W yt s o r J u t e s ; j u s t
, ,

a s Go t h l a n d i n dic a t e d a s e ttl e m e n t of t h e Goth s .

He l i g o l a n d e xp r e s s e s t h e D a n i s h fo r holy i s l a n d
“

s e ttl e m e nt An gl e s e a i s r e a lly a co r r uptio n of

.
”

An g l esey s i g nifyin g in a cco r d a nc e w ith t h e s u ffix ey

, , ,

t h e I s l e of t h e An g l e s [see C H E L S E A] Th e I s l e o f
.

M a n i s t h e m od e r n d e s i g n a ti o n o f M o n a I s l a n d ,

by w hich w a s m e a n t a g r e e a bly t o t h e C e ltic m cen

, ,

st o n e r ocky
“
islan d Th e H e b r i d e s w e r e
”
a .

a n ci e n tly r e fe r r e d t o by P tol e m y a s t h e E bu d ee a n d ,

by P liny a s t h e Hebu d es d e n o ti n g t h e W e s t e r n
,
“

I s l e s ; t h e Or k n e y I s l e s e xp r e s s e s t h e G a e lic fo r
”

t he
“
I s l e s of Wh a l e s a ll u din g t o th e i r s itu a tion ;
,

a n d t h e Sh e t l a n d I s l e s t h e N o r s e fo r t h e
,
Vikin g
I s l a nd confo r m a bl y w ith th e i r n a tiv e p r e no m e n
”
,

Hy a l t i a Vikin g Th e t er m V I KI N G by t h e wa y
,
.
, ,

m e a n in g a pi r a t e wa s d e r iv e d fr o m t h e Vi le o r c r e e k
, , ,

i n which h e l ay conc e a l e d Th e n a m e o f I c e l a n d .

n e e d s no co m m e n t fu r th e r th a n th a t p e r h a p s t h e
, , ,

n o r th a n d w e s t c o a s t s of t h e i s l a n d a r e fr e qu e n tly
5 8 N a mes a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

block a d e d w i t h i c e which h a s d r ift e d b e fo r e t h e wi n d

,

fr o m G r e e n l a n d S p i t zb er g e n i s l it e r a l D u tch fo r
.

s h a r p poi n t e d m ou n t a i n s
- r e fe r r i n g to t h e g r a n it e
,

p e a k s of t h e m o u n t a i n s which a r e s o ch a ra ct e r i s tic
,

o f t his
g r oup of i s l a nd s ; whil e N o v a Ze m b l a p r e

s e nt s a s t r a n e m ixt u r e of t h e L a tin a n d Sl a vo n ic
g ,

lit e r a lly n e w l a nd .
”
60 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

t in g u i sh t h e d a y s by n a m e s wh e n a s m i g ht h a v e
, ,

b e e n e xp e ct e d th e y c a ll e d th e m a ft e r t h e S u n t h e
, ,

M oo n a n d t h e fi ve pl a n e t s viz
, M a r s M e r cu ry
,
.
, , ,

J u pit e r V e nu s a n d S a t u r n Of th e s e t h e two fi rs t
, , .

a n d t h e l a s t s u r viv e b u t fo r t h e r e s t t h e n a m e s of a s
,

m a ny g od s of t h e S c a n di n a vi a n m ytholo gy h a v e b e e n
s u b s tit ut e d . N o wa d a y s th e n we h a v e t h e fol lo w i n g :
, ,

S u n d a y o r i g i n a lly s i g nifyi n g t h e d a y u pon w hich

,

t h e s u n w a s w o r s hipp e d ; M o n d a y t h e d a y of t h e ,

m oo n Tu e s d ay d e vot e d to Tiw t h e God of W a r ;

, ,

W e d n e s d a y s e t a p a r t fo r t h e w o r s hip of Odin o r
, ,

W o di n t h e Go d of M a g ic a n d t h e I nv e nto r of t h e
,

A r t s ; Th u r s d a y t h e d ay o f Tho r t h e s o n o f O d i n
, ,
'

( Wodin ) a n d t h e God of Th u n d e r ; F r i d a y a l lott e d

o r , ,

t o F r i gg a t h e wife o f Odin a n d t h e Godd e s s of

, ,

M a r r i a g e ; a n d S a t ur d a y t h e d ay of S a tu r n o n e of
, ,

t h e pl a n e t s of t h e s ol a r s y s t e m .
CRE E D S , S E C TS , AN D D E N OM IN A

HEI SM a n d D e i s m both e xp r e s s a b e li e f i n
God ; t h e fo r m e r t e r m b e i n g d e r iv e d fr o m
t h e G r e e k Theos God a n d t h e l a tt e r fr o m
, ,

t he L a t in D eus Go d Th e Th e i st how e v e r
, , .
, ,

a d m it s t h e Th e o c r a c y o r Gov e r n m e n t o f God
( G r e e k T h eo s God ,
a n d h r a t e,i n to g ov e r n ) ; t h e,

D e i s t o n t h e c o n t r a r y m a i n t a in s t h a t God i n t h e
, ,

b e g inn i n g i m pl a nt e d i n a l l Hi s wo r k s c e r t a in i m
m ut a bl e l a w s co m p r e h e n d e d by m a nkind und e r t h e
,

n a m e of t h e L a w s of N a t u r e wh ich a c t of th e m
“
,
”

s e lv e s ,a n d a r e n o lo n g e r s u bj e ct to t h e s u p e r vi s io n

of t h e C r e a to r P a n t h e i s m ( fr o m t h e G r e e k pa n
.
,

a l l e v e r yth in g a n d Theo s God ) i s t h e r e li g io n which

, , ,

r ej e ct s a b e li e f in a p e r s on a l God but r e c o g n i z e s Hi m ,

in a l l t h e p r oc e s s e s a n d wo r k s a n d g l o r i e s a n d
, .
,

b e a uti e s of N a tu r e a n d a n i m a t e d c r e a tio n B r i e fly
, .
,

t h e P a n t h e i st hold s t h e do ct r i n e th a t
“
God i s
e v e ryt hi n g , an d e v e r yth in g i s God Th e w o r d .

At h e i s m co m e s fr o m t h e G r e e k Theos God a n d t h e , ,

p r e fix a with out An At h e i st t h e r e fo r e p r a ctic a lly

, .
, ,

a n s w e r s t o t h e d e s c r iptio n g iv e n by D a vid i n t h e

o p e nin g lin e of P s a l m xiv Th e fo ol h a th s a id i n h i s

.
,

h e a r t Th e r e i s no God
, A gn o st i c i sm i s a l s o
.
62 N a mes : an d thei r M ea ni ng .

G ree k ,
in cco r d a n c e w ith t h e p r e fix a witho u t
a , ,

a n d g n o mi t o k n o w
,
An A g n o s t i c i s o n e w h o s e b e l i e f
.

i s confi n e d t o th a t w hich h e kn o ws a n d s e e s a n d ,

w h o r ej e ct s e v e rythi n g a t a l l b e y o n d h i s u nd e r
s t a n di n g .S e c u l a r i s m d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a tin
,

s ec u l u m an a e
, g a g, e n e r a ti o n i s t h e t erm , g iv e n to
t h e p r i n cipl e s a d v o c a t e d by M e s s r s H olyo a k e in .

1 846 , w hi c h p r o fe s s e d a n e nti r e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f
r el i g io n e xc e pt s o fa r a s it p e r t a i n s t o thi s life
, Th e .

S e c u l ar i s t a i m s a t p r o m o tin g t h e h a pp i n e s s o f t h e
c o m m u n i t y d u r i n g t h e p r e s e nt l ife Hi s r e li g 1 on i s .

th a t o f t hi s w o r ld w ith o u t t r oub li n g h i m s e lf a b o u t
,

p o s s ibili t i e s c o n c e r n i n g a l ife h e r e a ft e r S u ch vi e w s .

a r e cl o s e ly a lli e d t o th o s e s e t fo r th by J o h n Stu a r t

M i l l ( b o r n 1 8 0 6 di e d 1 8 7 3 ) u n d e r t h e n a m e of
,

Ut i l i t ar i a n i s m by wh ich w a s m e a nt
,
“
t h e h a pp i ,

n e s s of t h e g r e a t e s t n u m b e r Thi s t e r m w a s b a s e d
”
.

u pon t h e L a ti n u t i l i t a s u s e fu l n e s s S p i r i t u a li sm
,
.

e xp r e s s e s b e li e f i n t h e s o u l s i m m o rt a lity a s ’
a ,

oppo s e d to t h e d o ct r i n e o f M a t e r i a l i s m w hich con ,

t e n d s th a t t h e s o ul o r thi n ki n g p a r t of m a n i s t h e
, ,

r e s u lt of s o m e p e c u l i a r o r g a niz a tio n of m a tt e r in
t h e b o dy w i t h whic h it m u s t n e c e s s a r ily d i e
, .

Ra t i o n a l i s m co n s tit u t e s t h e do ct r i n e wh ich a cc e pt s
t h e t e s t of R e a s o n a n d E xp e r i e n c e i n t h e p u r s u it of
k n o wl e d g e p a r tic u l a r ly in r e g a r d to r e li g io u s t r u th
, ,

r ej e cti n g t h e g ift of F a ith R e v e l a ti o n a n d e v e ry

, ,

thi n g co n n e ct e d with t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l o r m i r a culou s .

Thi s w a s t h e r e li g i o n ( l) o f t h e F r e n ch Re vo l u
t io n ist s ,
wh o s e t u p a n a ct r e s s t o b e p u blicly
hono u r e d a s t h e “
Godd e s s of R e a s o n in t h e ”
 C r eed s , S ec ts, a nd D en o mi n a t i o n s .
3

C a th e d r a l of N ot r e D a m e on t he 1 0th of N o vem b e r,
1 7 93 ~

Th e e ar l i e s t fo r m of
li g ion o n t h e fa c e o f t h e e a r th
re

wa s M o n o t h e i s m s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e G r e e k m o n o s
, ,

a lon e o n ly a n d Theo s God ; t h e r e fo r e s i g n ifyi n g

, , ,

a b e li e f i n a n d t h e wo r s hip of o n e O n ly Go d
, Th e , .

wo r d Re l i g i o n i s d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a ti n r el ig a r e ,

to b i n d H e n c e R e li g ion i m p li e s ob e di e n c e s u b
.
, ,

m i s s ion a n d a n a ck n o wl e d g m e nt of c e r t a i n o rthodox
,

doct r i n e s r e g ar din g o u r d u ty to a S u p r e m e P o we r .

M o s a i sm o th e r wi s e Ju d a i s m d e not e s t h e r e li g ion
, ,

of t h e J e w s a s e nj o i n e d i n t h e l a ws of M o s e s B ut .

e v e n d u r i n g th a t fa vou r e d p e r iod wh e n Go d m a ni

fe s t e d H i m s e lf in v a r i o u s w a y s t o t h e c h ild r e n of
I s r a e l I d o l a t r y p r e v a il e d L e t u s c o n s id e r w h a t
,
.

thi s wo r d I d o l a t r y r e a lly m e a n s I d o l i s a con .

t r a cti o n o f t h e Gr e e k e i d o l o n t h e d i m i n u tiv e of ei d os
,
, ,

a fi g u r e a n i m a g e o r th a t w hich i s s e e n d e r i v e d fr o m
, , ,

t h e v e r b ei d ei n t o s e e ; whil e I d o l a t e r i s m a d e u p o f
,

t h e t wo G r e e k wo r d s ei d o l o n a n d l a tr es o n e w h o
, , ,

p a y s h o m a g e a wo r s hipp e r An I d o l a t e r th e r e fo r e
,
.
, ,

i s a wo r s hipp e r of i m a g e s o r th a t w hich h e s e e s , .

Th e I s r a e l it e s wh o p r o s t r a t e d t h e m s e lv e s b e fo r e t h e
,

Gold e n C a lf w e r e s t r ictly I d o l a t e r s ; s o w e r e t h e
,

E gypti a n s wh o wo r s hipp e d t h e s u n t h e m oon t h e o x

, , , ,

t h e d o g t h e c a t t h e ibi s a n d t h e ich n e u m o n ; b u t t h e
, , ,

G r e e k s a n d R o m a n s w e r e s c a r c e ly I dol a t e r s b e c a u s e ,

t h e m ythol o g ic a l d e iti e s th e y wo r s hipp e d w e r e

u n se e n — as u n seen as i s t h e T r u e Go d H i m s e lf .

N e ith e r w e r e th ey P a g a n s w hich t e r m fr o m t h e , ,

L a tin p aga n as a co u n t rym a n a p e a s a n t b a s e d u p o n

, , ,
64 N a mes : an d thei r M ea n i ng .

p ag us , aco u n t r y a d i s t r ict h a s nothin g wh a t e v e r t o

, ,

do w ith r e li g i o n Th e G r e e k s a n d Ro m a n s w e r e
.
,

i n fa ct P o lyt h e i s t s a n d th e i r r e li g i o n w a s P o ly
, ,

t h e i s m s i g n ifyi n g in a cco r d a n c e w ith t h e G r e e k

, ,

p ol u s m a n y a n d Th eos God a b e li e f i n m o r e g o d s
, , , ,

th a n o n e Th e m o r e g e n e r a l d e s c r iptio n of t h e
.

r e li g io n o f t h e a n ci e n t s i s co m p r i s e d i n t h e t e r m

Myt h o l o g y wr itt e n i n t h e G r e e k m u tho l og i a fro m

, ,

m u th os a fa bl e a n d l og os a di s c o u r s e
, , ,
.

All u di n g t o t h e F i r e W o r s h i pp e r s of t h e E a s t ,

w h o fa ll p r o s t r a t e i n a do r a t i o n o f t h e s u n it s ho u l d ,

b e n ot e d th a t th e s e do n ot a ctu a lly w o r s hip t h e s u n ,

b u t Go d wh o m th e y b e li e v e t o r e s id e i n it
, Thi s .

S u n o r Fi r e Wo r s h ip t h e r e li g io n o f t h e P a r s e e s
, ,

o th e r wi s e d e n o m i n a t e d Zo r o a s t r i a n i s m wa s i n ,

t r o d u c e d i n t o P e r s i a by Z o r o a s t e r a b o u t fi v e h u n
d r e d y e a r s b e fo r e t h e C h r i s ti a n e r a In s ho r t .
,

t h e P a r s e e s a r e t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f th o s e wh o i n ,

P e r s i a a dh e r e d t o t h e Zo r o a s t r i a n r e li g io n a ft e r
,

t h e M o s l e m o r M a h o m m e d a n co n q u e s t of th e i r
co u n t r y w h e n c e t h e y w e r e a t l e n g th d r iv e n by
,

M o s l e m p e r s e c u ti o n to m i g r a t e to I ndi a Th e .

B r a hm i n s a r e t h e p r i e s t s o r hi g h e r c a s t e of t h e
H i n do o s w h o lik e t h e B u rm e s e p r op e r ( wh e n c e t h e
, ,

n a m e o f th e i r C o u n t r y B U RM AH cl a i m to b e d e s c e n d e d

fr o m B r a hm a t h e s u p r e m e d e ity of t h e H i n doo s
,

r e li g ion Th e B u d d h i s t s a r e t h e follo we r s o f
.

B u ddh a a H ind o o s a g e w h o fo u nd e d t h e d o ct r i n e
,

o f B u d d hi sm i n t h e s ixth c e nt u r y B C M a b o m . .

m e d a n i s m i s t h e r e li g io n fo u n d e d by M a b o m
m e d o r M a ho m e t ( bo r n 57 1 di e d
, Th e t e r m ,
 Cr eed s , S ec ts, a nd D en o mi n a ti on s . 65

K o r an o r m o r e p r op e r ly Al K o r a n Th e Ko r a n
, ,
“
,

which c o n s titut e s t h e B ibl e of t h e M a ho m m e d a n s ,

“ “ ”
i s A r a bic fo r a R e a din g a thi n g t o b e r e a d ”
, .

Th e n a t iv e n a m e of t h e M a h o m m e d a n r e li g io n i s
I s l a m re s i g n a tion a n d ob e di e n c e to God fo u n d e d
, ,

upon t h e v e r b a sl a ma t o b e nd t o s u b m it to s u r
, , ,

ren d er . Th e M a ho m m e d a n s of Tu r k e y a n d P e r s i a
u s u a lly b e a r t h e s tyl e of Mu s su lm a n s a co r r uption ,

a n d t h e pl u r a l of t h e A r a bic m u sl i m r e n d e r e d into ,

E n g li s h a s M o s l e m a n d m e a n in g a t r u e b e li e v e r o r
, ,

o n e wh o hold s t h e fa ith of I s l a m .

O u r r e fe r e n c e t o M a h o m m e d a n i s m h a vi n g c a r r i e d
u s s o m e s i x hun d r e d y e ar s b e yond t h e found a tion of

Chr i s t i an i t y by C h r i s t we m u s t of n e c e s s ity
,

r e t ra c e o u r s t e p s R e v e r tin g t o t h e J e wi s h p e op l e
.

cont e m po r a ry with J e s u s C h r i s t a n d Hi s d i s cipl e s ,

a c e r t a in po r tion of th e s e s tyl e d th e m s e lv e s
Ph ar i se e s b e c a u s e t h e y a ffe ct e d a g re a t e r d e g r e e
of holi n e s s t h a n th e i r n e i g hbou r s Th e n a m e w a s .

d e r iv e d fr o m t h e H e b r e w w o r d pha r a sh s e p a r a t e d , .

Th e N a z a r e n e s s o c a ll e d a ft e r J e s u s o f N a z a r e t h
“ ”
, ,

w e r e a s e ct of s e m i conv e r t e d J e w s who whil e

-
, ,

b e l i e vin g C h r i s t to b e t h e lon g p r o m i s e d M e s s i a h
-
,

a n d th a t Hi s n a tu r e wa s D ivin e a s w e ll a s h u m a n ,

n e v e r th e l e s s co n ti n u e d t h e r it e s a n d c e r e m o n i e s
p e culi a r to J ud a i s m Th e Gn o st i c s oth e r wi s e
.
,
”
t he Kn ow e r s p u r s u a nt to t h e G r e e k g n o mi t o
, ,

know w e r e t ho s e who t r i e d to a cco m m od a t e t h e

,

S c r iptu r e s t o t h e s p e c u l a tion s of P l a to P yth a g o r a s , ,

a n d oth e r a n ci e nt philo s oph e r s ; h a vi n g d o n e w hich

t o th e i r own s a ti s fa ction th e y r e fu s e d a l l fu r th e r
 N a m es a nd th ei r M ea n i n g .

k no w l e d g e on t h e s ubj e ct Th e Aqu ar i a n s ( L a tin

.

a u a w a t e r ) i n s i s t e d u p o n t h e u s e o f wa t e r in t h e
q ,

pl a c e o f w i n e i n t h e C o m m u n io n Th e Ar i an s .

w e r e t h e fo ll o w e r s o f A r i u s a p r e s byt e r i n t h e ,

C h u r ch of Al e x a n d r i a u niv e r s a lly r e g a r d e d a s t h e
,

fi r s t h e r e tic S o o n a ft e r h i s d e a t h ( i n
. w hich
w a s i g n o m i n i o u s i n t h e e xt r e m e t h e A r i a n s r e ,

n o u n c e d th e i r e r r o r s a n d w e r e r e a d m i t t e d i n t o t h e
,

C h u r ch ; b u t thi s g a v e offe n c e to a n o th e r s e cti o n of

t h e Ch r i s ti a n s u n d e r L u cife r B i s h o p of C a g li a r i
, ,

s tyli n g t h e m s e l v e s t h e Lu c i fe r i a n s w h o r e fu s e d ,

all c o m m u n ic a ti o n w ith t h e r e co n v e r t e d h e r e tic s .

Th e D o n a t i s t s w e r e t h e fol lo we r s of D on a t u s ,

B i s h o p o f N u m idi a ; t h e M a c e d o n i a n s o f M a c e ,

d o n i u s P a t r i a r ch of C o n s t a n ti n o pl e ; t h e A p o lli
,

n ar i an s o f Ap o l l i n a r i u s
,
B i s h o p o f L a o dic e a a n d
,

G r e e k Ch r i s ti a n philo s oph e r Th e s e v a r i o u s s e ct s
.

a r o s e i n t h e fo u r th c e nt u r y o f t h e Ch u r ch .

Th e t e r m C a t h o l i c d e r iv e d fr o m t h e G r e e k
,

K a th o l os c o m p o u n d e d o u t of K a t a th r o u g hout a n d
, , ,

o l os,
wh ol e s i g n ifi e s O n e U n iv e r s a l
, , D uring t h e .

fi r s t ni n e c e n t u r i e s of C h r i s t i a n ity t h e C a t h o li c
Chu r ch w a s i n d e e d univ e r s a l ; b u t a t th a t e p o ch
it b e c a m e n e c e s s a ry to di s ti n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e
E a s t e r n o r G r e e k C h u r ch a n d t h e W e s t e r n o r
,

C h u r ch o f Ro m e by a d di n g t h e w o r d R o m a n
,
“ ”

t o t h e o r i g i n a l Chu r ch fou n d e d by St P e t e r a n d .

p e r p e t u a t e d by h i s s u cc e s s o r s t h e P o p e s Th e .

Gr e e k Chu r ch which con stitut e s t h e o r thodox

,

r e li g i o n o f G re e c e M old a vi a a n d R u s s i a diffe r s
, , ,

p r i n cip a lly fr o m t h e Ro m a n C a tholic i n r e g a r d t o

 68 N a mes an d thei r M ea n i ng .

a ft e rw a r d s t h e Lu t h e r an s w e r e in con s e q u e nc e
s tyl e d P r o t e s t a n t s Th e fi r s t S t a nd a r d of F a ith
. ,

a cco r di n g to t h e doct r in e s of Luth e r i s kno w n a s ,

Th e Au g s b ur g C o n fe s s i o n b e c a u s e it w a s p r e ,

s e nt e d by L u th e r a n d M e l a n c t h o n to Ch a r l e s V .
,

d u r in g t h e s ittin g of t h e I m p e r i a l D i e t a t Au g s bu r g
in t h e y e a r 1 53 0 .

Th e C a lv i n i st s w e r e t h e follo w e r s of J ohn C a lvin

( bo r n 1 5 9
0 , di e d t h e z e a lo u s r e fo r m e r o f
S witz e r l a nd . I n d u e ti m e th e s e a l s o s tyl e d th e m
s e lv e s P r ot e s t a nt s F r o m S witz e r l a n d P r ot e s t a nti s m
.

s p r e a d into F r a n c e th r ou g h t h e e n e r g y of a G e n e v e s e

C a lvini s t n a m e d H u g h o r Hu g u e a ft e r who m t h e ,

F r e nch P r ot e s t a nt s a dopt e d t h e n a m e of Ru g u e
n ot s .

But Luth e r an d C a l v in we r e by n o m e an s t he
e ar li e s t o f t h e r e fo r m e r s .

I n E n g l a nd t h e W y c l i fli t e s o r follow e r s of J ohn,

Wycliffe ( bo r n 1 3 24 di e d , b e c a m e known a s
G o sp e ll e r s a ft e r t h e i r l e a d e r h a d co m pl e t e d t h e
,

t r a n s l a tio n of t h e B ibl e i n 1 3 7 7 E v e ntu a lly th e y .

a dopt e d t h e titl e o f Lo ll ar d s in i m it a tion of a s e c t

,

of G e r m a n r e fo r m e r s h e a d e d by W a lt e r Loll a r d ,

a di s s ol u t e p r i e s t who t u r n e d th e olo g i a n a n d wa s
,

publicly b u r n e d fo r h e r e s y a t C olo g n e in 1 3 2 2 I n .

F r a nc e t h e p r e cu r s o r s of t h e H u g u e not s w e r e t h e
Alb i g e n s e s of L a n g u e doc s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e th e i r
,

c a pit a l wa s Albi a n d i t s p e opl e w e r e c a ll e d t h e

,

Albi g e o i s e a r ly i n t h e tw e lfth c e ntu r y ; a n d i n 1 1 7 0

, ,

t h e W a l d e n s e s i n h a biti n g t h e wood e d di s t r ict s of

,

V a l d o is an d P i e d m o n t Th e l a tt e r re c e iv e d th e i r
.
 Cr eed s , S ec ts , a nd D en o mi n a t i o n s . 69

d e s i g n a t ion in
cco r d a nc e with t h e G e r m a n wa ld en
a ,

fo r e s t s Th e C a m i s ar d s o r w e ar e r s of t h e Ca mi se
.
, ,

a p e a s a nt s s m ock to con c e a l th e i r a r m o u r c o m
’

, ,

p r i s e d a body of P r ot e s t a nt i n s u r g e nt s who took

u p a r m s in t h e di s t r ict of t h e C e v e nn e s a ft e r t h e
“

r e vo c a tion of t h e Edict of N a nt e s by Loui s X IV .

,

O ctob e r 22 1 68 5 As th e s e a lw a y s conduct e d th e i r
, .

a tt a ck s upon t h e s oldi e r y und e r cov e r of t h e d a r k !

“ ”
n e ss t h e t erm C a m i s a rd i n m ilit a r y p a r l a n c e
s oon c a m e to i m ply a ni g ht a tt a ck Th e P r ot e s t a nt s
.

o f Boh e m i a w e r e s tyl e d Hu s s i t e s a ft e r J oh n H u s s ,

( bo r n 1 373 b u r n e,
d 1 4 5)
1 th e y w e re a l s o known a s

B e t h l e mi t e s f ro m t h e C hu r ch of B e thl e h e m in
P r a g u e in which H u s s u s e d to hu r l fo r th h i s
,

d e nunci a tion s a g a in s t t h e C hu r ch of Ro m e Th e .

M o r av i a n s oth e r wi s e Th e Un i t e d B r e t hr e n ,
,

who w e re d r iv e n by p e r s e c u tion s fr o m M o ra vi a a n d
B oh e m i a in t h e l a s t c e nt u ry cl a i m e d to b e d e s e e n
,

d a nt s of t h e o r i g i n a l H u s s it e s .

H a vin g n o w t r a c e d t h e r i s e o f P r ot e s t a nti s m
g e n e r a l ly l e t, u s a t o n c e di s po s e of t h e v a r io u s s e ct s

a n d d e no m in a t ion s b e fo r e confinin g ou r s e lv e s to t h e

E s t a bli s h e d Ch u r ch a n d it s offs hoot s .

Th e A d a m i t e s w e r e t h e fa n a tic a l fol low e r s of o n e

”
P ic d in Boh e m i a s e lf s tyl e d A d a m Son of God
a r ,
-
, , ,

who a bout t h e y e a r 1 4 0 0 p r op o s e d to r e duc e m a n

, ,

k in d t o a s t a t e of p r i m itiv e innoc e n c e a n d e nj oy m e nt .

N o cloth e s w e r e wo rn wiv e s w e r e h e ld in co m m on
, ,

a n d m a n y oth e r viol a tion s of N a t u r e w e r e co m m itt e d

e r e th e y fin a lly di s a pp e a r e d fr o m t h e fa c e of t h e e a r th .

A s i m il a r s e ct w e r e t h e Li b e r t i n e s in H oll a n d ,
.
7 0 N a mes : and t hei r M ean i ng .

Th e s e cont e nd e d th a t n o thi n g c o u ld b e r e g a r d e d a s
s i n fu l i n a c o m m u n ity w h e r e e a ch w a s a t fu l l l ib e r t y

to a c t u p t o h i s n a t u r a l dict a t e s a n d p a s s i o n s Th e .

Ja n s e n i st s fa v o u r e d t h e doct r i n e s o f Ja n s e n i u s ,

B i s h o p o f Yp r e s i n F r a n c e ( b o r n 1 58 3 d i e d
, ,

Fo r a l o n g p e r i o d th e s e m a i n t a i n e d a n o p e n w a r fa r e
with t h e Je su i st s p r o p e r ly s o ldi e r s o f t h e S o c ie t y
, ,

of J e s u s [s ee R E L I GI O U S O RD E RS ] u n til t h e y we r e
,

fi n a l ly p u t do w n by P o p e Cl e m e n t i n 1 7 0 5 Th e .

Gab r i e l i t e s we r e a s e c t o f A n a b a p t i s t s of G e r m a n y
i n t h e s ixt e e n th c e n t u ry n a m e d a ft e r G a b r i e l
,

S ch e r lin g t h e i r fo u n d e r Th e L ab a d i s t s w e r e a
,
.

s e ct of P r o t e s t a n t a s c e tic s o f t h e s e v e n t e e n th
c e ntu ry w h o c on fo r m e d t o t h e r u l e s l a id d o wn by
J e a n L a b a di e o f B o u r g i n G e r m a n y Th e S0
, , .

c i n i an s a s e ct c o r r e s p o n di n g to t h e m o d e r n
,

Un i t ar i a n s o we d th e i r e xi s t e n c e t o L ml i u s S o ci n u s
, ,

a n It a li a n t h e o l o g i a n i n 1 54 6 .Th e a n ti -C a l v i n i s t s
of H oll a n d w e r e s t yl e d Ar m i n i a n s a ft e r t h e ,

L a ti n iz e d n a m e ( J a c o b u s A r m i n i u s ) o f t h e i r l e a d e r ,

J a m e s Ha r m e n s e n ( b o r n 1 560 di e d , Th e
N e w Chr i st i a n s co m p r i s e d a n u m b e r o f P o r t u g u e s e
J e ws i n t h e fift e e n th c e n t u r y wh o a l t h o u g h t h e y
, ,

c o n s e n t e d t o b e b a pti z e d u n d e r c o m p u l s io n s till ,

p r a cti s e d t h e M o s a ic r i t e s a n d c e re m o n i e s i n s e c r e t .

Th e Ol d C a t h o l i c s o f G e r m a n y a r e t h e fo ll o we r s o f
t h e l a t e D r D 6 11i n g e r o f M u n ich ( b o r n 1 7 9 9 di e d
.
, ,

w h o r e fu s e d to a cc e pt t h e d o g m a of t h e
i n fa l l a b i l i t y o f t h e P o p e p r o m u l g a t e d J u ly 1 8 1 8 7 0 ,
.

In o u r o wn c o u n t ry t h e Sc o t i s t s w e r e t ho s e w h o
a dopt e d t h e o pi n i o n s of J o h n D u n s Scot u s ( b o r n
 Cr eed s , S ec ts , and D en o mi n a t i o n s .
7 1

1 2 7 2, di e d co n c e r ni n g t h e doct r i n e s o f t h e I m
m a c u l a t e C o n c e pti o n i n O pp o s ition t o t h e Th o m i s t s
, ,

o r fo llow e r s o f St Tho m a s A q u i n a s ( bo rn 1 2 2 7
. di e d ,

wh o d e n i e d th a t t h e Vi r g i n w a s co n c e iv e d
without s i n Th e S abb a t a r i a n s known a l s o a s t h e
.
,

S e v e n t h Da y B ap t i st s fo u n d e d by B r a bo u rn e a , ,

cl e rgy m a n wh o a b o u t t h e y e a r 1 62 8 m a i n t a i n e d th a t
, ,

t h e s e v e n t h d a y wa s t h e r e a l S a bb a th a s o rd a i n e d
at t h e b egi n n in g Th e F i ft h M o n a r ch y M e n
.
,

wh o c a m e i n t o e xi s t e n c e d u r In g t h e r e i g n o f C h a r l e s
I b e li e v e d i n t h e e a r ly co m i n g o f J e s u s Ch r i s t t o
.
,

r e e s t a bli s h t h e fo u r g r e a t m o n a r chi e s of t h e a n c 1 e n t

w o r ld v iz t h e A s sy r i a n P e r s i a n M a c e do n i a n a n d
,
.
, , , ,

R o m a n c o n t e m po r a n e o u s ly with t h e fifth t h e M i l
, ,

l e n n iu m .Th e M u g g l e t o n i a n s w e r e t h e fo llo we r s
of o n e L u d o v ic M u g g l e ton a j o u rn e y m a n t a il o r w h o
, ,

s e t h i m s e lf u p a s a p r o ph e t i n 1 65 1 Th e S o c i e t y .

o f F r i e n d s o r i g i n a lly s t yl e d t h e m s e l v e s S e e k e r s ,

b e c a u s e t h e y s o u g ht t h e t r u th a ft e r t h e m a n n e r
of N icod e m u s t h e J e wi s h r u l e r a s n a rr a t e d i n S t
, , .

h n iii — Th e y we re fi rs t d e s i gn at e d Qu ake r s
y o .1 2 1 .

by J u s tic e B e n n e t of D e r by i n 1 650 i n co n s e q u e n c e , ,

o f G e o rg e Fo x t h e fo u n d e r h a vi n g a d m o n i s h e d h i m
, ,

an d a l l p r e s e n t to q u a k e on h e a r i n g t h e W o r d o f

t h e L o rd Th e S e e k e rs c a m e i n t o e xi s t e nc e i n 1 64 6
. .

Th e Wh i t e Q u a k e r s w h o s e c e d e d fr o m t h e ,

m a in body a bo u t 1 8 40 a r e di s ti n g u i s h e d by t h e i r
,

wh it e clothi n g Th e o r i g i n a l s e c t o f t h e Sh a k e r s
.
,

fi r s t h e a r d of i n t h e t i m e o f Ch a r l e s I r e c e i v e d i t s .
,

n a m e fr o m t h e co n v u l s iv e m ov e m e n t s i n d u l g e d in
by i t s m e m b e r s a s p a r t o f th e i r p e c u li a r fo r m o f
7 2 N a mes : a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

wo r s hip Th e m o d e r n s e ct s p r a n g fr o m a body of
.

e xp e ll e d k h d d by J a m e s W a r dl e y in
Q u a e rs e a, e ,

1 7 47 . Th e y e m i g r a t e d to A m e r ic a in M a y 1 7 7 2 , ,

a n d fo r m e d a p e r m a n e nt s e t t l e m e n t n e a r Alb a ny ,

N e w Yo r k two y e a r s a ft e r wa r d s
,
Th e M o r m o n s
.

d e r iv e d th e i r d e s i g n a tion fr o m “
Th e B ook of
M o r m on c l a i m e d to b e a lo s t po r tio n o f t h e B ibl e
,

w r itt e n by t h e a n g e l M o r m on t h e l a s t o f t h e H e b r e w
,

l in e of p r oph e t s a n d found in s c r ib e d in E gypti a n

,

ch a r a ct e r s upon pl a t e s of g old by J o s e ph S m ith t h e

.

fo u n d e r of t h e s e ct in t h e y e a r 1 8 2 7 Th i s wo r k
,
.

wa s r e a lly w r itt e n by t h e Re v S olo m o n Sp a ldin g .

,

wh o di e d in 1 8 1 6 J o s e ph S m ith di e d in 1 8 4 4 Th e
. .

P e c u l i ar P e o p l e a re s o s tyl e d b e c a u s e th e y b e l i e v e
i n t h e e ffic a cy of p r a y e r on t h e p a r t of th e i r e ld e r s ,

a n d t h e a noi n tin g with oil in t h e n a m e of t h e Lo r d

fo r t h e c u r e of s ickn e s s a s s e t fo r th in ff a mes v 1 4 . .

Th i s s e ct wa s fi r s t h e a r d of in Londo n i n 1 8 3 8 .

Th e F a i t h H e a l er s o r t ho s e who uphold t h e
,

doct r i n e of H e a lin g by F a ith l a t e ly s p r u n g up in

,

o ur m i d st ,m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a n offs ho o t of t h e
P e c u l i a r P e opl e Th e Ir v i n gi t e s a r e t h e follow e r s
.

of Ed wa r d I rvin g a S cotti s h divi n e ( bo r n 1 7 9 2 di e d

, ,

who m a int a in e d th a t C h r i s t wa s li a bl e t o
co m m it s i n i n co m m on with t h e r e s t of m a n kin d .

Th e Hu m a n i t a r i a n s incli n e to t h e s a m e b e li e f .

Th e S a c r a m e n t a r i a n s a r e t ho s e who d e n y t h e
R e a l P r e s e n c e i n t h e H oly Euch a r i s t : t h e C a l v ini s t s
w e r e o r i g i n a lly k n o wn by th i s t i t l e Th e P lym o u t h
.

B r e t hr e n fi r s t a pp e a r e d a t P ly m o u th a b o u t t h e
y e a r 1 8 3 0 ; th ey s o s tyl e th e m s e lv e s b e c a u s e th e y
 C r eed s , S ec ts , and D en o mi n a t i o n s .
73

c onfe s s Ch r i s t a s a fr a t e r n a l c o m m u n ity a n d do not

r e co niz e
g a n y o r d e r of m ini s t e r s T h
. e P e r f e c
t i o n i s t s of N o r th A m e r ic a a r e s o c a l l e d o w i n g to
th e i r r ej e ctio n o f c i v i l l a w s on t h e pl e a th a t t h e
,

g u id a n c e of t h e H o ly S pi r it s u ffic e s fo r a l l e a r thly
a s w e ll a s s pi r it u a l a ffa i r s . A n oth e r b o dy of c o
r e li g io n i s t s p e c u li a r to N o r th A m e r ic a a r e t h e
H o p k i n s i an s n a m e d a ft e r S a m u e l H opki n s of
, ,

Con n e ctic u t th e i r fo u nd e r Th e doct r i n e s w hich

, .

t h e y b old a r e m a i n ly C a lvi n i s tic .

Th e Sc o t t i s h C o v e n an t e r s we r e tho s e w h o
s ub s c r ib e d t o a s ol e m n l e a g u e o r c o v e n a n t t o s t a n d

by e a ch oth e r in oppo s iti o n to t h e r e li g io u s a n d

p olitic a l m e a s u r e s of C h a r l e s I Thi s oc c u rr e d i n
.

1 63 8 . I n l e s s th a n t e n y e a r s a ft e r w a r d s t h e
C ov e n a nt e r s h a v i n g inc re a s e d i n n u m b e r s a n d pow e r
, ,

a s s u m e d t h e e n ti r e di r e cti o n of th e i r o w n e ccl e s i a s

t ic a l a ffa i r s a n d s tyl e d th e m s e lv e s P r e s b yt e r i a n s ,

a t e r m d e r iv e d fr o m t h e G r e e k r es bu t er o s a n e ld e r
p , ,

b e c a u s e th e y co n t e n d e d th a t t h e g o v e r n m e nt of t h e
Ch u r ch a s s e t fo r th i n t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t wa s by
p r e s byt e r s
, e q u a l i n o ffic e ,
p o w e r a n,
d o r d e r . T h e

n a ti o n a l Chu r ch of Scotl a n d th e r e fo r e w h e n a t
, ,

l e n g th it wa s r e co g ni z e d by t h e E n g li s h P a r li a m e nt ,

bo r e t h e titl e of t h e Sc o t t i s h P r e sb yt er i a n
C h ur ch . It wa s how e v e r n o t l o n g b e fo r e d i s
, ,

s e n s io n s b e c a m e r ife . Th e s t r i ct e s t body of t h e
P r e s byt e r i a n s a dopt e d t h e s t yl e Of C a m e r o n i a n s ,

a ft e r t h e n a m e of th e i r l e a d e r A r c hib a ld C a m e r on
, ,

wh o wa s e x e cut e d in 1 68 8 on a ccount of h i s
r e l i g iou s o p n io n s ; whil e qu a lly n u m e r ou s
J e an
74 N a m es : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

b o dy h e a d e d by J oh n M a c m ill a n b e c a m e k n o wn a s
, ,

M a c m i ll a n i t e s a n d a l s o a s Th e Re fo r m e d
,

Pr e sb yt e r y A m u ch l a t e r s e ct wa s th a t fo u n d e d
.

in 1 8 4 1 by J a m e s M o r i s on und e r t h e d e s i g n a ti o n
,

of t h e M o r i s o n i a n s B u t t h e m o s t a l a r m in g s pl it
.

in t h e P r e s byt e r i a n C hu r ch took pl a c e M a y 1 8 1 8 43 , ,

wh e n D r C h a l m e r s w ith a l a rg e fo ll o wi n g e s t a b
.
, ,

l i s h e d a s e p a r a t e co m m u n ity e ntitl e d Th e F r e e ,

Ch u r ch o f Sc o t l an d .

Th e P u r i t a n s o f E n g l a n d we r e to t h e E s t a bli s h e d
C h u r ch w h a t t h e P h a r i s e e s w e r e t o t h e J e ws An d .

not o n ly did t h e s e P u r i t a n s p ro fe s s a g r e a t e r p u r i t y
of d o ct r i n e o f m o r a l s a n d o f l i v i n g th a n t h e i r
, , ,

n e i g hb o u r s b u t th e y e m b r a c e d t h e e a r li e s t o p p o r
,

t u n i t y o f s e p a r a ti n g th e m s e lv e s fr o m t h e Ch u r ch o f
E n g l a n d a l t o g e th e r Th e y w e r e i n fa ct t h e fi r s t o f
.
, ,

t h e Di s s e n t e r s O n A u g u s t 2 4 1 662 w hich d a t e
.
, ,

w i t n e s s e d t h e s e c e s s i o n of n e a r ly t w o t h o u s a n d
m i n i s t e r s f r o m t h e Chu r ch o f E n g l a n d th r o u g h t h e i r
n o n -c o m pli a n c e w ith t h e Act of U nifo r m i t y t h e
“
,

P u r i t a n s j o i n e d fo r c e s with t h e l a tt e r a n d t h e ,

c o m bi n e d b o dy a s s u m e d t h e n a m e of N o n c o n
fo r m i s t s . Th e P r ot e s t a nt s w e r e c o n s e q u e n t ly , ,

—
d i v id e d i n t o t wo g r e a t p a r ti e s t h e C o n fo r m i s t s o r ,

th o s e w h o c o n fo r m e d t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s l a id d o w n
“
Ac t o f C o n fo r m i t y a n d t h e N o n c o n fo r
”
in t h e ,

m i st s . Th e l a t t e r h a v e i n m o r e r e c e n t t i m e s b o r n e
t h e n a m e o f D i s s e n t e r s b e c a u s e th e y di s s e n t fr o m
,

t he E s t a bli s h e d Ch u r ch Th e S e c t ar i a n s a r e
.

D i s s e n t e r s w h o a tt a ch th e m s e l v e s t o o n e o r o t h e r o f
t h e n u m e r o u s s e c t s a n d d e n o m i n a ti o n s w hich e xi s t
7 6 N a mes : a nd t hei r M ea n i n g .

Th e t e r m s H i g h C hu r ch a n d Low C hu r ch
fi r s t c a m e into p r o m i n e n c e d u r in g t h e r e i g n of
Q u e e n A n n.e N ow a d a y s a s th e n, th a t s e ction
,
i s

s tyl e d H i h Ch u r ch w h ich r e g a r d s t h e C hu r ch of
g
E n g l a nd a s t h e only a r k of s a lv a tio n whil e t h e ,

l e s s a pp r e h e n s iv e a n d m o r e m od e r a t e s e ctio n i s
c a ll e d LOW Chur ch Tho s e wh o t a k e a s till m o r e
.

lib e r a l a n d co m p r e h e n s iv e vi e w o f o r thodox doc

t r in e b e l o n g to wh a t i s k n own a s t h e B r o a d
Chu r ch which i s b u t a n oth e r n a m e fo r L at i t u
,

d i n a r i a n i s m a s o r i g i n a l ly p r ofe s s e d by a n u m b e r
,

of di v i n e s o ppo s e d a lik e to t h e P u r it a n s a n d t h e
H i g h Ch u r ch p a r ty i n t h e t i m e of Ch a r l e s I On .

t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e Ri t u a l i s t s co m p r i s e t h e e xt r e m e
,

H i g h C h u r ch p a rty who a r e a n xio u s to r e t u r n t o

t h e r it u a l o f p ublic w o r s hip i n vo g u e d u r i n g t h e
r e 1g n of Ed w a r d V I P r io r t o 1 8 66 in which y e a r
.
,

t h e t e r m a r o s e th e s e H i g h C h u r ch m e n bo r e t h e
,

n a m e of P u s e y i t e s b e c a u s e th e y a g r e e d w ith t h e
,

vi e ws s e t fo r t h by D r P u s e y i n h i s c e l e b r a t e d
.

“
T r a ct s fo r t h e Ti m e s p u bli s h e d a t Oxfo r d
,

b e t we e n 1 8 3 3 a n d 1 8 4 1 Tho s e s chol a r s wh o
.

a s s i st e d D r P u s e y i n t h e co m po s itio n o f th e s e
.

Ox fo r d Tr a c t s a s th e y w e r e c a l l e d a s we ll a s t h e
, ,

p ublic a t l a rg e w h o b e li e v e d in th e i r t e a chi n g w e r e ,

s tyl e d Tr a c t a r i a n s whil t h t Ro m n C tholi c

; e e g r e a a a

r e viv a l th a t took pl a c e i n t h e Ch u r ch of En l a n d a t
g
thi s p e r i o d u n iv e r s a lly b o r e a n d s till b e a r s t h e n a m e
, ,

o f t h e Ox fo r d M o v e m e n t .
 TA VE R N S I GN S .

OTEL i s F r e n ch t e r m d e r iv e d fr o m hosti l
a , ,

a l o r dly h o u s e a p a l a c e
, Th e d e s i g n a tion
.

P u b l i c H o u s e s i g n ifyin g a hou s e of p u blic

,

r e s o r t fo r r e fr e s h m e n t a n d c o nvivi a lity i s a m od e rn ,

s ub s tit u t e fo r T a v e r n , fo u nd e d u po n t h e An g l o
S a zo u ta b a c u p a n d t er n a pl a c e a n d a l s o fo r
, , , ,

In ,
o r r a th e r ,
a s o r i g i n a lly w r itt e n I n n e which , ,

e xp r e s s e d t h e A n g lo S a xo n fo r a m a n s ion
- An d .

h e r e w e m a y a t o nc e ob s e r v e th a t by fa r t h e
m aj o r ity of o u r m e di ae v a l i n n s a n d H o s t e lr i e s
[s ee H O T E L ] g r e w out o f t h e m a n s i o n s of t h e

n ob ility d u r in g t h e p r olon g e d a b s e n c e of th e i r
own e r s At s uch ti m e s t h e p r ivil e g e of u tilizi n g
.

t h e m a n s ion fo r h i s o w n p r ofit n a t u r a l ly fe l l to t h e
fa m ily s m o s t t r u s t wo r thy d e p e n d e n t viz t h e h e a d
’
,
.
,

m e k e e p e r who s e g r e e n co s tu m e g a v e e xi s t e nc e t o
g a ,

t h e s i g n of Th e Gr e e n M a n wh e n a ft e r q uittin g
, ,

t h e fa m ily s s e r vic e h e s e t u p a n i n n on h i s own

’
,

a cco u n t e ith e r i n co n n e ction w ith h i s own cott a g e o r

a but ti n g on t h e p u blic hi g hw a y N e v e r th e l e s s thi s

.
,

s i g n h a d nothin g in c o m m o n with th a t of t h e Th e

Gr e e n M an an d S t i ll e xp r e s s iv e of a h e r b a li s t
,

b r in g in g h i s h e r b s to a di s till e ry a n d which wa s ,

doubtl e s s t h e s i g n of a h e rb a li s t tu r n e d i n n k e e p e r .
 7 8 N a mes : and t hei r M ean i ng .

As t he fa m ily arm s l wa y s occ u pi e d a p r o m in e nt

a

p o s iti o n o n t h e fr o n t of t h e m a n s ion th e s e s oon

b e c a m e k n o w n fa r a n d w id e th o u g h s c a r c e ly i n ,

a cco r d a n c e w i t h th e i r fu ll h e r a ldic s i g n ific a n c e .

B r i e fly t h e m o s t c o n s pic u o u s obj e ct in th e m s u ffic e d

,

t o i m p r e s s it s e lf u pon t h e m i n d s o f t r a v e ll e r s a s t h e
di s ti n g u i s hi n g s i gn of t h e e s t a bli s h m e nt ; s o th a t ,

in s t e a d o f s p e a ki n g of l i o n s g u l es a n d l i o ns a z u r e & c ,
.
,

th e y s i m plifi e d m a tt e r s by r e fe rr i n g to r e d a n d bl u e
lion s & c S u ch w a s t h e o r i g i n th e n of Th e Re d
, .
, ,

L i o n Th e B lu e L i o n a n d m a n y a n oth e r fa m ili a r
, ,

s i g n o f t hi s ch a r a ct e r M o r e o v e r a s a v a r i a ti o n of
.
,

t h e s a m e d e v ic e e n t e r e d i n to t h e a r m s o f diffe r e nt
fa m ili e s it h a pp e n e d th a t t h e m o s t c o n s pic u o u s
,

obj e ct i n t h e m b e c a m e pop u l a r i n d iffe r e n t p a r t s of

t h e c o u n t ry a t t h e s a m e t i m e A n oth e r fr u i t fu l
.

s o u r c e o f t h e r a pid m u ltiplic a ti o n o f a p a r tic u l a r

s i n th r o u g h o u t t h e s a m e c o u n ty a n d e v e n u p o n t h e
g ,

s a m e e s t a t e w a s t h e fa ct th a t a s o ft e n a s a r e ti r e d
,

d e p e n d e n t o f a n o bl e m a n s fa m ily t u r n e d i n n k e e p e r
’

h e w a s p r e tty c e r t a 1n t o n a m e h i s e s t a bli s h m e n t i n
a cc o r d a n c e w ith t h e p o p u l a r d e s c r iptio n of t h e
o ri g i n a l i n n o r m a n s i o n If it ch a n c e d h o w e v e r
.
, ,

th a t t h a t s i g n h a d a l re a dy b e e n a pp r o p r i a t e d by
a n oth e r i n n k e e p e r i n t h e i m m e di a t e vici n i t y t h e ,

fu l l c o g n iz a n c e o f t h e g r o u n d l a n dl o r d w a s a d o pt e d .

Th u s i n t h e M idl a n d C o u n ti e s th e r e i s n o s i gn s o
,

co m m o n a s Th e B e a r a n d Ra g g e d S t a ff which ,

w a s t h e c o g n iz a n c e o f t h e E a r l o f W a r w ick t h e ,

Ki n g M a k e r Si m il a r ly Th e B o a r s H e a d w a s
.
,
’

t h e co g n iz a n c e of t h e G o r d o n s ; Th e B l a ck B u ll ,
 Ta ver n S i g n s .
79

th a t of t h e H ou s e o f C l a r e ; a n d Th e T a lb o t th a t ,

o f t h e H o u s e o f Sh r e w s b u r y A n o th e r o ft -to -b e -m e t
.

with s i g n i s Th e Ch e qu e r s which c o m p r i s e d t h e ,

a r m s o f t h e E a r l s of Fitz w ar re n w h o i n t h e ti m e o f ,

t h e P l a n t a g e n e t s h e l d t h e r i g ht of g r a n ti n g t h e
,

V i n tn e r s t h e i r lic e n c e s L a t e r i n o u r hi s t o ry t h e
.

s a m e c o g n iz a n c e w a s a dopt e d by t h e St u a r t s As .

e v e r y o n e i s a w a r e Th e Re d Ro s e w a s t h e r e c o g
,

n i z e d b a d g e of t h e L a n c a s t r i a n s a n d Th e W h i t e ,

Ro s e th a t o f t h e Yo r ki s t s I t m ay b e a s s u m e d
.

th a t th e s e t wo s i g n s w e r e n a t u r a l ly m o r e p o p u l a r
t h r o u g ho u t t h e co u n t r y a t l a r g e d u r i n g t h e W a r s
of th e Ro se s th a n a t a n y s ub s e q u e n t p e r i o d .

D u r i n g th a t t u r b u l e n t p e r iod of E n g li s h hi s to ry ,

t o o t h e d e v ic e s of t h e s e v e r a l a dh e r e n t s of t h e r iv a l
,

hou s e s w e r e n o t u n fre q u e ntly cho s e n i n c o m m e m o

r a ti o n o f a p a r ticul a r e v e nt ; a s fo r e x a m pl e a ft e r
, ,

t h e B a ttl e o f B a r n e t wh e n Th e S t a r t h e b a d g e of
, ,

t h e E a r l o f Oxfo r d w h o d e cid e d t h e fa t e of th a t d a y ,

s p r a n g u p a s a n i n n s i g n i n a l l di r e ctio n s
- e xc e pt of , ,

c o u r s e u p o n Y o r ki s t g r o u n d
,
.

Wh e r e t h e i n n k e e p e r w a s not bo u n d by a n y ti e s
o f g r a tit u d e o r r e g a r d t o t h e g r o u n d l a n d l o r d h e

e vi n c e d h i s l o y a lty t o t h e r e i g n i n g m o n a r ch by
a d o p t i n g a p o r ti o n of t h e r o y a l a r m s As e x a m pl e s .

o f t h l s cl a s s —Th e W h i t e S w a n w a s t h e b a d g e o f
E d w a r d I I I a n d o f H e n ry I V ; Th e W h i t e S wa n
. .

a n d An t e l o p e of H e n r y V ; Th e W h i t e H a r t
,
.
,

a n d Th e Su n ,b o th o f Rich a r d I I Th e Wh i t e .

L i o n of E d w a r d I V a s E a r l o f M a r ch a n d Th e
,
.
,

Thr e e S u n s of Ed wa r d I V a s Ki n g o f E n g l a n d ;
,
.
80 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

Th e Ea g l e , of Q u e e n M a r y ; Th e B lu e B o ar , of
Rich a r d I I I ; Th e Re d D r a g o n , th a t of H e n ry
.

V I I cho s e n fo r h i s s t a n d a r d a ft e r t h e B a ttl e o f
.
,

B o s wo r th Fi e ld a n d Th e Gr e yh o u n d h i s o r i g in a l
, ,

b a d g e a s Ki n g Th e Ro s e i s t h e s y m b ol of E n g l a n d
.
,

j u s t a s Th e Th i s t l e s t a n d s fo r Sc o t l a n d Th e ,

Sh amr o ck fo r I r e l a n d a n d Th e L e e k fo r W a l e s
, .

A v e ry g e n e r a l e xp r e s s i o n o f loy a lty a g a i n w a s , ,

conv e y e d in t h e s i g n of Th e Cr o wn which by t h e , ,

w a y wa s s h r e w dly c o m pli m e n t a r y to t h e r e i g n i n g
,

ho u s e w i t h o ut offe r in g offe nc e to t h e p a r ti s a n s o f a
r iv a l cl a i m a n t to t h e th r on e Th e Ro s e a n d .

Cr o wn h a d r e fe r e n c e o r i g in a lly to t h e u n io n of t h e
r e d a n d w hi t e r o s e s i n t h e H o u s e of T u do r by t h e

mar r i a g e of H e n ry V I I with Eliz a b e th t h e d a u g ht e r

.
,

of E d w a r d I V i n t h e y e a r 1 4 8 6 ; Th e Cr o wn a n d
.
,

Sc e p t r e m u s t h a v e o r i g in a t e d in t h e m i n d of o n e
wh o h a d b e e n wit n e s s t o t h e e l a bo r a t e c e r e m oni a l
p e cul i a r t o a co r on a tion ; whil e t h e Th e C r o wn
a n d A n ch o r s i g n ifi e d t h e r e li a n c e which wa s pl a c e d
i n t h e e x a lt e d p e rs o n th a t wo r e t h e c r own .

I f o n t h e oth e r h a nd o u r m e di ae v a l innk e e p e r
, ,

cho s e to fl a tt e r t h e g r o und l a ndlo r d without a ctu a l ly

a dopti n g h i s co g n iz a n c e h e inv a r i a bly n a m e d h i s
,

e s t a bli s h m e n t a ft e r h i s lo r d s hip s fa m ily t itl e e g

’
. .
, ,

Th e Ea r l o f M ar ch in co m pli m e nt to t h e D u k e
,

of Rich m o n d o r e l s e s e t up s o m e s u ch s i g n a s Th e
,

H ar e a n d H o u n d s Th e T a ll y H0 ! Th e Fo x
,

i n t h e H o l e & c i n a llu s ion to t h e s po rti n g t a s t e s

,
.
,

o f h i s p a t ro n . At ti m e s h e e v e n w e n t s o fa r a s t o
e n t e r i n t o t h e r e li g iou s e nthu s i a s m of t h e l a tt e r by
 Ta ver n S ig n s . 81

e xhibi t in g a p re fe re n c e fo r Th e An g e l o r Th e
S a l u t at i o n both r e fe rr i n g t o t h e A n n u n ci a tio n o f
,

t h e Vi r g i n ; Th e Th r e e K i n g s m e a ni n g t h e M a g i
,

w h o p r e s e n t e d th e m s e lv e s t o t h e Infa n t a t B e th
l e h e m ; o r Th e C r o s s K e y s t h e s y m bol o f St
,
.

P e t e r a n d t h e b a d g e o f t h e A r chbi s hop of Yo r k
, .

Th e s i g n o f Th e M i t r e wa s g e n e ra lly a dopt e d by
an i n nk e e p e r who s e e s t a bli s h m e n t s tood i n t h e
V 1 c 1n i t y of a c a th e d r a l ; con s e q u e n tly thi s p a r tic u l a r ,

s i g n a b ou n d s in citi e s b u t i s r a r e ly t o b e m e t wi t h
,

in t h e r u ra l di s t r ict s
.

D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t h e H oly W a r s if t h e ,

i n n k e e p e r did n o t c o n t e n t hi m s e lf w it h t h e s i g n of
Th e T u r k s H e a d o r Th e S a r a c e n s H e a d th a t ’
,

o f Th e G o l d e n C r o s s which wa s t h e e n s i g n c a r r i e d
,

by t h e C r u s a d e r s w a s u s u a lly c ho s e n Th e m od e r n
,
.

s i g n of Th e H a l f- M o o n o r i g i n a t e d in t h e c r e s c e nt ,

t h e e n s i g n o f t h e I n fid e l Th e s i g n s of Th e S w a n
.
,

Th e Ph e a s a n t a n d Th e P e a c o ck a r o s e i n t h e
,

d a y s of k n i g ht e r r a n t ry w h e n e v e ry kni g ht s e l e ct e d
-
,

o n e of th e s e bi r d s a s a n e m bl e m of ch iv a l r y an d ,

e x e r t e d a p r id e in t h e a s s oci a t ion Fo r e x a m pl e .
,

o n e of t h e p r in cip a l ch a r a ct e rs in t h e N i e b e lun g e n
Li e d i s c a ll e d Th e Kni g ht of t h e S wa n Th e n .
”
,

a g a 1n m a n y i n n k e e p e r s a s s u m e d a s i gn i n h o n o u r o f
,

t h e p a t r o n s a i n t of E n g l a n d o r i n co m m e m o ra t i o n
,

of h i s c o m b a t w ith t h e d r a g o n viz Th e St G e o r g e
, .
, .
,

Th e St G e o r g e a n d D r a g o n Th e G e o r g e a n d
.
,

D r a g o n Th e Gr e en D r a g o n & c Th e G e o r g e
, ,
.
,

a co m m on s i g n e nou g h in o u r own d a y — i t w o u ld b e
diffic u lt t o n a m e a town th a t h a s n ot i t s Ge o r g e ”

6
82 N a mes and thei r M ea n i ng .

i n t he H igh —
S t r e e t wa s o r i g in a l ly co n n e ct e d w it h
t h e d r a g o n t o o ; b ut a t t h e co m m e n c e m e n t of t h e
H a nov e r i a n s u cc e s s ion t h e h e r a ldi c d e vic e wa s
p a i n t e d o u t a lto g e th e r a n d t h e wo r d s THE G E O RGE
,

w e r e p u t u p i n i t s pl a c e Th e lik e o b s e r v a t ion
.

a ppli e s t o a l l s uch s i n s a s Th e
g K i n g s A r m s
’
,

Th e Q u e e n s Ar m s Th e F r e e m a s o n s Ar m s
’
,
’
,

Th e Co a c h m ak e r s Ar m s Th e S a d d l e r s A r m s
’
,
’
,

Th e C a r p e n t e r s Ar m s & c no wa d a y s id e ntifi e d
’
,
.
,

by n a m e o n ly i n s t e a d of th e i r d i s ti n ctiv e b a d g e o r
,

c r e s t W e m u s t n o t o m it to m e ntio n a l s o th a t
.
,

s inc e t h e e s p e ci a l fu n ction of t a v e r n a n d oth e r s i g n s

w a s to c a l l a tt e n tion to t h e ch a ra ct e r of a n e s t a b
l i s h m e n t i n d a y s wh e n t h e p e o p l e w e r e u n a bl e
t o r e a d a n d wh e n t h e re fo r e t h e di s pl a y of t h e
, , ,

o wn e r s n a m e o r of t h e n a m e o f t h e hou s e
’

woul d h a v e b e e n u s e l e s s t h e m i s a pp r e h e n s ion
,

o f t h e p a i n t e d d e vic e wa s of co m m o n occu r r e n c e .

H e n c e t h e co rr u ptio n o f m a n y s i gn s fr o m th e i r
o r i g in a l m e a n i n g .

P e r h a p s t h e m o s t g l a r in g in s t a nc e of thi s kin d
o r i g in a t e d i n t h e s i g n of Th e G a rt e r o r t h e i n s i g n i a
,

of t h e O r d e r of t h e G a r t e r re p r e s e nt e d in i t s p ro p e r
po s itio n o n a l e g ( wh e nc e w e h a v e t h e i n t e lli g ibl e
s i g n of Th e S t a r a n d G a r t e r ) ; ye t t h e v u l g a r
m i n d quit e fa il e d t o g r a s p t h e id e a with a r e s u lt ,

th a t a ho u s e e xh ibi t in g thi s s i g n w a s inv a r i a b ly

r e fe r r e d t o a s Th e L e g a n d S t ar C o r r uption s
.

of a diffe re n t ch a r a ct e r a r e of l a t e r d a t e wh e n t h e ,

n a m e of t h e hou s e i n s t e a d of t h e d e vic e b e g a n to
m a k e i t s a pp e a ra n c e o n a n in n k e e p e r s s i g nbo a r d
’
.
84 N a mes : an d thei r M ea n i ng .

i nt r od u ct ion of r a il wa y s a co a chin g e s t a bli s h m e nt ;

,

whil e Th e P a ck H o r se a nnounc e d t h e fa ct th a t
p a ck h o r s e s w e r e l e t out o n h i r e A g a i n Th e B e ar
- .
,

-s u bj e ct t o s und r y m o difi c a tio n s

,
s u ch as Th e
B r o wn B e ar Th e B l a ck B e ar Th e Gr i zz ly
, ,
—
B e ar i n fo r m e d t h e fr e q u e n t e r s of s u ch r e s o r t s th a t
b e a r b a itin g m i g ht b e witn e s s e d o n t h e p r e m i s e s ;
-

e x a ctly a s ,
n e a r e r t o o u r o w n d a y Th e Do g an d
,

D u ck c a l l e d a tt e n tion t o t h e pop u l a r di v e r s i o n o f
d u ck h u n tin g by s p a n i e l s i n a p o n d Th e Ski t t l e s
- . .

a n d Th e B o w l i n G e e i n dic a t e d a m o r e r a tion a l
g r n

kin d o f s po r t O n c e m o r e Th e Gr a p e s co n v e y e d
.
,

t h e int e lli g e nc e th a t a vi n e r y e xi s t e d i n c o n n e c t i o n
with t h e e s t a bli s h m e n t ; wh e re a s Th e C a s t l e w hich ,

co ns tit u t e s t h e a r m s of Sp a i n Th e Gl o b e t h e a r m s
, ,

of t h e Kin g of P o r t u g a l a n d Th e S p r e a d Ea g l e
, ,

t h e a r m s of G e r m a ny tol d th a t t h e w in e s of th o s e
,

r e s p e ctiv e c o unt r i e s w e r e to b e h a d t h e r e In t h e .

n o r th o f E n g l a nd t h e s i g n of Th e Y o r k s h i r e S t i n g o !

Is v er y c o m m on , t h e a l lu s io n b e i n g t o a n old b e e r
of p a r ticul a r s t r e n g th a n d s h a r pn e s s fo r w hic h t h e
county of Yo r k h a s w o n co n s id e r a bl e c e l e b r ity .

A m o n g oth e r fa m ili a r c o u n t ry inn a n d t a v e r n s i g n s

m a y b e m e ntion e d Th e B e ll r e fe r r i n g t o t h e s il v e r
,

b e ll th a t fo r m e d t h e p r iz e a t r a c e s p r e v i o u s t o t h e
R e s t o r a tion ; Th e B a r l e y M o w d e n o tin g t h e ,

p r e m i s e s w h e r e t h e b a r l e y w a s ho u s e d mo we b e i n g
,

t h e S a x o n t e r m fo r a h eap a n d Th e Ol d Ha t
,

which i n t h e old e n ti m e m a y h a v e b e e n t h e s h o p of
a b a t t e r r ej o ici n g i n t h e s i g n o f Th e Ha t a n d s u b
“ ”
,

s e q u e n tly conv e r t e d i n t o a pl a c e o f r e fr e s h m e nt .
 Ta ver n S i g n s . 85

A n oth e r di s ti n ctly t r a d e s m a nlik e s i g n i s Th e Ra m

a n d T e a z l e w hich w a s o r i g in a lly cho s e n in c o m
,

p l i m e n t to t h e Clo t hi e r s C o m p a n y ; t h e l a m b w ith
’

t h e g ol d e n fl e e c e b e i n g e m bl e m a tic a l of wool a n d ,

t h e t e a zl e a to o l u s e d fo r r a i s i n g t h e n a p of t h e
,

w o o l w h e n w ov e n i n to cl o th Th e B r i ck l a y e r s
.
’

A r m s m e r e ly i n dic a t e a h o u s e o f c a l l fo r b r ick
l a y e r s ; w hil e Th e C r i ck e t e r s Ar m s d e r iv e s i t s ’

t itl e fr o m a n e i g hbo u r i g c ick t g r o u n d

n r e - Th e s i g .

n i fi c a n c e o f Th e T a n k a r d Th e B o t t l e a n d s i m il a r
, ,

s ign s n e ed n o t d e t ain u s
, W e m a y h o we v e r s t a t e
.
, ,

th a t Th e B l a ck Ja ck r e fe r s to a l e a th e r n pitch e r
fo r h o ldi n g b e e r w hich t o o k i t s n a m e fr o m t h e
,

d e fe n s i v e b r e a s tpl a t e o f s t r o n g l e a th e r fo r m e r ly
w o r n by ho rs e m e n a n d known a s a j a c que wh e n c e
’
, ,

t h e t e r m J AC KE T h a s b e e n d e r iv e d .

Si g n s t h a t b e t r a y a pol itic a l bi a s s uch a s Th e ,

Ro y a l Oak Th e B o s c o b e l Th e Ja c o b i t e Th e
, , ,

H a n o v e r & c a r e a lto g e th e r t o o n u m e r o u s t o
,
.
,

m e n tion . In t h e e a r ly p a r t o f t h e p r e s e nt c e ntu ry ,

t o o t h e n a m e s o f p o li t ic a l l e a d e r s w e r e l a rg e ly d r a wn
,

up o n a s a n a tt r a c t io n fo r t a v e rn s i g n s a s w e r e tho s e ,

a l so of di s t i n g u i s h e d n a v a l a n d m ilit a ry c o m
m a n d e r s a n d o f t h e b a ttl e s won by th e m
, Th e .

C a n n i n g Th e P al m e r s t o n Th e N e l s o n Th e
, , ,

W e lli n g t o n Th e M ar q u i s o f Gr a n b y Th e
, ,

P o r t o b e ll o Ar m s Th e Tr a fa lg ar Th e W at e r
, ,

l o o a n d a ho s t of oth e r s of t h e l ik e ch a r a ct e r a r e
, ,

e v e r y w h e r e to b e e n c o unt e r e d ; whil e t h e old s i g n

o f Th e Sh i p c a r r i e s u s b a ck to t h e d a y s of Eliz a b e th ,

w h e n t h e ci r c u m n a vi g a tio n o f t h e g l o b e by S i r
86 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

F r a n ci s D r a k e wa s r e g a r d e d a s a n e xp loit th a t
co u l d s c a r c e ly b e too hi g hly ho n o u r e d .

B e fo r e co n cludi n g l e t u s a d d a fe w wo r d s of c o m
,

m e nt upon t h e s i g n a l l o y a lty of t h e E n g li s h p e o pl e
i n t h e ti m e s we l iv e i n fo r w h e re a s o u r fo r e fa th e r s
w e r e fo r t h e m o s t p a r t cont e nt to e xp r e s s th e i r
loy a lty to t h e th r on e by t h e choic e of s u ch v a g u e
t a v e r n s i g n s a s Th e Ki n g s H e a d o r Th e Qu e e n s
’
,
’

H e a d w e o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u ry a r e n o t n e a r ly
,

s o h lf h e a r t e d N o t o n ly a r e Th e V i c t o r i a Th e
a - .
,

P r i n c e A lb er t Th e P r i n c e o f W a l e s a n d Th e
, ,

P r i n c e o f W a l e s F e at h e r s h o n o u r e d o n e v e ry
’

h a n d i n t h e co u r s e of a d a y s p e r a m bul a ti o n b u t
’

Th e D u k e o f Edi n b u r g h Th e D u k e o f Ca m
,

b r i d g e Th e D u k e o f C o n n a u g ht a n d oth e r
, ,

m e m b e r s of t h e Roy a l F a m ily a r e s i m il a r l y m e m o
,

r i a l iz e d
. P e r h a p s i n t h e fu tu r e wh e n t h e P r inc e
,

of W a l e s s h a l l occupy t h e B r iti s h Th r on e h i s ,

d e s c e nd a nt s m ay a l s o in th e i r t u r n fo r m t h e s ubj e c t
of m a ny a t av e r n s i g n in o u r m id s t .
 R O YA L S URN A M E S .

L ERED THE GREAT ( r e i g n e d 8 7 1 to 9 0 1 )

fu lly m e r it e d h i s s u r n a m e b e c a u s e b e e x
p e l l e d t h e D a n e
, s e s t a bli s h e d a n a v y fo,u n d e d
s chool s , and e ffe ct e d t h e r e s to r a ti o n o f l a w a n d
o r d e r d u r i n g o n e of t h e m o s t c r itic a l p e r i o d s of
e ar ly B r iti s h h i s to ry
. T a kin g t h e r e m a ind e r of
t h e S a xo n m o n a r ch s in ch r on o lo g ic a l o r d e r we,

h av e ~
— E d w a r d t h e M a r t yr ( 9 7 5 t o
t r e a ch e r o u s ly m u r d e r e d a t C o r fe C a s tl e ; Et h e lr e d
t h e Un r e a d y ( 9 7 8 to w h o l a cki n g r ed e o r
, ,

co u n cil fl e d to N o r m a ndy t o e s c a p e t h e c o n s e
,

q u e nc es of a th r e a t e n e d inv a s io n by t h e D a n e s ;
E d m u n d Ir o n s i d e s ( r e i g n e d w ho s e h a bit u a l
p r e c a u ti o n of w e a r i n g a co m pl e t e s uit o f m a il
a v a il e d h i m nothi n g a g a in s t t h e fa t a lity o f a s s a s s i

n a ti o n ; Ed g ar At h e l i n g ( bo r n 1 0 1 7 di e d ,

oth e r wi s e Ed ga r of Roy a l D e s c e n t
“
Har o l d
‘

H ar e fo o t ( 1 0 3 5 t o s wift of fo o t a s a b a r e ;

an d Ed w a r d t h e C o n fe s s o r ( 1 04 2 to so

c a ll e d on a ccou n t of h i s holy life Th e di s ti n c t ion

.

b e tw e e n a C O N F E S S O R a n d a M ART Y R i n t h e e a r ly
d a y s of C h r i s ti a n ity wa s s i m ply t hi s b o th m a d e a n
O p e n co n fe s s ion of t h e i r f a i t h a n d e xp r e s s e d th e i r
,

r e a din e s s to d i e fo r it ; t h e fo r m e r ho w e v e r w a s
, ,
 88 N a mes : a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

n e v e r c a ll e d u p o n t o d o s o w h e re a s t h e l a tt e r
,

a ct u a lly s u ffe r e d m a r ty r do m .

Willi a m I ( r e i g n e d 1 0 66 t o
. w a s s tyl e d
Th e C o n qu e r o r b e c a u s e b e d e fe a t e d t h e S a x o n s a t
t h e B a t t l e o f H a s t i n g s a n d fo u n d e d t h e N o r m a n
,

Dy n a s ty i n E n g l a n d Will i a m I I ( 1 0 8 7 t o
. .

r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e o f Ru fu s fr o m h i s fl o r id c o m

pl e xion ; r ufus b e i n g L a ti n fo r r u ddy H e n ry I . .

( 1 1 0 0 to w a s s u r n a m e d B e a u c l e r c o r g ood ,

c l e r k i n r e c o g n i t i o n o f h i s s chol a r ly a t t a i n m e n t s
,
.

Rich a r d I ( 1 1 8 9 t o
. s t yl e d C oeu r d e L e o n ,

o t h e r wi s e Th e Li o n H e a r t e d i s t r a di t i o n a l ly s a id
”
,

t o h a v e t o rn t h e l ivi n g h e a r t o u t of t h e m o u th of a
l i o n t o wh o s e f u ry h e wa s e xpo s e d by t h e D u k e of
A u s t r i a fo r h a v i n g kill e d h i s s o n i n b a ttl e Thi s .

e x t r a o r di n a r y e xploit s u r p a s s e s t h e bo u nd s o f r e a s on ;

s till th e r e i s n o d o ubt th a t h e p e r fo r m e d p r odi i e s of

g
v a l o u r d u r i n g t h e W a r s of t h e C r u s a d e s A n o t h e r .

B r iti s h m o n a r ch w h o r ej o ic e d i n a s u r n a m e o f t h e
l e o n i n e o r d e r w a s Wi ll i a m t h e L i o n Ki n g o f t h e ,

S co t s ( 1 1 65 to s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e h e cho s e a

r e d lio n r a m p a nt fo r h i s c r e s t It i s fr o m th i s kin g
.

th a t t h e lio n s di s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e Roy a l A r m s of
Sc o t l a n d t r a c e th e i r o r i g in .

Ki n g J o h n ( r e i g n e d 1 1 9 9 to 1 2 1 6) r e c e iv e d t h e
s u r n a m e o f L a ck l a n d o n a cc o u nt of h i s I m p r o vi

d e n c e which a t t h e t i m e o f t h e d e a th of h i s fa th e r
,

( H e n ry II ) l e ft h i m e n ti r e ly witho u t p r o vi s i o n
.
.

E d wa r d I ( 1 2 7 2 to 1 3 0 7 ) wa s s tyl e d L o n g s h a n k s
.

fr o m h i s s pi n dl e l e g s Th e e ld e s t so n o f Ed wa r d
.

I I I k n ow n a s Th e B l a ck P r i n c e ( b o r n 1 3 3 0 di e d
.
, ,
 Roy a l S u r n a mes .
9

wa s xcl u s iv e ly a ddict e d to t h e we a r i n g
not e .

o f bl a ck a r m ou r as h e i s u s u a lly r e p r e s e n t e d i n
,

w a x wo r k s h o w s a n d pictu r e t o y bo o k s ; c o n s e q u e n t ly
-

h e did n o t d e r iv e h i s s u r n a m e fro m s u c h a n a s s o ci a
t ion b u t a s t h e hi s t o r i a n F r oi s s a r t i n fo r m s u s
,
he ,

r e c e iv e d h i s n a m e by t e rr o r of h i s a r m s Seeing ”
.

th a t a t t h e a ge of s ixt e e n h e w o n h i s k n i g htly s p u r s
a t C r e cy a n d t e n y e a r s l a t e r took t h e F r e n ch ki n g
,

p r i s o n e r a t P o i c t i e rs a n d b r o u g ht h i m i n t r i u m ph t o

L o n d o n t h e m ilit a ry r e n o wn of t hi s yo u n g w a r r io r
,

m u s t h a v e b e e n s u ffi ci e n t t o co m m a n d r e s p e ct fr o m
h is e n e m i e s Jo hn o f G a u n t D u k e of L a n c a s t e r
.
,

( bo r n 1 34 0 di e,
d t o ok h i s titl e fr o m t h e to w n
of Gh e n t in Fl a nd e r s w h e r e h e wa s bo r n I n lik e
, , .

m a n n e r h i s s o n H e n ry I V ( 1 3 9 9 to
,
. wa s s tyl e d
B o l i n gb r o k e a ft e r h i s n a tiv e p l a c e
,
.

H e n ry V I II ( r e i g n e d 1 50 9 t o 1 54 7 ) wa s s u rn a m e d
.

B lu ff Ki n g Ha l o n a cco u n t of h i s bl u ff m a n n e r s ;
h e a l s o r e c e i v e d t h e t i t l e of De fe n d e r o f t h e F a i t h
fr o m P o p e L e o X i n r e co g ni t i o n o f t h e t r a c t h e
.
,

publi s h e d a g a in s t t h e h e r e sy o f M a rti n L u t h e r M a ry .
,

Q u e e n of S c o t s ( bo r n 1 5 2 d i e d
4 w a s kno wn
,

a s Th e W h i t e Q u e e n b e c a u s e s h e a d o pt e d w hit e

m ou r n i n g fo r h e r h u s b a n d Lo r d D a r n l e y , O u r o wn .

u e n M a ry ( 1 54 7 t o 1 558 ) h a s b e e n h a nd e d do wn
Q e

t o po s t e r ity u n d e r t h e o pp r ob r i o u s ti t l e of B l o o d y
M ar y i n co n s e q u e n c e o f t h e wh o l e s a l e bu r n in g s of
,

t h e P ro t e st a n t s u n d e r h e r r e i gn Th e r e li g io u s p e r s e
.

o u ti o n s of h e r t i m e a d m it of no d e n i a l e t th e y w e re
y ,

fu lly e q u a ll e d by t ho s e b r ou g ht to li g ht d u r in g t h e
r e i g n of h e r s u cc e s s o r Eliz a b e t h whil e th e y fe ll
, ,
9 0 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i ng .

i n fi n it e ly s ho r t o f tho s e ch a r a ct e r iz e d by t h e r e i g n
of H e n ry V I I I In o n e s e n s e Eliz a b e th ( 1 558 to
.

1 60 3 ) w a s a pp r op r i a t e ly s tyl e d G o o d Q u e e n B e s s ,

in a s m u ch a s s h e e x e r ci s e d d u e r e g a r d to t h e i n t e r e s t s
of t h e r e a l m a n d t h e w e lfa r e of h e r p e opl e He r .

e n e m i e s s h e s p e e dily r e m ov e d b u t s h e w a s j u s t a s
,

r e a dy to b e s t o w h o n ou r s a n d r e w a r d s u pon h e r
n a tio n s wo r thi e s O liv e r C r o m we l l w a s c a ll e d Th e
’
.

L o r d P r o t e c t o r ( bo r n 1 59 9 di e d 1 658 ) b e c a u s e h e
,

p r ot e ct e d t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e Co m m o n w e a lth Th e .

r e a s o n why C h a r l e s I I ( 1 660 t o 1
. 6 8 5) w a s d u bb e d
Th e M e r r y M o n ar ch m u s t b e s o u g ht i n t h e l i c e n
t i o u s n e s s of t h e ti m e s in w h ich h e l iv e d M u ch .

n e a r e r to o u r o wn d a y Willi a m I V ( 1 8 3 0 t o 1 8 3 7 )
,
.

wa s di s ti n g u i s h e d by t h e t itl e of Th e S a i l o r Ki n g ,

fr o m t h e ci r c u m s t a n c e of h i s h a vin g e n t e r e d t h e n a v y
a s a m id s hip m a n a n d wo r k e d h i s w a y upw a r d s until

b e a tt a in e d t h e r a n k of L o r d H i g h Ad m i r a l .

Th e fa m ily n a m e of P l a n t a g e n e t d e r i v e d fr o m ,

t h e L a ti n p l a n t a a pl a nt a n d g en i s t a b r o o m wa s
, , , ,

o r i g in a lly a s s u m e d by Fulk e M a r t e l E a r l of A nj ou , ,

t h e g r e a t g r a ndfa th e r of H e n ry I I in co m m e m o r a .
,

tion of t h e i n cid e n t whil e on h i s pil g r i m a g e t o t h e

,

H oly S e pulch r e of h a vin g offe r e d hi m s e lf to b e

,

s co u r g e d w i t h t h e s t e m s o f t h e b r o o m pl a n t by h i s
‘

two a tt e n d a n t s a s a n a ton e m e nt fo r t h e m u r d e r o f
t h e E a r l of B r itt a n y Th e T u d o r Dyn a s ty wa s
.

fou n d e d by O we n Tudo r a W e l s h s oldi e r s t a tio n e d

,

a t Wind s o r wh o cont r a ct e d a s e c r e t m a rr i a g e w it h
,

C a th e r i n e t h e w id o w e d q u e e n of H e n ry V Th e
, .

fi r s t of t h e lon g l in e of t h e S t u ar t s ov e r e i gn s
9 2 N a mes and M ea n i ng .

P r inc e a s pi r e d to h e e nj oy e d it to t h e full fo r
, ,

h e lo s t h i s h e a d und e r t h e g u illotin e in co m m o n
with m o r e th a n t we n ty thou s a n d of h i s fe llow
c itiz e n s
.
 IVA TI O IVA L IVI CK N A M E S .

ROT H ER JON AT HA N ,
t he popul a r n ick
na me of t h e U n it e d St a t e s a r o s e o u t o f t h e
,

p e r s o n of J o n a t h a n T r u m b u ll t h e Go v e r n o r
,

of C o n n e cticut who m Ge n e r a l W a s hi n g ton n e v e r

,

fa il e d t o c on s u lt in c a s e s of e m e rg en cy . W e m u st
r e fe r t h e m a tt e r t o B r oth e r J o n a th a n !
”
h e wa s
wont t o e xcl a i m w h e n no o th e r o ffic e r could offe r
a n y p r a ct ic a l s u g g e s tion to a i d h i m o u t of a d i ffi

cu lty ; a n d t r u e e n ou g h B r oth e r J on a th a n p r ov e d
,
“

h i m s e lf in e v e r y in s t a nc e e q u a l to t h e confid e n c e
r e po s e d in h i m . A n oth e r s tock n ick n a m e fo r t h e
U nit e d St a t e s i s Un c l e Sa m Thi s o r i g i n a t e d fr o m
.

a vul g a r m i s con c e ption of t h e i n iti a l l e tt e r s U S ”

. .

( U nit e d S t a t e s ) fo r th o s e of t h e w e l l -k n o w n s o b r i
q u e t of a n offici a l wh o s e b u s in e s s it w a s t o m a r k

th e m on a l l Gov e rn m e nt p r op e r ty Th e n u m e r ou s
.

a c q u a int a nc e s of thi s p e r s o n u nd e r s tood t h at t h e

g ood s s o m a r k e d h a d p a s s e d th r o u g h t h e h a n d s of
U ncl e S a m a n d t h e j ok e b e co m in g p u bl ic it s p r e a d
,

fa r a n d w id e unti l in t h e e n d it w a s co n s id e r e d far
,

too g ood to b e a ll ow e d to d r op Th e t e r m Y a n k e e
.

fin d s i t s o r i g i n in t h e n a tiv e a tt e m p t t o p r onou n c e
“
t h e wo r d En g li s h but a pp r o a chi n g n o n e a r e r
”
,

to t h e s oun d th a n Yeng ees t h e n a m e b e s tow e d upon

,
94 N a mes and thei r M ea n i ng .

t he En g li s h colo n i s t s by t h e I ndi a n s of M a s s a c h u
s e tt s a n d a ft e r wa r d s g iv e n to t h e N e w E n g l a nd e r s
,

by t h e B r iti s h s oldi e r s d u r i n g t h e A m e r ic a n W a r .

Th e n ick n a m e of t h e typic a l E n g li s h m a n Jo hn ,

B u ll w a s d e r i v e d fr o m D r Ar b u t h n o t s s a ti r e of
,
.
’

thi s titl e p u bli s h e d i n 1 7 2 1 Th e r e w a s a l s o a r e a l

.

p e r s o n of t h e n a m e of J o h n B u ll w e ll kn o wn a s t h e,

“ ”
co m po s e r of God S a v e t h e Ki n g ; b u t h e di e d
j u s t a h u n d r e d y e a r s b e fo r e D r Ar b u t h n o t s p e r .
’

fo r m a n c e wa s h e a r d of . Of a s till l a t e r d a t e i s t h e
n a tion a l E n g li s h n ick n a m e Mr s Gr un d y whic h
, .
,

a r o s e out of t h e p a s s a g e , Wh a t wil l M r s G r undy .

s ay !
”
fr o m Tho m a s M o r to n s d ra m a Sp e e d t h e
’

P l o u g h p r o d u c e d in 1 7 98 Th e p ro v e r bi a l p r udi s h
,
”
.

n e s s of t h e E n g li s h p e opl e in m a tt e r s a ffe ctin g a r t ,

co u l d s c a r c e ly b e b e tt e r e xp r e s s e d th a n und e r t h e
s tyl e of Th e B r i t i s h M a t r o n Th e B r iti s h s oldi e r
.

i s pop u l a r ly r e fe r r e d to u n d e r t h e g e n e r a l d e s i g n a
tio n of T o mm y At ki n s b e c a u s e Tho m a s A tki n s
,

w a s a fictitio u s n a m e t h a t fi g u r e d in t h e s oldi e r s
’

m o nthly s t a t e m e n t of a cco u n t s .

Th e I r i s h a s a n a tion a r e i n v a r i a bly a ll u d e d to a s
P a t o r P a d d y b e i n g s ho r t fo r P a t r ick t h e i r m o s t
, ,

co m m o n C h r i s ti a n n a m e s e l e ct e d i n ho n o u r o f St
,
.

P a d h r i g o r P a t r ick ( bo r n 3 7 3 di e d
, , t h e S cot s
a s S a n d i e o r S a wn e y a co n t r a cti o n of Al e x a n d e r ,
,

th e i r m o s t pop u l a r C h r i s ti a n n a m e a n d t h e W e l s h
a s T a ffy a c o rr u pti o n o f D a vy a n d s h o r t fo r D a vid
, , ,

t h e n a m e o f th e i r A r chb i s h o p a n d S a i n t ( b o r n 49 0 ,

di e d
Th e n a t io n a l n ick n a m e o f t h e Chin e s e i s Jo h n
 N a ti on a l N i c hn a mes .
95

Ch i n am a n , in i m it a tion of o u r o wn ch a ra ct e r i s ti c
J ohn B ull . E v e n n o w a C hi n a m a n a dd r e s s e s
”

e v e ry E n g l i s h m a n h e m e e t s a s J o hn wh ich i s h i s
“ ”
,

id e a of o u r m o s t pop u l a r n a m e H e n c e B r iti s h
.
,

s a il o r s in t h e Chin e s e w a t e r s fr o m t h e fi r s t r e t u r n e d

t h e co m pli m e n t s o to s p e a k by a ll udi n g to e a ch
, ,

“
C e l e s ti a l w ith who m th e y c a m e i n co n t a ct a s J oh n
C hi n a m a n .
”

Th e C hin e s e a re a l s o c a ll e d P i g t a i l s on a cco u nt ,

o f th e i r T a r t a r ton s u r e a n d b r a id e d queu e By t h e .

I n di a n s of N o r th A m e r ic a E u r op e a n s a r e s t yl e d
P a l e F a c e s ; whil e t h e E u rop e a n s d e s ig n at é t h e
I n di a n s Re d Sk i n s , both t e r m s h a vi n g r e fe r enc e t o
t h e co m p l e xi o n Th e wo r d N i g g e r i s a co r r u ption
.

of N e g r o d e r iv e d fr o m n ig er t h e L a tin fo r bl a ck
, ,
.

Th e r e a s on why a n e g r o g e n e r a lly b e a r s t h e n a m e of
S am b o i s b e c a u s e Z a mbo i s t h e n a tiv e t e r m u s e d t o
d e s i g n a t e t h e offs p r in g of a bl a ck p e r s on a n d a
m u l a tto . Th e wo r d M u l a t t o i s Sp a n i s h d e r iv e d ,

fr o m t h e L a ti n m u l us a m ul e a n d s i g n ifyin g a m ix e d
, ,

b r e e d A M u l a tto m ay b e e ith e r t h e offs p r in g of a

.

n e g r e s s by a whit e m a n o r of a whit e wo m a n by a
,

n eg r o.
 H E fo l lo wi n g o we th e i r n a m e s to th e i r ch a r a c
t e rist ic n o t e — the -
C u ck c c ,
t he -
Pee W it ,
h -
t e Cu r l o w , t h e Ch i ck d e e a d t h e
- -
a n
,

Whi p -p o o r -w i ll Th e
. Tr u m p e t e r of S th ou

A m e r ic a i s s o c a ll e d on a cco u n t o f i t s l o u d cl e a r , ,

a n d t ru m p e t lik e c ry Th e w o r d N i g ht i n g a l e i s a
- .

m e od r n fo r m o f t h e A n g lo -S a x o n n i h t eg a l e i n dic a ,

t iv e of a bi r d th a t s in g s by n i g h t a g r e e a bly t o i t s
,

co m po n e n t p a r t s n i ht n i ght a n d g a l e a s o n g s t e r
, , , ,
.

Th e N i g ht Ja r b e a r s i t s n a m e b e c a u s e t h e s o u n d i t
-

e m it s r e s e m bl e s t h e w hi r r i n g of a s pi n ni n g w h e e l
- .

Th e M o ck i n g b i r d p o s s e s s e s t h e p o we r of i m it a ti n g
- .

t h e not e s of oth e r bi r d s ; whil e t h e H u mm i n g b i r d -

.

i s r e m a r k a bl e fo r t h e hu m m in g s ou n d th a t p r oc e e d s
fro m it s w in g s a s it s p e e d s th r ou g h t h e a i r .

S e v e r a l bi rd s a r e n a m e d a ft e r t h e col o u r o r s o m e
oth e r ch a r a ct e r i s tic of th e i r pl u m a g e A m o n g th e s e
.

we h a v e t h e Gr e e n fi n c h a n d t h e G o l d fi n ch t h e ,

t e r m F i n ch fr o m t h e An g lo -S a xo n fi n c d e n oti n g ,

a s m a ll si n gi n g bi r d ; t h e Gr e e n l e t e xp r e s s i n g
a ti n y g r e e n bi r d p e c u li a r t o So u th A m e r ic a ;
t h e Ja y ,
a co r r u ptio n of g a i i t s Fr e n ch n a m e
, ,

a ll u di n g t o it s gay o r s ho wy a pp e a r a n c e ; the
B lu e b i r d co m m o n in t h e U nit e d St a t e s t h e
-
, ,
 B i r ds .
7

upp e r h a lf of which i s bl u e ; t h e B l a ckb i r d s o ,

c a ll e d fr o m i t s s a bl e a s p e ct t h e S t ar li n g owi n g to ,

t h e s p e ck s a t t h e e xt r e m iti e s of i t s fe a th e r s ; t h e
Fl am i n g o o f S o u th A m e r ic a a n d Afr ic a fr o m i t s
, ,

fl a m i n g c o l o u r ; t h e Or i o l e a n Au s t r a li a n bi r d of
‘

g old e n -y e ll ow plu m a ge , a g r e e a bly to t h e L a tin

a ur eo l us, g old e n ; a n d t h e L y r e -b i r d a l
,
s o a n a tiv e

of Au s t r a li a s o d e no m i n a t e d on a c count of t h e s i x
,

t e e n fe a th e r s of t h e t a il which wh e n fold e d fo r m in
a pp e a r a nc e a p e r fe ct ly r e Th e B r iti s h s on g bi r d
.
-

know n a s t h e Re d p o ll r e c e iv e s i t s n am e fr o m t h e
-

t uft of r e d fe a th e r s u p o n it s h e a d ; wh e r e a s t h e S o u th
Afr ic a n S e c r e t ar y b i r d i s s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e a t uft
-

of fe a th e r s o n e a ch s id e of i t s h e a d a r e s uppo s e d t o
r e s e m bl e q u ill p e n s s tuck b e hin d t h e e a r .Th e S o u th
A m e r ic a n B i r d s o f P a r a d i s e a r e ind e e d a b e a u tiful
s p e ci e s a l l t h e colou r s of t h e r a inb ow b e in g r e p r e
,

s e nt e d in th e i r p l u m a g e ; a n d t h e s a m e m a y b e s a i d

of t h e L o v e b i r d s s o d e s i g n a t e d fr o m t h e e xt r a
-
,

o r din a r y a ffe ction which th e y e xhibit to wa r d s o n e

a noth e r . Th e K i n g fi s h e r i s r e g a r d e d a s t h e ki n g
o i fi s h e r bi r d s
- o r t ho s e th a t div e fo r fi s h a s th e i r
,

p r e y by r e a s on of h i s g a y plu m a g e
,
.

Th e L ap wi n g d e r iv e s i t s n a m e fr o m t h e loud
fl a ppin g noi s e m a d e by i t s win g s du r in g fli g ht t h e
W a gt a i l fr o m t h e inc e s s a nt w a gg in g of i t s t a i l a n d
,

t h e Sc i s s o r s t a i l
- — foun d only in S outh A m e r ic a
fr o m t h e p e culi a r n a tu r e of i t s t a il which l ik e a p a i r
, ,

of s ci s s o r s o p e n s a n d s h u t s in t h e co u r s e of i t s r a pid
,

p a s s a g e th r o u g h t h e a i r a n d s o e n t r a p s t h e fli e s u po n
which it p r e y s Th e H a n gb i r d i s s o c a ll e d fr o m i t s
.

7
9 8 N a m es a nd thei r M en n i ng .

h a bit of s u s p e ndin g i t s n e s t fr o m t h e l i m b of a t r e e ;
t h e W e a v e r -b i r d fr o m t h e wond e rful int e r twinin g
,

o f t wi s a n d di pl y d in t h e co n s t r u ction of
g g r a s s s a e

it s n e st a n d t h e T ai lo r bir d fr o m t h e s kill it d i s
-
,

pl a y s i n c o n s t r u cti n g i t s n e s t by s titchin g to ge th e r
t h e l e a v e s o f pl a n t s .

A m o n g c o r r u pti o n s o f t h e n a me s of bi r d s it w il l b e
s u ffici e n t t o m e ntio n t h e Wi d o w b i r d p r op e r ly t h e
-
,

W /i y a ez w bi r d a ft e r t h e t e r r ito r y in Afr ic a of w hich

-
’
,

it i s a n a tiv e ; t h e M ar t i n fr o m t h e L a tin rn nr ns
,

fen c e o r w a l l s w a llo w s h o r t e n e d into in n r t en a n d

,
-
, ,

m i s p r o n o u n c e d rn ez r t en ; a n d t h e M u s c o v y D u ck ,

w hich s o fa r fr o m cl a i m in g a M u s covit e o r i g in i s
, ,

m e r e ly a m usk d u c k a s p e ci e s s o m e wh a t l a r g e r th a n
,

o u r c o m m o n d u ck .

Th e S wi ft d e r i ve s i t s n a m e fr o m i t s r a pid fli g ht ;
t h e P a s s e n g e r p i g e o n fr o m i t s m i g r a to r y h a bit s ;
-
,

t h e Sk yl ar k fr o m i t s fr olic of r i s in g a n d s i n kin g a s
,

i t fli e s ; a n d t h e Ch a ffi n c h fro m i t s p r e fe r e nc e fo r
,

ch a ff a b o v e e v e ry oth e r kind of food Th e D i v e r i s .

r e m ar k a bl e fo r i t s h a bit of divin g ; t h e S a n d p i p e r

inh a bit s t h e s e a b e a ch a n d t h e Ch i m n e y -s wa ll o w
-

b uild s h i s n e s t in a n o r din a ry hou s e chi m n e y Th e .

H o r n b i ll t h e B o at b ill t h e S p oon b i ll a n d t h e
-
,
-
,
-
,

D u ck b i ll a r e r e s p e ctiv e ly s o n a m e d on a ccount of
-

t h e r e s e m bl a nc e of th e i r bill s t o t h e a r ticl e s a n d in ,

-
t h e l a s t m e ntion e d c a s e to t h e bi r d indic a t e d ; whi l e ,

t h e C r o s s b i ll h a s i t s m a ndibl e s c r o s s e d in oppo s it e
-

d i r e cti o n s. Th e P o u t e r p i g e o n i s s o c a ll e d fr o m
-

t h e poutin g o r bul g in g out of i t s b re a s t

, ,
t h e Ri n g
d o v e fr o m t h e wh it e r in g a r oun d i t s n e ck ; a n d t h e
,
 RE L JGJO US ORD E R S .

TRICTL Y p e a kin g t h e m e m b e r s of t h e v a r iou s

s ,

R e li g iou s O r d e r s i n thi s c o u nt r y a t l e a s t a r e
, ,

not M o n k s but F r i a r s Only tho s e wh o liv e

,
.

co m pl e t e ly i s ol a t e d fr o m t h e r e s t of m a n kind a s ,

did S t Ant hony a r e e ntitl e d t o t h e fo r m e r d e s ig

.
,

n a tion which i n co m m on with t h e t e r m M o n a st e r y

, , ,

co m e s fr o m t h e G r e e k mo n os a lo n e C o n s e qu e ntly
, .
,

3. R e li g iou s H o u s e i s inco r r e ct ly d e s c r ib e d a s a
M on a s t e r y u nl e s s e a ch i n divid u a l withi n i t s w a l l s
occ u pi e s a s e p a r a t e c e ll both by ni g ht a n d by d a y
, ,

a n d n e v e r s uffe r s hi m s e lf to h a v e t h e l e a s t c o m m u

n ion with h l s n e i g hbo u r F a ili n g co m p li a nc e with

. .

s u ch a r u l e ,t h e t e r m C o n v e n t d e r iv e d fr o m t h e
,

L a tin c on to g e th e r a n d ven i r e t o co m e i s m o r e
, , , ,

fl t t i n g l y a pplic a bl e Th i s d e s i g n a tion how e v e r i s

.
, ,

n o w bo r n e by a n in s titution r e s e r v e d fo r a c o m m u

n i t y of N u n s s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e It a li a n n onn ez
,
a ,

g r a nd m oth e r b e
, c a u s e th e y o r i g i n a lly co m p r i s e d o n ly
v e ry a g e d wo m e n ; a lb e it it wa s fo r m e r ly t h e c u s to m
to s p e a k o f M o n a s t e r i e s a n d C onv e nt s witho u t d i s
c r i m in a tion An Abb e y a lw a y s indic a t e d a R e li g i o u s
.

H ou s e in conn e ction w i t h a C hu r ch a s fo r e x a m pl e , , ,

W e s t m i n s t e r Abb e y t h e a bod e of t h e c o m m u n ity

,

a tt a ch e d t o t h e W e s t M in s t e r p r e s id e d ov e r by
,
 Rel ig i o n s O r d er s . 1 01

an Abb o t ,
s o styl e d in a cco r d a n c e with t h e S y r i a c
a n d L a tin a bbot a fa th e r o r in t h e c a s e of a fe m a l e
, , ,

c o m m un ity by a n Abb e s s w h e r e a s a P r i o r y
,

d e not e d a l e s s e r o r b r a nch e s t a bl i s h m e nt pl a c e d a t
s o m e d i s t a n c e fro m t h e Abb e y a n d c o nt r o ll e d by a ,

P r i o r ( o r P r i o r e s s ) s i g n ifyin g o n e who h a d a p r io r
,

cl a i m ov e r t h e r e s t to t h e o ffic e of Abbot ( o r Abb e s s )

in t h e o r i g in a l co m m u nity .

A F r i ar on t h e oth e r h a nd i s confo r m a bly t o

,
— ,

t h e L a tin fr a tr e a n d t h e F r e nch fr er e a b r oth e r ,

wh a t t h e t e r m i m pli e s viz o n e of a b r oth e r hood

, .
, .

I n old e n ti m e s th e r e e xi s t e d fou r di s tinct a n d pow e r

ful O r d e r s of F r i a r s Th e s e w e re t h e D o mi n i c a n s
.
,

found e d by S t Do m inic to p r e a ch a w a y t h e Albi

.

i h r e s i e s a l s o k n o wn a s t h e B l a ck F r i ar s
g e n s a n e , ,

o n a ccount of th e i r bl a ck h a bit s a n d in F r a nc e a s ,

t h e Ja c o b i n s b e c a u s e t h e i r fi rs t conv e nt wa s
,

s it u a t e d i n t h e Ru e S t J a cqu e s P a r i s ; t h e F r a n
.
,

c i s c a n s o r Gr e y F r i a r s n a m e d a ft e r St F r a n ci s
, ,
.

d As s i s s i ; t h e C a r m e li t e s o r Wh i t e F r i a r s of
’

M o u nt C a r m e l ; a n d t h e Au g u s t i n e s o r A u s t i n ,

F r i a r s w ho s e o r i g i n i s a s c r ib e d to S t A u g u s tin
,
.

o r A u s ti n t h e fi r s t A r chbi s hop of C a nt e r b u r y who

, ,

di e d in 60 5 Ev e n tu a lly a fifth O r d e r s tyl e d t h e

.
,

Tr i n i t a r l an s o r F r i a r s of t h e H oly T r inity oth e r

, ,

wi s e t h e C r u t ch e d Fr i ar s s o c a l l e d fr o m t h e c r o s s
,

( L a tin c r u c i a t i c,
r o s s e d ) e m b r oid e r e d on th e i r h a bit ,

c a m e into e xi s t e n c e .

R e fe rr i n g to t h e F r a nci s c a n s tho s e who con ,

fo r m e d to t h e a u s t e r e r u l e s l a id down by th e i r
foun d e r w e r e d e no m in a t e d Ob s e r va n t Fr i a r s W h il e ,
 N a mes : a nd t hei r M ea n i n g .

th o s e who a s ti m e wo r e o n b e ga n t o liv e in conv e nt s

, ,

a n d cov e t e d l a n d s ch a p e l s
;

, a n d book s r e c e iv e d t h e
, ,

n a m e of C o n v e n t i o n a l F r i ar s O ut of t h e F r a n .

c i s c a n s th e r e h a v e s p r un g two l e s s e r O r d e r s s o t o ,

sp ea k ,chi e fly di s ti n g ui s h e d by a s li g ht ch a n g e i n
t h e d e t a il s a pp e r t a i n i n g to t h e h a bit wo r n by th e m .

Th e s e a r e t h e C a p u ch i n s s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e c ap a c e
, ,

o r point e d c o w] th a t th e y w e a r a n d t h e C o r d e l i e r s
, , ,

fr o m t h e kn ott e d co r d wh ich e nci r cl e s th e i r w a i s t in

pl a c e of a g i r d l e In e ffe ct how e v e r th e s e two
.
, ,

o ffs hoot s of t h e F ra n ci s c a n s a re t h e s am e an d ,

s ubj e ct t o t h e lik e r ul e s a s t h e p a r e nt i n s titution

,
.

H a vin g di s po s e d of t h e F r i a rs l e t u s n ow tu r n t o ,

t h e M o n k s p r op e r ly s o c a ll e d O r i g i n a lly t h e s ol e
.

e xi s ti n g o r d e r of m onk s wa s th a t of t h e B e n e
di e t i n e s a s e s t a bli s h e d by St B e n e dict wh o i n t r o
.
,

d u c e d t h e m on a s tic sy s t e m into W e s t e r n E u r o p e in
t h e y e a r 52 9 . N o l e s s th a n tw e lv e l a r g e M on a s
t e ri e s w e r e r a i s e d by h i m b e fo r e h e di e d ; b u t not :

with s t a n di n g t h e a u s t e r e r ul e s wh ich obt a i n e d a m o n g

t h e B e n e dicti n e s th e s e w e r e y e t con s id e r e d too l a x
,

by s o m e individu a l m e m b e r s of t h e O rd e r with t h e ,

r e s ult th a t fi r s t o n e a n d th e n a n oth e r R e fo r m e d
O r d e r s p r a n g into e xi s t e nc e t h e l a t e s t b e i n g i n
,

e a ch c a s e di s tin g ui s h e d fo r a s till m o r e r i g o r ou s
r ul e th a n th a t o f i t s i m m e di a t e p r e d e c e s s o r Thu s .
,

we now h a v e t h e C ar t h u s i a n s o u r En g li s h d e s i g ,

n a tion fo r t h e m onk s of L a C h a r t r e u s e n e a r Gr e
nobl e by w ho m t h e c e l e b r a t e d liqu e u r known a s
,

Ch ar t r e u s e i s p re p a r e d ; t h e C i s t e r c i an s o r m onk s ,

o f C it e a u ; a n d t h e C lu n i a c s o r m onk s of C luny ,
,
 P A P E R A N D P RI N TIN G .

HE wo r d P ap e r co m e s f o m r the L a ti n p apy
r ns a n d G r e e k a y r os t h e d e s i n a tio n of a n
, pp , g
E gypti a n p l a nt fr o m w ho s e r e e d s t h e e a r l i e s t
kin d of wr iti n g m a t e r i a l wa s obt a in e d P a r ch m e n t .

i s a n A n g l iciz e d fo r m of t h e F r e n ch pa r enei n i n ,

fr o m t h e G r e e k perg a rn en os n a m e d a ft e r t h e a n ci e n t
,

city of P e r g a m o s i n A s i a M in o r wh e r e t h e s ki n s of
, ,

g o a t s w e r e fi r s t p r e p a r e d fo r w r iti n g up o n a t a ti m e

wh e n P tol e m y p r ohibit e d t h e e xpo r t a t io n of t h e

p a py r u s fr o m E gypt .

-
H a n d p a p e r w a s o r i g in a lly s o c a ll e d fr o m i t s
w a t e r m a k w hich
r,
w a s th a t of a h a n d ; P o t P a p e r
-
,

of a pot ; P o st p a pe r of po s t ho n C r o wn p ap e r
-
,
a - r -
,

of a c r o wn ; a n d F o o l s c a p o f a fool s h e a d w ith t h e
,
’

c ap a n d b e ll
. s -
N e p a u l p a p e r b e t t e r know n p e r
, ,

h ap s u d n e r t h e n a -
m e of I n d i a p a p e r i s m a d e in
, ,

t h e di s t r ict N p a u
o f e ,
l N o th e n I di
r r n a .
-
Cap p a p e r
i s s o d e s i g n a t e d b e c a u s e p r io r to b e i n g u s e d by
,

g r o c e r s f o r w r a ppi n g up s u g a r a n d o th e r co m m o
d i t i e s s o ld by w e i g ht it i s fold e d i n t o a c a p l ik e
,
-

fo r m . A m o n g p a p e r s of a s tiffe r ki n d th a t a r e ,

chi e fly i n t e n d e d fo r d ra win g u po n w e h a v e El e , ,

p h an t s o c a ll e d fr o m i t s l a rg e s iz e ( 2 8 i n ch e s by
,

C a r t r i d g e p a p e r o r i g i n a lly m a n u fa ct u re d fo r
-
,
 P ap er and P r i n t i ng . 1 05

s oldi er s c t id
’
ar r g ,
e s an d -
B r i st o l b o ar d ,
fo r m e r ly
m a d e only a t B r i s tol .

By t h e t e r m F o l i o d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a ti n fo li n in
, ,

a l e af i s m e a n t a s h e e t o f p a p e r fold e d b u t o n c e
, ,

thu s m a ki n g t wo l e a v e s o r fou r p a ge s ; a Q u a r t o
( w r itt e n to
4 ) i s a s h e,e t fold e d i n to q u a r t e r s o r f o u r

l e a v e s m a kin g e i g ht p a g e s ; a n Oc t av o ( 8 vo ) s o
,
'
,

s tyl e d in a cco r d a nc e with t h e L a ti n o c t a e i g ht one , ,

fold e d i n to e i g ht l e a v e s o r s ixt e e n p a g e s ; a Du o
d e c i m o ( 1 2 m o ) t h e L a tin fo r
“
,
t wo a n d t e n one ,

m a ki n g tw e lv e l e a v e s o r t we n ty -fo u r p a g e s a n d s o ,

fo r th .

Wh e n C a xton s e t up t h e fi r s t p r i n ti n g p r e s s in
t h i s co u nt r y in t h e y e a r 1 4 7 6 th e r e w e r e m a n y
, ,

a m on g t h e vul g a r who r e g a r d e d it a s a n in v e ntio n

o f t h e d e vil a n d t h e cl e r gy no do u bt fo s t e r e d th i s
, ,

i d e a fo r e s e e in g th a t in t h e e v e nt of t h e B ibl e b e i n g
,

d i s t r ib u t e d to t h e m a s s e s by thi s m e a n s t h e w a y ,

w o ul d b e th r o wn op e n t o t h e p r od u ct i o n o f s pu r i o u s
e dition s of S a c r e d W r it a n d t h e p e r v e r s io n of r e li
,

g i o u s doct r i n e which up ,
to th a t p e r iod h a d b e e n fr e e

t o a l l wh o cho s e t o a tt e n d d a ily in s t r u ct i o n l n t h e
m on a s t e r i e s H e nc e p r intin g wa s popul a r ly d e
.
,

s c r ib e d a s
“
Th e Bl a ck Ar t whil e t h e boy s w h o
,
”

t ook t h e s h e e t s off t h e p r e s s fr o m t h e fa ct of g e n e ,

r a lly s m e a r in g th e i r fa c e s with i n k c a m e to b e ,

k nown a s I m p s o r D e vil s Thi s w ill e xpl a in why a

.

p r int e r s
’
e rr a n d -boy s till b e ar s t h e n ickn a m e of a

P r i n t er s D e v i l
’
.

O u r P a r li a m e nt a ry R e co r d s D e b a t e s R e po r t s of , ,

M e e ti n g s a n d Accou nt s h a v e r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e of
, ,
1 06 N a m es : and thei r M ea n i n g .

H a n s ar d s b e c a u s e th e y p r int e d by t h e l a rg e
a re

p r i n ti n g fi r m e s t a bli s h e d by Luk e H a n s a r d in 1 7 52 ;
w h e r e a s a B l u e B o o k i s s o c al l e d o n a cco u n t o f
i t s s tiff cov e r of b l u e p a p e r Th e F r e nch G ov e r n
.

m e n t r e po r t s a r e s tyl e d Y e l l o W B o o k s fo r a s i m il a r
reaso n .Th e t e r m B o o k co m e s fr o m t h e D a n i s h
bog a b e e ch t re e w h ich a bou n d s i n D e n m a r k a n d
,
-
,

w ho s e w o od i s m uch u s e d fo r e n g r a vi n g bl o ck s - .

Th e L e a f of a bo o k i s i n a l l u s ion t o t h e a n ci e n t
c u s t o m o f w r iti n g o n t h e b a r k of t r e e s ; w hil e
V o lu m e i s d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a ti n w i ne I r o ll , ,

r e l a t i v e to t h e E g p t i o n p a py r i e a ch o n e o f w hic h
y ,

wh e n r oll e d up fo r m e d a doc u m e nt o r vol u m e c o m

p l e t e i n it s e lf A s to.r e ho u s e fo r bo o k s i s s tyl e d a

L i br ar y i n a cco r d a nc e with t h e L a ti n li br a r i a n z a
,
/

book -c a s e d e r iv e d i n t h e fi r s t in s t a nc e fr o m l i ber a
, ,

book .

A P a m p h l e t ow e s i t s d e s c r iption to P a m p h i l a a ,

G r e e k l a dy wh o l eft b e hi n d h e r a ki n d of co m m o n
pl a c e bo o k cont a i n in g n ot e s e p ito m e s a n d a n e c
, ,

d o t e s Th e F r e n ch e q u iv a l e nt fo r a p a m ph l e t i s a
.

B r o chu r e s o c a l l e d fro m t h e v e r b br o c her t o s titch

, , ,

b e c a u s e s u ch a bo o k c o n s i s t s only o f a fe w p a g e s
s titch e d to g e th e r Th e w o r d Ch ar t co m e s fr o m t h e
.

L a tin c h a r ta a l e a f of p a p e r ; a ch a r t th e r e fo r e i s
, , ,

not p r i n t e d on c a n v a s l ik e a m a p b u t o n a s i n g l e ,

s h e e t of p a p e r M a p t r a c e s i t s o r i g in fr o m n z app a
.
,

a P u nic wo r d wh ich s i g n ifi e d a s i g n a l cloth - a l so a ,

n a pki n b e c a u s e i n a nci e n t t i m e s m ilit a r y a n d oth e r

,

l a nd m a r k s w e r e s k e tch e d upon a cloth in t h e a b s e n c e

of p a r ch m e nt a n d p a p e r N ow a d ay s a book of m a p s
.
,
1 08 N a mes a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

d i s pl a y a m o re
v a r i e d s tock th a n t h e itin e r a nt s wh o
ca rr i e d book s only s uch a r ticl e s a s w iti g p a p e r
,
r n -
,

p e n s i n k a n d oth e r m a t e r i a l s in cou r se of t i m e r e
, ,

c e i ve d t h e n a m e of S t a t i o n e r y .
 P O L I TI CA L N I CK N A M E S .

H E ut m o s t di ffic lty e xi s t s in u con cilin g t h e

re

v a r iou s op inio n s e xp re s s e d by diffe r e nt a utho r s

con c e r n in g t h e o r i g in of t h e t e r m s W hi g a n d
T o r y And ye t if we b ut con s id e r t h e r e a s on s why
. ,

th e s e nickn a m e s w e r e fi r s t b e s tow e d u pon t h e t wo

e a t p olit ic a l fa ctio n s of thi s c o u nt r y du r in g t h e
g r

r eign of C h a r l e s I I we m ay po s s ibly a tt a in a
.
,

m uch - d e s i re d e n d I n t h e y e a r 1 64 8 ( temp C h a r l e s
.

I ) th e r e o ccu rre d a r i s in g o r s a lly of t h e p e a s a nt ry

. , ,

inh a bitin g t h e s outh -w e s t e r n d i s t r ict s of S cotl a nd

'

a g a i n s t t h e Ro y a l i s t s Thi s wa s known a s t h e
.

W h i g a m o r e Ra i d t he
,
t e r m whig a mor e b e in g
a ppli e d t o t h e t e a m s t e r s a n d plou g h m e n of tho s e

p a r t s b e c a u s e th e y u d s e t h e twin s yl l a bic c ry o f
-

W h i gam
- to d r iv e th e i r ho r s e s Wh e n
.
,

th e r efo r e in t h e e a r ly d a y s of t h e R e s to r a tio n t h e
, ,

ult r a -P r ot e s t a nt p a r ty oppo s e d c e r t a in m e a s u r e s of
t h e Gov e r n m e n t , t h e C a tholic s r e p r o a ch e d th e m
with fa vo u r in g t h e fa n a tic a l O pinion s of t h e S cotti s h
C ov e n a nt e r s a n d W h i g a m o r e s a n d s tyl e d th e m
,

Wh i g s I n r e tu r n t h e P r ot e st a nt s b e s to we d u pon
.

th e i r oppon e nt s t h e nickn a m e of T o r i e s t h e ,

fa m il i a r d e s i g n a tion of a b a n d o f I r i s h o ut
l aw s who s o u g ht r e fu g e i n t h e b o g di st r ict s of
 1 10 N a mes a nd thei r M ean i ng .

I r e l a n d Th e wo r d To r y o r r a th e r Tor ee i s I r i s h
.
, , ,

S i g n i fyin g a r obb e r . F r o m th a t t i m e do wn to t h e
p r e s e nt T o r y i s m h a s b e e n con s id e r e d to d e not e a
s t e a dfa s t a dh e r e n c e to con s titution a l p r incipl e s a n d

t h e m a i n t e n a nc e o f r oy a lty a n d t h e p e e r a g e a s ,

o ppo s e d to t h e p r o g r e s s iv e a n d m o r e l i ber a l vi e w s

a pp e r t a i n in g to W h i gg i s m w hich a dvoc a t e s con

,

st it u t io n al r e fo r m an d a m od e r a t e e xt e n s ion of
d e m oc r a tic a l pow e r s Th e wo r d Li b er a l wa s fi r s t
.

e m ploy e d by Lo r d B y r on a n d h i s fr i e nd s a s t h e

t itl e of a p e r iodic a l int e nd e d to s e t fo r th t h e p olitic a l

a i m s of t h e a dv a nc e d Whi g p a r ty in 1 8 2 8 Th e .

t e r m C o n s e r v at i v e ( d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a tin c o n ,

t o g e th e r , a n d ser va r e , to k e e p to p r e s e r v e ) fi r s t
,

a pp e a r e d i n an a r ticl e i n The Qua r ter ly Revi ew ,

J a nu a ry 1 8 3 0 a n d wa s p e r m a n e ntly a dopt e d by
, ,

t h e To ry p a r t y on t h e p a s s in g of t h e R e fo r m Bil l
two y e a r s a ft e rw a r d s . Th e s till m o r e a dv a nc e d
s e ction of t h e Wh i g p a r ty which c a m e into p r o

m i n e n c e in 1 8 1 6 w e r e s tyl e d Ra di c a l s o r Ra di c a l ,

Re fo r m e r s , fr o m th e i r d e s i r e t o in s tit ut e a thor oug h

r e fo r m a tio n in t h e n a tion a l policy I n o u r own d ay
.

t h e R a dic a l s a n d t h e D e m oc r a t s m ay b e s e t down
a s o n e a n d t h e s a m e p a r ty ; whil e t h e S o c i a l i s t s

e m in e ntly c a r r y out t h e p r in cipl e s of t h e p r i m itiv e

R a dic a l s of t h e t i m e of Ch a r l e s I w h o s tyl e d .
,

t h e m s e lv e s L e v e ll e r s b e c a u s e th e y s t r ov e to r e d u c e
s oci e ty t o a co m m o n l e v e l . Th e wo r d D e m o c r a t i s
d e r iv e d fr o m t h e G r e e k d emo s p e opl e a n d kr a tei n t o
, , ,

g ov e rn ; t h e r e fo r e d e notin g o n e who uph o ld s t h e

p r inc ipl e of g ov e r n m e n t by t h e p e opl e th e m s e lv e s ,

1 12 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

in 1 7 8 6 Th e s e c r e t b r oth e r hood of t h e F e n i a n s ,

o rga ni z e d fo r t h e ov e r th r ow of t h e En g l i s h r ul e in
I r e l a nd d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m Fion a M a c C u m h a l
, ,

b e tt e r known a s Fin g a l a ft e r wh o m F I N GAL S C AV E

,
’

i s d e si gn a t e d Th e co rr e ct i n t e r p r e t a ti o n of t h e
.

“
G a e lic wo r d Fen i a n i s a hunt e r A n o th e r s e c r e t
s oci e t y o f q uit e r e c e nt o r i in i s th a t of t h e Ir i s h
g
In v i n c i b l e s e s t a bli s h e d a s wa s p u bl icly s t a t e d by
, ,

“
C a r e y t h e I n fo r m e r fo r t h e m a ki n g of h i s to ry by
,
”
killi n g ty r a nt s Th e i r t itl e i s d u e to t h e bo a s t
.

th a t th e y d e fy e xt e r m in a tion Th e Ri b b o n m e n .

t a k e th e i r n a m e fr o m t h e di s tinctiv e b a d g e w hich
t h e y w e a r Em e r g e n c y M e n a r e t h e m o r e a ctiv e
.

m e m b e r s o f t h e I r i s h D e fe n c e A s s oci a tio n Th e S e p a .

r i st s a n d t h e P a r n e ll i t e s a r e o n e a n d t h e s a m e ,

s w o r n to s u ppo r t t h e m e a s u r e s o f M r P a r n e l l a n d .

t h e I r i s h N a tion a l P a r ty i n p r o m o t i n g H o m e R u l e
fo r I r e l a n d Th e now fa m il i a r wo r d B o y c o t t i n g
.
,

i n c o n n e ction with I r i s h a ffa i r s a r o s e out of t h e ,

t r o u bl e s e xp e r i e nc e d by C a pt a in B oycott of Lou g h ,

M a s k F a r m n e a r B a llin r ob e County M a yo t h e
, , ,

l a n d a g e nt of Lo r d E r n e Hi s hou s e wa s b e s i e g e d
.
,

h i s l a bou r e r s w e r e th r e a t e n e d h i s c r op s r e m a in e d
,

un g a th e r e d a n d t r a d e s m e n r e fu s e d t o s u pply h i m
,

with g o o d s Thi s occu rr e d o n t h e 1 1 t h a n d 1 2 t h

.

of N ov e m b e r 1 8 8 0 a ft e r which t h e m ilit a ry wa s
, ,

“ ”
d e s p a tch e d t o h i s a i d a n d a ,
B oycott Fund
“
s ub s c r ib e d fo r h i s b e n e fit Th e e xp r e s s io n
. to
”
b oycott a m a n p r a ctic a lly m e a n s to pl a c e h i m
b e y o n d t h e p a l e of civiliz a tion .

Th e l o w e s t o r d e r of t h e F re n ch R e vol u t ioni s t s
 P o l i ti c a l N i c kn a mes .
3

w e r e d e n o m in a t e d S a n s c u l o t t e s l it e r a lly w itho u t
, ,

b r e e ch e s b e c a u s e th e y r ej e ct e d t ho s e v e ry s e r v ic e
,
”

a bl e a r ticl e s of a tt i r e a s b e i n g e m bl e m a tic a l o f t h e

a r i s toc r a cy Th e s a m e t e r m w a s a l s o a ppli e d t o t h e
.

R e p u blic a n l e a d e r s a s a r e p r o a ch fo r t h e n e g li g e n c e
of th e i r d re s s ; b u t a ft e r a ti m e th e y th e m s e lv e s
a dopt e d t h e titl e with p r id e Th e Re d Re p u b l i c a n s
.

w e r e s o c a ll e d fo r a two fold r e a s on I n t h e fi r s t
- .

pl a c e th ey did n o t h e s it a t e to s t e e p th e i r h a nd s in
,

h u m a n blood t o a cco m pl i s h t h e i r politic a l a i m s ;

a n d s e condly th e y wo r e t h e r e d c a p s y m bolic a l o f
, , ,

Lib e r ty fr o m t h e d a y s of t h e R o m a n s d o wn wa r d s .

Th e two a n t a g o n i s tic p a r ti e s of t h e R e v o l u tio n w e r e

s tyl e d Th e M o u n t a i n a n d Th e P l a i n fo r t h e
r e a s on t h a t t h e fo r m e r Sa t up o n t h e m o s t e l e v a t e d

b e n ch e s in t h e H a ll of A s s e m bly whil e t h e l a tt e r ,

o ccupi e d t h e g r o u nd floo r Th e P l a in wa s fo r t h e
.

m o s t p a r t c o m po s e d of t h e G i r o n d i s t s o r d e p u ti e s ,

fr o m t h e D e p a r t m e nt of t h e Gi r o n d e .

Th e H a t s a n d t h e C a p s w e r e t h e two g r e a t
p olitic a l fa ctio n s in Sw e d e n s o c a ll e d on a cc o u nt
,

of t h e F r e nch c hapea n x wo r n by t h e p a r ti s a ns of t h e
F r e n ch i n t e r e s t on t h e o n e s id e a n d t h e R u s s i a n
,

c a p s wo r n b y t h e p a r ti s a n s of t h e R u s s i a n i n t e r e s t
on t h e oth e r Ap r op os of R u s s i a t h e wo r d N ihili s t
.
,
”

wa s inv e n t e d by t h e g re a t Ru s s i a n nov e l i s t T o u r g e
n i e f who s e d e a th took p l a c e D e c e m b e r 3 1 8 8 3
, , .

Wh e th e r thi s h a d a n ythin g in co m m o n with t h e

En g li s h wo r d N i h i l i s m d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a tin
,

n i hi l u m ,
nothin g we c a n n ot s a y H o we v e r a s t h e
, .
,

fund a m e nt a l p r i n cipl e of t h e N i h i li s t s i s t h e
8
1 1 4 N a m es a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

a bolition of t h e a utoc r a cy a n d t h e found a tion of

a n e w o r d e r of s oci e ty fr o m p r i m itiv e b e g in n in g s ,

i t i s j u s t po s s i b l e th a t t h e L a tin wo r d m ay h a v e
b e e n d r a w n upon in t h e fi r s t c a s e .

Th e I t a li a n C ar b o n a r i b e i n g t h e plu r a l of
,

c a r bo n a r o , a co a l m a n
- a ch a r co a l b u r n e r w h o fi r s t
,
-
,

c a m e into notic e i n 1 8 2 0 a s s u m e d t h e i r d e s i g n a tion

,

fr o m t h e fa ct of th e i r m e e tin g s b e i n g o r i g i n a lly h e ld in
t h e h ut s of t h e ch a r co a l -bu r n e r s a n d b e c a u s e th e y ,

h e ld ch a r co a l to b e t h e s y m bol o f p u r ific a tio n Th e .

B l a ck C l o ak s w e re t h e upp e r cl a s s e s of N a pl e s ,

d i s ti n g ui s h e d by t h e colou r ! a n d qu a lity of th e i r
c lo a k s fr o m t h e L a zz a r i o r b e gg a r s R ega rd e d a s .
,

a politic a l p a r ty t h e N e a polit a n B l a ck C lo a k s n o
,

l on g e r e xi s t but t h e La zz ar o n i s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e ,

H o s pit a l of S t L a z a r u s wh ich s e r v e s fo r th e i r
.
,

r e fu g e a r e s till t o b e m e t with in a l l qu a r t e r s of t h e
,

c ity . Th e n a g a in we m u s t not o m it m e ntion of

, ,

t h e G u e l p h s a n d t h e Gh i b e ll i n e s n a m e s of two ,

p ow e r fu l fa m ili e s who s e r iv a l p a r ti s a n s hip of t h e

P a p a l a n d t h e I m p e r i a l s up r e m a cy in It a ly t h r e a t
e n e d t h e p e a c e of E u r op e d u r i n t h lon p iod
g e g e r

e m b r a c e d b e tw e e n t h e y e a r s 1 2 0 a n d 1 0 0
5 5 .

Th e w o r d F e d e r a l co m e s fr o m t h e L a t i n fce d ns ,

a l e agu e , a co m p a ct As we kno w t h e p e o pl e of
.
,

t h e N o r th e r n St a t e s of A m e r ic a s tyl e d th e m s e lv e s
Fe d e r a l s o r F e d e r a li s t s b e c a u s e th e y w e r e
, ,

u nit e d by a t r e a ty a s o n e s t a t e a lthou g h e a ch ,

s t at e continu e d to e nj oy s e lf g o v e r n m e nt
- Th e .

S o u th e r n e r s o n t h e oth e r b a n d c a l l e d th e m s e lv e s
, ,

C o n fe d e r at e s o r C o n fe d e r a li s t s on a ccount of
, ,
1 1 6 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i ng .

t he Me m b e rs Abolition of t h e P r o p e r ty Q u a lific a tion

, ,

a n d t h e Eq u a liz a tion of El e cto r i a l Ri g ht s Willi a m .

Lo v e tt t h e a utho r of thi s doc u m e n t di e d i n Au g u s t

, , ,

1 87 7 . Th e E n g li s h w a r p a r ty wh o s id e d w ith t h e ,

T u r k s i n t h e R u s s o T u r ki s h s t r u gg l e of 1 8 7 8 r e c e iv e d
-

t h e n ick n a m e o f Ji n g o e s o r Th e Ji n g o P a r t y , ,

fr o m t h e cho M
of a c d e r o t t s fa m ou m u s ic h a l l ’
r u s m s -

s on g co m m e ncin g
,

W e d on
’
t w t t fi gh t
an o , b u t , éy j i ng o , if we d o

J in g o ,
let co r r upti o n of f a i n ho t h e
us add , is a ,

B a s q u e t e r m fo r God H e nc e t h e e xp r e s s ion B y
.
“
,

J in g o ! i s p r op e r ly a di re ct a pp e a l to t h e D e ity '
.
‘

It s int r oduction into thi s co u nt r y i s o f m u ch old e r

d a t e th a n m o s t p e r s o n s m a y i m a g in e Th e P l a n .

t a ge n e t ki n gs h e ld po s s e s sion of t h e B a s q u e
p r o v inc e s a n d wh e n E d wa r d I i m po r t e d a n u m b e r
, , .

of t h e B a s q u e m ou n t a in e e r s to a s s i s t h i m in t h e
s u bj u
'

g a ti o n of W a l e s th e i r co n tinu a l u s
, e of t h e

wo r d j a i n ko s oo n fo u n d i m it a to r s a m o n g o u r n a tiv e
s oldi e r y A P r o t e c t i o n i s t i s o n e who a dvoc a t e s
. .

t h e p ot e cti o n o f ho m e p r od u c e a n d m a nufa ctu re s

r -

a g a in s t fo r e i g n co m p e titio n by t h e i m po s ition of
i m po r t duti e s .
 FL O W E R S .

H E Wa ll fl w e r i s a l wa y s to b e m e t with
- o

i n old w a ll s a n d r u i n e d b u ildin g s Th e
.

Sc ar l e t r u n n e r i s a c r e e pi n g pl a n t w ith a
-

s carl e t i n flo r e s c e n c e A n oth e r c r e e pi n g pl a nt i s
.

t h e Wo o d bi n e a , co rr u ptio n o f t h e A n g lo S a xon
-

w a d e ben d , b e n d i n g a r o u n d w o o d a l s o kno wn a s
,

t h e H o n e y s u ck l e o wi n g t o t h e fr a r a n c e of i t s
, g
fl o w e r s w hich yo u n g p e o pl e lov e to s uck
,
Th e .

C o r n fl o w e r a n d t h e B l u e b o t t l e both g r o w a m on g
- -

c o rn ; t h e l a tt e r o we s i t s n a m e to i t s c olo u r a n d
bottl e s h a p e Fo x g l o v e i s a c o r r u ptio n of F o lk s
- .
-
’

g lo v ,e
”
i n a ll u s i o n fi r s t to t h e fa i r i e s a n d s e c o n dly
, ,

t o i t s fa n ci e d r e s e m bl a n c e to t h e fi n g e r s of a g lo v e .

Th e H a r e b e ll a l s o k n o wn a s t h e B l u e B e ll o f
-
,

Sc o t l a n d i s
,
p op e r ly t h e Ayr b e ll s o c a ll e d fr o m
r -
,
”

t h e di s t r ict wh e r e i t w a s fi r s t n o tic e d a n d i t s b e l l,

s h a p e d flo w e r .T h e Gl o b e fl o w e r h a s a g l o b u l a r
-

i n fl o re s e n c e Th e C o x c o m b i s ch a r a c t e r iz e d by r e d
.

fl o we r s a ft e r t h e s tyl e o f a cock s co m b Th e T u li p
’
.

b e a r s t h e P e r s i a n n a m e fo r tu r b a n fr o m i t s
“

si m il a r ity t o t e h e a d d r e s s o f t h e O r i e n t a l s
h - .

Ja s m i n e i s a l m o s t id e n tic a l with j asa ma n t h e ,

P e r s i a n t e r m fo r t hi s flo we r .
1 1 8 N a mes a nd t h ei r M ea n i n g .

I n old e n ti m e s B a ch e l o r s B u t t o n s we re g r e a tl y
’

p r iz e d by l o v e -s ick s w a i n s wh o p r a cti s e d a ki n d o f
divin a tion with th e m in o r d e r to di s cov e r w h e th er
t h e y we r e d e s tin e d to m a rr y th e i r s w e e th e a r t s .

S p e e d w e ll i s a n a pp r op r i a t e n a m e fo r a pl a nt
who s e flo w e r s fa ll o ff a n d fly a w a y w h e n it i s
g a th e r e d.

Th e n a m e of F o r g e t m e n o t o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e
- -

foll o win g l e g e nd -A G e r m a n kni g ht a n d h i s l a dy

w e r e w a lkin g on t h e b a n k of t h e D a n u b e w h e n ,

t h e fa i r o n e s a w a b e a utiful t uft of My oso t i s p a l us tr i s

g r owin g in t h e w a t e r a n d e
, xp r e s s e d a w i s h to h a v e

it . With chiv a l r ou s a l a c r ity t h e k n i g ht a t on c e

p l u n g e d i nto t h e r iv e r a n d g a th e r e d h i s p r iz e ; but
b e fo r e h e could r e g a in t h e s t e e p a n d s lipp e ry b a nk ,

e n cu m b e r e d a s h e w a s by h i s h e a vy a r m ou r he ,

wa s d r a wn by t h e t r e a ch e r ou s e ddy i n to a d e e p pool .

Fi n di n g h e could not s a v e hi m s e lf h e th r e w t h e ,

flo we r s a s ho r e to h i s m i s t r e s s a s h e S a nk a n d ,
“
utt e r e d with h i s l a s t b r e a th t h e w o r d s Verg ess
mei n n i c ht ! (
“
Fo r g e t - m e -not H e nc e thi s flow e r

h a s co m e to b e univ e r s a lly r e g a r d e d a s t h e e m bl e m
of fid e lity .

Mi gn o n e t t e t h e di m in u t iv e of M ig n o n t h e F r e nch
, ,

fo r d a r li n g i s s o c a l l e d on a cco u nt o f i t s d e l ic a t e
,
”

fr a gr a nc e Th e C ar n at i o n o we s i t s n a m e to t h e
.

L a tin ca r o fl e s h in r e l a t i o n to i t s colou r G e r a
, ,
.

n i u m co m e s fr o m t h e G r e e k a n d L a tin g er a n o s a ,

c r a n e ; thi s ge nu s of pl a nt s h a vi n g a b e a k lik e to r u s -
,

o r r e c e pt a cl e It i s a l s o kno w n a s Cr an e s b i ll fo r
.
- ’

t h e s a m e r e a s on P an s y i s a n An g lici z e d fo r m o f
.
1 20 N a m es : an d t hei r M ea n i ng .

D am a sc u s by Li n a c r e in 1 540 Th e C a bb a g e
Dr . .

r o se i s thick and co m p a ct lik e a c a bb a g e Th e .

C hr i s t m a s r o s e m a k e s i t s a pp e a r a n c e a bo u t Ch r i s t
-

m a s -ti m e . Th e wo r d P r i m r o s e a g r e e a bly t o t h e ,

L a t i n p r i ma r o sa s i g n ifi e s t h e fi r s t r o s e o r flo we r of
, , ,

:Sp ring .

Th e M a yfl o w e r oth e r w i s e t h e H a wt h o rn t h e
, ,
,

An g l o S a x o n fo r
- h e d g e t ho r n a pp e a r s i n fl o w e r
-
,

i n t h e m o n th of M a y w hil e Gi lly fl o w e r i s m e r e ly
,
-

:a co r r u pti o n of
“
J u ly flo we r Th e T i g e r fl o w e r
-.

i s s t r e a k e d lik e a ti g e r D a ffo d i l i s a c o rr u ption of

.

t h e F r e n ch n a m e o f thi s flow e r .

H o llyh o ck i s n o t “
H oly O a k b u t t h e A n g lo ,
”

Sa o x n h o l i h o c o r m a r s h m a llo w
-
,
Th e N o o n t i d e.
,

o r N o on fl ower - clo s e s i t s p e t a l s a t n o o n ; t h e
,

C o n v o lv u l u s s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e L a tin c o n t o g e th e r
, , ,

a n d vo l ver e t o r oll do e s t h e lik e a t s u n s e t i n c o m m o n

, , ,

w ith t h e o r di n a r y fi e l d D a i s y w h ich o w e s i t s n a m e , ,

a co r r u ptio n of t h e A n g lo -S a xo n d o eg es -ea
y e lit e r a lly ,

“
t h e d a y s e ye
’
to thi s ci r c u m s t a nc e Th e B u t t e r
, .

c u p w a s o r i g i n a lly s o d e s i g n a t e d i n a cco r d a n c e w ith

a n old e s t a bli s h e d id e a th a t t h e y e ll o w h u e of b u tt e r
-

w a s a tt r ib u t a b l e to t h e fa ct of th e s e fl o w e r s b e in g
e a t e n b y c a ttl e H o we v e r a s t h e b u tt e r c u p s a r e
.
,

i n v a r i a bly a v oid e d by t h e c a ttl e t h e p r ov e r bi a l ,

w i s d o m o f o u r fo r e fa t h e r s m u s t fo r o n c e in a w a y
b e di s c r e dit e d .C o w s li p i s a co r r u p t i o n of co ws
“ ’

l eek
”
.

Th e v e r y co m m on s u ppo s itio n th a t t h e S u n fl o w e r
i n cli n e s t o w a r d s t h e s u n i s e n ti re ly e r r o n e o u s a s h a s ,

b e e n p r o v e d by o b s e r v a tio n Thi s fl o we r m e r e ly
.
 Fl o wers . 1 21

t ak e s i t s n a m e fr o m i t s fo r m a n d colo u r On t h e .

o th e r h a n d if i t s e ty m olo g y b e co r r e ct t h e H e l i o
, ,

t r o p e d o e s a ct u a lly tu r n tow a r d s t h e s u n t h e wo r d ,

h eli os b e i n g G r e e k fo r s u n a n d t r op o s to t u r n
,
Th e , .

Go l d ylo ck s i s s o c a l l e d o n a cc o u n t of i t s t u ft s of
y e llow flo we r s ; wh e r e a s t h e M a r i g o l d which b e a r s ,

y e llow fl o w e r s w a s ,
n a m e d i n h o n ou r o f Q u e e n
M a ry . B o th th e s e with t h e S u n fl o w e r b e l o n g to
, ,

t h e Ch r y sa n t h e m u m ( G re e k c hr nso s g old an d , ,

a n t hem o s fl o we r) fa m ily Th e wo r d Rh o d o d e n
,
.

d r o n w e m a y a d d co m e s fr o m t h e G r e e k r h o d o n
, , ,

:r o s e a n d d en d r o n t re e
, ,
.

Th e P a s s i o n fl o w e r s y m boliz e s i n i t s ti n t s
-

a n d s e v e r a l p a r t s t h e v a r iou s a tt r ib u t e s of C h r i s t s
’

P a s s ion a s fo ll o w s
,
—Tb e whit e ti n t p urj t y ; t h e ,

b l u e t int h e a v e n ; t h e l e a f t h e s p e a r ; fi fe fi v e
, ,

a n th e r s ,t h e fi v e wou n d s ; t h e t e nd r il s t h e whip s ,

a n d co r d s ; t h e c o l u m n of t h e ov a r y t h e pill a r of t h e,

c r o s s ; t h e s t a m e n s t h e h a m m e r s ; t h e th r e e s tyl e s
, ,

t h e n a il s ; t h e fl e s hy tho r n s w ithi n t h e flow e r s t h e ,

c r o w n of th o r n s ; t h e c a lyx t h e n i m b u s o r g lo r y
, , .

I n a dditi o n to t h e fo re g o in g t h e p a s s ion fl o we r
-

r e m a i n s op e n fo r th r e e d a y s a n d thi s i s s uppo s e d
,

t o co r r e s pon d with t h e th r e e y e a r s m i n i s t ry of t h e ’

R e d e e m er .

L a s tly t h e flow e r known a s t h e S t o ck r e c e iv e d

,

i t s n a m e fr o m t h e f a ct t h a t it w a s p r i n cip a lly s ol d
i n t h e old S TO C KS M ARKE T di s pl a c e d by t h e buil d i n g
o f t h e p re s e nt M a n s ion H ou s e in t h e y e a r 1 7 3 7 ; t h e

m a r k e t it s e lf h a vi n g d e r iv e d i t s titl e fr o m a p a i r of
s t o ck s t h a t s tood th e r e .
 THE B IB L E .

N t he ti m a tion of m a ny m illion s of h u m a n
es

b e in g s t h e B ibl e i s v e ry p r op e r ly r e ga r d e d a s
t he
“
B ook of B ook s An d a Book of Book s
.
”

it t r uly i s not only THE B ook a bov e a ll oth e r s but ,

co m p r i s in g a n u m b e r of di s tinct wo r k s fr o m t h e
p e n s of v a r io u s I n s pi r e d W r it e r s a cco r din g to t h e
O ld L a w a n d t h e N e w Fo r thi s r e a s on p r e ci s e l y
.

t h e e a r li e s t S a xon v e r s ion of t h e S a c r e d Volu m e wa s

c a ll e d t h e B i b l e i n a cco r d a nc e with t h e G r e e k a n d
L a tin wo r d bi bli a t h e plu r a l of bi bl i on a book
, , ,

d e r iv e d fr o m bi blos t h e inn e r b a r k of t h e p a py r u s
, ,

which wa s t h e fi r s t kind of w r itin g m a t e r i a l k n own .

“
B ibl e th e r e fo re i s a col l e ctiv e t e r m fo r t h e Sc r i p
,
”
,

t u r e s which d e s i g n a tion co m e s fr o m t h e L a tin

,

sc r it t ur a ,a wr itin g b a s e d upon t h e v e r b sc r i ber e

, ,

to w r it e H e r e a g a in not e t h e co rr e ct u s e of t h e
.
, ,

plu r a l.

Th e o r i g i n a l t r a n s l a tion of t h e H e b r e w T e s t a m e nt
i nt o G r e e k a b o ut t h e y e a r 2 60 B C bo r e t h e t itl e o f
'

.
, .
,

t h e S e p t u a g i n t b e c a u s e it e m pl oy e d t h e l a b ou r s of
’

s e v e nty o r r a th e r of s e v e nty -
, two t r a n s l a to r s M o re
,
.

th a n s i x h und r e d y e a rs a ft e rw a r d s vi z in t h e Ye a r ,
.
,

of O u r Lo r d 4 0 5 wh e n S t J e r o m e ( bo r n 3 46 di e d
, .
,

4 )
2 0 r e nd e r e d t h e whol e of t h e S c r iptu r e s — to b e
1 24 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i n g .

by Gut e n b e r g b e tw e e n t h e y e a r s 1 4 50 a n d 1 4 55 ,

an d , ind e e d o n e of t h e e a r li e s t p e r fe ct p r i n t e d
,

bo o k s fr o m s e p a r a t e typ e s i s known a s t h e M a z ar i n
,

B i b l e fr o m a copy b e i n g di s cov e r e d in C a r di n a l
,

M a z a r i n s lib r a ry Th e P e a r l B i b l e wa s s o c a ll e d
’
.

b e c a u s e it wa s p r i n t e d in p e a r l typ e by Fi e ld in
!

1 653 . Th e G e n e v a B i b l e p r int e d a t G e n e v a in ,

1 5 60 a l s o b e a r s t h e s i n g u l a r titl e of t h e B r e e ch e s
,

B i ble o wi n g t o t h e s ub s t it u ti o n of t h e w o r d
,
“
b r e e ch e s fo r a p r o n s i n Gen esi s iii 7 S i m i ”
. .

l a r l y t h e Vi n e g ar B i b l e i s i n d e bt e d fo r i t s t itl e
,
‘

to t h e m i s p r i n ti n g of t h e w o r d vi n ey a r d i n t h e
“ ”

r u nni n g h e a dli n e to L a ke xx a t t h e C l a re ndon P r e s s

.

i n 1 7 1 7 ; t h e B e e r B i b l e t o t h e s u b s tit u tion of t h e
,

wo r d s “
t h e beer fo r s t r on g d r ink in t h e
”

tw nty fou r th ch a pt e r of Isa i a h ni n th v e r s e ; t h e

e -
,

Tr e a c l e B i b l e to t h e r e n d e r in g of t h e p a s s a g e
, ,

“
Is th e r e n o b a l m i n Gil e a d ! i n to Th e r e i s n o ”

m o r e t r i a c l e a t Gil a a d (j er emi a h viii 2 2 ) t h e W hi g

”
.

B i b l e to t h e m i s p r i n ti n g of t h e w o r d
,
peace “

m a ke rs s o th a t t h e s e nt e n c e r e a d s B l e sse d are
”
, ,

t h e p l a c e m ak e r s t h e W i ck e d B i b l e fr o m t h e ,

o m rs s ro n of a w o r d i n E x o d us xx 1 4 which c a u s e d
n
.
,

“
t h e ve rse t o rea d Tho u s h a lt co m m it a dult e ry ; ”
,

a n d t h e B u g B i b l e p r i n t e d by J o h n D a y e in 1 55 1
, ,

f r o m t h e p e c u li a r r e n d e r i n g of t h e fifth v e r s e in
P sa l m xci which r e a d s
.
, So thou s h a lt n o t n e e d
,

t o b e a fra id fo r a n y bag s by n i g ht n o r fo r t h e a r r ow
‘

t h a t fl i e t h by d a y Th e fi r s t e ditio n o f t h e Autho r
.

iz e d V e r s ion i s c a ll e d t h e He B i b l e b e c a u s e it
”
,

c ont a in s a m i s p r i n t in B a th ii i 1 5 t h e p a s s a g e r e a d
.
,
 The B i bl e . 25
.

“
ing , An d he w e nt i nto t h e city A s u b s e qu e n t
.

i s s u e p u bli s h e d i n t h e s a m e y e a r i n w hich t h e ,

Sh e B i b l e
”
m i s t a k e i s r e ct ifi e d i s kno w n a s t h e
, ”

Th e V i r g i n i a B i b l e i s a ra r e v e r s ion o f t h e S c r ip
t u r e s t r a n s l a t e d into t h e n a ti ve l a n g u a g e of t h e
N o r th A m e r ic a n I n di a n s of Vi r g ini a Th e fi r s t .

e dition of thi s B ibl e w a s p r int e d in 1 661 3 copi e s — ,

o f which a r e s a id t o b e w o r th 362 0 0 .

Th e fi r s t fi v e book s of t h e O ld T e s t a m e n t w r itt e n
by M o s e s b e a r t h e c o ll e ctiv e t i t l e of t h e P e n t at e u ch
on a cco u n t of t h e t w o G r e e k w o r d s pen ta fi v e a n d , ,

t ea c ho s a n i m p l e m e n t a tool a ll u di n g to t h e B ook s
, , ,

b e i n g t h e di r e ct i n s t r u m e nt o f co m m uni c a tion b e
tw e e n God a n d Hi s p e opl e Th e titl e s o f th e s e fi v e
.

—
B ook s t h e m s e lv e s a r e a s fo llo w s z G e n e s i s which ,

e xp r e s s e s t h e G r e e k fo r o r i g i n o r p r od u ction d e s c r ib e s ,

t h e hi s to ry of t h e w o r ld fr o m i t s b e g i n n i n g ; Ex o d u s ,

d e r iv e d fr o m ex o u t a n d o d ns a w a y n a rr a t e s t h e
, , , ,

d e p a r tu r e o f t h e I s r a e lit e s o u t of E g ypt L e v i t i c u s .

s e t s fo r th t h e r e g u l a ti o n s a ffe ct i n g t h e p r i e s t s a n d

L e vit e s ; N u m b e r s c o n t a in s t h e c e n s u s of t h e
I s ra e l it e s ; a n d D e u t e r o n o m y fr o m t h e G r e e k
,

d en ter os ,s e co n d ,
an d n o m os l a w c o m p ri s e s t h e
, ,

s e c o n d g ivi n g o f t h e L a w by M o s e s .

Th e d e s i g n a ti o n Ap o c r yp h a s i g n ifyi n g hidd e n o r
,

s pu r i o u s i s a ppli e d t o tho s e B ook s w h o s e a u th e n ticity

,

a s I n s pi re d W r iti n g s i s n ot a d m itt e d ; i n oth e r

w o r d s t o th o s e po r ti o n s o f t h e Sc r ipt u r e s w hi ch
, ,

in a s m u ch a s th e y d o n o t e s t a bl i s h a n y doct r in e a r e ,

not h e ld t o b e c a nonic a l ye t a r e s uch a s in t h e

, ,

wo r d s of t h e P r a y e r B o o k t h e C h u r ch doth r e a d
“
,
 1 26 N a mes a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

x a m pl e of l ife a n d in st r uction of m a nn e r s
fo r e . On
t h e oth e r h a n d t h e Ap o c a lyp s e s i g nifyin g d i s c l o
, ,
”
s u r e i s s y n ony m ou s with t h e
, B ook of R e v e l a tion
,

a n d s p e cific a lly a ppli e s to t h e concludin g B ook of

t h e B ibl e
‘

.
 1 28 N a mes a nd t hei r M ea n i n g .

th a t n a m e a n d M a lm s e y a n E n g li s h co r r u pt io n o f
, ,

M a lv o i s e s o t e r m e d a ft e r t h e di s t r ict in t h e i s l a nd
,

of C a ndi a wh e r e it i s p r oduc e d a r e t h e chi e f

, , .

M a d e i r a a n d C a n a r y a re i m po r t e d fr o m t h e i s l a nd s
s o c a ll e d s i t u a t e d on t h e g r e a t oc e a n hi g h w a y to t h e
,

C a p e of Go o d H o p e An e xc e ll e nt win e g r e a tly
.

s ou g ht a ft e r on t h e C ontin e nt thou g h s o m e wh a t
,

unknow n i n th i s co u nt ry i s T o k a y p r od u c e d fr o m
, ,

whit e g ra p e s c u lt iv a t e d in t h e di s t r ict of Tok a y ,

Upp e r H un g a ry C l ar et ow e s i t s d e s i g n a ti o n t o
.

t h e F r e nch c l a i r cl e a r b e c a u s e it i s a cl a r ifi e d w in e ;
, ,

wh e r e a s T e n t Wi n e i s a m e re co rr uption of t h e
Sp a ni s h vi n o t i n t o s i g nifyin g a whit e w in e colo u r e d
,
.

Th e s p a r klin g ch a m p a g n e known a s S i ll e r y p c p u
l a r i z e s t h e n a m e of t h e M a r q u i s d e Sill e ry t h e ,

p r op r i e to r of t h e vin e y a r d s wh e r e thi s p a rtic u l a r

s p e ci e s i s p r od u c e d ; j u s t a s P o mm e r y i s d e s ti n e d

to p e rp e tu a t e t h e m e m o ry of M a d a m e P o m m e ry ,

m oth e r t o t h e D u ch e s s d e P oli g n a c and s ol e ,

p r op r i et r e s s o f t h e vin ey a r d s a n d s u bt e r r a n e a n
P o m m e ry v a ult s n e a r Rh e i m s M o e t a n d Ch a n d o n
.

s i m il a r ly d e not e s t h e ch a mp a gn e b re w e d by t h e
w e ll kno wn F r e n ch fi r m t ra d i n g und e r t h e s tyl e of
-

M o e t e t C h a n don .

A m o n g concocti o n s of t h e vinou s o r d e r we h a v e
Hi pp o c r a s s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e it i s s a id to h a v e
,

b e e n fi r s t m a d e a cco r din g to t h e r e cip e of H ippo

c r a t e s t h e F a th e r of M e dicin e ; B a d m i n t o n
, ,

o r i g i n a lly p r e p a r e d a t B a d m i n to n t h e s e a t of t h e,

D u k e of B e a u fo r t ; a n d N e gu s n a m e d a ft e r Colo n e l
,

F r a n ci s N e g u s w h o i n v e nt e d it Fo r m e r ly o u r
, .
,
 W i n es . 1 29

count ry m e n s e t gr e a t s to r e by S a ck wh ich w a s
_ ,

s i m ply t h e d e s i g n a tion of a d ry win e d e r iv e d fr o m

,

t h e F r e nch wo r d sec d ry,

. Win e i s s a id to b e a Dry
Wi n e wh e n it i s n e ith e r s w e e t n o r s p a r klin g I t .

c a nno t b e s w e e t b e c a u s e t h e fe r m e nt a tion b e i n g
,

co m pl e t e t h e s u g ar cont a in e d in it i s fu lly d e c o m
,

po s e d m o r e ov e r it i s d ry b e c a u s e t h e c a r bonic a cid
,

h as e s c ap e d . Fo r t h e l ik e r ea s on a c e r t a in e vid e nc e
,

th a t po r t win e h a s co m pl e t e d t h e p r oc e s s of fe r m e n
t a t i o n i s t h e a lcohol p r e cipit a t e d on t h e s id e s of t h e
bottl e a n d fo r m in g a c r u s t ; h e nc e t h e t e r m C r u st e d
,

P o r t A v e ry b a d win e of w h a t e v e r kin d u s u a lly

.

b ea r s t h e n a m e of Thr e e M e n Wi n e owin g t o ,

t h e id e a th a t it r e q ui r e s o n e m a n to hold t h e d r i n k e r ,

a n d a noth e r to pou r it down h i s th r o a t whil e t h e ,

th i r d i s t h e unfo r tun a t e individu a l h i m se lf Th e .

d er iv a tion of t h e t e r m Wi n e i s t h e An g lo -S a xon vi n
fro m t h e L a tin o i n a m a lli e d to vi n ea a vin e
, ,
.
 L I TE RA R Y S OB RI Q UE TS .

IL D AS , t h e li e s t ch r onicl e r of B r iti s h
e ar

h i s to ry ( bo r n 5 1 1 di e d wa s s u r n a m e d
,

Th e W i s e on a ccount of h i s l e a r nin g ,

w hich mu s t h a v e e xcit e d t h e wond e r of t h e s e m i

b a r b a r i a n inh a bit a nt s of th e s e i s l a nd s i n t h e s ixt h
c e ntu ry L a t e r t h e S a xon hi s to r i a n B e d a in co r r e ctly
. , ,

c a ll e d B e d e ( bo r n 67 3 di e d , wa s s u r n a m e d Th e
V e n er a b l e b e c a u s e h e wa s a l s o a n e ccl e s i a s tic Ap .

p r o ac h i n g m o r e m od e r n ti m e s w e m e e t
, with J ohn
Whit e a N onconfo r m i s t l a wy e r who in con s e q u e nc e
, , ,

o f b e in g t h e a utho r of a wo r k e ntitl e d
“
Th e Fi r s t
C e ntu ry of Sc a nd a lou s M a li g n a nt P r i e s t s m a d e a n d
, ,

a d m itt e d into B e n e fi c e s by t h e P r e l a t e s m e r it e d
,

t h e popul a r d e s c r iption of C e n t ur y Wh i t e S till .

n e ar e r o u r own d a y M a tth e w G r e g o ry L e wi s ( bo r n
,

1 7 7 5 di e d 1 8 1 8 ) b e c a m e t h e r e cipi e n t of t h e n a m e of
,

M o n k L e wi s , a ft e r t h e public a tion of h i s fa m ou s
“ ”
n ov e l , Th e M onk ; j u s t a s Joh n Tho m a s S m ith ,

t h e a nt i q u a r y ( bo r n 1 7 66 di e d , wa s ind e bt e d
“
t o h i s ch a tty a lb e it v a l u a bl e wo r k
,
A B ook fo r
,

a R a iny D ay fo r h i s s ob i q u e t of Ra i n y Day
,
”
r -

S mi t h .

T u r nin g to t h e p o e t s J ohn S ylv e s t e r t h e t ra n s

, ,

l a t o r of D u B a r t a s D ivin e W e e k s a n d Wo r k s
“ ’ ”
1 32 N a mes : an d thei r M ean i ng .

of h i s nov e l s ; whil e H e n r y M a ck e n z i e t h e a utho r ,

of Th e M a n O f F e e lin g ( bo r n 1 7 4 5 di e d
“
,

e nj oy e d t h e s i g n a l honou r of b e in g d e s i g n a t e d
Th e Ad d i s o n o f t h e N o r t h owin g to t h e pu r it y
,

an d e xc e ll e nc e of h i s s tyl e N o m o r e fl a tt e r in g
.

r e co g nition of t h e e niu of Willi a m Wo r d s wo r th

g s

( bo r n 1 7 7 0 d i e d 1 8 50 ) could e v e r h a v e b e e n d e s i r e d
,

t h a n t h e titl e of Th e Mi n st r e l o f t h e B o r d e r ,

b e s tow e d upon h i m b y S i r W a lt e r S cott Th e C orn .

La w Rh ym e r wa s E b e n e z er E ll iott ( bo r n 1 7 8 1 ,

di e d 1 8 4 9 ) who by t h e d e dic a tion of h i s n u m e r ou s

,

v e r s i fi e d philippic s to t h e O ppon e nt s of F r e e T r a d e ,

in di r e ctly if not di r e ctly p r e p a r e d t h e way fo r t h e

, ,

r e p e a l of t h e obnoxiou s C o r n L a w s in t h e y e a r 1 8 4 6 .

R e fe re n c e t o t h e wo r d P h ilippic s c a r r i e s u s b a ck
i n i m a g in a t ion to D e m o s th e n e s who di r e ct e d o n e of
,

h i s m o s t fa m ou s o r a tion s a g a in s t P h ilip Kin g o f ,

M a c e don ; h e nc e a n y indi g n a nt inv e ctiv e o r v e h e

,

m e nt d e nunci a tion i s ch a r a ct e r i s t ic a l ly s t yl e d a
P HILI PP IC .
 TH E C O UN TI E S OE EN GL A N D
AN D W AL E S .

ORTHUM B ERLAN D o r i g in a lly d e not e d

t h e l a nd n o r th of t h e H u m b e r ; C u m b e r
l a n d t h e l a n d occ u pi e d by t h e Cym ri ; an d
,

W e s t m o r e l a n d t h e l a n d of t h e W e s t mo ri n g s o r
, ,

p e opl e of t h e W e s t e r n m oo r s D u r ham i s a
.

c o r r u ptio n of D a n h o l m s i g n ifyi n g a hill fo r t on a n

,
-

i s l a n d in t h e r iv e r ; d n n b e i n g C e ltic fo r a hil l o r fo r t ,

o n a hill a n d h o l m t h e S c a n din a vi a n fo r a n i s l a nd
, .

Th e S hi r e o r County of Y o r k i n co m m on with t h e
, , ,

m aj o r ity of t h e M idl a nd a n d W e l s h counti e s i s ,

n a m e d a ft e r i t s chi e f to w n ; o r r a th e r i n thi s c a s e , ,

t h e a n ci e nt city d e s c r ib e d in docu m e n t s a s E a r ewi c ,

b u t p r onounc e d Yo r r i c fr o m i t s p o s ition on t h e r iv e r
,

E u r e n o w known a s t h e O u s e
, .

L a n c a s h i r e i n dic a t e s t h e S hi r e of L a n c a st e r ,

t h e c a est er , or c a m p town on t h e L u n e
-
, Thi s .

An g lo -S a xon wo r d C a ester d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a tin

,

c a st ra a c a m p fo r t r e s s
, ,
a pp e a r s a l s o in t h e n a m e s
,

o f Ch e s h i r e a cont r a ction of C a es t er shi r e t h e S hi r e ,

,

o f Ch e s t e r t h e town built on t h e s it e of t h e ol d
,

Ro m a n c a str a o r c a m p ; in L e i c e s t e r s h i r e t h e
, ,

S hi r e o f t h e c a m p town on t h e r iv e r L ei r e n ow
-
,

c a ll e d t h e So a r ; in W o r c e s t e r s h i r e t h e S hi r e o f ,
1 34 N a mes and t h ei r M ea n i n g .

H wi c wa r e shi r e
- -
, or f t
o r re s s - o wn , t of the Hu i c c rr ;
and in Gl o u c e s t e r s h i r e t h e Shi r e of t h e c a m p
,

t o wn in w hich Gl o i a s o n of t h e E m p e r o r C l a u di u s
, ,

w a s bo rn du r i n g t h e Ro m a n occ u p a tion of B r it a i n .

L i n c o ln i s a c o n t r a ction of t h e L a ti n L i n d u m
c o l on i a s i g nifyi n t h c lo y fo m d by t h Ro m n
, g e o n r e e a s

o n t h e L l n -d n n
y lit, e r a l ly “
t h e fo r tifi e d b i l l by t h e

pool o r i g in a lly o cc u pi e d a n d s o c a ll e d by t h e
,
”

a nci e n t B r ito n s [ see L O N D O N ] Th e n a m e s N o r fo lk

.

a nd S u ffo lk r e s p e ctiv e ly indic a t e tho s e po r tio n s o f

t h e e a s t e r n co a s t s e ttl e d by t h e An g l e s w h o s e p a , _

r a t e d into t wo di s tinct t r ib e s v iz t h e no r t h fol k a n d

,
.
,

t h e s o u th fo lk . Es s e x i s a co n t r a ction of E a st
s ea xe d e n oti n g t h e t e rr ito r y occ u pi e d by t h e E a s t
,

S a xo n s ; S u s s e x of S n th -sea xe o r S o u th S a xo n s ;
, ,

a n d M i d d l e s e x of M i d d l e seaxe o r t h e i n h a bit a nt s
,
-
,

of t h e di s t r ict b e tw e e n E s s e x a n d W e s s e x t h e ,

l a nd of t h e W e s t S a xon s wh ich u n d e r t h e He p, ,

t arc hy e xt e nd e d
,
to t h e w e s t wa r d a s fa r a s
D e von S u r r e y i s a m odific a tion of t h e An g lo
.

S a xon S a th r ey
- s outh
,
of t h e r iv e r i e t h e , . .
,

Th a m e s K e n t w a s fo r m e r ly Ca n ti u m indic a tin g
.
,

t h e l a n d b e s to we d upo n C a nut e o n e of t h e c o m ,

p a ni o n s o f B r ut e a n ,
e a r ly Kin g of B r it a i n who , ,

acco r di n g t o G e offre y of M o n m outh s e ttl e d i n ,

E n g l a nd a n d e v e n t u a lly fo u nd e d t h e D a n i s h
dy n a s ty .

H am p s h i r e a l s o wr itt e n H an t s e xp re s s e s t h e
, ,

S hi r e o f Ha n t o n e o r Ha n t a n e ,
now known a s ,

S o u t h am p t o n t h e s o u th to w n on t h e r iv e r Ant
, ,

or S outh a m pton W a t e r D o r s e t wa s o r i g i n a l ly
.
1 3 6 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i ng .

B e dfo r d cont r a ction of B ed i c a n fo r d t h e

is a ,

“
An g lo S a xo n fo r t h e p r ot e ct e d fo rd
- C am b r i d g e .
”

o w e s i t s n a m e to t h e U n iv e r s ity town by t h e b r id g e

o v e r t h e Ca m o r c r ook e d r iv e r [
, see C AM B E RW E LL] .

Hu n t i n g d o n wa s a nci e ntly a gr e a t d e e r fo re s t a n d ,

th e r e fo r e m u ch r e s o r t e d to fo r huntin g N o r t h .

a m p t o n i s a co r r u ption of N o r th a o on t o wn a l ludin g
- -
,

t o i t s po s ition no r th of t h e r iv e r N en in old e n ti m e s ,

k no wn a s t h e Avon Ru t l a n d e xp r e s s e s t h e An g lo
.

S a xon fo r r e d l a nd r e fe rr i n g to t h e colou r of i t s
”
,

s oil . Wa r w i ck i s t h e m od e r n d e s c r iption of t h e
An g lo S a xon W a er wi c s i g nifyin g t h e g a r r i s on o r
- -
, ,

wa r to wn N o t t i n g h a m i s a co r r uption of S n o t
.

“ ”
i ng a ha m t h e pl a c e of c a v e s
,
s o c a ll e d on a ccount ,

o f t h e s oft s a n d s ton e wh ich s o g r e a tly fa cilit a t e d t h e

fo r m a tion of c a v e r n s du r in g t h e e a r ly hi s to ry of o u r
c ount ry ; a s e g M o r ti m e r s hol e a n d t h e s u b t e r
’ ”
. .
, ,

r a n e a n p a s s a g e th a t l e d th e r e to fr o m N ottin g h a m

C a s tl e in t h e r e i g n of E dw a r d I I I D e r b y i s a .

c ont a ctio
r n of t h e S a xon D eer by o r wild b e a s t
- -
,

v ill a e doubtl d i n t d f o f u nt
”
g , e s s s o e s g a e r m i t s r e q e

inv a s io n by s t r a n ge a n i m a l s fr o m t h e m ount a inou s

d i s t r ict of “
Th e P e a k in s e a r ch of p r e y ”
Sh r o p .

s h i r e d e not e s t h e Shi r e of S c r o bbes ba r g h t h e An g lo ,

“
S a xon o r s h r ub tow n m odifi e d by t h e N o rm a n s
f -
,
”

i n to S l oppes ba r i e ( fr o m which t h e p re s e nt town of

S a 10p d e r iv e d i t s n a m e ) a n d co rr u pt e d in m od e r n ,

t i m e s into Shr e w s b u r y M o n m o u t h i n dic a t e s.

t h e county th a t i n cl u d e s t h e m outh of t h e M o n ,

o r i g i n a lly d e s c r ib e d t h e My n wy t h e bo r d e r
“
as ,
”
r iv e r .
 The Coun t i es of E ng l a n d a nd W a l es . 1 37

An g l e s e a , p r op e r ly An gl esey [see C HE L S E A ,

is one of t h e th r e e counti e s of W a l e s who s e n a m e s

a re not e s se nti a lly W e l s h . Thu s Gl am o r g an
,

s i g nifi e s t h e Gwl a d M org a n o r t e rr ito r y of M o r g a n

-
, ,

ch i e ft a in who liv e d in t h e t e nth c e nt u ry

‘

B r e ck n o ck i s t h e h ill of B re co n o r B ryc h a n a
, ,

W e l s h p r in c e ; Ra d n o r i s a m od e r n s p e ll in g of
“
R hi a n wr Gwy m e a nin g
d -
, t he C a t a r a ct of t h e
W ye ; M o n t g o m e r y r e fe r s t o t h e fo r t r e s s b u ilt
”

o n t h e m e n t o r h e i g ht by Ro g e r d e M o n t g o m e r i e
, , ,

i n 1 0 9 3 D e n b i g h wa s o r i g in a lly D i h ba c h t h e C e ltic
,

a n d Cy m r ic fo r a littl e fo r t Fli n t w a s s o c a ll e d
f r o m t h e qu a ntity of q u a r tz found in thi s county ;
C ar n a r v o n ow e s i t s o r i g in to C a r y a a r Fo n t h e
- - -
,

c a r o r fo r t r e s s on t h e a rfo n o r w a t e r ; C a r m a r t h e n
, , ,

d e not e s t h e fo r t r e s s e r e ct e d by M e r lin ; M e r i o n e t h
w a s n a m e d a ft e r M e r ion a n e a r ly B r iti s h s a int ;
,

C ar d i g a n indic a t e s t h e t e r r ito ry of C e r e d ig a W e l s h
,

c h i e ft a in ; whil e P e m b r o k e s i g nifi e s t h e pen o r ,

h e a d of t h e br oc t h e C e ltic a n d Cy m r ic fo r a di s t r ict
, ,

s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e thi s p r o m onto r y w a s vi r tu a lly t h e

L a nd s E nd
’
.
 CA RRI A GE S .

H E Ph a e t o n ow e s i t s d e s i g n a tion to t h e
m ytholo g ic a l p e r s on a g e of th a t n a m e wh o
r e c e iv e d p e r m i s s ion to d r iv e t h e s u n c a r o f
-

H e lio s h i s fa th e r fo r o n e d a y with t h e r e s ult th a t

, , , ,

b e i n g ov e r th r own b e n e a r ly s e t t h e wo r ld on fi r e
, .

Th e V i c t o r i a w a s int r oduc e d i n t h e y e a r t h a t ,

wit n e s s e d t h e co r on a tion of He r M aj e s ty Q u e e n
Victo r i a Th e C l ar e n c e wa s t h e fa vo u rit e c o n
.

v e ya n c e of t h e D u k e of C l a r e nc e a ft e r w a r d s Willi a m
,

I V Th e B r o u gh a m inv e nt e d in 1 8 3 9 r e c e iv e d i t s
.
, ,

n a m e fr o m Lo r d B r ou gh a m who wa s t h e fi r s t t o
,

p e r m a n e ntly a dop t it ; a n d t h e s a m e m a y b e s a id o f
'

t h e S t an h o p e ,
so c a ll e d in c o m pli m e nt t o Lo r d
S t a n ho p e . Th e S o c i a b l e i s an a pp r op r i a t e n a m e
e nou g h fo r a n op e n c a r r i a g e of which t h e fa cin g

s e a t s a ffo r d oppo r tunity fo r pl e a s a nt c onv e r s a tion .

Th e La n d au w a s fi r s t m a d e a t L a nd a u i n G e r m a ny ;
wh e r e a s t h e T i lb ur y p e r p e tu a t e s t h e n a m e of a
c e l e b r a t e d Lo n d o n s po r t s m a n who int r oduc e d thi s
p ar tic u l a r s p e ci e s of c a r r i a ge d u r i n g t h e e ar ly p a r t
of t h e p r e s e nt c e ntu ry .

Th e s m a ll li g ht o n e -ho r s e v e hicl e kno wn a s a

, ,

Do g c ar t i s S o c a ll e d b e c a u s e s uch a o n e w a s
-

o r i g i n a lly con s t r u ct e d fo r s po rt s m e n to d r iv e th e i r
:1 40 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

t he conducto r Th e bo a r d on e ith e r s id e of t h e
.

r oof of t h e v e hi cl e upon which th e a t r ic a l a n d oth e r

,

a dv e r ti s e m e nt s a r e e xhibit e d i s known a s t h e Kn i fe

b o ar d fr o m it s fa nci e d r e s e m bl a n c e t o th a t a r ticl e
,

of do m e s tic utility So fa r fr o m h a vin g d e r iv e d i t s

.

n a m e fr o m o n e of t h e no r th e r n s ubu r b s of L ondon a ,

H a ckn e y c o a ch i s s i m ply a n E n g li s h r e nd e r in g of
-

c o che a hag a en c e t h e lit e r a l F r e nch fo r a co a ch d r a wn

- -
,

by a hi r e d ho r s e Th e wo r d C o a ch ( F r e n ch c oche
.
, ,

t h e di m inuti v e of t h e I t a l i a n c on c ha l a a s h e l l ) r e a l ly
,

m e a n s a s h e ll -lik e cont r iv a nc e upon wh e e l s Cab i s a .

cont r a ction of t h e C abr i o l e t fro m c a br i o l e a g o a t s

, ,
’

l e a p in a ll u s ion to i t s li g htn e s s a n d s p r in g in e s s fi rs t
, ,

i nt r oduc e d i n P a r i s Thi s v e h icl e a ft e r und e rg oin g

.
,

s und r y ch a n g e s a n d i m p r ov e m e nt s w a s p a t e nt e d in ,

“ ”
t h e ye ar 1 8 83 a s t h e S a fe ty C a b by J o s e ph
Aloy s i u s H a n s o m fr o m which ci r c u m s t a n c e it h a s
,

i n m o r e r e c e nt ti m e s co m e to b e g e n e r a lly d e s i g n a t e d
t he Ha n s o m Cab .

Th e t e r m H e ar s e t r a c e s i t s o r i g in th r ou gh t h e
G e r m a n h i r sch fr o m t h e Gothic h er sa a s e p u lch r a l ,

m ound . At a l at e r d a t e it i m pli e d a t e m po r a ry
m onu m e nt b u t now a d a y s it d e not e s t h e fun e r a l c a r
, .

Th e wo r d F u n e r a l by t h e way i s a cont r a ction of

, ,

t h e L a tin fa n er a l i s s i g n ifyin g a to r ch li g ht p r oc e s s ion

, ,

f r o m fa n i s a to r ch b e c a u s e int e r m e nt s a m o n g t h e
, ,

R o m a n s a l wa y s took pl a c e by n i g ht P a n t e c h .

.
n i c o n i s a G r e e k wo r d co m p o s e d of pa n a l l
, , ,

a n d t ec hn e a r t i n dic a tiv e of t h e pl a c e wh e r e e v e r y
, ,

kind of indu s t r i a l a r t wa s e xhibit e d o r e xpo s e d fo r

s al e . I n m od e r n d ay s t h e t e r m h a s co m e to b e
 Car r i ag es . 1 4 1

e xclu s iv e ly a ppli e d t o a v e hicl e con s t r uct e d fo r t h e

r e m ov a l of h ou s e hold fu r nitu r e L a s tly t h e c loth
.
,

th a t cov e r s t h e box s e a t of a c a rr i a g e of a n y kind

-

i s c a ll e d t h e H a mm e r c l o t h b e c a u s e i n t h e O l d
-
,

c o a ch in g d a y s rt con c e a l e d t h e box which cont a in e d

a h am mer , n a il s a n d oth e r i m p l e m e nt s u s e ful fo r

,

re p a i r s in t h e e v e nt of a b r e a kdown on t h e j ou rn e y .
 AN C I N G i s s tyl e d t h e T e r p si ch o r e a n Ar t
i n honou r of T e r p s icho r e t h e d a u g ht e r of
,

J u pit e r a n d M n e m s o ys e who m t h e a nci e nt s

,

r e ga rd e d a s i t s i n v e n t r e s s
. Th e Mo rr i s D a n c e fro m ,
“
w hich o u r J a ck i n t h e G r e e n a n d h i s fe ll o w M a y
”

d a y r e v e l l e r s t r a c e t h e i r o r i g i n w a s t h e m ilit a r y
,

d a n c e o f t h e M o o r s o r M o r i s co e s i n t r od u c e d i n to
, ,

thi s co u n t ry by J o h n o f G a u n t o n h i s r e t u r n fr o m
S p a i n i n t h e r e i g n o f Ed wa r d I I I Fi v e m e n a n d a
.

b o y t o ok p a r t i n i t a n d fr o m t h e fa ct o f t h e b o y
,

w e a r in g a n ill fi t t i n g h e l m e t c a l l e d a mo r i o n e h e
-
,

“
M a d M o r ion
”
r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e of w hich wa s
,

s ub s e q u e ntly co r r u pt e d into M a i d M ar i a n Th e .

S ar ab an d wa s inv e nt e d by Z a r a b a n d a a fa m ou s ,

d a nc e r of S e vill e in t h e s ixt e e nth c e n t u r y Th e .

Ga v o t t e a r o s e a m on g t h e G avot s a p e opl e wh o ,

inh a bit e d t h e d e p a rt m e nt of t h e U pp e r Alp s a n d t h e

p r ovinc e of D a u p h
'

i n y ,
in F r a nc e. Q u a d r i ll e i s t h e

l it e r a l F r e nch fo r a littl e s q u a r e s o c a ll e d fr o m
“
,

t h e po s ition t a k e n up by t h e d a n c e r s ; whil e t h e
L a n c e r s d e r iv e d th e i r n a m e fr o m a co m p a n y of
L a n c e r s who o r i g i n a lly i m p r o v i s e d thi s v a r i a tio n of
t h e Q u a d r ill e fo r th e i r own a m u s e m e nt wh il e s e a t e d
i n th e i r s a ddl e s. Th e P o lk a of P oli s h o r i g i n i s s o
, ,
 1 44 N a mes : an d thei r M ean i ng .

fold ga m e in which t h e pl ay e rs d a nc e d to t h e s oun d

,
‘

of th e i r own voic e s wh il e th e y th r e w t o o n e a noth e r

a b a ll . I n a l l p r o bab ility thi s a r o s e out of t h e
curiou s B a l l P l a y in C h u r ch by t h e N e a polit a n s
-

du r in g t h e S a t u r n a li a o r F e a s t of Fool s co r r e s
, ,
”

-
po n di n g to o u r E a s t e r tid e Th e r e i s e v e n n o w a
.

s t a tut e in e xi s t e nc e which r e g ul a t e d t h e S iz e a n d

ch a r a ct e r of t h e b a ll t o b e u s e d on s uch occ a s ion s

I n op e ni n g t h e c e r e m ony t h e D e a n took t h e b a l l i n
, .

h i s l e ft h a nd a n d co m m e n c e d a n a ntiphon whic h
, ,

t h e o r g a n took up ; wh e r e upon b e to s s e d t h e b a ll t o
fi r s t o n e a th n noth of e choi r boy s a s th e y
n d e a e r t h -
,

j oin e d h a n d s s a n g a n d d a nc e d a r ound h im Wh e n
, , .
,
'
th e r e fo r e t h e th r e e fol d g a m e a ll u d e d t o a bov e
,
-

d ivid e d a n d i t s t h r e e s e t s of d a nc e r s b e c a m e
ind e p e nd e nt of e a ch oth e r t h e d a nc e it s e lf took:
,

t h e n a m e of t h e a r ticl e th a t wa s a s if by co m m on ,

,
—
con s e nt di s c a r d e d to wit the ba ll ; a n d t h e s on g
,

wa s s tyl e d t h e B a ll a t a o r a cco r din g to t h e m od e rn

, ,

E n g li s h a B ALL indic tiv e of a d a ncin g s on g ;

,
A D a -

W hil e t h e v e r b ba l l a r e to d a nc e g a v e e xi s t e nc e t o
, ,

t h e F r e nch B a ll e t s i g nifyin g a d a nc e tun e Ap r op os

,
.

of t h e B a ll e t t h e t e r m C o r yp h é e a s a ppl i e d t o a
, ,

b a ll e t -d a nc e r t r a c e s i t s o r i g in fr o m t h e G r e e k
,

c o ryph eea s t h e d e s i g n a tion of o n e wh o d a n c e d t o

,

t h e l u t e i n t h e th e a t r e s of t h e a n ci e nt s E n p assa n t .
,

t h e fa m ou s w a r d a nc e of t h e G r e e k s e x e cut e d in ,

v e ry q u ick ti m e a n d kno wn a s t h e P h yrr i c D a n c e ,

wa s s o d e n o m i n a t e d a ft e r Pyr r i c h o s a c e l e b r a t e d ,

Dor i an fl au t ist .

Th e H o r n p i p e r s a n inv e r s ion of pi b g o r n
- t he ,
 D a n ces . 1 45

n am e of t h e old W e l s h in s t r u m e nt con s i s tin g of a

p i b
, o r pip e
,
with a g o r n o ,
r ho r n a,t e a ch e n d
, to
which thi s d a nc e wa s o r ig in a lly s t e pp e d ; t h e Re e l .

h a s r e fe re nc e to t h e whi r lin g e vol ution s p e r fo r m e d

by t h e d a nc e r a s of win din g cotton on a r e e l ;
,

wh e r e a s t h e Ji g co m e s fr o m t h e F r e nch g igue a ,

liv e ly d a nc e a n d g i ge a s t r in g e d in s t r u m e nt t h e
, , ,

s —
u u a l a cco p a ni m e nt t o th i s r ou g h a d r e a dy s tyl e
m n -

of p e d a l e xhil a r a tion Th e t e r m B r e ak d o wn i s a n
.

A m e r ic a ni s m d e notin g t h e l a s t boi s t e r ou s d a n c e
,

-
b e fo r e t h e b re a kin g up of a d a ncin g p a r ty tow a r d s
e a r ly m o r ni n g App rop r i a t e ly e nou g h s uch a d a nc e
.
,

i nv a r i a bly con s tit ut e s t h e fin a l it e m of a n eg r o

m in s t r e l e nt e r t a in m e nt .
 P I GM E N TS AN D D YE S .

H E w o r d P i gm e n t i s a cont r a ction of t h e
L a ti n pig men t n m b a s e d u p o n t h e v e r b pi n
,

g er e to p a i n t
, D y e. t r a c e s i t s o r i in to t h e
g
An g lo -S a xon d eag a colou r r e m ot e ly d e r iv e d fr o m
, ,

t h e L a tin t i ng er e to s t a i n
, S e v e r a l o f t h e pi g m e nt s
.

m o s t g e n e r a l ly u s e d o we th e i r n a m e s to t h e pl a c e s
wh e nc e th e y a r e o r w e re o r i g i n a lly b r o u g ht As
, , .

e x a m pl e s : Um b e r wa s fi r s t o bt a in e d in t h e di s t r ict

o f Um b r i a ,
in It a ly a n d S i e n n a p r op e r ly c a l l e d
, ,

Ter ra d i S i en n a o r S i e nn a E a r th fr o m Si e n n a ;
, ,

Gam b o g e co m e s fr o m C a m bodi a fo r m e r ly known ,

a s Ga m b o g i a , in S i a m ; In di g o fr o m I n dicu s t h e , ,

a nci e nt d e s c r iption of I ndi a ; a n d Kr e m s Wh i t e ,

fr o m t h e city of K r e m s in Au s t r i a wh e r e it i s
, ,

e xclu s iv e ly m a n u fa ct u r e d Pr u s s i a n Re d B r u n s
.
,

w i ck Gr e e n , B r u n swi ck B l a ck F r a n kfo r t ,

B l a ck H a m b u r g L ak e V e n e t i an Re d a n d
, , ,

Chi n e s e Y e ll o w s p e a k fo r th e m s e lv e s P r u s s i an
, .

B lu e a l s o c a l l e d B e r li n B lu e wa s fi r s t m a d e by
, ,

a n ativ e colo u r m a n of B e r lin in t h e y e a r 1 7 1 0 ;

wh e r e a s S a u n d e r s B lu e i s m e r e ly a co r r uption
o f c en d r es bl ea s
-
,t h e F r e n ch fo r bl u e a s h e s thi s ,

pi g m e nt b e in g o bt a in e d fr o m c a lcin e d blu e s ton e '

.

A n oth e r n a m e fo r t h e l a tt e r i s Ult r a m ar i n e ,
1 4 8 N a mes : a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

dy -
e s tuff i s obt a in e d Th e b e a utiful p u r pl e obt a in ed
.

fr o m chlo r id e of g old b e a r s t h e n a m e of Ca s s i u s
a ft e r i t s inv e nto r .

M a g e n t a wa s n a m e d in co m m e m o r a tio n of t h e
B a ttl e of M a g e nt a fo u g ht i n 1 8 59 a n d V a n d yk e
,

Br o wn fr o m i t s h a vin g b e e n s o fr e q u e n t ly u s e d by
,

V a ndyk ( bo r n 1 59 9 di e d 1 64 1 ) th a t it fo r m s a
,

ch a r a ct e r i s tic colo u r in a l l h i s po r t r a it s S e p i a i s .

t h e G r e e k d e s i g n a tion of t h e cuttl e fi s h a n d t h e
-
’

pi g m e n t s o c a ll e d i s obt a i n e d fr o m t h e d a r k j uic e
s e c r e t e d by t h e g l a nd s of t h e I ndi a n s p e ci e s of thi s

fi sh . S ap Gr e e n i s p r e p a r e d fr o m t h e j uic e of t h e
-

r ip e b e r r i e s o f t h e b u ckth o r n ; w h e r e a s Em e r a l d
Gr e e n d e n o t e s t h e p a r ticul a r s h a d e of g r e e n th a t
ch ar a ct e r iz e s t h e e m e r a ld L a m p B l a ck i s s o
.

c a ll e d b e c a u s e it wa s o r i g in a lly o bt a in e d fr o m t h e
b u r ni n g of r e s inou s m a tt e r o v e r a l a m p I v o r y .

B l a ck i s a pi g m e nt fo r m e r ly o bt a in e d fr o m ch a r r e d
i v o ry but now a d ay s fr o m b o n e s
,
Th e o r i g in o f . .

I s ab e l a dull b r owni s h y e llow with a m ixt u r e o f

,
-
,

r e d a n d g rey i s a s fol l o w s
,
— Wh e n t h e D uk e o f
Au s t r i a wa s b e s i e g i n g O s t e nd in 1 60 1 I s a b e ll a h i s , ,

wife t h e d a u g ht e r o f P h ilip I I of Sp a in vow e d th a t

, .
,

S h e wo u ld not ch a n g e h e r lin e n u n til t h e town h a d

b e e n t a k e n U nfo rt un a t e ly fo r h e r p e r s on a l co m fo r t
.
,

t h e town h e l d o u t fo r two y e a r s a t t h e e n d of which ,

p e r iod h e r li n e n a s s u m e d t h e ch a ra ct e r i s tic h u e th a t
w a s a ft e r w a r d s i m it a t e d by t h e i n g e n iou s colou r
m a n wh o s o u g ht t o h o n ou r h e r by p e r p e tu a ti n g t h e
i n cid e nt .
 L ON D ON D I S TRI C TS AN D
S UB URB S .

T th a t r e m o t e p e r iod wh e n t h e fi r s t r u d e hut s
w e r e e s t a bli s h e d on t h e b a nk s o f t h e Th a m e s ,

t h e s u r r oundi n g s c e n e c o u l d h a v e p r e s e nt e d
n othi n g m o r e i n vitin g t o t h e e ye th a n a n e xt e n s iv e

m ars h o r m oras s . Th a t s u ch w a s u ndoubt e dly t h e

c a s e t h e e xi s ti n g n a m e s of F E N C H U RC H S t r e e t a n d

F I N S B U RY fu rn i s h a m pl e e vid e n c e
, . Th e fo r m e r
m a r k s t h e s it e of a n a nci e nt ch u r ch s itu a t e d a m on g
t h e fe n s w hil e t h e l a tt e r i s a n e a s y co rr u ption of
,

Fen s bu ry t h e A g lo S a xon d e s i g n a ti o n fo r a town

,
n -
”
a m o n g t h e fe n s . Th e r e fo r e it wa s not s u r p r i s in g t h a t
t h e b a r b a r ic B r iton s who fo u nd e d w h a t we now c a ll
,

L o n d o n s ho u l d h a v e g i v e n t h e n a m e of L ly n d un
,
-

[s ee L I N C O L N ] to th e i r col o n y b e s id e t h e Th am es .

Ap r op os o f t h e Th am e s t h e n a m e of o u r n obl e r iv e r
,

i s m e r e ly a s li g ht c o nt r a ct ion of t h e L a tin Tha mesi s ,

“
S i g nifyin g t h e bro a d I s i s I s i s i s t h e C e ltic fo r
”
.

vva t e r .

W e st m i n st er w a s d e n o m in a t e d a ft e r t h e Abb e y
( se e W E S T M I N S T E R A B B E Y ] . B e l g r a v i a i s t h e n a m e

g iv e n to t h e f a s hion a bl e di s t r ict of which B e l r a v e

g
Sq u a r e i s t h e co m m on c e nt r e P i m l i c o o we d i t s
.

d e s i g n a tion t o a n a tt e m pt on t h e p a r t o f t h e t a v e r n
1 50 N a mes an d thei r M ea n i ng .

k e e p e r s of thi s n e i g hbou r hood to r iv a l t h e c e l e b r a t e d

n ut b r own a l e s of o n e B e n P i m l ico who k e pt a
-
,

pl a u r e g a r d e n n e a r H oxto n t h e r o a d to which
e s - ,

wa s known a s P i m l i c o W a lk ( s till i n e xi s t e n c e ) ,

a n d t h e g a r d e n it s e lf fi r s t a s
,
P i m lico s a n d s u b ’

,
”

s e qu e n tly a s P i m lico Th e n a m e of K n i g ht s
”
.

b r i d g e c a rr i e s u s b a ck t o t h e ti m e wh e n two kni g ht s ,

on th e i r w ay to r e c e iv e a bl e s s in g fr o m t h e B i s ho p
of London a t F u l h a m e n g a g e d in a d e a dly co m b a t
,

on t h e b r id g e t h a t s p a nn e d t h e W e s tbo u r n e e x a ctl y ,

on t h e s pot wh e re Alb e r t G a t e n o w s t a nd s P r io r .

to thi s incid e nt t h e b r id g e h a d bo r n e t h e n a m e o f
F u l h a m B r i d g e M a yfa i r o ccup i e s t h e S it e of a n
.

a nnu a l s i x d a y s fa i r h e ld in M a y o r i g in a lly a t t h e
’

i n s t a nc e o f E dw a r d I fo r t h e b e n e fit of t h e l e p e r
.
,

ho s pit a l of St J a m e s t h e L e s s Bi s hop of J e r u s a l e m
.
, ,

n o w St J a m e s s P a l a c e Th e di s t r ict of S o h o w a s
’
. .

known by i t s p r e se nt n a m e a s lon g a g o a s t h e s ix
“ ”
t e e n t h c e ntu r y ; S o ho ! b e i n g t h e c ry o f t h e
h unt s m e n wh e n c a llin g off th e i r b a r r i e r s in t h e d a y s
wh e n t h e whol e of Lon don w e s t of D r u ry L a n e
wa s op e n co u n t r y B l o o m sb u r y i s a co rr uption of
.

“
L o m e s b u ry Vill a g e of which t h e M a no r H o u s e
,
”

s tood on t h e s it e of B loo m s b u r y S q u a r e Smi t h .

fi e l d i s a m od e r n p e r v e r s io n of S m o o t h fi e l d a n ,
”

e xt e n s iv e t r a ct of m e a dow l a nd wh e r e ho rs e s w e r e

s old a n d tou r n a m e nt s w e re h e ld a s fa r b a ck a s t h e

tw e lfth c e ntu ry Th e fi r s t r e co r d e d E n g li s h ho rs e
.

r a c e wa s witn e s s e d in S m o o t h fi e l d i n t h e y e a r 1 1 54 .

C l er k e n we ll d er iv e d i t s n a m e fro m a n a nci e n t we ll
( now m a r k e d by a n i r on p u m p l e t i n to t h e w a ll a t
1 52 N a mes : an d t hei r M ea n i ng .

t he s it e of t h e a nci e n t P r io ry of S t M a ry of t h e .

S pittl e di s s olv e d in 1 53 4
,
Th e F r e n ch r e fu g e e s
.

e s t a bli s h e d t h e s ilk m a nufa ct u re h e r e i n 1 68 5 .

B e t hn a l Gr e e n r e c a ll s t h e e xi s t e nc e of t h e ol d
fa m ily of t h e B a t h o n s w h o s e hi s to ry i s fi r s t r e co r d e d
,

i n conn e ctio n w ith th e i r p r op e r ty s itu a t e d in thi s

n e i g hbo u r hood du r i n g t h e r e i g n of Ed wa r d I .

H o xt o n i s a co r r u ption of Hogsd o n m e a ni n g ho g s ,
’

t ow n . I n p r oof of thi s s t a t e m e nt we m ay a d d th a t
HO G L AN E s til l e x rs t s 1 n t h e vicin ity De B e a u v o i r .

To wn p r e s e rv e s t h e fa m ily n a m e of t h e D e B e a u
v o i r s w ho s e o r i g i n a l a nc e s to r Rich a r d d e B e a u voi r
, , ,

o f Gu e rn s e y r e s id e d h e re in p r in c e ly s tyl e
,
C op en .

h a g e n F i e l d s w e r e s o c a l l e d a ft e r a t e a ho u s e -

o p e n e d by a D a n e a bo u t t h e ti m e wh e n t h e Kin g o f
,

D e n m a r k p a id a vi s it to J a m e s I Ha g g e r st o n e i s
a co rr u pt i o n of He rg o t e s t a n t h e l it e r a l S a xon
,

fo r “
O u r God s Town
’
.H a ckn e y wa s o r i g in a l ly
”

d es c r ib e d a s Ha c ko ney e s i g nifyin g a n ey o r po r t ion

, ,

o f w e ll w a t e r e d p a s tu r e l a n d a pp r op r i a t e d by a
-
,

D a n i s h chi e f n a m e d Ha c o n [see C H E L S E A ,

D a l s t o n i s p r op e r ly D a s l e t on o r V l e town
, a - .

Thi s wa s a q u i e t s u bu r b a n vill a g e s it u a t e d i n a
v a ll e y d u r in g t h e d a y s w h e n t h e n o r th e r n di s t r ict s

o f the M e t r opoli s w e r e m o re o r l e s s wood e d a s —

w itn e s s S t o k e N e w i n gt o n Or t h e n e w town i n t h e
,

m e a do w by t h e woo d . Th e w o r d S t o ke co m e s fr o m
t e A g lo S a xo n s t oc a w o o d o r s tock a d e ; t o n i s t h e
h n -
,

O ld En g li h fo r town a n d i ng t h e A g l S a x o n
s ,
n o -

fo r a m e a d o w a l s o a fa m ily s e ttl e m e nt S o u t h g a t e
,
.

i s e xp r e s s i v e o f t h e s o u th e r n e n t r a n c e t o t h e e n
 L o n d o n D i str i c ts a nd S u bu r bs . 1 53

c lo s u r e a n ci e ntly kno wn a s E n fi e l d Ch a s e ; a n d
,

K i n g s l a n d t h e r oy a l do m a i n a dj a c e nt to it .

A b n e y P ar k ow e s i t s n a m e to A B N E Y H O U S E ,

r e c e ntly conv e r t e d into a C on s e r v a tiv e C l ub but ,

o r i g i n a lly t h e r e s id e nc e of S i r Tho m a s Ab n e y

( bo r n 1 63 9 di e d , Lo r d M a yo r a n d a d i s
t i n g u i s h e d N onconfo r m i s t kni g ht e d by Willi a m I I I
,
.

D r I s a a c W a tt s di e d a t Abn e y H o u s e in 1 7 4 8
. .

Gr e e n L a n e s indic a t e s t h e r u r a l ch a r a ct e r o f thi s
n e i g hbo u r hood in byg on e t i m e s Ed m o n t o n i s
.

p r op e r ly E d m o n d s
’
-t o wn T.h e n a m e of B a ll s P o n d
’

i s a l l th a t r e m a in s to r e m ind u s of t h e o n e -ti m e
e xi s t e nc e o f Th e S a l ut a tio n h ou s e of c a l l w hi ch
”

h a d a pond fo r d o g a n d duck s po r t s k e pt by J oh n ,

B a ll M i l d m a y P a r k i s s o c a ll e d a ft e r M I L D M AY
.

H O US E t h e fa m ily s e a t of S i r H e n ry M ild m a y wh o
, ,

c a m e into po s s e s s ion of t h e e s t a t e by h i s m a rr i a g e
w i t h t h e d a u g ht e r of Willi a m H a llid ay a n Ald e r m a n ,

o f the C ity in t h e t i m e of Ch a r l e s I M u sw e ll .

H i ll i s a s li g ht c o r r uption of M a stwel l Hi ll d e r iv e d ,

fr o m t h e L a tin mustus n e w fr e s h b e c a u s e on
, ,

t h i s b i ll th e r e wa s a n ci e ntly di s cov e re d a w e l l of
c l e a r fr e s h w a t e r by t h e fr i a r s of S t J ohn s P r io r y
’
.
, ,

C l e r k e nw e ll who h a d a d a i r y h e re a b out s
, Th a t .

p o r tion of t h e hill which h a s b e e n cut th r ou g h fo r t h e

c on s t r uction of t h e lin e of r a il wa y to E n fi e l d B a r n e t , ,

a n d t h e n o r th b e a r s t h e n a m e of Th e H o g s B a ck
’
, ,

i n a ll u s ion to i t s s h a p e Th e n a m e of Wo o d Gr e e n
.

i s s e lf e xpl a n a to r y
- . H o r n s e y i s a co r r u pti o n o f
Ha r r i n ge ,
”
o r m e a do w of h are s Ca n o n b u r y
.

r e c e iv e d i t s titl e fr o m t h e r e s id e nc e of t h e P r i o r of
1 54 N a mes and thei r M ean i ng .

the C a n o n s of St B a r tholo m e w built in thi s n e i g h

.
,

b o u rh o o d s oon a ft e r t h e Co n qu e s t B u ry i s S a xo n .

fo r a town o r e n clo s e d h a b it a tio n e q uiv a l e nt to t h e ,

C e ltic d o n a n d O l d E n g l i s h t o n I n d ay s of old
,
~
.
,

Hi g hb ur y c o nt a in e d a P r i o ry of t h e Kni g ht s of St .

J oh n O f J e r u s a l e m b u ilt in 1 2 7 1 Th e e s t a bli s h m e n t
,
.

w a s c a ll e d Hi gh bury b e c a u s e it s tood upon h i g h e r

-
,

g r o u nd th a n th e i r p r e viou s r e s id e nc e w hich h a d b o r n e

t h e n a m e of To l en t on e o r l ow e r tow n
, H o ll o w ay .

r e m ind s u s th a t thi s w a s on c e a m i ry h o llo w b e tw e e n

H i g h g a t e a n d I s lin gto n B arn sb u ry i s t h e bu ry o r

.
,

town b u ilt u pon t h e r i s in g l a nd a nci e ntly d i s

, ,
~

t i n g u i s h e d by a n u m b e r of s t r a g g lin g b a r n s I s li n g .

t o n h a s a lw a y s b e e n a fa vou r it e s ubu r b in m od e r n
t i m e a d v e n o u A glo S a xon a nc e s to r s m u s t
s ,
n e r n -

h a v e b e e n d e li g ht e d w ith i t s s it u a tion lyi n g hi g h ,

an d d r y b e yond t h e f e n s with a
, cl e a r s w ift -fl o w i n g ,

s t r e a m m e a nd e r i n g th r ou g h it Th e n a m e m e a n s
. .

w a t e r e d m e a do w t own
- .
”

Ki n g s C r o s s d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m a w r e tch e d
’

st at u e of G e o r g e I V s e t u p i n honou r of h i s
'

.
.
,

a c c e s s ion in 1 8 2 0 a n d d e m oli s h e d t o m a k e w a y fo r
,

t h e Lo n don t e r m i n u s of t h e G r e a t N o rt h e r n R a i l ~

wa y in 1 8 4 2 . Th e p a r i s h o f St P a n c r a s i s s o .

c a ll e d a ft e r t h e ch u r ch d e dic a t e d to t h e boy -s a i n t
wh o wa s m a r ty r e d by Diocl e ti a n in t h e e a r ly d ay s
of C h r i s ti a nity A g a r T o wn n o w e n ti r e ly s we p t
.
,

a w a y by m od e r n i m p r ov e m e nt s wa s d e s i g n a t e d a ft e r
:

W illi a m A g a r a m i s e r ly l a wy e r w h o a c q ui r e d t h e
,

l e a s e of t h e l a n d fo r b u ildin g pu rp o s e s in 1 8 40
S o m e r s T o wn i s t h e p r op e rty of Lo r d S o m e r s a n d ,
1 56 N a mes a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

p ictu r e s q u e f a r m ho u s e i n w h o s e vici n ity du e l s w e r e

u s u a lly fo u ht d urin g t h e c e n t u r y g on e by S t
g .
.

J o h n s W o o d w a s a n ci e n tly a thickly w ood e d

’

d i s t r ict s h e lt e r i n g a n Abb e y of t h e H oly Vi rg in s

“

o f St J o h n t h e B a pti s t
. Ki lb u r n o we s i t s n a m e
.

t o t h e K i l t h e C e l t ic w o r d fo r a c e ll occ u pi e d by
, ,

o n e Go d wy n e a h o l y h e r m it b e s id e t h e bo ur n e o r ”
, , ,

b r o ok . M a i d a V a l e w a s s o c a ll e d i n co m m e m o r a
t ion o f t h e B attl e of M a id a in w hich t h e E n g li s h ,

d e fe a t e d t h e F r e nch J u ly 4 1 8 0 6 M a r yl e b o n e
, , .

d o e s not s i g n ify M a r y t h e Good a s t h e m a j o r ity o f ,

L ondo n e r s i m a g i n e b u t St M a ry of t h e B ou r n e
,
.
,
”

a ll u di n g to t h e ch u r ch of St M a r y w ithi n s i g h t of .

t h e bo u r n e th a t r a n fro m t h e h e r m it s c e l l a t K i l
’

b o u r n e do w n t o T yb ur n o r r a th e r Twa bu r n e ; s o
,
-

c a l l e d b e c a u s e t wo diffe r e n t bo u r n e s o r s t r e a m s , ,

m e t i n t h e n e i g hb o u r h o od wh e r e t h e M a r bl e A r ch
n o w st an d s .

Th e n a m e o f B a y s w a t e r h a s und e r g o n e c on s id e r
a bl e ch a n g e fr o m t h e o r i g in a l N o t s o v e ry lo n g .

a g o t h e w hol e of th i s di s t r ict w a s k n o w n a s B a y s

w a t e r F i e l d s ; d u r i n g t h e l a s t c e n t u ry it bo r e t h e
n a m e of B e a r s W a t e r i n g a n d p r e v io u s ly th a t of
’

,
”

B ay n a r d s W a ter i n g
’
By t h e l a s t w a s m e a n t t h e
.

l a n d d o tt e d w ith p o o l s h e ld fr o m t h e M a n o r of
W e s t m in s t e r by R a l ph B a y n a r d t h e fa v o u r it e of
, ,

W illi a m t h e Co n q u e r o r wh o r e s id e d a t B AY N ARD S
’

C AS T L E a t B l a ckfr i a r s o n t h e n o r th b a n k o f t h e
, ,

Th a m e s . Th e s e p o o l s t o g e th e r w ith t h e Tyb u r n
,

w e r e c o nv e r t e d i n t o w h a t i s n o w s t yl e d t h e S E R
P E N T I N E o w i n g t o i t s fo r m in 1 7 3 3
,
P a d di n gt o n
, .
,
 L o n d on D i s tr i c ts an d S u bu r bs . 1 57

o r i g in a lly w r itt e n P a dy n to n wa s t h e s e ttl e m e nt o r ,

town of t h e Fee di n g s a b r a nch of t h e fa m ily wh o,

o r g in a lly e s t a bli s h e d th e m s e lv e s a t
i and
g a v e th e i r ,

n a m e to P a d en d en e i n S u rr e y W e st b o u r n e P a r k
, , .

d e r iv e d it s n a m e fro m t h e we s t bo u r n e o r s t r e a m , ,

th a t we n d e d i t s w ay fr o m t h e h e r m it s c e l l a t ’

Kilbo u r n e in t h e di r e ction of t h e B a yn a r d s
,
’

W a t e r i n g a n d th e nc e a ft e r p a s s in g und e r Fulh a m
,
”
,
‘

( o r K n i g ht s ) B r id
’

g e e m pti e d it s e
, lf i n to t h e Th a m e s .

N o t t i n g Hi ll i s a co r r u ption of K n o l t o n B a r n (Hi l l ) ,

a m a n o r h e ld by t h e D e V e r e s a n d s u b s e qu e ntly by ,

Rob e r t Fe n r o p e r a n Ald e r m a n of t h e C ity in t h e

, ,

r e i gn o f H e n ry V I I I Th e n a m e of Sh e p h e r d s
.
’
.

B u s h onc e m o r e p u t s u s i n m in d o f t h e p a sto r a l
ch a ra ct e r of t h e e nvi r on s of London in t h e d a y s g on e
by Ac t o n i s a n An g lo S a xo n n a m e fo r
.
-
Oak
to wn s i g nifyi n g t h e to wn b u ilt i n t h e vicinity of t h e
,

l a rg e O a k F o r e s t Gu n n er sb ur y d e n ot e s t h e t o w n
.
,

o r e n cl o s e d h a bit a ti o n n am ed a ft e r Gu n l d a t h
, y e ,

ni e c e o f Kin g C a n u t e wh o r e s id e d h e r e du r in g t h e
,

D a ni s h occup a tio n of E n g l a nd K e w wa s a n ci e ntly .

d e s c r ib e d i n docu m e n t s a s K ay ho o m e a nin g a qu a y
-
,

s itu a t e d on a h oo o r ho e t h e S c a n din a vi a n fo r a s p it
, ,

of l a nd . B r e n t fo r d s i g n ifi e s t h e fo r d ov e r t h e
B r e nt a t r ib u t a ry o f t h e Th a m e s th a t t a k e s i t s r i s e
,

n e a r H e n do n I s l e w o r t h m e a n s a m a no r b e s id e
.

t h e wat er .Th e fi r s t p o r tion o f t h e wo r d co m e s fr o m

t h e Ce ltic I si,
s w a t e r ;
, t h e s e con d i s A n g lo - S a xon
fo r a m a n o r S t a i n e s ow e s i t s n a m e t o t h e bound a r y
.

s ton e ( S a xon s t a n e a s ton e ) by t h e r iv e r w hich d i s

, ,

p l ay s t h e wo r d s God p r e s e r v e t h e C ity of Londo n .

”
1 58 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i n g .

Th e d a t e of th i s s to n e i s 1 2 8 0 Ki n g s t o n wa s .

d e s i g n a t e d a ft e r t h e Ki n g s s t o n e n o w p r e s e r v e d
’

w ithin r a ili n g s n e a r t h e To w n H a l l u po n w hi ch t h e ,

S a xon m o n a r ch s s a t to b e a noi n t e d Sh e pp er t on .

i s Old E n g l i s h fo r S hep her d s To wn o r t h e a bod e of

’

s h e ph e r d s Th e n a m e of Tw i ck e n h a m d e n ot e s a
.

h a m l e t s it u a t e d b e t w e e n two t r ibut a r i e s of t h e
Th a m e s . Ri ch m o n d wa s a nci e ntly known a s
S h e e n a S a xon t e r m fo r r e s pl e nd e nt in a llu s ion
, ,

t o t h e p a l a c e e r e ct e d by E dw a r d I Wh e n H e n ry .

V I I r e built t h e p a l a c e a ft e r i t s d e s t r u ction by fi re
.
,

i n 1 47 9 h e ch a n g e d t h e n a m e of t h e vill a g e t o
,

Rich m ond i n p e r p e tu a tion of h i s titl e of E a r l of

,

Rich m o n d p r io r to a s c e n din g t h e th r on e Thi s .

k in g di e d h e r e i n 1 50 9 .

Chi swi ck i s a c o rr u pti o n of C h e o s e l wi c k

“
,

d e r i v e d fr o m t h e A n g lo -S a x o n c eo sel s a n d g r a v e l , , ,

an d t h e T e u to n ic wi c k a r e a ch fr o m t h e r oot
, ,

w a es a m o i s t m e a do w
,
H am m e r s mi t h wa s o ri
.

g i n a l l y H a mm er s m ei d e a S a xo n ,
vill a g e d i s tin g ui s h e d
fo r t h e n u m b e r of i t s s m i t hi e s Th e fo r e n a m e .
,

Ha mm er i s S c a ndi n a vi a n fo r a vill a g e o r s m a l l town

, .

K e n s i n gt o n d e r iv e d i t s n a m e o r r a th e r th a t of ,

Ky n si ng t o n t h e S a xon fo r Ki n g s m e a do w w ith t h e
’
, ,

O l d E n g li s h s u ffix t on a town fr o m a r oy a l r e s id e nc e
, ,

e r e ct e d h e r e i n v e ry e a r ly ti m e s Br o m p t o n wa s .

so c ll d f o m t h e b r oo m t r e e s th a t g r e w i n t h e
a e r -

n e i g hb o u r hood of thi s h e a lthy t o n o r t ow n Ch e l s e a .

i s d e s c r ib e d in old docu m e nt s a s “
C h e v e l s ey ,

m e a n i n g S hin g l e i s l a n d Th e fi r s t po r tion of t h e
.

w Or d cl a i m s t h e s a m e e ty m olo gy a s Chi s wick viz ,

.
,
1 60 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

W a n d sw o r t h d e not e s a m a no r w a t e r e d by t h e
W a ndl e L a m b e t h i s a co r r uption of L o a m h i t h e
.
“
,
”

t h e A n g lo S a xon fo r h a v e n of t h e lo a m y s oil
- .

V a u x h a ll i s d e s c r ib e d in a docu m e nt d a t e d 1 2 8 2
as t he M a no r of Fa u k e s h a l l As ho we v e r thi s
.
, ,

m a n o r w a s o r i g in a lly h e l d by Fulk e d e B re a n t e s oo n
a ft e r t h e C o n qu e s t it i s hi g hly p r ob a bl e th a t t h e
,

d e s i g n a tio n wa s m o r e co rre ctly Fu l ke s Ha l l a ft e r ’

w a r d s c o r r u pt e d i n to Fa u kesha l l Th e p r e s e nt .

S p e lli n g of t h e n a m e m a y b e t r a c e d b a ck t o t h e y e a r

1 6 1 5 w h e n t h e H a ll o r M a n o r H ou s e wa s occupi e d
, , ,

by J a n e V a u x .

S o u t hw ar k i s a m odific a tion of t e An glo S a xon

h - ,

S u t h we r k a n d t h e D a n i s h Sy d r i ke
,
lit e r a l ly t h e ,

s outh fo r tifi c a tion D u r in g t h e D a ni s h occup a t ion

.

of E n g l a n d thi s wa s a v e ry s t r on g po s ition .

B er m o n d s e y wa s a n ci e ntly w r itt e n B eor mun d sey ,

s i g nifyi n g t h a t t h e ey o r s t r ip of l a nd int e r s e ct e d b y
,

c r e e k s [see C H E L S E A b e lon g e d to B e o r m u n d
, ,

a p o r m i e nt A g lo S a xo n lo r d Ho r s e l y d o wn i s
n n - .

p r op e r ly Ho rsa d own s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e thi s di s t r ic t

,

w a s o r i g i n a lly a down u s e d fo r g r a zin g ho r s e s .

W a l wo r t h wa s n a m e d in hono u r of S i r Willi a m
W a l wo r th Lo r d M a yo r in 1 3 8 0 who r e s id e d h e r e
, , .

Th e B o r o u g h r e c a ll s t h e fa ct th a t t h e i n h a bit a nt s
of Lo n do n s o uth of t h e Th a m e s w e r e B u rgher s a n d , ,

th e r e fo r e e ntitl e d to t h e r i g ht s a n d p r ivil e ge s of
,

C o r p o r a tio n .

Ro t h e r h i t h e i s S a xon fo r r e d h a v e n a ll u din g t o ,

t h e c o lou r of t h e s oil Th e n a m e of D e p t fo r d
.

indic a t e s t h e d e e p fo r d ov e r t h e R a v e n s bou r n e ,
 L o n d o n D i s t r i c ts and S u bu r bs . 1 61

wh ich is now p a n n e d by a b r id g e Gr e e n w i ch
s .

m e a n s t h e g re e n to wn o r m o r e p r e ci s e ly t h e
, , ,

v e r d a nt s e ttl e m e n t b e s id e t h e wi c k o r r e a ch of t h e ,

r iv e r [s ee C H I S WI C K ] ; w h e r e a s W o o l w i ch w a s

o r i g i n a lly Hy l wi c h i e hill t o wn
, . .
, Th e I s l e o f .

“
D o g s i s a c o r r u pt ion of I s l e of D u ck s s o d e s c r ib e d ,

in a n ci e nt d o cu m e n t s o n a cco u n t of t h e n u m b e r of
w ild fo wl a l wa y s t o b e fo u n d th e r e
- N ew Cr o s s .

”
d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m “
Th e G o ld e n C r o s s a ,

fa m o u ol d co a chi n g h o u s e r e b u ilt a n d r e n a m e d
s -
,

Th e N e w C r o s s Le w i s h a m i s p r o p e r ly L ea wr e
”
.

ha m ,
o r m e a do w ho m e
- B l a ckh e a t h i s a c o r r u p t ion
.

of B l ea khea th Elt h a m wa s fo r m e r ly wr itt e n E a l d

.

t e A g lo S a xon fo r t h e old ho m e o r d w e lli n g

”
ham , h n -
,

r e fe r r i n g t o t h e p a l a c e o c c u pi e d by t h e E n g li s h
kin g s d o wn t o t h e t i m e of J a m e s I C a t fo r d i s a .

cont r a ctio n of Ca t tl efo r d s i g n ifyin g a s h a llow po rti o n

,

of t h e R a v e n s bo u r n e e a s ily fo r d e d by c a ttl e [Th e .

U niv e r s i t y t o wn o n t h e I s i s r e c e iv e d i t s p r e s e n t
n a m e o f O XF O RD fo r a s i m il a r r e a s o n ] B e ck e n h a m .

d e n o t e s a h o m e b e s id e t h e b e ck o r b r ook H e r e .

a g a i n t h e R a v e n s bo u r n e co m e s i n to notic e Sy d e n .

h a m m e a n s t h e h o m e o r h a bit a tion in t h e s o u th ,

Th e n a m e s o f F o r e s t Hi ll N o r w o od a co n t r a c t io n
, ,

of N o r thw o o d a n d W e s t w o o d r e m i n d u s th a t t h e
,

whol e of thi s d i s t r ict wa s fo r m e r ly a l a r g e t ra ct of

wood e d l a nd D ul wi ch i s a co r r u ption o f D a l e
.

w i c h t h e t o wn i n t h e d a l e
,
H o n o r Oa k o w e s i t s
.

d e s i g n a tion t o t h e bou n d a ry o a k u nd e r who s e ,

u m b r a g e o u s s h a d e Q u e e n E liz a b e th i s s a id t o h a v e
din e d . N u n h e a d d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m “
Th e
1 1
1 62 N a mes : an d t hei r M ea n i ng .

N un s
’
H ead pl a c e of holid a y r e s o r t fo r
, a

London e r s d a ti n g b a ck m o r e t h a n two hund re d

,

y e a r s
. P e ckh a m w a s o r i g i n a lly B ec kh a m a ,

h o m e di s ti n g u i s h e d fo r i t s b e ck s o r b r ook s .

B r i x t o n i s a co r r u ption of t h e A n g lo S a xon -
“
B r ig e s t a n t h e b r id g e of s ton e
,
”
C am b e r w e ll
.

d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m a m i r a c u lou s w e l l di s cov e r e d
c l o s e by t h e p a r i s h ch u r ch d e dic a t e d t o St Gil e s .
,

t h e p a t r o n of c r ippl e s C a m i s C e ltic fo r c r ook e d

. .

In t hi s i n s t a n c e t h e wo r d a ppl i e s to t h e c r ippl e s ,

o r r a th e r to th e i r p a t r on s a int [O n t h e oth e r h a n d
.
,

t h e U n iv e r s ity town of C AM B RI D GE wa s s o c a l l e d
fr o m t h e b r id g e ov e r t h e C AM a r iv e r di s ti n g u i s h e d
,

fo r i t s w i n di n g co u r s e ] S t o ckwe ll i s i n a l l u s ion to
.

t h e w e l l fo u n d i n t h e s t o c o r wood e d pl a c e i n A n g lo
, ,

S axo n t i m e s K e n n i n g t o n m ea n s a s e ttl e m e nt in
.

t h e Ki n g s m e a dow O n e of t h e p a l a c e s o f H e n ry
’
.

V I I I s tood h e r e
. N e w i n gt o n d e not e s t h e n e w
. .

t o w n In t h e m e a dow Fi n a l ly t h e n a m e of St
.
, .

Ge o r g e s F i e l d s wa s d e r iv e d fr o m t h e n e i g hbou r in g
’

c h u r ch of St G e o rg e t h e M a rty r
. .
1 64 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

r u a ry 1 2, 1 )
4 9
2 o b t a in e d i t s titl e fr o m t h e d e fe a t
s uffe r e d by t h e D u c d e B o u r bon wh e n a tt e m pti n g to

int er c e pt a convoy of s a lt e d h e rr i n g s o n th e i r wa y
t o t h e E n g l i s h b e s i e g in g O r l e a n s Th e B a t t l e o f
.

S p ur s i s t h e m o r e fa m ili a r d e s i gn a tio n of t h e B a ttl e

of Gu i n n e g a t e i n wh ich H e n ry V I I I d e fe a t e d t h e
, .

D u c d e Lon g u e vill e ( Au g u s t 1 6 b ec au s e t h e
,

F r e n ch w e r e s a id to h a v e u s e d th e i r s pu r s m o re
th a n th e i r s wo r d s Thi s e v e n t h o we v e r m u s t not
.
, ,

b e con foun d e d with Th e B a t t l e o f t h e S p ur s o f

G o l d which t ook pl a c e b e tw e e n t h e F r e nch a n d
,

t h e Fl e m i s h a t C o u r t r a y in B e l g iu m J uly 1 1 1 3 0 2
, , ,
.

I n thi s e n g a g e m e nt t h e F r e nch w e re co m pl e t e ly
r out e d a n d t h e s pu r s of up w a r d s of e i g ht thou s a nd
,

of t h e v a n q ui s h e d k n i g ht s w e r e l e ft upo n t h e fi e ld .

Th e s e w e r e coll e ct e d a n d p r e s e r v e d a s t r ophi e s of
wa r in t h e C hu r ch of N ot r e D a m e d e C o u r t r a y .

Th e B a ttl e of M a r i g n a n o ( S e pt e m b e r 1 3 1 51 5) ,

a l s o b e a r s t h e n a m e of Th e B a t t l e o f t h e Gi a n t s ,

owin g to t h e d e fe a t by F ra nci s L Kin g of F r a nc e of , ,

S wi s s Gu a r d s t h e a lli e s of t h e M il a n e s e
,
Th e .

B a ttl e of L e ip s ic ( O ctob e r 1 6 1 8 1 8 1 3 ) i s k n ow n
—
,

a s Th e B a t t l e o f All t h e N a t i o n s b e c a u s e in , ,

a dditi o n to s i g n a lizi n g t h e ov e r th r ow of N a pol e on

a n d t h e d e liv e r a n c e of G e r m a ny it wa s t h e ch a m pio n
,

b a ttl e of t h e n a tion s of Eu r op e .
N O TA B L E ~

D A YS A N D FE S TI VA L S

H AT N e w Y e ar Da y i s fi r s t d a y of
’
s t he
t h e r e c u rr in g y e a r g o e s with o u t s a yi n g .

P r e vio u s to 1 7 52 wh e n t h e y e a r co m m e nc e d
,

o n t h e 2 5t h o f M a r ch i t s fou r r e co g n iz e d qu a r t e r s
,

w e r e Whi t s untid e L a m m a s tid e M a r t i n m a s t i d e a n d

, , ,

C a n d l e m a s t i d e ; a t t h e p r e s e nt ti m e th e y a r e L a dy
D ay M id s u m m e r M ich a e l m a s a n d C h r i s t m a s
, , , Let .

u s a t o n c e co n s id e r t h e m e a ni n g of t h e s e t e r m s .

Wh i t su n t i d e i s t h e s e a s o n u s h e r e d i n by Wh i t
S u n d a y a co r r upti o n o f Whi t e S un d a y b e c a u s e
, , ,

d u r i n g t h e p r i m itiv e a g e s of t h e C h u r ch a l l n e wly ,

b a ptiz e d p e r s o n s we r e r e q u i r e d to a tt e n d M a s s i n
whi t e g a r m e n t s o n thi s d ay As e v e ry o n e kn o ws
.
,

Whit S u n d a y co m m e m o r a t e s t h e d e s c e n t o f t h e H oly
Spi r it u p o n t h e Apo s tl e s i n t h e fo r m of fi e ry to n g u e s .

I t i s hi g hly p r ob a bl e th e r e fo re t h a t t h e t r u e m e a n
, ,

i n g of Whit o r Whit e S u n d a y r e m a i n s to b e s o u g ht
, ,

in conn e ction with t h e wi s do m sy m boliz e d by th e s e

fi e ry ton g u e s Aft e r a l l t h e o r i g i n a l s p e lli n g o f thi s
.
,

fe s tiv a l -n a m e m a y h a v e b e e n Wit a n S u nd a y t h e ,

A n g lo S a xon fo r Wi s do m S und ay ; j u s t a s t h e e a r li e s t
-

E n g li s h p a r li a m e nt s w e re s tyl e d W ITANAGE M O TE S ,

or m e e ti n g s of t h e wi s e m e n B ut to p r oc e e d
. .

L a mm as t i d e lit e r a lly s i g n ifi e d t h e s e a s on o f Fi r s t
1 66 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

F r uit s ; s inc e o n L a m m a s Day a t e r m co m p o u n d e d ,

o u t of t h e A n g l o -S a xo n h l af a l o af a n d mce sse
,
a , ,

fe a s t ( Au g I s t ) it w a s fo r m e r ly t h e c u s to m t o O ffe r
,
.
,

b r e a d m a d e o f n e w w h e a t i n t h e ch u r ch e s M a r t i n .

m a s Da y ( N o v 4 t h ) l a tt e r ly c o r r u pt e d i n to M a r t l e
.
,

ma s Da y d e n ot e s t h e F e a s t o f St M a r ti n B i s h o p
, .
,

of To u r s i n t h e fo u r th c e n t u r y C a n d l e m a s Day .
,

or t he F e a st o f t h e P ur i fic a t i o n ( Fe b 2 n d ) .
,

which co m m e m o r a t e s t h e p r e s e n t a tion of t h e I n fa n t
in t h e T e m pl e i n a cco r d a n c e with t h e J e wi s h L a w
in s tit u t e d 1 49 0 B C b e c a u s e t h e e a r ly C h r i s ti a n s
. .
,

w a lk e d in p r o c e s s ro n to M a s s with li g ht e d c a n dl e s i n
t h e i r h a n d s o n thi s d a y Th i s r e li g iou s ob s e r v a nc e
.

wa s int r od u c e d by P op e G e l a s i u s in t h e fifth c e ntu ry ,

a s a lit e r a l b e a r i n g o ut o f t h e w o r d s s pok e n by H oly

.

S i m e o n wh e n h e took t h e chil d J e s u s in h i s a r m s
Lo r d n o w l e tt e s t Thou Thy s e r v a n t d e p a r t in p e a c e
, ,

a cco r di n g to Thy w o r d Fo r m i n e e y e s h a v e s e e n Thy

s a lv a tio n w hich Tho u h a s t p r e p a r e d b e fo r e t h e fa c e
,

of a l l p e o pl e : A l ig h t t o l ig h ten the Gen t i l es a n d t h e ,

g lo r y of Thy p e opl e I s ra e l ( L u k e ii 2 9
”
I t i s .

s till t h e p r a ctic e in t h e Ro m a n C a th o lic Chu r ch t o

m a k e o ffe r i n g s o f c a ndl e s fo r t h e u s e of t h e a lt a r o n
thi s d ay L a d y Da y ( M a r 2 5t h ) i s b ut a noth e r
. .

n a m e fo r t h e F e a s t o f t h e An n u n c i a t i o n o r t h e ,

d a y u p On w hich t h e a n g e l of t h e Lo r d a pp e a r e d u n t o
M a ry a n d a n n o u n c e d th a t s h e wa s to b e co m e t h e
,

M o th e r of t h e Son o f Go d M i d s u mm e r Da y (J un e .

2 4 t h )e xp r e s s e s t h e m idd a y o f t h e y e a r ; w hil e M i ch a e l

m a s Da y ( S e pt 2 9 t h ) i s t h e F e a s t o f St M ich a e l
. .
,

t h e p a t r on s a int of t h e Ro m a n C a tholic C hu r ch As .
1 68 N a mes : a nd the i r M ea n i ng .

b e c a u s e th e n it w a s th a t ha n d sel s o r p r e s e n t s w e r e
, ,

b e s tow e d upon do m e s tic s a n d ch ild r e n To t h e .

b e s t of o u r knowl e d g e t h e c u s t o m n o lon g e r
e xi s t s in a n y po r tion of thi s co u n t r y ; o r p e r h a p s
it m a y b e m o r e c o r r e ct to s a y th a t i t s o b s e r
van ce h as been u n iv e r s a lly t r a n s fe rr e d to B o x i n g
Da y ( D e c 2 6t h ) o r i g in a lly s o s tyl e d fr o m t h e
.
,

o p e n i n g of t h e v a r io u s a l m s box e s i n t h e chu r ch e s
-
,

a n d t h e di s t r ib u tion of th e i r cont e n t s w h ich bo r e ,

t h e n a m e of a Chr i s t m a s D o l e to t h e poo r by t h e ,

c l e r gy on thi s d a y M o r e ov e r s i n c e h e a d s o f fa m il i e s
.
,

u s u a lly g a v e th e i r child r e n a n d do m e s tic s s m a l l s u m s

of m o n e y to d r o p into t h e box e s fo r t h e l a tt e r pu r po s e
o n Ch r i s t m a s m o r n i n g w e h e r e t r a c e t h e o r i g i n of
,

t h e t e r m Chr i s t m a s B o x which n ow a d a y s a ppli e s

,

t o a p r e s e n t r e c e iv e d by s e r v a nt s a n d oth e r s d u r in g
t h e Ch r i s t m a s s e a s o n .

Th e w o r d L e n t i s a cont r a ction of t h e Old E n g li s h

l en en a n d t h e A n g lo S a xo n l en c t en t h e s p r i n g both
t ,
-
, ,

d e r i v e d fro m l en cg a n t o l e n g th e n b e c a u s e t h e l o n g
, ,

fa s t o f t h e Ch r i s ti a n Chu r ch o cc u r s w h e n t h e d a y s
b e g i n t o l e n g th e n Shr o v e T u e s d a y a l s o k n o w n
.
,

a s P an c ak e Tu e s d a y d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e
,

s h r i v i n g o r c o n fe s s i n g i m po s e d upo n t h e fa ithfu l o n

thi s d a y Th e c u s t o m of e a tin g p a n c a k e s o r i g i n a t e d
.

fr o m t h e fa ct th a t thi s s p e ci e s of food a ffo r d e d a s t a y

t o t h e a pp e tit e d u r i n g t h e lon g h o u r s of w a iti n g in
ch u r ch to b e s h r iv e d Th e di s t r ib u ti o n of a s h e s on
.

As h W e d n e s d a y co m m e m o r a t e s t h e p a s s a g e in
t h e t hi r d ch a pt e r o f Gen es i s w h e r e t h e Lo r d cu r s e s
,

“
Ad a m in th e s e w o r d s : I n t h e s we a t of thy fa c e
 N o ta bl e D ay s and Fest i va ls . 1 69

thou s h a lt e a t b re a d till tho u r e t u r n to t h e gr ound

fo r d u s t t h o u a r t a n d u nto d u s t tho u s h a lt r e t u r n
”
.
,

P a s s i o n S u n d ay which p r e c e d e s P a l m Sun d ay i s
, ,

d e v o t e d t o a g e n e ra l co m m e m o r a ti o n of t h e s ubj e ct
o f Ch r i s t s P a s s i o n
’
P a lm S u n d a y ow e s i t s n a m e
.

t o t h e di s t r ib u tion of p a l m s in t h e Ro m a n C a tholic
C hu r ch in a llu s ion to t h e p a l m s bo r n e by t h e
,

popul a c e who a cco m p a ni e d t h e R e d e e m e r i n to

J e r u s a l e m s ho r tly b e fo r e Hi s b e t r a y a l by J u d a s Th e .

w e e k follo wi n g P a l m S u n d a y i s c a ll e d P a s s i o n
W e e k a n d a l s o H o ly W e e k b e c a u s e it cont a i n s
, ,

t h e d a y s upon whic h t h e i n cid e nt s o f Ch r i s t s P a s s ion

’

a r e p a r tic u l a r ly co mm e m o r a t e d M a u n d a y Th u r s
.

d ay i s t h e fi r s t s o s tyl e d o n a cco u n t o f t h e m a u n d
, ,

t h e S a xon t e r m fo r a n a l m s b a s k e t fo r m e r ly p r e s e n t e d
-
,

t o t h e poo r by t h e Lo r d ( o r r a th e r by t h e L a dy t h e “
,

lo a f g iv e r ) of t h e M a no r ; whil e it wa s a l s o t h e
- ”

cu s to m fo r kin g s a n d p r i n c e s to fu r n i s h th e i r
a l m o n e r s w ith a n a llo wa n c e s u fli c i e n t fo r t h e p r o

vi s i o n of t h e g e n e r a l p o o r th r o u g h o ut t h e y e a r o n
thi s d a y Th e e ccl e s i a s tic a l d e s i g n a t ion of thi s d a y
.

i s H o ly Thu r s d a y in co m m e m o r a tio n of t h e A g ony

,

a n d B l o o dy Sw e a t of t h e S a vio u r in t h e G a r d e n of

G e th s e m a n e G o o d F r i d a y t h e a n n iv e r s a ry of t h e
.
,
“
C r u c i fi x i o n wa s o r i g in a lly known a s G o d s F r id a y
’ ”
.
,

Th e An g lo S a xo n s u s u a lly c a ll e d thi s d a y L o n g
-

F r i d a y in con s e qu e n c e of t h e l e n g th of t h e Ch u r ch
,

s e r vic e
. H o ly S at ur d a y i s t h e d a y u pon which
t h e Ch u r ch co m m e m o r a t e s t h e B u r i a l o f Ch r i s t .

Th e w o r d Ea s t er b e a r s i n it s e lf n o C h r i s ti a n
s i g nific a n c e wh a t e v e r h a v rn g b e e n d e r iv e d fr o m
,
 1 7 0 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

E ost er , t h e g odd e s s of li g ht , o r s p r i n g , i n w ho s e
h onou r a fe s tiv a l w a s a n ci e n tly h e ld i n t h e m o n th
o f Ap r il Th e J e wi s h fe s tiv a l co rr e s p o n din g to o u r
.

E a s t e r i s c a ll e d t h e P a s s o v er in co m m e m o r a ti o n
,

of t h e D e s t r oyin g A n g e l h a vi n g passed o ver t h e

h ou s e s of t h e I a lit s r e e s w ho s e doo po s t s w e r e
r -

m a r k e d w ith t h e blood of a l a m b kill e d t h e p re vi o u s

ni g ht in a cco r d a nc e with t h e Divi n e co m m a nd wh e n ,

He s m ot e t h e fi r s tbo r n of t h e E gypti a n s i n t h e y e a r
1 49 1 B C. . R e t u r n in g t o t h e Ch r i s ti a n C h u r ch t h e ,

S u n d a y a ft e r E a s t e r i s c a ll e d L o w S u n d a y b e c a u s e ,

it s t a n d s a t t h e botto m of t h e L e n t e n C a l e nd a r ;
b e i n g t h e l a s t d a y upo n which Ro m a n C a tholic s m a y
fu lfil th e i r E a s t e r obli g a tion of r e c e ivi n g t h e H oly
Co m m u n ion .S e x a g e s i m a S u n d a y Q u i n qu a ,
.

g e s i m a S u n d a y ,
an d Q u a d r a g e s i m a S u n d a y
a r e s it u a t e d in t h e C a l e nd a r r e s p e ctiv e ly s ixty fifty , ,

a n d fo r ty d a y s b e fo r e E a s t e r ; t h e t e r m s e xp r e s s in g

t h e L a tin fo r tho s e r o u nd n u m b e rs .

Th e F e a s t of Whit s u nt id e which w e h a v e a l re a dy
,

di s cu s s e d a l s o b e a r s t h e n a m e of P e n t e c o s t fr o m
, ,

t h e G r e e k p en t ekost e t h e fifti e th d a y i n c o m m e m o r a
, ,

tion of t h e g ift of t h e L a w to t h e I s r a e lit e s fift y d a y s

a ft e r th e i r d e liv e r a n c e out of E gypt Tr i n i t y .

S u n d a y s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e L a t in tr i n i ta s th r e e
, , ,

i s t h e F e s tiv a l of t h e H oly T r inity i e t h e u n ity , . .

,

of t h e th r e e p e r s o n s t h e F a th e r t h e S o n a n d t h e
, , ,

H oly Gho s t u n d e r o n e Godh e a d C o r p u s Chr i s t i

, .

e xp r e s s e s t h e L a ti n fo r t h e B ody of Ch r i s t e s p e ci a lly ,

a ll u din g to t h e L a s t S u pp e r As t h e Ch u r ch c o n
.

s i d e r e d it out of k e e pi n g w ith t h e s ol e m n ity p e c u li a r

1 7 2 N a mes : a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

th e i r c a n o n iz a ti o n by t h e C h u r ch a ft e r d e a th w hil e
A l l S o u l s Da y ( N o v z u d ) i s t h e d a y s e t a p a r t fo r
’
.

s p e ci a l p r a y e r s h a v i n g fo r th e i r obj e ct t h e l ib e r a tion
,

O f t h e s u ffe r i ng s o u l s in P u r g a t o r y Th e old e r d e s i g
.

n a tio n o f t h e fi r s t -n a m e d w a s A ll h a ll o w s s Da in
y ,

a cco r d a n c e w i t h t h e A n lo S a x o n wo r d h a l i a n h o ly
-
g g , .

Al l h a l l o w e e n d e not e d t h e e v e n i n g b e fo r e g e n e r a lly
’
,

a t t e n d e d w ith s u n d ry a m u s e m e n t s in t h e s o ci a l c i r cl e ;

c o n s pic u o u s a m o n g which w a s t h e c r a cki n g o f n ut s

in l a r g e q u a ntiti e s i n t h e fi r e wh e n c e it r e c e iv e d t h e
,

n a m e o f Cr a c k n u t N i g ht .

St V a l e n t i n e s Da y ( Fe b 1 4 th ) i s s a c r e d to t h e
’
. .

m e m o r y o f B i s h o p V a l e n ti n e a C h r i s ti a n m a r ty r ,

b e h e a d e d a t Ro m e o n thi s d a y i n t h e y e a r 2 7 8 Th e .

c u s to m a m o n g yo u n g p e opl e of s e n di n g p o e tic a l
s o uv e n i r s to th e i r s w e e th e a r t s o n t h e bi rthd a y of St .

V a l e n t in e o r i g i n a t e d fr o m t h e o l d n o ti o n th a t bi r d s
c o m m e nc e d t o co u pl e on t hi s d a y : h e nc e a s w e e t ,

h e a r t cho s e n o n t h e 1 4th of F e b r u a r y a n ci e n t ly bo r e
t h e n a m e o f a V AL E N T I N E N o wa d a y s a l a s ! t h e
.
,

p a p e r VAL E N T I N E S a r e a l l th a t r e m a i n to r e m ind u s
of t h e fa ct St S wi t hi n s Da y ( J u ly 1 5th ) p e r
. .
’

p e t u a t e s t h e m e m o r y o f St S w i
. t hin t h e p r e c e pto r of
,

Ki n g E t h e l wu l f a n d Bi s h o p of W i n ch e s t e r wh o
'

di e d J u ly 2 8 62 Th e v u l g a r b e li e f th a t if i t ra in s
, .

o n thi s d a y it will co n ti n u e to r a i n fo r fo r ty s ucc e s s iv e

d ay s i s a tt r ib u t e d t o t h e t r a di t i o n t h a t wh e n d e s pit e ,

t h e s a int s dyi n g r e q u e s t t o b e b u r i e d i n t h e chu r ch

’

y a r d , t h e cl e r g y t o o k s t e p s t o di s i n t e r h i s body in
o r d e r to r e m ov e it w i t hi n t h e c a t h e d r a l a h e a vy ,

d o wnpou r of r a i n n e c e s s it a t e d a p o s tpon e m e nt of
 N o t a bl e D ay s and Festi va ls . 1 73

th e i r e ffo r t s on thi r ty ni n e s u cc e s s iv e d a y s wh e r e
-
,

upon a ft e r t h e fo rti e th a tt e m pt th e y d e t e r m in e d to
, ,

a llo w t h e s a i n t to r e m a i n w h e re h e l a y St D a v i d s
’
. .

Da y ( M a r 1 st ) co m m e m o r a t e s t h e victo ry wo n by
.

t h e W e l s h ov e r t h e S a xo n s o n t h e bi r thd a y of th e i r
A r chbi s hop ( bo r n 4 9 0 di e d ,
i n t h e y e a r 540 It .

wa s i n con s e q u e nc e of t h e A r chbi s hop h a vin g o r d e re d

th e m o n thi s oc c a s io n to pl a c e a l e e k in th e i r c a p s s o
.
,

a s t o di s ti n g u i s h o n e a n o th e r fr o m t h e i n v a d e r s th a t ,

t h e W e l s h a ft e r wa r d s a dopt e d t h e l e e k a s th e i r
n a tion a l e m bl e m i n h i s h o no u r Co m b s M a s s .
’
,

which i n t h e n o r th o f S cotl a n d a n d C a ith n e s s m o re ,

p a r tic u l a r ly t a k e s t h e pl a c e of o u r Whit s u n tid e i s

, ,

t h e c o lloqui a l t e r m fo r t h e F e a s t of St C ol u m b a .
,

Abbot of I on a ( b o rn 52 1 di e d ,

P r i m r o s e Da y ( Ap r il 1 9 th ) i s t h e a n n iv e r s a ry of
t h e d e a th of Lo r d B e a c o n s fi e l d ( bo r n 1 8 0 4 di e d ,

Th e a b u n d a nt di s pl a y of p r i m r o s e s on thi s d a y p a r ,

t i c u l a r l y o n t h e p a r t of t h e m e m b e r s of t h e P r i m r o s e
L e a g u e e s t a bli s h e d i n 1 8 8 4 in h i s hon o u r o r i g i n a t e d
, ,

in t h e Q u e e n s p r i m r o s e w re a th s e nt to t h e fu n e r a l o f
’

t h e g r e a t s t a t e s m a n thu s in s c r ib e d
,
Hi s fa v ou r it e
fl ow e r .
”
Th e c u s to m of di s pl a yi n g a s p r i g of o a k on
Ro y a l Oak Da y ( M ay 2 9 t h ) p e r p e t u a t e s t h e m a n n e r
in which t h e R o y a li s t s w e lco m e d t h e r e t u r n to E n g
l a nd of C h a r l e s I I on h i s bi r thd a y M ay 2 9 1 65 1
.
, , ,

in a ll u s ion to h i s co n c e a l m e nt in t h e o a k a t B o s cob e l ,

a ft e r t h e B a ttl e of Wo r c e s t e r on t h e 3 r d of S e pt e m
,

b e r p r e viou s Gu y F a wk e s Da y k e e p s a liv e t h e
.
’

i n cid e nt of t h e G u n po wd e r P lot by t h e ti m e ly d i s ,

c o v e ry of which N ov e m b e r 5 1 60 5 t h e whol e s a l e
, , ,
 1 74 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

d e s t r uction
of Kin g J a m e s s P a r li a m e nt wa s a v e r t e d
’
.

Th e n a m e o f t h e chi e f co n s pi r a to r wa s not G uy but ,

G u ido F a wk e s ; h i s e x e c u tion took p l a c e J a n u a ry 1 3 ,

1 60 6 .

Ar b o r Da y i s xp r e s s ion s c a r c e ly u n d e r s tood
an e

i n th i c
s o u n t y xc pt p h p a N e wc a tl e upon
r e e ,
e r a s t , s -
,

Ty n e wh e r e t h e T r a n s a tl a n tic c e r e m ony of pl a n tin g

,

t r e e s s h r u b s a n d flo we r s within t h e s chool p r e ci n ct s
, , ,

w a s p u blicly p e r fo r m e d fo r t h e fi r s t ti m e by t h e M a yo r ,

J un e 1 1 1 8 8 8 Th i s a n n u a l ob s e rv a nc e p r e v a i l s not
, .

o nly t h r ou g hout t h e U n it e d St a t e s a n d C a n a d a b ut ,

a l s o i n c e r t a i n po r ti o n s of B r iti s h C ol u m bi a w h e r e ,

t h e t r e e s h a v e t o b e co a x e d i n to g r owi n g For e .

fa t h e r s Da y ( D e c 2 0 t h ) i s k e pt a s a hi g h h o lid a y
’
.

i n N e w E n g l a n d c o m m e m o r a tiv e of t h e l a n di n g of
,

t h e P il g r i m F a th e r s a t N e w P ly m o u th in t h e y e a r
1 62 0 . I n d e p e n d e n c e Da y (J u ly 4t h ) p e r p e tu a t e s ,

t h e m e m o ry of t h e A m e r ic a n D e cl a r a tion of I nd e

p e n d e n c e , 1 6
77 ; an d Ev a c u a t i o n Da y ( N o v . 2 5t h )
,

t he d a t e of t h e e v a c u a ti o n of N e w Yo r k C ity by t h e
B r iti s h a r m y a t t h e co n clu s ion of t h e A m e r ic a n
,

W a r of I nd e p e nd e n c e 1 7 8 3 , .

Th e S und a y i n M i d L e nt wh e n t h e P op e bl e s s e s
-

t h e Gol d e n Ro s e a n d child r e n a n d do m e s tic s o u t a t

,

s e r vic e vi s it th e i r m oth e r s to fe a s t upo n M O THE RI N G

C AKE S r e a lly o w e s i t s n a m e of M o t h e r i n g S u n d a y
,

t o t h e a n ci e n t cu s to m o f m a ki n g o ffe r i n g s t o M o t h e r
Ch u r ch on t h e a ft e rn o o n of thi s d a y St Gr o u s e s . .
’

Day i s a p o p u l a r n ick n a m e g iv e n t o t h e 1 2 t h o f
A u g u s t ( Gr o u s e Da Y) w h e n g r o u s e s hooti n g ,

c o m m e nc e s ; a n d St P a r t r i d g e s Da y t o t h e
.
’
,
TE X TI L E S , E M B R OI D E RI E S , AN D
L A CE .

E V E RAL of o ur t e xtil e fa b r ic s a r e ind e bt e d fo r

th e i r n a m e s to t h e p l a c e s wh e r e th e y w e r e
fi r s t m a n u fa ctu r e d As e x a m p l e s : D a m a s k
.

Li n e n s a n d S i lk s o r i g in a lly c a m e fr o m D a m a s c u s
Mu s l i n fr o m M o o s u l i n M e s op o t a m i a ; N a nk e e n
,

fr o m N a nki n i n C hi n a ; C a l i c o fr o m C a lic u t o n
, ,

t h e M a l a b a r C o a s t ; C a s hm e r e fr o m t h e v a ll e y of
C a s h m e r e i n I nd ia ; D i m i t y fr o m D a m i e tt a i n
, ,

E gypt ; V a l e n c e fro m V a l e n ci a i n Sp a i n ; a n d
,

H o ll a n d fr o m t h e N e th e r l a n d s C am b r i c wa s
.

fi rs t m a d e a t C a m b r a y ; Sh a ll o o n a t C h a lo n s ; a n d
T ar l a t an a t T a ra r e : e a ch of th e s e tow n s b e i n g
s itu a t e d i n F r a n c e . Wo r s t e d fo r m e r ly c o m p r i s e d
t h e s t a p l e i n d u s t ry of a town of th a t n a m e i n
N o rfolk ; C o b o u r g i s b r ou g ht fr o m Cobo u rg i n ,

G e r m a n y ; w hil e A n g o l a co m e s fr o m t h e P o r
t u g u e s e t e r r ito ry s o c a ll e d o n t h e W e s t Co a s t of
Afr ic a Th e co a r s e w o ol l e n cloth k n own a s F r i e z e
.

wa s o r r g in a l ly i m po r t e d fr o m F r i e s l a n d
.

Th e n a m e of C o t t o n i s a m odific a tio n of t h e
A r a bic go t on ; S i l k i s d e r iv e d fr o m t h e L a t i n
ser i ou s
,
s o ft ; and S a t i n fr o m t h e I t a li a n set a a ,

s p e ci e s of s ilk d i s tin g u i s h e d fo r i t s g l o s s a n d c lo se
 Tex t i l es E mbr o id er i es
, , an d L a ce . 1 77

t e xt u r e V a r i e g a t e d s il k o r oth e r s tuff b e a r s t h e
.

n a m e of B r o c a d e in a cco r d a n c e with t h e It a li a n
v e r b br o c ca r e to p r ick t o s titch t o fi g u r e ; D a m a s
, , ,

s i n i s a d a m a s k c lot h int e rwov e n with fl ow e r s o r ,

s ilv e r o r g old ; S a r s a n e t i s a fi n e s ilk

,
o r i g in a lly ,

m a d e by t h e S a ra c e n s ; M o h a i r i s p r op e r ly M oo r
h a i r o r t h e h a i r of t h e An g ol a g o a t int r oduc e d int o
,

S p a in by t h e M oo r s ; wh e re a s M o i r e An t i qu e i s
t h e F r e nch d e s c r iption of a w a t e r e d s ilk wo r k e d u p
i n t h e m a nn e r of th a t wo r n in t h e O ld e n ti m e .

Chi n t z i s a P er s i a n wo r d s i g nifyin g s pott e d o r

st ain e d ; T affe t y o r T affe t a i s a m odific a tion of
, ,

t h e P e r s i a n t dft a h d e r iv e d fr o m t aft a n to s pin ; Li n e n

, ,

i s a n A n g lo -S a xon r e nd e r in g of t h e L a tin l i nu m ,

fl a x ; a n d L a wn i s s i m ply fi n e l in e n bl e a ch e d upo n
a l a w n i n s t e a d of t h e cu s t o m a r y d r yin -
g g r ound .

P o m p a d o u r r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m M a d a m e l e
P o m p a dou r t h e m i s t r e s s of Loui s XV of F r a nc e
, .

( bo r n 1 7 2 1 di e,d 1 6
7 4) who w a s t,h e fi r s t to int r oduc e

It .

S w a n s d o wn of cou rs e m a d e fr o m t h e d ow n
i s, ,

of s w a n s ; M o l e ski n i s n ot t h e s kin of t h e m ol e ,

b ut a s t r on g cotton fa b r ic o r fu s t a i n h a vin g a s m ooth

u f
s r a ec lik e t h e m ol e S kin
- M e r i n o i s m a nufa ctu r e d
fr o m t h e wool of t h e M e r ino S h e e p ; a n d Alp a c a .

fr o m th a t of t h e a lp a c a a s p e c re s of l l a ma foun d in
,

P e r u K e r s e y i s a co rr uption of Je r s e y indic a tiv e

.
,

of t h e pl a c e wh e r e thi s fa vou r it e wooll e n m a t e r i a l

wa s fi r s t p r oduc e d Th e dy e d cotton s tu ff known
.

a s G i n g h a m out of which u m b r e ll a s w e r e fo r m e r ly
,
— —
m a d e h e n c e t h e S l a n g t e r m fo r t ho s e a r ticl e s i s
1 2
1 7 8 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i n g .

so c a ll e d aft e r n a tiv e J a v a n e s e n a m e p r onounc e d

the
i
g gg g
n an W e m.a y a l s o conv e ni e ntly a d d h e r e th a t

B l an k et s r e c e iv e d th e i r d e s i g n a tion fr o m Tho m a s
B l a nk e t who fi r s t m a d e th e m at B r i s tol a s l on g a go
,

a s t h e y e a r 1 3 40 .

Th e n a m e of V e lv e t t r a c e s i t s o r i g i n fr o m t h e
L atin vil l us s ha g gy h a i r ; a n d P lu s h fr o m p i l us a
, ,

h a i r V e lv e t e e n i s a c o tto n v e lv e t o r a cl o th i n
.

i m it a tion of v e lv e t F u s t i a n d e r iv e d fr o m t h e
.
,

Sp a ni s h fusta n i s a g e n e r ic t e r m fo r t h e t wil l e d
,

c otton s tuffs of wh ich v e l v e t co r d u r oy & c a re t h e

, ,
.
,

chi ef . Gr o gr a m i s a co r r up t ion o f t h e F r e n ch
- r a i n m e a ni n g co a r s e g r a in e d
- w h r e a s Co r d u
g r o s g , e

r ay i s p r op e r ly C o r d d a r oy Ki n g s C o r d s o c a ll e d
’
, ,

b e c a u s e owin g to i t s r ibb e d o r co r d e d s u r fa c e it
, ,

wa s a t o n e t i m e con s id e r e d s up e r io r to a n y oth e r
kind of clot h int e nd e d fo r m a s c u lin e we a r P i n a .

c lot h a m at eri a l m u ch u s e d fo r l a di e s d r e s s e s
’

, ,

i s m a nufa ctu r e d fr o m t h e fib r e s o f t h e pin e a ppl e -

l e a f ; j u s t a s Gr a s s c l o t h i s e xt e n s i v e ly w o r k e d up
-

i nto li g h t j a ck e t s fo r I n di a n w e a r fr o m t h e G r a s s
C loth pl a nt which a bo u nd s i n C hin a A s s a m a n d , ,

S u m a t ra T c l o t h co m p r i s e s a s p e ci a l kind of
-
“

c loth e xp r e s s ly m a n ufa ctu r e d in thi s co u nt ry fo r

e xpo r t a ti o n to I ndi a a n d d i s tin g u i s h e d by a T

,

m a r k e d upon it ; whil e B r o a d c l o t h s i m ply b e a r s

i t s n a m e on a ccount of i t s u nu s u a l width Th e .

n a m e of T w i ll i s a m odific a tion of t h e G e r m a n
Z wi l l i c h s i g nifyin g t r e lli s -wo r k a n d fo u nd e d u pon
, ,

t wi l l en to s e p a r a t e in two s inc e thi s cloth p r e s e n t s

, ,

t h e a pp e a r a n c e of di a g on a l lin e s o r r ib s u pon i t s
1 80 N a mes and thei r M ea n i ng .

th a t of Arr a s in a l l u s ion to t h e town s itu a t e d i n

,

t h e F r e nch N e th e r l a nd s wh e nc e it chi e fly c a m e .

H a vi n g r eg a r d to L a c e it will s u ffic e to ob s e r ve
,

th a t Li s l e Ch an t i lly B r u s s e ll s H o n i t o n & c
, , , ,
.
,

s e v e ra lly i d e ntify t h e L a c e with t h e loc a l c e nt r e s

wh e r e i t s m a n ufa ctu r e i s p r incip a lly c a rr i e d on ;

th a t V a l e n c i e n n e s i s m a d e a t V a l e nci e nn e s i n ,

F r a nc e a n d th a t Co lb e r t i n e d e r iv e s i t s n a m e fr o m
M C olb e r t t h e s up e r int e nd e nt of t h e F r e nch Roy a l
.
,

L a c e F a cto r i e s e s t a bl i s h e d by Loui s X I V i n t h e .

s e v e nt e e nth c e ntu ry . L a c e i s s tyl e d P o i n t l a c e

-

wh e n it i s wo r k e d with t h e point of a n e e dl e ; a n d
Pi o w l a c e wh e n p r od uc e d by twi s t e d th r e a d s
ll -

a r ound a s e r i e s of p in s a rr a n ge d on a cu s hion .

Th e l a tt e r which h a s s o g r e a tly s up e r s e d e d t h e
,

-
m o r e co s tly point l a c e i s s a id to h av e b e e n t h e
,

inv e ntion of B a r b a ra Ut t m a n n of S t Ann a b e rg i n

, .
,

t h e y e ar 1 56 1 . Th e wo r d L a c e it s e lf co m e s fr o m
t h e L a tin l a ques a noo s e o r s n a r e
, Tu ll e a s p e ci e s
.
,

of n e two r k o r l a c e i s in d e bt e d fo r it s d e s i g n a tio n
,

to t h e F r e nch town of th a t n a m e wh e re it wa s fi rs t
.

m ad e .
 L I TE RA R Y P S E UD ON YM S .

O fa r fr o m b e i ng cho s e n a t r a ndo m th e s e a r e
fr e q u e ntly t h e re s ult of m uch p r e m e dit a tion .

V o lt a i r e ( bo r n 1 69 4 di e d who s e p r op e r
,

n a m e w a s Aro v e t co m po s e d out of thi s a n d t h e

,

i niti a l s L I ( l e j eun e) t h e a n a g r a m by w hich a l l h i s

. .

w r itin g s a r e id e n tifi e d A g a in B ar r y C o r n wa ll i s
.
,

a n i m p e r fe ct a n a g r a m found e d upon B ry a n W a l l e r

P r oct e r ( bo r n 1 7 9 0 di e d , t h e po e t s r e a l
’

n am e ; w h e r e a s Y e n d y s t h e s i g n a tu r e of S ydn ey
,

D ob e l l ( bo r n 1 8 24 di e d ,
wa s m e r e ly t h e
Ch r i s ti a n n a m e r e v e r s e d To cit e a n in s t a n c e of
.

a noth e r cl a s s : C h a r l e s J a m e s Appl e by of D e nbi g h ,

“
s hi r e ,
a utho r of Th e C h a s e t h e T u r f a n d t h e
, ,

Ro a d a n d a r e g ul a r co n t r ib u to r to The Qua r t er ly
,

R evi ew coul d s c a r c e ly h a v e h it upon a m o r e fitt in g

“
p s e u do n y m th a n th a t of N i m r o d who wa s a ,

m i g hty h unt e r b e fo r e t h e Lo r d a ll ud e d t o in,

Gen esi s x 9 . Such a choic e wil l b e t h e b e tt e r

.

und e r s tood p e rh a p s wh e n it i s m e ntion e d th a t out

, ,

o f r e g a r d fo r t h e s po r tin g t a s t e s of h i s e s t e e m e d

cont r ib u to r M r P itt m a n t h e p r op r i e to r of t h e
, .
,

u ar t er ly k e pt a s tud of h unt e r s fo r h i s e s p e ci a l
Q
u se. E q u a lly a pp r op r i a t e wa s t h e p s e u dony m
Z a d ki e l d e notin g t h e a n g e l of t h e pl a n e t J u pit e r
, ,
1 82 N a mes : a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

a d o pt e d by Li e u t e n a nt Rich a r d J a m e s M o r r i s o n ,

a utho r of
“
Th e P r o ph e tic Al m a n a ck w hich s til l
”
,

s u r viv e s a s a n a n n u a l p u blic a tion .

W a s hi n g to n I r vin g s e l e ct e d t h e n o m d e p l u me o f
Kn i ck e r b o ck e r fo r h i s H i s to ry of N e w Yo r k in ,
”

a l lu s io n t o t h e wid e b r e e ch e s w o rn by t h e o r i g in a l

s e ttl e rs of t h a t city Th e t r u e a c cou n t of how

.

C h a r l e s L a m b ( bo rn 1 7 7 5 di e d 1 8 3 4) a dopt e d t h e
,

n a m e of El i a fo r h i s E s s ays i s a s fol lo w s
“

Hi s fi r s t cont r ibution to t h e Londo n M a g a zin e

b e in g a d e s c r iption of t h e O ld S outh S e a H ou se in ,

which h e h a d s p e n t s e v e r a l m onth s of h i s n ovici a t e

a s a cl e r k h e a t t h e v e ry m o m e nt of a pp e n din g h i s
,

S i g n a tu re b e th o u g ht h i
,
m s e lf of a g a y li g ht h e a r t e d
-
,

fo r e i g n e r w h o u s e d to fl u tt e r a bout th e r e ; a n d a s a ,

m e r e m a tt e r of w hi m h e w r ot e down t h e n a m e of
,

th a t indi vid u a l i n s t e a d of h i s o wn B o z t h e e a r ly .
,

n o m d e p l u m e of C h a r l e s D ick e n s ( bo r n 1 8 1 2 di e d ,

a r o s e o u t of t h e nickn a m e of M o s e s confe rr e d

by h i m upo n a youn g e r p e t b r oth e r in ho n ou r of

M o s e s P r i m r o s e in t h e Vic a r of W a k e fi e ld Th e .
”

oth e r child r e n of t h e fa m ily how e v e r fo u n d i t, ,

i m po s s ibl e to utt e r a n e a r e r p ronun ci a tion to t h e

“ ”
n a m e th a n Boz e s which p r e s e ntly b e c a m e
,

S ho r t e n e d in Boz ; a n d t h e l a tt e r h it t h e fa n cy
”

of o u r yo u n g a u tho r s u ffici e n tly to l e a d h im to i t s

a doptio n a t th a t p e r iod of h i s lit e r a ry c a r e e r wh e n

h e l a ck e d t h e co n fid e nc e to a pp e a r b e fo r e t h e w o r ld
und e r h i s o wn n a m e O ut of a n a n a l a g o u s i n cid e n t
.

s p ra n g Ou i d a t h e p s e u do n y m of o u e of t h e m o s t
'

wid e ly r e a d l a dy n ov e li s t s of t h e p r e s e nt d a y He r
- .
 C O UN TE RFE I T P RE S E N TM E N TS .

P ORTRAI T c a ll e d fr o m t h e L a tin pr o
,
s o

t ra her e to d r a w fo r th i s p r od u c e d by t h e
, ,

individu a l s kil l of a n a r ti s t ; w h e r e a s a
P h o t g
o r a p h confo
,
r m a bly to t h e two G re e k wo r d s

p h o tos,
li g ht ,a n d g r a hei n
p to w r it e
,
i s obt a in e d by
,

t h e a ction of s unli g ht upon a ch e m ic a lly p r e p a r e d

s u rfa c e s uch a s s ilv e r z inc copp e r g l a s s o r p a p e r
, , , , , .

Th e e a r li e s t e x a m pl e s of po rt ra itu r e w e re s tyl e d
M i n i at u r e s b e c a u s e th e y o r i g in a t e d fr o m t h e h e a d
o f t h e V i r g in o r of s o m e w e ll known s a int
- ih
t ro d u c e d into t h e initi a l l e t t e r s of illu m in a t e d r ubi o s
b y t h e M i n i a t o r i a nu m b e r of m o n k s not e d fo r
,

t h e i r s kil l i n p a intin g with m i n i u m o r r e d l e a d , .

Th e r e a s on why t h e po r t ra it s of m o n a r ch s a r e
r e p r e se nt e d on coin s a n d m e d a l s in P r o fi l e d a t e s

b a ck to Anti g onu s o n e of t h e g e n e r a l s of Al e x a nd e r
,

t h e G re a t who h a vin g lo s t o n e e ye o r d e r e d h i s
, , ,

l ik e n e s s to b e d r a wn fr o m a s id e vi e w Thi s .

occ u r r e d in t h e y e a r 3 3 0 B C Th e t e r m i s a
. .

co rr uptio n by wa y of t h e F r e nch p r ofi t o f t h e
, ,

L a tin perfi l u m co m pound e d out of per th r o u gh by

, , , ,

a n d fi l um , a lin e a th r e a d
, A p rofil e c u t o u t of
.
 f
C o un ter ei t P r esen t rn en ts . 1 85

b l a ck p a p e r b e a r s t h e n a m e of a S i lh o u e t t e i n
h onou r of E ti e nn e d e S ilhou e tt e t h e F r e n ch Co m p
,

t r oll e r of Fin a n c e und e r Loui s XV ( bo r

. n 1 7 9
0 ,

d ied who wa s t h e fi r s t to h a v e h i s fe a tu r e s
o utlin e d in thi s m a nn e r .

Th e e ar li e r d e s c r iption s of photo g r a ph s w e r e
r e s p e ctiv e ly s tyl e d T a l b o t yp e s , D a g u e r r e o t yp e s ,
‘

a n d F e rr i e r t e s a ft e r t h e n a m e s of th e ir in
yp ,

v e nto r s . Th e s m a ll e r s iz e d p h o t o g ra p h s a t p r e s e nt
-

i n u s e w e r e o r i g in a l ly d e s c ib e d
r a s C art e s d e Vi s i t e
- -

f r o m t h e p r a ctic e of t h e D uc d e P a r m a wh o whil e , ,

s t a yi n g a t N ic e i n t h e y e a r 1 8 57 h a d h i s photo g ra p h
,

p r od u c e d on t h e b a ck of h i s vi s itin g c a rd s Th e .

!
d e s i gn a tion Vi gn e t t e which e xp r e s s e s t h e F r e nc h
, “

d i m inutiv e of vin e o r t e nd r il ow e s i t s o r i g in to t h e
,

v in e l e a v e s o r b r a nch e s th a t p r op e r ly s u r r ound t h e
-

photo gr a ph s p r oduc e d in th i s s tyl e A photo g ra ph of

.

t h e l a rg e r s iz e i s c a l l e d a C a b i n e t b e c a u s e it fo r m s
a pictu r e s uit e d t o t h e w a l l s of a c a bin e t o r v e r y

s m a l l roo m .
-
A th re e q u a r t e r l e n g th pho t o gr a ph o r
-

po t it
r ra i s s tyl d a on g
e m a r ti s t a K i t K at in
s -
,

a llu s ion t o t h e po r t r a it s of t h e o r i g in a l
. m e m b ers
”
o f the Kit Ka t C lub whic h w e r e p a int e d by S ir
-
,

Godfr e y Kn e ll e r fo r J a cob Ton s on t h e s e c r e t a ry t o

, ,

s uit t h e di m e n s ion s of t h e r oo m in which t h e C lub

w a s l a tt e r ly h e ld a t h i s vill a a t B a r n E l m s .

S i m il a r ly a c a nv a s m e a s u r i n g 2 8 in ch e s by 3 6
,

i nch e s i s s tyl e d a Ki t K at C an v a s b e c a u se thi s

-

wa t s h e u nifo r m s iz e of t e fa m ou s Kit Ka t C l u b
h -
”
po r t ra it s . W e m ay a s w e ll a d d h e r e th a t t h e
-
K IT KAT C L U B d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m C h r i s t oph e r
1 86 N a mes and t hei r M ean i ng .

Ka t , a p a s t rycook of Kin g St r e e t W e s t m in s t e r in
, ,

w ho s e hou s e t h e thi r ty nobl e m e n a n d g e ntl e m e n

wh o fo r m e d t h e m s e lv e s into a C l u b fo r t h e p u r po s e
of p r o m otin g t h e P r ot e s t a nt S u cc e s s ion i n t h e y e a r
1 7 0 3 h e l d th e i r fi r s t m e e ti n s
g
.
1 88 N a mes : a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

t h e i r s w a n s with a co u pl e of nick s o r notch e s in t h e

bill s o a s t o di s tin g ui s h th e m fro m t h e r oy a l s w a n s
, ,

wh o s e n ick s a r e fi v e in n u m b e r viz t wo l e n g thw a y s ,

.
,

a n d th r e e a c r o s s on t h e b ill Th a t t hi s ch a r a ct e r
.

i s t i c m a r k of t h e Vint n e r s C o m p a ny s houl d h a v e
’

b e e n cho s e n fo r a London I n n Si g n i s s c a r c e ly
e xt r a o r din a r y .

Th e s i g n of Th e El e p h a n t a n d Ca s t l e on t h e ,

s o u th s id e of t h e r iv e r wa s a dopt e d fr o m t h e c r e s t
,

of t h e C utl e r s C o m p a ny into who s e t r a d e ivo ry

’
, ,

a n d con s e q u e ntly e l e ph a nt s tu s k s e nt e rs v e r y con

’

W ith r e g a r d to t h e Ca s tl e th i s wa s ”
s i d e r a bl y .
,

i n m e di ae v a l ti m e s i n s e p a r a bl e fr o m t h e id e a of a n
e l e ph a nt ,
o win g t o t h e p a r t wh i ch th e se h u g e
a n i m a l s a n ci e ntly took in t h e P unic w a rs Anoth e r .

“
E le ph a nt a n d C a s tl e e xi s t s In t h e p a r i s h of
”

St . P a nc ra s n e a r Kin g s C ro s s ; b u t thi s s i g n
,
’

o ri g in a t e d fr o m t h e di s cov e ry i n 1 7 1 4 of t h e , ,

s k e l e ton of a n e l e ph a nt i n t h e n e i g hbo u r h o od o f
B a ttl e B r id g e A fl i n t h e a d e d s p e a r l a y b e s id e t h e
.
-

r e m a i n s a n d fr o m thi s it i s r e a s on a bl e to co n j e ct u r e
,

th a t t h e a n i m a l m u s t h a v e b e e n kil l e d by t h e B r iton s
who w e re l e d by Q u e e n Bo a dic e a a g a in s t t h e Ro m a n s
in t h e y e a r 6 1 A D . .

Th e H o r s e Sh o e Tott e nh a m C o u r t Ro a d c a m e
, ,

into e xi t e nc e a s a s i g n fr o m t h e l a r g e ho rs e s ho e s
s -

n ail e d u p a t t h e e nt r a nc e of M e s s r s M e u x s b re w e ry .
’

a dj o i n i n g Th e s ho e s a r e a l s o con s p ic u o u s on t h e
.

t a ppi n g s of t h e d r ay ho rs e s b e l o n g in g to th a t
r -

e s t a bl i s h m e n t ; in s ho r t t h e y co m p r i s e t h e t ra d e
‘

m a r k of t h e fi r m Th e B lu e P o s t s a t t h e co r n e r
.
,
 L o n d o n I nns and Ga r d en s . 1 89

of H a nw a y S t r e e t n e a r ly oppo s it e t h e
, H o rse “

S ho e a r o s e o u t o f t h e fa n cy of a n old innk e e p e r
”
,

t o di s ti n g ui s h h i s ho s t e l r y fr o m a ll oth e r s by c a u s in g
h
t e ch a i n -po s t s a b uttin g on t h e r o a d to b e p a int e d
blu e in s t e a d of w h it e which e cc e nt r icity fully s e rv e d
,
“
t h e pu r po s e of a s i g n Th e r e i s a noth e r B lu e
.

P o s t s in Co r k S t re e t P icc a dilly a n d ye t a noth e r

”
, ,

i n S o uth a m pton B u ildin g s H olbo r n ; b u t t h e fi r s t

,

n a m e d i s t h e old e s t of t h e th r e e a n d t h e r e fo r e t h e
,

o ri g in a l Th e B l a ck P o st s B o n d St r e e t m ay
.
, ,

a l s o b e r e g a r d e d a s a m odifi e d i m it a tion of t he
e x a m pl e s e t by t h e o r i g in a l
“
B lu e P o s t s Th e .

Thr e e Ch ai r m e n a t t h e foot of Ha y H ill B e r k e l e y

, ,

S qu a r e a n d Th e Ru n n i n g F o o t m a n in H a y e s
’

, ,

M e w s clo s e by w e r e s o d e no m in a t e d fr o m b e i n g
, ,

t h e r e s o r t o f g e ntl e m e n s s e rv a nt s in t h e d a y s wh e n
’

S E D AN C H AI RS ( th e s e ch a i r s w e r e fi r s t m a d e a t
S e d a n i n F r a nc e w hich a ccou nt s fo r th e i r n a m e
, , ,

e x a ctly a s B AT H C HAI RS we re o r i g in a lly int r oduc e d

“

a t B a th du r i n g t h e l a s t c e ntu ry wh e n fa s h io n a bl e
,

inv a lid s flock e d t o t h e W e s t of En g l a n d to d r ink t h e

B a th a n d C h e lt e nh a m w a t e r s ) a n d R u n n in g Foot
m e n p r e c e d e d t h e u s e of p r iv a t e c a r r i a g e s by t h e
w e a l thy .

Th e M o t h e r Re d Cap C a m d e n Town p e r , ,

e t t e s t h e m e m o r y of a no t o r io u s poi s on e r know n
p u a

as M oth e r D a m n a bl e t h e Con s o r t of t h e D e vil

, ,
”

who liv e d a t H un ge r fo r d S t a i r s d u r i n g t h e p e riod o f

t h e C o mm o n w e a lth Th e M o t h e r Sh i p t o n H a v e r
.
,

s tock H ill w a s b uilt a t t h e ti m e wh e n t h e p r oph e ci e s

,

of M r s Ev a n P r e e c e of Gl a m o rg a n s hi r e S outh
.
, ,
 1 9 0 N a m es and t h ei r M ea n i ng .

Wal e s ,
we r e in e v e rybody s m o u th Thi s ol d wo m a n
’
.

w a s s a i d to h a v e h a d a s o n by t h e d e v il wh e r e up on , ,

i n r e t u r n fo r t h e s a c r ifi c e of h e r h o n o u r s h e w a s ,

a cco r d e d t h e g ift of p r oph e cy Wh e n w e s t a t e th a t

.

s h e c o r r e ctly p r e dict e d t h e d e a th s of Lo r d P e r cy ,

Wol s e y a n d oth e r h i s to r ic a l p e r s o n a g e s t h e e x
, ,

i s t e n c e o f M oth e r Shipton in thi s co u n t r y m u s t b e

r ega d e d a s a
r t i e h onou r e d if n o t e x a ctly a s a
m -

w e l l fou n d e d in s tit u tion

- Th e A d e l a i d e H a v e r
.
,

s tock H ill w a s n a m e d i n honou r o f t h e con s o r t of

,

Willi a m I V a n d Th e Y o r k a n d Alb an y a ft e r t h e
.
,

titl e of F re d e r ick t h e s e cond s o n of G e o r g e I I I

, .

Ja ck S t r a w s C a s t l e H i g hbu ry a s a l s o t h e
’
, ,

c e l e b r a t e d ho s t e l ry of t h e s a m e n a m e on H a m p s t e a d
H e a th wa s s o c a ll e d a ft e r J a ck St r a w o n e of t h e
, ,

l e a d e r s in W a t Tyl e r s in s u r r e cti o n who p ul l e d

’

d o w n t h e P r io r y of t h e Kni g ht s of St J oh n of .

e ru s a l e m at h e fo r m e r pl a c e a n d w ho s e h a b i
J t ,

t at io n w a s a hol e fo r m e d out of t h e h ill -s id e on t h e

s it e of t h e p r e s e nt I nn a t t h e l a tt e r pl a c e The .

S p a n i a r d s H i g h g a t e w a s o r i g in a lly t h e p r i v a t e
, ,

r e s id e nc e o f t h e Sp a n i s h A m b a s s a do r to J a m e s I .

Th e W h i t t i n gt o n S t o n e H i g h ga t e H ill took i t s , ,

S i g n fr o m t h e s ton e u pon w hich t h e wo r ld fa m o u s

-

Dick Whitti n g ton s a t down to r e s t t h e whil e h e

li s t e n e d to t h e b e ll s of B ow Ch u r ch p l e a s a ntly
chi m i n g a c r o s s t h e op e n fi e ld s Th e s to n e i s s til l .

t o b e s e e n on t h e e d g e of t h e p a v e m e n t e x a ctly
o ppo s it e t h e public hou s e - .

Th e s i g n of Th e Thi r t e e n C a n t o n s Kin g St r e e t , ,

Gold e n S qu a r e w a s a dopt e d in co m pli m e nt t o t h e

,
1 9 2 N a mes a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

Th e “
p r e no m e n whit e a ppli e d to t h e hou s e a n d w a s
d e r iv e d fr o m t h e a pp e a ra n c e of i t s e xt e r io r Th e .

B e lv e d er e P e ntonvi ll e H ill o r i g i n a l ly co n t a in e d a
, ,

s m a l l s t r u ctu r e o n t h e r oof kno w n by thi s n a m e fo r

s ittin g und e r a n d e nj oyin g t h e p r o s p e ct a c r o s s t h e

fi e ld s . Th e t e rm B el vid er e i s I t a li a n s i g nifyin g ,
”
a fi n e p r o s p e ct a n d i s e qu a lly a ppl ic a bl e to a
,

s u m m e r a r bo u r a n d t h e fl a t r oof of a h ou s e Th e .

C l o wn T av er n S t J oh n S t r e e t Ro a d C l e r k e nw e ll
,
.
, ,

ow e s i t s S i g n to t h e fa ct th a t it wa s fo r m e r ly k e pt by
a clown e n g a g e d a t S a dl e r s W e l l s Th e a t r e in i t s
’

i m m e di a t e vicinity Th e w e ll kno wn Hu mm u n s s
.
- ’

H o t e l g e n e r a lly a l l ud e d to a s Hu mm u n s s C ov e nt
,
’
,

Ga r d e n d e r iv e d thi s titl e fr o m i t s e r e ction on t h e

,

s it e of a Hu mmun s t h e A r a bi c n a m e fo r a s w e a tin g
,

b a th k e pt by a M r S m a ll s o m e t i m e du r in g t h e
, .

s e v e n t e e nth c e nt u ry .

R e fe r e nc e to t h e a bov e I nn s a n d T a v e r n s p e cu l i a r
to London c o m p e l s u s a l m o s t to s ay a fe w wo rd s
c onc e r nin g t ho s e popul a r pl a c e s of outdoo r r e s o rt
of which we h a v e a l l r e a d a n d h e a r d s o m uch .

S a d l er s W e ll s m ar k s t h e po s ition of a n a nci e n t
’

holy w e ll who s e w a t e rs w e re fa m ou s fo r wo rkin g

e xt r a o r din a r y cu r e s I n t h e y e a r 1 68 3 a ft e r h a vi n g
.
,

b e e n s topp e d up s inc e t h e R e fo rm a tion a M r S a d l e r ,

.
,

wh il e di g g in g fo r g r a v e l in h i s g a r d e n d i s cov e re d ,

th i s w e l l a n d th e r e aft e r it bo r e h i s n a m e I n o r d e r
, .

t o p ofit by t h e r e e s t a bli s h e d fa m e of thi s w e ll

r -
,

S a dl e r conv e r t e d h i s r e s id e nc e i n to a hou s e of e nt e r
“
t a i n m e n t und e r t h e t itl e of S a dl e r s M u s ick
’

H ou s e .
”
-
H e r e w e re p r ovid e d ti g ht r op e d a ncin g ,
 L on d on In ns and Ga r d en s . 1 93

c onj u r in g tu m blin g a n d a v a r i e ty of oth e r div e r

, ,

s ion s, a l wa y s a cco m p a ni e d by m u s ic S ix t y y ea r s .

l a t e r p r ob a bly a ft e r t h e d e a th of M r S a dl e r t h e
, .
,

p r op e r ty p a s s e d into t h e h a n d s of M r Ro s o m a n .
,

who tu r n e d it i n to a th e a t r e but r e t a in e d t h e n a m e
,

of t h e ol d p r op r i e to r Th e p r e s e nt th e at r e wa s
.

built by M r s B a t e m a n in 1 8 7 9 H i g hb u r y B ar n
. .
,

fi r s t a s m a ll a l e a n d c a k e h o u s e a n d a ft e r wa r d s a,

pl a c e of p ubl ic e nt e r t a in m e n t includin g a th e a t re
, ,

w a s s o c a l l e d fr o m i t s o ccupyi n g t h e s it e of a b a r n
lik e s t r uct u r e o r i g in a lly b e lon g ing t o t h e a nci e n t
P r io r y of t h e Kni g ht s of St J oh n of J e r u s a l e m.
,

a n d l e ft s t a ndin g a ft e r t h e incu r s i o n of J a ck S t r a w

an d h i s r e b e lliou s co m p a nio n s [s ee a n t e
J A C K ,

S t na w s C AS T L E ]
’
V a u x h a ll G ar d e n s d e r iv e d
.

th e i r titl e fr o m t h e H a ll o r M a n o ho u s e of J a n e
,
r -
,

V a u x w hich th e y di s pl a c e d [see V AUXHAL L ] ;

,

Ra n e l a g h G a r d e n s occupi e d t h e s it e of R a n e l ag h
H o u s e t h e s e a t of a n I r i s h nobl e m a n of th a t titl e ;
,

wh il e C r e m o r n e G ar d e n s w e r e n a m e d a ft e r Tho m a s
D a w s on Lo r d C r e m o r n e who s e to wn hou s e a n d
, ,

g r ound s th e y c ov ere d Wh a t.e v e r m a y h a v e b e e n

t h e m o r a l ch a r a ct e r of th e s e pl a c e s th e i r r e m ov a l ,

h a s h a d t h e e ffe ct of e ffa cin g o n e ph a s e of M e t r o

polit a n a m u s e m e nt e nt i re ly ; b ut it h a s a l s o b ee n
—
in s t r u m e nt a l i n int r oducin g a noth e r n a m e ly t h e ,

M u s ic H ll s
- a Th e fi t London
. r s m u ic h a l l wa s
s -

Th e C a nt e r bu ry W e s t m in s t e r B r id g e Ro a d
, ,

which g r e w out of Th e C an t e r b u r y Ar m s ,

di s p l ayi n g t h e a rm s of t h e city of C a nt e r bu ry i n
t h e y e a r 1 8 48 .
 5 013131 9 UE TS AN D N I CK N A M E S .

H E l i s t of hi s to ri c a l p e r s on a ge s who s e s o b ri
q u e t s a n d nickn a m e s a r e e v e n b e tt e r k n own

th a n th e i r p rop e r n a m e s i s v e r y l a r g e ; we
m u s t th e r e fo r e cont e n t ou r s e lv e s with a r a ndo m
, ,

s e l e ction of t h e p r incip a l .

Co m m e ncin g with t h e l a di e s : Ay e s h a ( bo r n 61 0 ,

.
di e d t h e s e cond a n d fa vo u r it e w ife o f M a h om e t ,

wa s c a ll e d Th e M o t h e r o f B e li e v e r s b e c a u s e t h e
p r oph e t s tyl e d hi m s e lf Th e F a th e r of B e li e v e r s
“
.
”

F a i r H e l e n wa s t h e wife of M e n a t a o s Kin g of ,

S p a r t a by who s e g u e s t P a r i s t h e T r oj a n p r inc e
, , , ,

s h e wa s c a rr i e d off . Thi s incid e nt wa s t h e i m m e

d i a t e c a u se of t h e fa m ou s s i e g e of T r oy which
l as t e d t e n y e a r s . F a i r Ro s a m o n d ( di e d 1 1 54)
wa s t h e m i s t r e s s of H e n ry I I who k e pt h e r in a
.
,

s e clud e d bow e r th a t coul d b e a pp r o a ch e d onl y by a

l aby r inth o r m az e in t h e n e i ghbou r h ood of t h e r oy a l

p a l a c e a t Wood s tock O n e d ay how e v e r t h e qu e e n
.
, ,

a r tfully di s cov e r e d h e r wa th to by m e a n s of a
y e r e

s ilk e n th r e a d a tt a ch e d to t h e m e nt of t h e fa ith
g a r

l e s s hu s b a nd a ft e r which s h e s oon p r ocu r e d t h e

,

r e m ov a l of h e r r iv a l by p oi s on . J o a n t h e wife of
,

E dw a r d t h e Bl a ck P r inc e wa s s tyl e d Th e F a i r
,

M ai d o f Ke n t ( di e d 1 3 8 5) on a ccount of h e r b e a uty
1 9 6 N a m es : and t hei r M ea n i n g .

to A u g u s tin e b e tt e r kno wn a s Th e M a i d
Z a ra g o s s a ,
o f S a r a g o s s a owin g to t h e s i g n a l h e r oi s m w hich
,

s h e di s pl a y e d d u r in g t h e s i e g e of h e r n a tiv e city i n

1 808 9 — . Th e H ono u r a bl e E liz a b e th S t L e g e r t h e .

,

n i e c e of C olon e l Anthony S t L e g e r who fo u nd e d .

,

t h e St a k e s n a m e d a ft e r h i m in conn e ction w ith Don

c a s t e r r a c e s i s known to po s t e r ity a s Th e L a d y
,

F r e e m a s o n b e c a u s e on o n e oc c a s ion s h e ov e r
,

h e a r d t h e p r oc e e din g s of an a s s e m bly of F r e e m a s on s ,

an d ,b e in g di s cov e re d wa s a s t h e o nly w a y of
, ,

m e e tin g a n unp r e c e d e nt e d d i ffic u lty duly e l e ct e d a ,

m e m b e r of t h e c r a ft a n d initi a t e d into i t s p e c uli a r

r it e s a n d c e r e m oni e s M a d a m e J e n ny Lind Gold
.

s ch m idt ( b o rn 1 8 21 di e d 1 8 8 7 ) wa s s tyl e d Th e
,

S we di s h N i ght i n ga l e on a ccount of h e r voc a l

g e ni u s a n d h e r bi r th in t h e city of S tockhol m T h e .

now popul a r s oci e ty a ct re s s M r s L a n g t r y b e a r s t h e

, .
,

s o m e wh a t p u n ni n g t hou g h hi g hly co m pli m e nt a ry

s ob r iqu e t of Th e Je r s e y L i ly b e c a u s e s h e wa s ,

bo r n in J e rs ey a n d h e r C h r i s ti a n n a m e i s Lilli e .

H e r a cl it u s of Eph e s u s ( flo u r i s h e d 50 0 B C ) wa s . .

known a s Th e W e e p i n g Ph i l o s o p h e r b e c a u s e h e ,

s p e nt t h e l a tt e r y e a r s of h i s life i n g r i e vi n g ov e r t h e

fol ly of m e n ; on t h e oth e r h a n d D e m oc r itu s of ,

Ab e d e r e ( b o r n 4 60 B C di e d 3 57 B C ) m e r it e d t h e
. .
, . .

s u r n a m e of Th e L a u h i n Ph i l o o p h fro m h i s
g g s er
h a bit of cont r a s tin g t h e fe e bl e po we r s o f m a nkind
with t h e fo r c e s of n a t u r e D u n s Scot u s t h e Scotti s h
.
,

s chool m a n ( bo r n 1 2 7 2 di e d, wa s s tyl e d Th e
S u b t l e D o c t o r by r e a s on of h i s l e a r ni n g ; whil e
S t Tho m a s Aquin a s ( bo r n 1 2 2 7 di e d 1 2 7 4) was
.
,
 S o br i q uets and N i c kn a m es .
97

d e no m in a t e d Th e An g e l i c D o c t o r b e c a u s e h e b e
lon ge d to t h e p r i e s thood St P a u l o f t h e C r o s s
. .

i s t h e n a m e by which P a ul F r a n ci s ( bo r n 1 69 4 di e d ,

fo u nd e r of t h e r e li g iou s O r d e r of t h e P a s
s i o n i s t s i s b e s t know n
,
.

Th e fa m ou s E n g l i s h outl a w who flou r i s h e d b e

tw e e n t h e y e a r s 1 1 8 0 a n d 1 247 a n d who s e r e a l n a m e ,

wa s Rob e r t F i t z o o t h E a r l of H untin g don a dopt e d

-
, ,

t h e s tyl e o f Ro b i n H o o d in d e fe r e nc e to t h e
,

e x a m p l e s e t by t h e p e opl e of N ottin g h a m s hi r e who , ,

whil e d r oppin g t h e Fi tz co r r upt e d t h e Ro ber t into

,

Robin a n d t h e c o th into H ood L i t t l e Jo h n wa s .

p r op e r ly c a ll e d J oh n Littl e b ut b e in g a g r e a t s t a l
, ,

w a r t fe l low t h e outl a w c hi e f took a fa n cy to inv e r t

,

h i s n a m e fo r t h e s a k e of t h e cont ra s t W e c an .

“
q uit e u n d e r st an d t h e m e r ry m e n of S h e r woo d

F o r e s t c u lt iv a tin g a n obj e ction to h a r d s oundin g

”
-

w o r d s ; th e r e fo r e it c o u l d not h a v e b e e n lon g b e fo r e
Willi a m S c a t h e l o c k e a noth e r p r o m in e nt m e m b e r of
,

Robin H ood s b a nd found h i s na m e r e d u c e d to t h e

’

m o r e e uphoniou s fo r m of Wi ll Sc ar l e t F r i ar .

T u ck wa s s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e h i s h a bit wa s t uc ked i n
a r o u n d t h e wa i s t by a g i r dl e .

-
S i xt e e n s t r i n g Ja ck wa s t h e n a m e popul a r ly
b e s tow e d up o n J a ck R a n n a noto r io u s hi g h way m a n
,

h a n g e d i n 1 7 9 1 o wi n g to t h e s ixt e e n t a g s h e wo r e on
,

h i s b r e e ch e s e i g ht a t e a ch kn e e
, Anoth e r noto r iou s .

r e p r e s e nt a tiv e of t h e g r e a t fa m ily of J a ck s g ood , ,

b a d a n d oth e r wi s e w a s t h e M a r q u i s of W a t e r fo r d
, , ,

-
c o mm only k n own a s S p r i n g h e e l Ja ck fr o m h i s ,

h a bit of fr i ght e ni n g p e opl e by s p r i n g in g u pon th e m

1 9 8 N a mes : an d t hei r M ea n i n g .

out of ob s cu r e co r n e r s a ft e r n i g htfa l l du r in g t h e
e a r ly p a r t o f t he p r e s e n t c e n t u r y G e n t l e m an .

Ja ck a n d G e n t l e m a n S m i t h w e r e t h e t i t l e s r e
s p e c t i ve l y bo r n e by J ohn B a nni s t e r a n d Willi a m
S m ith b o th a cto r s of t h e c e ntu ry g on e by
,
Th e .

fo r m e r w a s n o t e d fo r h i s s t r a i g htfo r wa r d d e a li n gs
with h i s fe llow m e n in p r iv a t e life t h e l a tt e r fo r h i s
-
,

g e ntl e m a n ly d e po r t m e nt on t h e s t a g e .

Wh o h a s n o t h e a r d of Ad m i r ab l e C r i ch t o n !
Thi s e xt r a o r di n a ry S cotti s h p r odi gy J a m e s C r ichton ,

( bo r n 1 5 60 ,di e d i s s a id to h a v e g iv e n s u ch
e a r ly p r o ofs of h i s l e a r nin g t h a t t h e d e g r e e o f M a s t e r

of A r t s w a s co n fe r r e d upon h i m a t t h e a g e of fou r
t e e n In a dditi o n t o h i s cl a s s ic a l kno wl e d g e h e w a s
.
,

a po e t a m u s ici a n a s culpto r a n a r ti s t a n a cto r a

, , , , ,

b r illi a n t co n v e r s a tio n a li s t a g ood ho r s e m a n a n d a n

, ,

e xc e l l e n t fe n c e r . S u r e ly t h e po s s e s s o r of s uch
v a r i e d a cc o m pl i s h m e nt s d e s e r v e d a b e tt e r fa t e th a n
th a t wh ich b e fe l l h i m i n t h e v e ry p r i m e of h i s life '
He wa s s t a bb e d by a b a n d of m a s k e d d e s p e ra do e s l e d
by h i s o w n p u pil Vi n c e nzo Go n z a g a t h e s o n of t h e
, ,

D uk e of M a n t u a A g e niu s o f a tot a lly diffe r e n t s t a m p

.

wa s G e o r g e R o b e r t Fitz g e ra ld b e tt er k n o wn o win g , ,

to h i s d u e lli n g p r ocl i v iti e s a s F i g ht i n g F i t z g er a l d

, .

Thi s i n divid u a l wa s o n e of t h e m o s t i n fa m ou s
ch ar a ct e r s o f t h e l a s t c e n t u ry N o e n e my e ver
.

e s cap e d h i m wi t h life ; b e i n g a s u r e s hot a n d a n

e xp e r t s wo r d s m a n h i s int e n s e lov e of g a m blin g a n d
,

du e lli n g u n it e d to a h a u g hty a n d ov e r b e a r in g d i s
,

po s itio n h a bit u a lly p r o m pt e d h i m to s h e d t h e bloo d

,

of h s fe l lo w m e n witho u t t h e l e a s t co m pu n ct ion
i - .
2 00 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

b e e n m o r e a pp r op r i a t e Th e h u g e fo r t u n e s a n tici
.

p a t e d by t h e s ub s c r ib e r s to t hi s w hol e s a l e frau d

a pp e a r e d p r o m i s in g e n ou g h upon p a p e r o r to p u t it , ,

m o r e p r e ci s e ly in t h e p r o s p e ctu s ; b ut h a r d c a s h
,

t h e r e wa s non e s a vi n g s uch a s p a s s e d into t h e p o ck e t s

,

of t h e wily p r o m o t e r I n o u r o wn d e c a d e w e h a v e
.

Th e Ni t r at e Ki n g t h e s ob r iqu e t of C olo n e l J T
,
. .

N o r th of Elth a m con s e qu e nt up o n h i s s ucc e s s ful

, ,

s p e cul a tion s in t h e co m m odity with which h i s n a m e

h a s b e co m e a s s oci a t e d .

J ohn Ky r l e of Ro s s H e r e fo r d s h i r e ( bo rn 1 63 7
, , ,

d ied w e l l known fo r h i s a r ti s ti c t a s t e s a n d a ct s
o f b e n e vol e n c e ,
wa s s t y l e d by P o p e Th e M a n o f
Ro s s b e c a u s e h e w a s con s t a ntly e ffe cti n g i m p r o v e
,

m e nt s fo r t h e public g ood in t h e n e i g hbou r hood of

h i s e st at e . Anoth e r l o c a l phil a n t h r opi s t wa s D r .

Willi a m Go r don of H ull ( bo r n 1 8 0 1 d i e d

, ,

who s e s u r n a m e Th e P e o p l e s F r i e n d s o w e ll
,
’
,

m e r it e d d u r i n g life l it e r a lly follo we d h i m to t h e

,

g r a v e
, wh e r e it a pp e a rs ch i s e ll e d on h i s to m b s ton e .

P e r h a p s t h e g r e a t e s t b e n e fa cto r of t he hu m a n r a c e
with who m we h a v e b e co m e p r a ctic a lly a cq u a int e d
in m od e r n t i m e s wa s F a th e r M a th e w ( bo r n 1 7 9 0
, ,

di e d univ e r s a l ly s tyl e d Th e Ap o s t l e o f
Te m p e r a n c e b e s id e who m j ud g i n g fr o m r e s u lt s
, , ,

a l l ou r l a tt e r d ay t e m p e r a nc e a dvoc a t e s s i n k i n t o
-

i n si g n ifi c a n c e
. He wa s a l s o m a d e t h e r e cipi e n t of
t h e s ob r iqu e t Th e S i n n e r s F r i e n d on a ccou n t of
’
,

t h e s p e ci a l int e r e s t h e took i n t h e fa ll e n a n d t h e
o utc a s t e v e n t h e m o s t d e r a d e d a lw a y s m e t with a
g
we lco m e a t h i s h a nd s .
 S o br i quets and N i c kn a m es . 20 1

Th e Mu s i c a l S - c
m a ll o a l M a n wa s popul a r
t he
d e s i g n a tio n of Tho m a s B r it t on ( bo r n 1 650 d i e d ,

a v e n do r of s m a ll co a l s w hich h e c a r r i e d i n a
,

s a ck ov e r h i s s hould e r a n d c r i e d i n t h e s t r e e t s wh o ,

on Th u r s d a y e v e n in g g
s a v e a s e r i e s of h i g h -cl a s s

in st r u m e nt a l conc e r t s in t h e r oo m ov e r h i s s h e d in
C l e r k e nw e ll a s s i s t e d by t h e b e s t t a l e nt h e coul d
,

p r ocu r e th a t a tt r a ct e d a l l fa s h ion a bl e London Thi s

,
.

g ift e d p e r s on wa s a ctu a l ly fr i g ht e n e d to d e a th by t h e

fr e a k of a v e nt r ilo q u i s t Tho m a s R a wlin s on t h e

.
,

bibliopol i st ( bo r n 1 68 1 di e d , w a s a pp r o
p r i a t e l y e n ou g h s tyl e d T o m F o l i o T h
. e I n fa n t
Ro s c i u s ( bo r n 1 7 9 1 di e d 1 8 7 4) w a s Wil li a m H e n r y
,

B e tty a hi s t r ionic p r odi gy n a m e d a ft e r t h e g r e a t e s t

,

a cto r of a ntiquity . Hi s d é bu t took pl a c e a t B e lfa s t ,

Au g u s t 1 9 1 8 0 3 ; a n d th r e e m o n t h s l a t e r h e a pp e a r e d
,

a t C ov e n t G a r d e n ( th e n u nd e r t h e m a n a g e m e nt of

t h e e l d e r M a c r e a dy ) fo r t w e lv e ni g ht s a t a s a l a ry of
fifty g u in e a s a ni g ht a n d a cl e a r b e n e fit D u r in g .

th i s b r i e f s e a s on t h e public e xc it e m e nt wa s s o g r e a t
th a t t h e m ilit a ry h a d to b e c a ll e d out e v e ry n i g ht t o
p r e s e rv e o r d e r Hi s l a s t a pp e a r a n c e a s a boy a cto r
.
-

o ccu rre d a t B a th in t h e y e a r 1 8 0 8 .

Willi a m G e r a r d H a m ilton t h e I r i s h C h a n c e llo r

,

of t h e E xch e q u e r ( bo r n 1 7 2 9 di e d , h a s b een
h a n d e d down t o po s t e r ity und e r t h e n a m e of
-
S i n gl e sp e e ch H am i lt o n b e c a u s e h e d e liv e r e d but
,

o n e s p e e ch i n t h e H ou s e a n d th a t w a s s uch a m a r
,

v e l l o u s outbu rs t of r h e to r ic th a t it e l e ct r ifi e d a l l who

h e a r d it . Thi s m e m o r a b l e in cid e nt took pl a c e

N ov e m b e r 1 3 1 7 55 , H e n r y D und a s a ft e r w a r d s
.
,
202 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i n g .

Lo r d M e lvill e ( bo r n 1 7 4 0 di e d , m e r it e d t h e
s ob r iqu e t of S t a r v a t i o n D u n d a s i n c o n s e q u e n c e of
“ ”
h i s r e p e a t e d u s e of t h e wo r d s t a r v a t ion in t he
cou r s e of a d e b a t e o n A m e ric a n a ffa i r s in t h e y e a r
1 775 . S i r R o b e r t P e e l ( bo r n 1 7 50 d i e d ,

d u r i n g t h e t i m e h e wa s C hi e f S e c r e t a ry fo r I r e l a n d
( 1 8 1 2 t o w a s pop u l a r ly d e no m in a t e d O r a n g e

P e e l o n a c co u n t of h i s s t r on g a nti -C a thol ic s pi r it
,

[see O R A N G E M E N ] Wil l i a m . P i t t E a r l of ,
Ch a th a m
( b o r n 1 7 0 8 di e d , wa s s tyl e d Th e H e a v e n
s e n t M i n l s t e r b e c a u s e t h e m o s t s pl e n did t r i u m ph s
of B r iti s h a r m s we r e a chi e v e d d u r in g h i s a d m ini s t ra
tio n J ohn R u s s e ll a ft e r wa r d s c re a t e d E a r l R u s s e ll
.
,

( bo r n 1 79 2 di e d , r e c e iv e d t h e n ickn a m e of
F i n a l i t y Jo hn fr o m t h e fa ct of h i s m a i n t a i n i n g th a t
t h e R e fo r m Bill of 1 8 3 2 wa s a fi n a l i ty Th e l a t e .

E a r l o f B e a c o n s fi e l d ( b o r n 1 8 0 4 d i e d 1 8 8 1 ) o we d ,

h i s p o p u l a r n a m e o f D i zz y to h i s o w n h a bit of
s e tti n g fo r th h i s e a r ly nov e l s d u r in g t h e life ti m e of

h i s fa th e r und e r t h e a utho rs hip of D Is r a e l i t h e

’

Yo u nge r I n c ou rs e of t i m e thi s b e c a m e s ho r t e n e d
.
”

int o Dizzy a n d it cl u n g to h i m e v e r a ft e r wa rd s
,
”
.

M r W E Gl a d s ton e ( bo r n 1 8 0 9 ) fi r s t r e c e iv e d
. . .

t h e n ickn a m e of Th e Gr a n d Ol d M an o n t h e
occ a s i o n of t h e u n s e a ti n g i n t h e H o u s e of Co m m o n s
of M r C h a r l e s B r a d l a u g h (J un e
. th r o u g h h i s
r e fu s a l to t a k e t h e o a th a ft e r h i s e l e ctio n a s m e m b e r

fo r N o r th a m pton At thi s ti m e M r B r a d l a u g h
. .

fou n d a s t r o n g ch a m p ion in M r L a bouch e r e ; a n d .

t h e nickn a m e a r o s e out of t h e l a tt e r s co n v e rs a tion

’

”
in t h e t e a r oo m of t h e H o u s e
- “
I tol d s o m e fr i e nd s ,
2 04 N a mes : a nd t he i r M ea n i ng .

th e olo g ic a l s ubj e ct s on S und a y s a n d on s e cul a r ,

”
s ubj e ct s on W e dn e s d a y s in a kin d of o r a to ry
, or

ch a p e l i n N e wpo r t M a r k e t which a tt r a ct e d l a rg e ,

co n g r e g a tio n s .

M e m o r y W o o d fa l l wa s t h e s ob r i q u e t of Willi a m
Woodfa l l ( bo r n 1 7 45 di e d b r oth e r to t h e
,
”
r e put e d a utho r of t h e fa m ou s L e tt e rs of J u n i u s .

Thi s p e rs on s m e m o ry wa s s o p e r fe ct th a t h e wa s
’

a bl e , a ft e r li s t e n i n g t o a P a r li a m e nt a ry d e b a t e to ,

r e po r t it t h e n e xt m o r nin g wo r d fo r wo r d w ithout t h e

a s s i s t a nc e of a n y not e s wh a t e v e r Of a noth e r kind .

w a s t h e m e m o r y po s s e s s e d by J ohn Tho m p s o n t h e ,

s o n of a g r e e n g r oc e r i n t h e p a r i s h of St Gil e s .
,

r n s -
pop u l a ly k o n a M e m o r y c o r n e r Th o m p s o n
w
( bo r n 1 7 57 di
, e d 1 8 43 ) o n a ccount of h i s a s t o u n di n g
loc a l kno w l e d g e With in tw e nty fou r ho u r s a n d a t
.
-
,

t wo s itti n g s h e d r e w e n ti r e ly fr o m m e m o ry a co r r e ct
,

pl a n of t h e p a r i s h of S t J a m e s s Thi s pl a n con .
’
.

t a i n e d a l l t h e s q u a r e s s t r e e t s l a n e s cou r t s p a s s a g e s
, , , , ,

m a r k e t s chu r ch e s
, ch a p e l s h ou s e s s t a bl e s a n d
, , , ,

a n g l e s of hou s e s i n a ddition t o a n u m b e r of m i n o r
,

obj e ct s s uch a s w a ll s t r e e s & c a n d i n cludi n g a n

, , ,
.
,

e x a ct pl a n of C a r lton H o u s e a n d St J a m e s s P a l a c e
’
. .

He a l s o on a noth e r occ a s ion m a d e a co r r e ct pl a n of

, ,

St And r e w s p a r i s h a n d offe r e d t o do t h e s a m e w ith

.
’

t h e p a r i s h e s of St G il e s S t P a ul s C ov e n t G a r d e n
’
.
.
, , ,

an d S t . C l e m e n t D a n e s I f a p a r ticul a r hou s e in
- .

a n y g iv e n s t r e e t w e r e n a m e d h e wo u ld t e ll a t onc e ,

w h a t t r a d e w a s c a rr i e d on i n it t h e a pp e a r a n c e ,

an d p o s ition o f t h e s h op a n d i t s con t e nt s I n ,
.

g oi n g th r o u g h a l a r
g e hot e l co m pl e t e ly f u r ni s h e d ,
 S o br i gu ei s and N i c kn a m es . 205

h e wa s bl e to r e t a in a r e coll e ction of e v e rythin g h e

a

s a w a n d a ft e r wa r d s m a k e a n inv e nto ry o f t h e whol e

, .

B u t p e r h a p s m o r e w ond e r fu l th a n a l l h e could
, , ,

a ft e r h a vi n g r e a d a n e w s p a p e r ov e r n i g ht r e p e a t a n
y ,

d e s i r e d po r tion of i t s cont e nt s ver ba t i m t h e n e xt

m o rn i n g N ow a d a y s s u ch a o n e wo uld b e e xhibit e d
.

a t t h e Roy a l A q u a r iu m a s a n a t u ra l c u r io s ity .

A th e r w e ll kn o wn London ch a ra ct e r w a s D i rt y
n o -

D i ck oth e rwi s e N a th a ni e l B e ntl e y t h e m i s e r w h o

, , ,

n ever wa s h e d h i m s el f Thi s e xt r a o r d in a ry individu a l

.

di e d in t h e odou r of di r t in t h e y e a r 1 8 0 9 l e a vi n g a n ,

a m pl e fo r tu n e to con s ol e h i s h e i r s fo r h i s lo s s ( P) .

Th e hou s e which h e inh a bit e d in B i s hop s g a t e St r e e t

Witho u t h a s n ow b e e n conv e r t e d into a m od e r n win e
an d s pi r it e s t a bli s h m e n t und e r t h e s tyl e of THE
,

D D C E LL ARS
. . L a u re nc e B r o wn t h e En g li s h l a n d
.
,

s c a p e g a r d e n e r ( bo r n 1 7 1 5 d i e d 1 7 8 3 ) wa s n ickn a m e d
,

C ap ab i li t y B r o wn o win g t o h i s h abitu a l u s e of
t h e wo r d c ap a bi l i ty At t h e p r e se n t d a y t h e D uk e
.

of C a m b r id g e ( bo r n 1 8 1 9 ) i s u s u a lly d e no m in a t e d
Ge o r g e Ran g e r in a ll u s ion to h i s a ppoint m e nt a s
R a n g e r of t h e Roy a l P a r k s E r n e s t B e nzon a utho r
.
,

of H ow I Lo s t in Two Y e a r s r ej oic e d ,
”

in t h e titl e of Th e Ju b i l e e P lu n g er b e c a u s e h e
e nt e r e d upon h i s g a m blin g c a r e e r in 1 8 8 7 t h e J ub il e e ,

y e a r of Q u e e n Victo r i a [see P L UN GE R] .

A fe w of t h e m o r e c e l e b r a t e d p a int e r s m ay now
d e t a in u s P e t e r Aa r t s e n t h e Fl e m i s h p a int e r ( bo r n
.
,

1 50 7 di e d
, bo r e t h e n a m e of Lo n g P e t e r o n
a ccount of h i s e xt r a o r din a r y h e i g ht ; w h il e G a s p a r

S m it z t h e D utch po r t r a it p a int e r ( di e d
, wa s
 206 N a mes : a nd t he i r M ea n i n g .

s tyl e d M a g d a l e n S m i t h b e c a u s e h i s pict u r e s c o m
p r i s e d m o s t ly M a g d a l e n s Th e r e a l n a m e of t h e
.
”

F r e nch l a n d s c a p e p a int e r C l a u d e L o rr a i n e ( bo r n
,

1 60 0, di e d wa s Cl a ud e G e l é e of Lo r r a in e ;
th a t of P a olo V e r o n e s e o r P a u l V e r o n e s e ( b o r n
,

1 52 8 di e d
, w a s P a olo C a g li a r i h i s bi rth h a vi n g
,

t a k e n pl a c e i n V e r o n a ; a n d th a t of J a cop a d a
B a s s a n o c a ll e d Il B a s s a n o ( bo r n 1 51 0 di e d
, ,

w a s J a cop a d a P o n t e who s e n a tiv e pl a c e w a s

,

B a s s a n o i n t h e V e n e ti a n St a t e P i e t r o V a n u c c i
, .

( bo r n 1 44 6
, d i e d tho ug h r e co g nizin g C itt a
d e ll a P i e v e a s h i s bi r thpl a c e wa s a l l h i s life e s t a
,

b l i s h e d i n t h e n e i g hbo u r in g city of P e r u g i a wh e r e h e ,

cl a i m e d t h e r i g ht of citiz e n s hip h e n c e t h e o r i g in of
h i s m o r e co m m o n n a m e 1 1 P e r u g i n o F r a n c e s co .

Ro s s i ( bo rn 1 51 0 di e d
, a dopt e d t h e n a m e of

De l S a lv i at i in honou r of h i s p a t r o n C a r din a l
, ,

S a lvi a ti w h o wa s h i s own a g e e x a ctly a n d s t r a n g e ly

, , ,

e nou g h di e d in t h e s a m e y e a r a s hi m s e lf
,
Gi u s e pp e .

Rib e r a ( bo r n 1 58 8 di e d, w a s popu l a r ly s u r
n a m e d Lo Sp a g n o l e t t o t h e Littl e fr o m
t h e s h o r t n e s s of h i s s t a tu r e a n d h i s bi r th a t Xa t i v a ,

i n Sp a i n ; whil e To m m a s o G uidi ( bo r n 1 4 0 2 di e d ,

m e r it e d h i s b e tt e r -known n a m e of M a s a cc i o ,
o win g to t h e s lo ve nlin e s s of h i s h a bit s t h e di r e ct con ,

s e q u e nc e of a n a l l a b s o r bin g a tt e ntio n to h i s s tudi e s

- .

a copo Robu s ti ( bo r n 1 5 1 2 di e d 1 59 4) r e c e iv e d h i s
J ,

n o w fa r m o r e popul a r n a m e of T i n t o r e t t o b e c a u s e

h i s fa th e r follow e d t h e occup a tion of a t i n t o r e o r dy e r ,

.

D u r in g h i s life ti m e th i s c e l e b r a t e d It a li a n p a int e r
,

:me r it e d t h e a ddition a l s ob r i q u e t of II F u r i o s o owin g

 TH E I N N S OF C O UR T

S by r e fe r e nc e to o u r a r ticl e on T AV E RN S I GN S
it wil l b e s e e n h o w t h e wo r d I n n o r i g i n a l ly
d e not e d a p r iv a t e m a n s ion it will s u ffi c e t o
,

st ate h e r e th a t t h e v a r iou s c oll e g e s of t h e l a w

s tud e nt s in London a r e s tyl e d I n n s b e c a u s e t h e

chi e f of th e m w e re a t o n e t i m e t h e r e s id e nc e s of t h e
nobility w ho s e fa m ily n a m e s th e y s til l b e a r Th u s .
,

Li n c o l n s In n w a s t h e town m a n s ion of t h e E a r l s
’

of Gr a y s In n of t h e E a r l s G r a y Fu r n i
’
, ,

v a l s In n
’
of t h e Lo r d s Fu rn iva l a n d C liffo r d s
, ,
’

In n of t h e Lo r d s C liffo r d
,
Th e two fi r s t n a m e d
.
-
,

to g e th e r w ith t h e I nn e r a n d M iddl e T e m pl e a r e t h e ,

p r in cip a l In n s o f C o u r t s o c a l l e d b e c a u s e t h e
,
'

e a r li e s t s e m in a r i e s fo r t h e s tudy of t h e l a w w e r e

e s t a bli s h e d in o n e of t h e cou r t s of t h e Kin g s p a l a c e

’
.

Th e I nn s of l e s s e r i m po r t a r e — S e rj e a n t s In n’
,
“
o r i g in a lly t h e e s t a bli s h m e nt of t h e F r er e s S e rj e n s ,
”

o r S e rvin g B r oth e r s to t h e Kni g h t s T e m pl a rs who

occupi e d Th e T e m p l e clo s e by B ar n a r d s In n ’

s ol d a n d a boli s h e d i n 1 8 8 1 — n a m e d a ft e r i t s a nci e nt

o wn e r ; S t ap l e In n fo r m e r ly t h e H a ll of t h e
,

M e r ch a nt s of t h e S t a pl e i e wool ; C l e m e n t s In n
, . .
,
’

a n d D a n e s In s o d e s i g n a t e d fr o m th e i r p r oxi m ity
’
,

t o t h e C hu r ch of S t C l e m e nt D a n e s ; a n d N e w
.
-
 The I n n s o f C o ur t . 20 9

In n , t h e l a t e s t of a l l t h e I n n s e re ct e d in t h e e a r ly
p a r t of t h e l a s t c e ntu ry Th av i e s I n n no lon ge r
.
’

e xi s t s
,
but t h e t itl e s ti l l a dh e r e s to a r a n g e of
m od e r n buildin g s e r e ct e d upon i t s s it e N o p e rs on
.

of t h e n a m e of Th a vi e e v e r o wn e d o r occupi e d t h e
o r i g in a l p r e m i s e s ; n e v e rth e l e s s wh e n t h e In n wa s
,

e s t a bl i s h e d a s a n a pp e nd a g e t o Lincoln s I nn a b ou t
’
,

t h e m idd l e of t h e fou rt e e nth c e ntu r y t h e B e nch e r s

,

u n a ni m ou s ly a gr e e d to p e r p e tu a t e t h e m e m o ry of
,

o n e J ohn Th a v i e , a n a r m ou r e r w h o dyin g in t h e
,

y e ar 1 3 48 b e q u e a th e d a n u m b er of hou s e s in
,

Holbo r n r e p r e s e ntin g con s id e r a bl e r e nt a l s to t h e

, ,

n e i g hbou r in g chu r c h of S t And r e w a n d n a m e d i t

.
,

Th a vi e s I nn a cco r din g ly
’
.

Th e s e nio r m e m b e r s of t h e I nn s of C ou r t a r e
s tyl e d B e n ch e r s by r e a s on of t h e b e nch e s on whic h

th e y fo r m e r ly s a t.
 RA CE S .

OODW OOD RAC ES h e ld on c e a y ear in

a re

Good wood P a r k t h e p r op e r ty of t h e D uk e
,

of Rich m ond ; A s c o t Ra c e s o n A s cot ,

H e a th in B e r k s hi r e a n d Ep s o m Ra c e s on E p s o m
, , ,

D own s n e a r London
,
. Th e D e r b y S t a k e s a t ,

E p s o m w e re n a m e d a ft e r E d wa r d S m i t h S t a nl e y
, ,

t w e lfth E a r l of D e r by who fo u nd e d th e m in 1 7 8 0 t h e
, ,

e a r a ft e r h e e s t a bli s h e d t h e Oa k s S t a k e s ; s o c a ll e d
y
f r o m a n inn known a s L a m b e r t s O a k s o r i g in a lly
’
,

e r e ct e d by t h e H unt e r s C lub a n d r e nt e d by a
’

fa m ily n a m e d L a m b e r t upon l a nd which s ub s e qu e ntly

p a s s e d into t h e po s s e s s ion of t h e D e r by fa m ily Th e .

St L e g e r S t a k e s oth e rwi s e t h e D o n c a s t e r St
.
, .

L e g e r a nnu a lly r u n fo r a t Do n c a s t e r w e r e e s t a
, ,

b l i s h e d by C olon e l Anthony S t L e g e r in 1 7 7 6 . .

A Hu r dl e Ra c e i s o n e in which h u r dl e s a r e
pl a c e d a t diffe r e nt point s a lon g t h e cou rs e A .

S t e e p l e ch a s e i s confin e d to tho r ou g hb r e d hunt e r s

who s e r id e r s a r e bound t o m a k e fo r t h e w in n i n g -po s t
s t r a i g ht a c r o s s t h e co unt r y g uid e d by fl a g s di s pl ay e d
,

o n t h e hi g h e s t point s a lon g t h e lin e a n d to cl e a r

,

wh a t e v e r ditch e s fe nc e s w a ll s o r oth e r ob s t a cl e s
, , ,

t h a t m a y l i e in th e i r cou r s e Th e t er m o r i g i n a t e d
.

f o
r m t h e incid e nt of a n u n s ucc e s s ful h u tin g p a rty
n -
 L ON D O N CH UR CHE S AN D
B UI L D I N GS .

N a ll p r ob a bility t h e n a m e of We s t mi n st er
Abb e y would n e v e r h a v e co m e into e xi s t e nc e
h a d it not b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o di s tin g ui s h t h e
Abb e y C h u r ch lyi n g t o t h e w e s t of St P a ul s ( found e d
.
’

by Eth e lb e rt in 6 1 0 ) fr o m a noth e r Abb e y C hu r ch

th a t s tood upo n t h e r i s in g g round now know n a s
Tow e r H ill Con s e q u e ntly t h e o n e wa s d e s c r ib e d
.
,

a s t h e W es t M i n s t er t h e oth e r t h e E a s t M i n s t er ; a n d
,

wh e n in cou r s e of ti m e t h e l a tt e r wa s s w e pt a w a y
, , ,

t h e w e s t e r n e dific e not only r e t a in e d t h e d e s c r iptio n

of Th e W e s t M in s t e r but g a v e i t s n a m e a l s o to
“
,
”

t h e di s t r ict a r ound. Th e e a r li e s t m e ntion of W e s t

M in s t e r occ u r s in a S a xon ch a r t e r d a t e d 7 8 5 .

Th e T e m p l e co m p r i s e d t h e chi e f s e a t in thi s
count ry of t h e Kni ght s T e m pl ar s a ft e r th e i r r e tu rn
fr o m t h e H oly L a n d Th e S a v o y Ch a p e l i s a
.

m od e r n e dific e b uilt by t h e Q u e e n to r e pl a c e t h e
o r i g in a l d e s t r oy e d by fi r e J uly 7 1 8 64 wh ich
, , , ,

fo r m e d t h e on ly r e m a inin g po r tion of t h e old S av o y

P a l a c e e re ct e d by P e t e r of S a voy t h e u ncl e of ,

E l e a no r qu e e n of H e n ry I I I in 1 249 on l a nd
,
.
, ,

g r a nt e d to h i m by th a t m on a r ch .

r .
-
Th e C hu ch of St C l e m e n t D an e s ow e s i t s
 L o n d o n Chur c hes and B u ildi ng s . 21 3

c o m poun d titl e to t h e fa ct of b e in g d e dic a t e d to S t .

~

C l e m e nt a n d of H a r old a D a ni s h ki n g to g e th e r
, , ,

with s e v e ra l oth e r D a n e s lyi n g b u ri e d with i n i t s

w a ll s T .h e r - -
C hu ch of St M ar y l o B OW C h e a p .
,

s id e ,
oth e r wi s e B OW Chu r ch wa s s o d e no m in a t e d ,

b e c a u s e it wa s t h e fi r s t chu r ch e v e r b uilt u pon bow s

o r a r ch e s Th e C hu r ch of St M a r y W o o ln o t h
. .
,

a t t h e co r n e r of Lo m b a r d S t r e e t a n d Kin g Willi a m

S t r e e t i s s uppo s e d to b e a co r r uption of S t M a r y
, .

W o o l n o u g h s o c a ll e d by wa y of di s tin ction fr o m a
,

n e i g hbou r in g ch u r ch of S t M a r y of t h e W 0 0 1
”
.
,

t h a t s tood b e id s e t h e b ea m o r wool s t a pl e
- Th e .

-
C hu r ch of St M a r y Ax e now v a ni s h e d r e c e iv e d
.
, ,

thi s n a m e fr o m i t s s it u a tion oppo s it e t o a s hop

t h a t di s pl ay e d a n a xe fo r i t s s i g n Th e C hu r ch of .

S t C at h e r i n e C r e e L e a d e n h a ll S t r e e t i s p r op e r ly
.
, ,

S t C a th e r in e a n d T r inity b e in g o r i g in a lly a ch a p e l
.
,

d e dic a t e d to St C a th e r in e in t h e ch u r chy a r d of t h e
.

p r io ry ch u r ch of H oly T r in ity a ft e r wa r d s m e rg e d into,

t h e p a r i s h e s of C h r i s t C hu r ch St M a r y M a g d a l e n , .
,

and St M ich a e l
. Th e Ch u r ch of St C a t h e r i n e
. .

Co lem an F e nchu r ch St r e e t d e dic a t e d to S t

, , .

C a th e r in e i s s o d e s i g n a t e d b e c a u s e it w a s b uilt in
,

a l a r g e g a r d e n b e lon g in g to a p e r s o n n a m e d C ol e

m an . Th e C h u r ch of St M a r g a r e t P a t t e n s , .

Rood L a n e did not r e c e iv e i t s d e no m in a tion

,

fr o m t h e p a tt e n m a k e r s who c on g r e g a t e d in t hi s
-

n e i ghbou r hood but b e c a u s e i t s r oof wa s fo r m e r ly

,

d e co r at e d with g ilt s pot s o r p a t i n es a p a tin e b e in g

t h e n a m e of a s m a ll ci r c ul a r di s h o f g ol d u s e d to
c ov e r t h e ch a lic e a t t h e a lt a r Lov e r s of S h a k e .
 21 4 N ti mes a nd t h ei r M ea n i n g .

s p ea re m ay re coll e ct t h e p a s s a g e in t h e M er cha n t of
Ven i c e wh e r e Lo re nzo r e fe rr in g t o t h e s t a r s s ay s
, ,

S it ,J i L
e ss c ak h w t h fl f
oo h v o e oor o ea en

I t h i k i l i d wit h p ti
s c n a f b ig h t g ld a nes o r o

Th m ll t b wh i h t h eh o l d s t ,
’
t th b
’
e re s no e s a es or c ou

B t i h i m ti
u n l iks go l i g
on e an an e s n s,

S ti ll q i i g t t h y d h b i ’
e o un -e c e ru ns
u r n g y o

S h h m
uc y i i i mm t l l
ar on s n or a s o u s,

B t wh i l t t h i m dd y v t
u s sfd y
u e s ure o ec a

D t h g l y l it i w
o ro ss t h it
c o se n, e c an n o e ar .
”

Th e o r i g i n a l Chu r ch o f St S ep u l ch r e found e d .
,

du r i n g t h e t i m e of t h e C r u s a d e s wa s s o d e no m in a t e d ,

in h o n o u r o f t h e H oly S e p u l ch r e at J e r u s a l e m Th e .

n a m e of St B r i d e s Chu r ch Fl e e t St r e e t i s a con
.
’
, ,

t r a cti o n o f St B r id g e t s Ch u r ch Th e C h u r ch of St
.
’
. .

An d r e w Un d e r s h a ft L e a d e n h a l l St r e e t d e dic a t e d
, ,

to St A n d re w w a s o r i g in a lly s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e i t s
.
,

s t e e p l e w a s of l e s s e r a ltitud e th a n t h e t a l l s h a ft

o r m a ypol e w hich s tood oppo s it e t h e s outh doo r .

H e nc e t h e ch u r ch w a s lit e r a lly und e r t h e s h a ft

, .
”

Th e p a r i s h of S t M a r y Ax e i s n o w un it e d t o th a t
- .

of S t A n d r e w U n d e r s h a ft Th e C hu r ch of St
. . .

H e l e n s B i s hop s ga t e wa s bu il t a n d d e dic a t e d t o
’
, ,

S t H e l e n a t h e m o th e r of C on s t a ntin e in 1 1 8 0 j u s t
.
, , ,

t hi r ty y e a r s b e fo r e Willi a m Fitz wil li a m a r ich g old ,

s m ith , fo u nd e d in conn e ction th e r e with a p r io ry of

B e n e dicti n e nun s d e dic a t e d to t h e H o ly C r o s s a n d
,

St . H e lena Th e n e i g hbo u r in g C h u r ch of St
.
.

Et h e lb u r g a w a s s o n a m e d in honou r of t h e
d a u g ht er of Kin g Eth e lb e r t Th e Ch u r ch of A11 .
21 6 N a mes a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

B ai le y S e s s ion s H ou s e re c e ive d it s n a m e fr o m t he
t
s ree t in wh ich it s t a nd s [see O L D the B AI L E Y in
“
a r ticl e L ON D O N S TRE E T S AN D S Q UARE S Th e .

old M a r s h al s e a Pr i s o n S outhw a r k a boli s h e d a n d

, ,

p ull e d down in 1 8 4 2 w a s s o c a l l e d b e c a u s e it con

,

-
t a i n e d t h e C ou r t of t h e Kni g ht M a r s h a l who s e d uty it ,

w a s to s e ttl e di s put e s occu r r in g b e tw e e n t h e m e m b er s

o f t h e Roy a l H ou s e hold Thi s o ffic e n ow b e lon g s to
.

t h e S t e w a r d of t h e Roy a l H ou s e hold B r i d ewe ll wa s .

“
a co r r uption of S t B r id g e t s W e ll di s cov e r e d in
’
.
,

t h e g r ound s a tt a ch e d to a n a nc re nt h o s pit a l a ft e r ,

w a r d s conv e rt e d into a hou s e of co r r e ction fo r

fe m a l e s An i r on p u m p l e t into t h e w a l l of t h e
.

chu r chy a r d a t t h e upp e r e n d of B r id e L a n e indic a t e s

t h e e x a ct s pot wh e r e t h e d a m e s of ol d w e r e w ont t o
d r ink t h e vi rt uo u s w a t e r s Th e Fl e e t P r i so n took
.

i t s n a m e fr o m t h e r iv e r n ow a co m m on s e w e r n e a r
, ,

which it s tood Th e n o r th e r n bound a ry of t h e p r i s on

.

i s now d e fin e d by F l e e t L a n e wh ich r un s fr o m ,

F a rr in g don S t r e e t to t h e O ld B a il e y .

St Jo h n s G at e C l e r k e nw e ll i s t h e s ol e r e m a in
’
.
, ,

i n g po r tion of t h e p r io ry of S t J ohn of Je r u s a l e m .
,

t h e s e a t in thi s count r y of t h e Kni g ht s H o s pit a ll e r s ,

in s tit ut e d by Godfr e y d e B oulo g n e Th e G a t e now .

fo r m s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of t h e St J oh n s A m bul a nc e .
’

A s s oci a tion T e m p l e B ar wa s not o n e of t h e C ity

.

fo r tific a tion s b ut t h e o r di n a r y g a t e w a y of t h e T e m pl e
, .

I t wa s popul a r ly known a s Th e C i t y G o l g o t h a ,

o wi n g to t h e s pik e d h e a d s of t r a ito r s e xpo s e d th e r e o n

L—Go lg o tha b e in g H e b r e w fo r t h e pl a c e of s kull s .
”

Th e B ar wa s t a k e n do wn in 1 8 7 8 Lo n d o n B r i d g e
.
 L o n d o n Ch ur c hes a nd B ui l d i ngs . 21 7

—th a t is to s ay, t he or i g in a l s t r u ctu r e — wa s t h e fi rst

b r id ge ov er t h e Th a m e s Th e p re s e nt s t r u ct u re w a s .

t h r o wn o p e n A u g u s t 1 1 8 3 1 B i ll i n g s g at e t ra c e s i t s
,
.

o r i g i n t o B e l in o n e of t h e e a r ly ki n g s of B r it a i n who
, ,

b u ilt a g a t e on t h e s it e of t h e p r e s e nt m a r k e t a n d g a v e
i t h is n a m e St K at h e r i n e s D o ck s r e c e iv e d t h e i r
’
. .

t itl e fr o m a n a nci e n t ho s p it a l d e dic a t e d to St .

K ath e r i n e s w e pt a wa y by th e i r con s t r uct ion i n t h e

,

y e a r 1 8 2 8 Th e Mi n t i s s o c a ll e d in a cco r d a nc e
.

with t h e A n g lo -S a xon my n et coin [see M O N E Y] ,

.

Th e Tr i n i t y H o u s e t h e s e a t of t h e T r inity C o r ,

p o r a t i o n w hich co
, n t r ol s t h e pil o t a g e of t h e Th a m e s

a n d t h e v a r io u s li g hth o u s e s b uoy s h a bou r d u e sr -

, , ,

&c .
, a r ound o u r co a s t ow e d i t s fo u n d a tion to S ir
,

Tho m a s S p e r t C o m pt r oll e r of t h e N a vy of H e n ry
,

V I I I a n d c o m m a n d e r of t h e Ha rry Gr a c e d e D i eu
.
, ,

O r i g in a l ly s it u a t e d a t D e ptfo r d i t wa s inco r po r a t e d
in 52 9 u d e r t h e s tyl e of Th e M a s t e W a r d e n s
1 n
“
r -

a n d A s s i s t a nt s of t h e G u ild or F r a t e r n ity o r , ,

B r oth e r hood of t h e m o s t g lo r iou s a n d undivi s ibl e

,

T r i n ity a n d S t C l e m e nt in t h e p a r i s h of D e ptfo r d
, .
, ,

Th e p re s e nt
”
S t r o u d in t h e County of K e nt
, .

e dific e wa s b uilt in 1 7 9 5 Cr o sb y Ha ll Bi s hop s .

,

g a t e a, t o n e ti m e a p a l a c e b ut n o w conv e r t e d
, int o
a r e s t a u r a nt wa s built by S i r J ohn C r o s by a bout
,

t h e m iddl e O f t h e fift e e nth c e n t u ry Th e Co n .

g gr e a t i o n a l M e m o r i a l H a ll F a rr i n g don R o a d , ,
'

which occupi e s p a rt o f t h e s it e of t h e O l d Fl e e t
P r i s on wa s b uilt i n 1 8 7 2 to m e m o r a t e t h e ej e ction
,

o f m o r e th a n two tho u s a nd C hu r ch of E n g l a n d
m ini s t e r s fr o m th e i r ch a r g e s A u g u s t 2 4 1 662 , , ,
21 8 N a mes : 0
and thei r M ea n i n g .

con s e q u e nt upon th e i r r e fu s a l t o s u b s c r ib e t o t h e
[see N O N C O N F O RM I S T S ]
“
Act o f U n ifo r m ity ”
.

Th e Gu i l d h a ll i s t h e h a l l of t h e C ity g u ild s ;
t h e wo r d G U I L D b e in g d e r iv e d fr o m t h e An g lo
S a xon g i l d a n to p a y a ll u di n g t o t h e fe e p a id fo r
, ,

m e m b e r s hip D o c t o r s C o mm o n s o r i g i n a lly e s t a
.
’
, g

b l i s h e d a s a coll e g e fo r t h e P r ofe s s o r s of C a no n
and C ivil L a w r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e r ul e
,

which r e q u i r e d t h e D octo r s to di n e a t a co m m on
t a bl e Th a t s o m b r e looki n g s t r u ct u r e t h e C o ll e g e
.
-
,

o f Ar m s oth e r wi s e H e r a l d s C o ll e g e i s t h e O ffic e
’
, ,

wh e r e t h e r e c o r d s of t h e g e n e a lo g ic a l d e s c e n t of a l l
o u r nobl e fa m ili e s a r e p r e s e r v e d a n d w h e r e s e a r ch e s
,

fo r co a t s o f a r m s m a y b e in s tit u t e d
- - Th e C o r .

p o r a t i o n Of t h e C oll ege d a t e s b a ck to t h e y e ar

1 48 4 . Th e G e n e r a l P o s t O ffic e i s o ffici a lly d e

n o m in a t e d St M a r t i n s l e Gr a n d b e c a u s e it o c
.
- - ’

c u p i e s t h e s it e O f a c o ll e g i a t e ch u r ch a n d s a nctu a r y

O f th a t n a m e fo u n d e d by Within Ki n g of K e n t i n
,

75 0, a n d ch a rt e re d by Wi l li a m t h e C o n q ueror i n

1 0 68 .

Th e Ch ar t er h o u s e or i g in a lly ,
a m on a s t e ry of t h e
C a r thu s i a n s i s a co rr u ption of L a Cha r tr euse t h e
, ,

n a m e of t h e di s t r ict in F r a n c e w h e r e th i s r e li g iou s

O rd e r fi rs t c a m e i n to e xi s t e n c e Chr i s t s H o sp i t a l
.
’
,

a l s o k n o wn as t h e B lu e C o a t Sch o o l fr o m t h e ,

c o l o u r of t h e co a t s w o r n by t h e boy s r e t a i n s t h e ,

a n ci e n t d e s i g n a tion o f a chu r ch a n d s chool b e l o n g i n g

to t h e G re y F r i a r s I t i s o n ly i n m od e r n ti m e s by
.
,

t h e wa y th a t t h e t e r m H o s p i t a l h a s co m e to b e e x
,

e lu s iv e ly a ppli e d in thi s co u n t r y to a r e fu g e fo r t h e
2 20 N a rn es a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

of J ohn S h e ffi e ld , D uk eof B u ckin g h a m in t h e y e a r ,

1 8 25 . Th e tot a l co s t to t h e n a tion o f thi s d e s i r a bl e

“

r e s id e n c e wa s M a r lb o r o u g h H o u s e
w a s o r i g i n a l ly t h e town r e s id e nc e of J o h n D u k e of ,

M a r lbo ro u g h e r e ct e d by S i r C h r i s toph e r W r e n i n
,

1 7 09 . S o m e r s e t Ho u s e r e v e r t e d to t h e C r o wn by
t h e a tt a ind e r of i t s o w n e r E d wa r d S e y m o u r D uk e
, ,

O f So m e r s e t t h e Lo r d P r ot e cto r of Ed wa r d V I
, .
,

e x e c u t e d J a nu a r y 2 2 1 552 Wh i t e h a ll r e c e iv e d
, .

i t s n a m e fr o m t h e fre s h a pp e a r a nc e of i t s e xt e r io r a s ,

cont r a s t e d with t h e a n ci e n t buildin g s o n t h e oppo s it e

S id e o f t h e w a y Th e p re s e n t fa b r i c viz Th e
.
, .
,

B a n q u e t t i n g H a ll i s m e r e ly a v e s ti g e of t h e
,

p a l a c e o r i g i n a lly s e t a p a r t by C a r di n a l Wol s e y fo r
t h e London S e c of Yo r k : wh e nc e h e g a v e it t h e n a m e
of Yo r k H ou s e Th e H o r s e G u a r d s i s s o c a ll e d
.
”

b e c a u s e a t r o op of H o r s e G u a r d s a r e r e g ul a r ly
q u a r t e r e d h e r e D o v e r H o u s e wa s n a m e d a ft e r i t s
.

o wn e r t h e H on G e o rg e A g a r Elli s a ft e r wa r d s
, .
,

c re a t e d L o r d D ov e r ; a n d Y o r k H o u s e a ft e r t h e ,

D u k e of Y o r k a n d Alb a n y w h o bou g ht it i n 1 7 8 9 .

D e v o n s h i r e H o u s e P icc a dilly i s t h e t o wn r e s id e nc e
, ,

of t h e D u k e o f D e von s h i r e Ap s l e y H o u s e H yd e .
,

P a r k C o r n e r w e ll k n o wn a s t h e r e s id e nc e of t h e D u k e
,

o f W e lli n g to n r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m H e n r y Ap s l e y
, ,

Lo r d C h a n c e llo r a ft e r wa r d s c r e a t e d L o r d B a thu r s t
, ,

who built it in 1 7 8 4 Ch a n d o s H o u s e C a v e ndi s h

.
,
“
Sq u a r e w a s t h e r e s id e n c e of J a m e s B ry d g e s t h e
, ,

P r i n c e ly D u k e of Ch a n do s Th e A lb a n y P icc a
.
”
,

dilly p e r p e t u a t e s t h e m e m o ry o f t h e D u k e of Yo r k
,

a n d Alb a ny who a cqui r e d it f r o m Lo r d M e lbou r n e

,
 L o n d o n Ch ur c hes and B u i ld i ng s . 221

in e xch a n g e fo r h i s old e r r e s id e n c e Yo r k H ou s e in , ,

Whit e h a ll B u r l i n g t o n H o u s e t h e ho m e of t h e
.
,

Roy a l Ac a d e m y of A r t s a n d qu it e a n u m b e r of
l e a r n e d s oci e ti e s wa s built by S i r J ohn D e nh a m t h e
, ,

po e t a n d j u d g e in 1 7 1 8 a n d r e fr o n t e d by t h e
, ,

c e l e b ra t e d a m a t e u r a r ch it e ct Rich a r d B oyl e E a r l of
, ,

B u r lin gto n a n d C o r k in 1 7 3 1 Thi s p a l a ti a l e difi c e

, .

w a s p u r ch a s e d by t h e St a t e in 1 8 54 Th e S o a n e .

Mu s e u m Lincoln s In n Fi e ld s w a s t h e p r iv a t e
,
’

co l l e ctio n of S i r J oh n S o a n e t h e a r chit e ct a n d ,

a nti q u a r y wh o di e d in 1 8 3 7
, Th e Ro ll s Ch a p e l
.
,

C h a n c e r y L a n e b e a r s thi s n a m e b e c a u s e it w a s
,

a nn e x e d by p a t e nt t o t h e o ffic e of t h e M a s t e r of t h e

Roll s of Ch a n c e ry a ft e r t h e b a ni s h m e n t of t h e J e w s
fr o m En g l a n d in t h e y e a r 1 2 9 0 Th e h i s to ry o f .

t h e ch a p e l d a t e s fr o m 1 28 3 wh e n H e n r y I I I , .

found e d it fo r t h e r e c e ption Of t h e J e wi s h r a bbi s

co n v e rt e d to C h r i s ti a nity .

Th e P a i n t e d H a ll G r e e nwich H o s pit a l ow e s i t s
, ,

n a m e to i t s m a g nifi c e ntly d e co r a t e d c e ili n g V a n .

b ur g h C a s t l e B l a ckh e a th wa s built in t h e c a s
, ,

t e l l a t e d s tyl e by S i r J oh n V a n b u r g h i n 1 7 1 7 Ry e , .

H o u s e fa m o u s fo r b e in g t h e s c e n e of t h e con s pi ra c y
,

to a s s a s s in a t e C h a r l e s I I w hich w a s di s cov e r e d
.
,

J un e 1 2 1 68 3 i s s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e ry e on w hich
, ,

it s t a nd s ; RY E b e in g a n O ld E n g li s h t e r m fo r a
c o m m on d e r iv e d fro m r ee a w a t e r cou r s e : h e n c e
, ,

P E C KHAM RY E .

B r u c e C a s t l e Tott e n h a m h a s a hi s t o r y a ll i t s
, ,

own Th e p r e s e nt s t r uctu r e d a t e s b a ck t o t h e l a tt e r
.

p a r t of t h e s e v e nt e e nth c e ntu ry ; but t h e o r i g in a l

2 22 N a mes : a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

b ui ldin g w a s e r e ct e d by E a r l W a l t h e o f who s e ,

m a rr i a g e with J u dith t h e ni e c e of Willi a m t h e

,

C o n q u e r o r b r o u g ht h i m p o r ti o n s of t h e e a r ldo m s
,

o f N o r th u m b e r l a nd a n d H u ntin g don Th e i r o n ly .

d a u g ht e r M a u d o n b e co m in g t h e wife of D a vid L
, , ,

K i n g o f Scotl a nd pl a c e d h i m in p o s s e s s ion of t h e
,

H u n ti n g d o n e s t a t e s a n d a s a pp e n d e d to th a t
, ,

p r op e r ty t h e m a no r of Tott e nh a m in M iddl e s e x
, ,
.

U lti m a t e ly th e s e po s s e s s ion s d e s c e nd e d to Rob e r t

B r uc e t h e b r oth e r of Willi a m I I I Ki n g of S cot
, .
,

l a nd . Th e cont e ntion b e tw e e n Rob e r t B r uc e a n d

J ohn B a l iol fo r t h e S cotti s h th r on e b e in g d e cid e d
in fa vo u r of t h e l a tt e r t h e fo r m e r r e ti r e d t o E n g
,

l a nd a n d s e t t lin g on h i s g r a ndfa th e r s e s t a t e
,
’

at Tott e n h a m r e p a i re d t h e c a s tl e to which h e
,

g a v e t h e n a m e of “
T h e C a s tl e B r u c e L i n c o l n .

H o u s e E n fi e l d wa s t h e r e s id e nc e of t h e s e cond a n d
, ,

thi r d E a r l s of Lincol n i n t h e s e v e nt e e nth c e ntu ry .

S an dfo r d H o u s e S tok e N e win g to n i s int e r e s tin g

, ,

a s h a vi n g b e e n t h e r e s id e nc e o f Tho m a s D a y t he ,

a u tho r o f
“
S a n d fo r d a n d M e r t o n ( bo rn 1 7 48 di e d ,

C r o m w e ll H o u s e H i g h g a t e n o w a Con , ,

v a l e s c e n t H o s pit a l fo r s i ck child r e n wa s occupi e d ,

fo r s o m e t i m e by O liv e r C r o m we ll who built I r e t o n ,

H o u s e clo s e by fo r H e n ry I r e to n h i s o
, ,
s n-i n -l aw , ,

in 1 63 0 ; w h il e L a u d e r d a l e H o u s e l a t e ly a Con ,

v al e sc e n t H o m e in conn e ction w ith St B a rtholo .

m e w s H o s pit a l wa s t h e r e s id e n c e of t h e E a r l s
’

of L a ud e r d a l e du r in g t h e s e v e nt e e nth c e nt u ry .

W ATE RL O W P ARK in thi s n e i g hbo u r hood i n fa ct

,
— ,

c o m p r i s i n g a m on g oth e r v a l u a bl e p r op e r ty t h e
2 24 N a mes and t h ei r M ea n i ng .

H o u se H a m m e r s m ith
, fa vo u r it e r e s id e nc e
, wa s t h e
of t h e l a t e D u k e of S u s s e x H o ll a n d H o u s e .
,

K e n s in g ton o we s i t s n a m e t o H e n r y Rich E a r l of
, ,

H o ll a nd by h w ,
o s e fa th e r -i n -l a w S i r Willi a m C o p e , , .

it wa s b u ilt in 1 60 7 H e r e Ch a r l e s J a m e s Fox t h e
.
,

e m i n e n t o r a to r a n d s t a t e s m a n ( bo r n 1 7 4 9 di e d ,

p a s s e d m a ny of h i s e a r l i e r y e a r s ; h e r e a l s o J o s e ph
Addi s on t h e po e t a n d e s s a yi s t di e d in t h e y e a r 1 7 1 9
, , .

Th e Al b e r t H a ll Alb e r t M e m o r i a l A lb e r t
‘

, ,

B r i d g e a n d Alb er t P a l a c e e a ch p r e s e r v e t h e
, ,

m e m o ry of t h e P r inc e Con s o r t w ho se d e a th too k ,

pl a c e in 1 8 61 Th e C r y s t a l P a l a c e o p e n e d by t h e
.
,

Q u e e n J un
, e 1 0 1 8 5 4 d e r iv e
, d i t s titl e ,fr o m i t s g l a s s

s t r u ct u r e wh ich wh e n t h e s u n s h i n e s upo n it
, , ,

g lis t e n s l ik e c r y s t a l T h e A l e x a.n d r a P a l a c e w a s

n a m e d a ft e r t h e P r inc e s s of W a l e s who w a s t o h a v e ,

O p e n e d t h e o r i g i n a l buildi ng M a y 2 4 1 8 7 3 ; b u t fo r , , ,

s o m e u n e xpl a i n e d r e a s on S h e did not p e r fo r m th a t ,

c e r e m ony Olym p i a O p e n e d D e c e m b e r 1 8 8 6 i s
.
, , ,

a n a pp r op r i a t e d e s i g n a tion fo r a h u g e e dific e e m i

n e n t l y a d a pt e d fo r e v e ry v a r i e ty of pop u l a r a m u s e

m en t . Th e a l lu s ion i s of cou rs e to O ly m p u s wh e r e , , ,

t h e c e l e b r at e d O ly m pi a n G a m e s w e r e a n ci e ntly ”

h e ld e v e ry fo u r th y e a r Th e P o lyt e ch n i c In st i .

t u t i o n R e g e nt S t r e e t ( n o w t h e Y M C
, wa s . . .

d e s i g n a t e d in s t rict c onfo r m ity w ith i t s s e t pu rpo s e

,

a s a n e d u c a tion a l e s t a bl i s h m e nt viz fro m t h e two ,

.
,

G r e e k w o r d s p o lu s m a ny a n d tec hn e a n a r t St
, , , . .

Ge o r g e s Ha ll wa s o r i g in a lly wh e n op e n e d in
’
,

1 8 67 , St G e o rg e s Op e r a H ou s e s o s tyl e d b e c a u s e
.
’

s itu a t e d in t h e f a s h ion a bl e p a r i s h of S t G e o rg e s ’
.
,
 L o n d o n Chu r c hes and B u i l di ngs . 225

H a nov e r S q u are . Th e Eg yp t i a n H a ll built ,

in
1 8 1 2, is p ticu l a r ly w e ll
a ar titl e ; a t -cho s e n
l e a s t it a pp e a r s s o a t t h e p r e s e nt d ay s inc e t h e
, ,

r e g u l a r p e r fo r m a n c e s of th o se m od e r n m a g ici a n s ,

M e s s rs M a s k e lyn e a n d C ook e h a v e lon g ag o

.
,

b e co m e o n e of t h e in s titution s if not a ctu a lly o n e ,

of t h e s i g ht s of t h e M e t r opoli s St Jam e s s
’
. .
,

H a ll wa s n a m e d a ft e r t h e p a r i s h chu r ch j u s t
O ppo s it e W il l i s s Ro o m s s o c a ll e d a ft er th e i r l a t e
’
,
.

p r op r i e to r w e r e o r i g in a lly op e n e d by a S cot s m a n
,

n a m e d Al m a c k und e r t h e s tyl e of Al m a c k s As
,
’

s e m b l y Ro o m s F e b r u a r y 1 2 1 7 65, Ex e t er H a ll ,
.

wa s built in t h e y e a r 1 8 3 0 i n t h e g r ound s of E x e t e r
H ou s e whic h a l s o g a v e t h e n a m e t o Ex e t e r
,

’
Ch an g e e r e ct e d in 1 68 0 a n d p ul l e d down in 1 8 29
,

[s E E T E R S T RE E T]
ee X Th e w o r ld fa m ou s w a xwo r k s
- .

e xhibitio n k n ow n a s M a d a m e T u s sau d s r e t a in s ’

t h e n a m e of i t s fo u nd r e s s ( bo r n 1 7 60 di e d 1 8 50 ) wh o ,

fi r s t s e t u p h e r fi g ur e s a t t h e old Lyc e u m Th ea t re
in 1 8 0 2 a n d a ft e r und e rg oi n g a v a r i e ty of m i s
,

fo r tun e s s e ttl e d down p e r m an e ntly in B a k e r S t ree t

in t h e y e a r 1 8 3 3 .

Sc ot l an d Y ar d t h e h e a d q u a rt e r s of t h e M e t r o
,

p olit a n P olic e r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m a n an ci e n t
,

p a l a c e e r e ct e d on th i s s pot fo r t h e a cco m m od a tion

of t h e S cotti s h ki n g s in t h e d a y s wh e n th e y w ere
a nnu a lly r e q ui re d to p ay h o m a g e t o t h e C r own of

E n g l a n d a t W e s t m in s t e r Th e fi r s t m on a r ch s o a o .

c o m m o d a t e d wa s K e nn e th I I ( di e d t he l a st .

wa s M a r g a re t Q u e e n of Scot s t h e s i s t e r of H e n r y
, ,

VIII Lo r d s C r i ck et Gr o u n d fa m ili a r ly s tyl e d

’
,
.

I S
2 26 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

Lor d
’
s, ow e s i t s e xi s t e nc e t o Th o m a s Lo r d who ,

e s t a bli s h e d upon l a nd of h i s own fi rs t on t h e s it e of

, ,

D o r s e t S q u a r e in 1 7 8 0 a n d s ub s e q u e n tly on i t s
,

p r e s e nt s it e t h e only c r ick e tin g g r ou n d wh e re

,

g e nt e e l pl a y e r s coul d m e e t to e n j o y thi s g a m e with

out fe a r of r ubbi n g S ho u ld e r s w ith t h e City a p

p r e ntic e s P r e viou s t o h i s e nt e r p r i s e t h e fo r m a t ion
.

of a p r iv a t e C r ick e t C l u b h a d n e v e r b e e n tho u g ht of .

T at t er sa ll s t h e w e l l known r e n d e z vou s fo r t h e s a l e
’
,
-

o f h o rse s , wa s op e n e d by Rich a r d T a tt e r s a l l n e a r
H yd e P a r k Co r n e r in 1 7 66 a n d r e m ov e d to Kni g ht s
,

b r id g e Ap r il 1 0 1 8 65, .

Ll o y d s Ro o m s b e tt e r know n a s Ll o y d s d e
’ ’
, ,

r iv e d thi s titl e fr o m E dw a r d Lloyd a coffe e -hou s e

,

k e e p e r in Abch u r ch L a n e who s e p r e m i s e s b e c a m e
,

t h e r e g ul a r r e s o r t of m e r ch a nt s a n d oth e r s int e r e s t e d
in s hippin g Th e o r i g in a l loc a tion of a s p e ci a l o ffi c e
.

fo r t h e t r a n s a ction of m e r c a ntil e bu s in e s s ov e r t h e
Roy a l Exch a n g e took pl a c e in 1 7 7 5 ; b ut t h e n a m e
t h a -
of e g e ni l coffe e hou s e k e e p e r wa s by co mm on
con s e nt t r a n s fe r r e d with it O n t h e d e s t r u ction by
.

fi r e of t h e fi r s t Roy a l E xch a n g e in 1 8 3 8 Lloyd s ’

, ,

wa s t e m po r a r ily r e m ov e d u ntil t h e co m pl e tion of

t h e p r e s e nt buildin g in 1 8 44 .

Th e e nt r a nc e to t h e p r ivil e g e d p r e cinct s of t h e
S tock E xch a n g e i s c a ll e d C a p e l C o u r t b e c a u s e it ,

m a r k s t h e r e s id e n c e of S i r Willi a m C a p e l Lo r d ,

M a yo r of London in t h e y e a r 1 504 Th e t e r m Ex
.

c h a n g e ow e s i t s o r i g in t o t h e F r e n ch ec ha ng er t o ,

t r a d e to b a r t e r Th e obj e ct of t h e o r i g in a l Ro y a l
, .

E x ch a n g e found e d by S i r Tho m a s G r e s h a m in
,
CL A S S N A M E S A N D N I CK N A M E S .

N un m a r r i e d fe m a l e o r i g in a lly r e c e iv e d t h e
d e s i g n a tion of S p i n st e r fr o m h e r e m ploy
m e nt a t t h e di s t aff o r s pindl e Acco r din g t o .

t h e p r a ct ic a l n otion s of o u r An g lo S a xon fo r e fa th e r s
- ,

a fe m a l e wa s n o t con s id e r e d fit to e nt e r t h e m a rr i e d

s t at e until s h e h a d m a d e fo r h ers e lf a co m pl e t e s e t of

body b e d a n d t a bl e -lin e n H e nc e t h e s i g nific a nc e of

, , .

t h e t e r m Wife d e r iv e d fr o m t h e An g lo S a xon wif by

,
-
,

vi r tu e of t h e v e r b wyfa n t o w e a v e Wi d o w co m e s
, .

th r ou g h e An g lo S a xon wi d u we a n d L a tin vi da
t h -
, ,

fr o m t h e S a n k its r v i d -h a va without hu s b a nd
, Gr a s s .

Wi d o w d e n oti n g a wo m a n t e m p o r a r ily s e p a r a t e d
,

fr o m h e r h u s b a nd i s a co r r u pt ion of G r a c e Widow
,

— i n oth e r wo r d s a widow by g ra c e o r cou r t e s y Th e

, ,
.

wo r d Ch ap er o n i s F r e nch d e r iv e d fr o m t h e ch a p e a u
, ,

o r c ap , wo r n by t h e d u e nn a s of S p a in D u e n n a .
,

s i g nifyin g a g u a r di a n i s Sp a ni s h found e d u po n t h e
, ,

L a tin d o mi n a a m i s t r e s s Th e titl e of D o wa g er
, .
,

which di s tin g ui s h e s a widow l e ft with a j ointu r e fr o m

t h e wife of h e r l a t e hu s b a n d s h e i r co m e s fr o m t h e
’
,

F re nch d oua i r i er e built upon t h e v e r b d oua i r e to

, ,
 Cl a ss N a mes a nd N i c kn a mes . 2 29

d ow e r . Th e n a m e of B lu e S t o ck i n g a ro s e fro m
t h e colou r of t h e s tocki n g s w o r n by t h e m e m b e r s of
t h e l a dy cl ub s in E n g l a n d du r in g t h e d a y s of B o s
w e ll. Ge ntl e m e n w e r e not e xclud e d fr o m th e se
a s s e m bli e s b ut t h e w e a r in g of bl u e s tockin g s wa s a
,

s i n e an d n o n of a d m itt a nc e Th e l a s t s u r vivin g m e m b e r
.

o f t h e o r i g in a l B L U E S T O C KI N G C L U B found e d by M r s , .

M ont a g u e in 1 7 8 0 di e d i n 1 8 40 ,
Th e e a r li e s t B l u e
.

S tockin g a s s e m bly c a m e i n to e xi s t e n c e a t V e ni c e ,

und e r t h e t itl e of D el l a Ca l z a in t h e y e a r 1 40 0 A .

l a dy s -m a id i s fa m ili a r ly s tyl e d a n Ab i g a i l in a l l u
’

s 10 n t o t h e h a nd m a id who int r od u c e d h e r s e lf to
D a vid ( 1 S a m uel xxv Thi s c l a s s n a m e c a m e
.
-

into p a r ticul a r p r o m in e n c e du r i n g t h e e a r ly p a r t of t h e
e i g ht e e nth c e ntu ry in co m pli m e nt t o Abi g a il H ill t h e
, ,

m a id e n n a m e of M r s M a s h e m t h e w a itin g -wo m a n
.
,

o f Q u e e n Ann e A P a r i s i a n s h op o r wo r k g i r l i s
.
-

k no w n a s a G r i s e t t e on a ccount of t h e g r e y cloth
of wh ich h e r d r e s s i s m a d e I n old e n t i m e s a l l .

infe r io r cl a s se s in F r a n c e w e r e e xp e ct e d to b e cl a d
in g r i s i e g r e y C o ll e e n i s t h e n a tiv e I r i s h fo r
, . .
, .

g i r l ; a n d C o ll e e n B a w n fo r a bl ond e g i r l H o w .

littl e t h e l a tt e r e xp r e s s ion i s und e r s tood by a ct r e s s e s

i s S h o w n by t h e w a y i n w hi ch s o m e of th e m e s s a y to
i m p e r so n a t e t h e h e r oin e of Dio n B o u c i c a u l t s
’

w e ll -known d r a m a whil s t w e a r in g t h e i r o wn d a r k
h a i r o r a d a r k w ig T r uly a littl e kno wl e d ge i s a
.
,

u s e ful t hin g

As now a d a y s co m p r e h e nd e d a M i ll i n e r i s o n e who,

r e t a il s h a t s fe a th e rs
,
bonn e t s r ibbo n s a n d s i m il a r
, , ,

a ppu r t e n a n c e s to fe m a l e co s tu m e Th e n a m e i s r e a lly .
23 0 N a mes : a nd thei r M ea n i ng .

a co rr uption o f M i l a n er a ll udin g to t h e city of M il a n

, ,

w hich a t o n e t i m e s e t t h e fa s hion to t h e no r t h of
E u ro p e i n a l l m a t t e r s of t a s t e a n d e l e g a n c e .

H ab e r d a s h e r i s a m od e r n fo r m of t h e O ld E n g li s h
wo r d Haper t a ser o r a r e t a il e r of h a p e r t a s cloth t h e
, ,

width of which w a s s e ttl e d by M a g n a Ch a rt a .

Gr o c er i s a cont r a ctio n a n d m odifi e d s p e llin g o f

En g r o s s e r t h e d e n o m in a tion of a t r a d e s m a n who
, ,

in t h e M iddl e A ge s c l a i m e d a m o n opoly fo r t h e
,

s upply of p r ovi s ion s A v e ndo r of v e g e t a bl e s i s a p

.

p pr o r i a t e l y c a ll e d a G r e e n g r o c e r An in n k e e.p e r

i s fa c e tio u s ly s tyl e d a B o n i fa c e in h o no u r of a
d e vo u t a n d h o s pit a bl e m a n who m S t A u g u s ti n e .

c a u s e d t o b e c a no n iz e d a n d who s u b s e q u e ntly
,

b e c a m e t h e p a t r o n s a int of G e r m a n y Sh a k e s p e a r e .
,

D a n t e B a c o n a n d L a m b n e v e r ti r e d of r e fe rr in g t o
, ,

B o n ifa c e . Os t l e r i s a co r r u ption of t h e F r e n ch
hos tel i er a n i n n k e e p e r ; h e nc e w e s o m e ti m e s s p e a k
,

of a n i n n a s a H O S T E L RY Th e t e r m C ar p e n t e r .
,
~

fr o m t h e L a ti n c a rpen tu nz a w a ggon o r i g in a lly , ,

d e not e d a m e ch a n ic who con s t r uct e d t h e wood e n

body o f a v e hicl e o f a n y kind a s di s tin g u i s h e d fr o m ,

t h e Wh e e l wr i g h t ; but i n p r oc e s s of ti m e t h e s a m e
t e r m c a m e t o b e a ppli e d t o a r t i fi c e r s in ti m b e r
g e n e r a lly .T h e p r ovinci a l n a m e fo r s u ch a o n e is

a Jo i n e r lit e r a lly a j oin e r of w ood e n b u ildin g

,

m at e ri a l s . I n s o m e di s t r ict s of E n g l a n d a s ho e
m a k e r s til l b e a r s t h e n a m e of C o r d wa i n e r .

Fo r m e r ly a l l S ho e m a k e r s w e r e s tyl e d C o r dw a in e rs ,

b e c a u s e t h e y we r e wo r k e r s i n C O RD WAI N a co r r u p ,

tion of C O RD OVAN which w a s t h e n a m e o f a

,
232 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

Th e tit l e of B a ch e l o r o f Ar t s d e not e s a d e g r e e
n e xt b e low th a t of M a s t e r o f Ar t s .

B e e fe at er s i s a vul g a r p e r v e r s ion of B ufiet i er s a s

'

t h e Y e o m a n of t h e Gu a r d w e r e s tyl e d du r in g t h e
r e i g n of H e n r y V I I I . on a ccount of th e i r a tt e nd a nc e
,

u pon t h e Ki n g s B uj j e t
’ ‘
o r s id e t a bl e
,
- Th e wo r d
.

B UFF E T i s F r e nch d e r iv e d fr o m t h e Sp a n i s h bufia a

, ,

win e s kin Th e civic g u a r d i a n s of l a w a n d o r d e r a r e

.

d e no m in a t e d P o l i c e in a cco r d a n c e with t h e L a ti n
p ol i s t h e c ity Fo r m a ny y e a r s a ft e r t h e e s t a bli s h
,
.

m e nt of t h e P olic e t h r ou g h t h e m e a s u r e s of S i r
Rob e r t P e e l ( in I r e l a nd a s t h e n a tion a l co n s t a bul ary
,

i n 1 8 1 4 ; i n London a s a r e g ul a r fo r c e i n al l

P o l i c e m e n w e re nickn a m e d B o bb i e s a n d P e e l e r s ,

i n a llu s ion to th e i r found e r B o w S t r e e t Ru n n e r s

.

we r e t h e o r i g in a l Lo n don d e t e cti v e fo r c e ; s o c a ll e d
b e c a u s e th e i r h e a d q u a r t e r s wa s B o w St r e e t wh e nc e ,

th e y w e r e d e s p a tch e d to a n y p a r t o f t h e count ry i n
q u e s t of t h e p e r p e t r a to r of a p a r ticul a r c r i m e T h e .

p r e d e c e s s o r s of t h e P olic e w e r e a s e t of d e c r e pit ol d
w a tch m e n who s e r e g ul a r h a bit wa s to fa ll a s l e e p in
th e i r box e s with th e i r l a ntho r n s b e s i d e th e m Th e s e .

we r e d e r i s iv e ly nickn a m e d Ol d Ch ar li e s ; whil e
-

t h e i r n a tu r a l e n e m i e s who lov e d nothin g s o m uch a s

,

t o tu r n th e i r box e s upon th e m to m ol e s t d e fe nc e l e s s
,

fe m a l e s m util a t e m a l e s a n d in m a ny oth e r wa y s to
, ,

t e rr o r iz e t h e p e a c e a bl e i n h a bit a nt s of t h e M e t ropoli s ,

s tyl e d th e m s e lv e s fi r s t of a l l Sc o u r e r s an d at a ,

l a t e r d a t e M o h o ck s a ft e r t h e N o r t h A m e r ic a n
,

I ndi a n t r ib e of th a t n a m e D u r i n g t h e y e a r s 1 8 59
.

a n d 1 8 60 a n e v e n m o r e g r i e vou s t e r r o r h a unt e d t h e
 C l a ss N a mes a nd N i c kn a mes .
33

t
s ree s t of Lon d on in t h e p e r s on s of Th e G a r r o t t er s ,

s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e Ga r ro tt e , t h e in s t r u m e nt with
which cond e m n e d m a l e fa cto r s a r e s t r a n gl e d in S p a in .

Th e p uni s h m e nt of t h e “
c at 0 nin e t a il s fo r
’

G a rrottin g which c a m e into op e r a tion J uly 1 3

,
”
,

1 8 61 ,
s p e e dily put an e n d t o t h e p r a ctic e Th e .

l a t e st t e r r o r of t h e s t r e e t s which u nh a ppily a bound s

, ,

in A m e r ic a n citi e s a r e t h e S an d b a g g er s s o c a ll e d
, ,

b e c a u s e th e y s tun th e i r victi m s with a n o r din a ry

s a nd b a g s u ch a s i s u s e d t o k e e p t h e d r a u g ht fr o m
-
,

p e n e t r a tin g b e tw e e n a p a i r of window s a s h e s ; a ft e r
-

which r obb e ry b e co m e s a n e a sy m a tt e r .

P l e a s a nt e r it i s to t u r n fr o m t h e b i r d s of ni g ht to
t h e fop s a n d d a ndi e s by d a y . Th e wo r d Fo p co m e s
fro m t h e Ge r m a n fopp en t o m a k e a fool of a n d
,

D a n d y fr o m t h e F r e nch d a n d i n a nin n y B e tw e e n
, .

th e s e two poo r s p e ci m e n s of h u m a nity th e r e i s no

p e r c e ptibl e diffe r e nc e Th e M a c ar o n i e s of t h e l a s t
.

c e nt u r y d e r iv e d th e i r d e s i g n a tion fr o m t h e fa s hion a bl e

M a c a r oni C l ub s t o which th e y b e lon g e d Th e .

m od n cl a s s titl e of M a s h e r find s i t s o r i g in in t h e
e r -

Ro m a ny o r g ip sy wo r d 7n d sha s i g nifyin g t o fa s ci
,
“

n a t e t h e ey e E n p assa n t t h e t e r m Gi p s y i s a
”
.
,

c o r r uption of E gyp t i a n s o c a l l e d b e c a u s e t h e
,

o r i g in a l fa m ily o r t r ib e of l ow c a st e H indoo s e x
p e l l e d by Ti m ou r a bout t h e y e a r 1 3 99 e v e n tu a lly
t r a v e ll e d into E u r op e by wa y of E gypt Th e Gi p s i e s.

w e r e a l s o in fo r m e r ti m e s known a s B o h e m i a n s ,
fr o m t h e di s t r ict in which th e y fi r s t a tt r a ct e d pop u l a r
a tt e ntion b e fo r e th e y s c a tt e r e d th e m s e lv e s ov e r
W e st e r n E u r op e . H e nc e a n y i ndividu a l wh o s e
,
23 4 N a mes a nd thei r M ea n i n g .

h a bit s a r e u n c o n ve n t u a l a n d t o a c e r t a in e xt e nt
,

no m a dic i s s tyl e d a B o h e m i a n
, Th e n a m e of
.

Th e Upp e r Te n a ppli e d to t h e a r i s toc r a cy i s ,

S ho r t fo r
“
Th e U pp e r Te n Thou s a nd a t e r m o r i ” !

g i n a l l y a ppli e d by N P Willi. s . t h e A m e r ic
,
a n po e t
( bo r n 1 8 0 7 di e d
, to t h e fa s hion a bl e s o f N e w
o

Y o r k who a t t h e ti m e h e int r oduc e d it nu m b e r e d

, ,

a bout t e n th o u s a nd A di s tinctly l a tt e r -d a y e xp r e s
.

s i o n co n v e yi n
g m uch t h e s a m e s i g n ifi c a tion i s Th e

F o ur Hu n d r e d by which we a r e l e ft to conclud e
,

th a t t h e s e l e ct s oci e ty of N e w Yo r k m u s t h a v e
und e rg on e a con s id e r a bl e we e din g o u t du r in g t h e
-

l a s t tw e n ty y e a r s .

Th e t e m p e r a nc e t e r m s T e e t o t a l a n d T e e t o t a l er
o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e s t u tt e r i n g e xho rt a tion of o n e
Rich a r d Tu r n e r a n a r t iz a n of P r e s to n who whil e
, , ,

a d d r e s s in g a m e e tin g of a b s t a in e rs in S e pt e m b e r ,

“
1 8 3 3 ob s e r v e d th a t
, N othin g but t t t tot a l a b s ti
- - -

n e n c e w ill do S e v e r a l bodi e s of tot a l a b s t a i n e r s

fr o m a l coh olic b e v e ra g e s i n E n g l a nd a n d A m e ric a
s tyl e th e m s e lv e s Re ch a b i t e s a ft e r t h e d e s c e nd a nt s
,

of J o n a d a b t h e s o n of R e ch a b wh o l iv e d i n t e nt s a n d
, ,

fo re sw o r e wi n e . Oth e r s r ej oic e in t h e n a m e of
G o o d T e m p l ar s a ft e r t h e T e m pl a r s of old Th e
,
.

G o o d T e m p l ar M o v e m e n t c a nnot b e a cc u r a t e ly
d e s c r ib e d a s a c r usa d e a g a i n s t d r ink ; b u t t h e
L e a g u e o f t h e C r o s s e s t a bli s h e d by t h e Ro m a n
,

C a thol ic s fo r t h e tot a l s upp r e s s ion o f d r unk e n n e s s ,

IS,
I n titl e a n d in fa ct o n e of t h e m o s t p o we r ful
,

c r u s a d e s e v e r di s tin g ui s h e d in m od e r n ti m e s .

A s a ilo r i s c a l l e d a Ja ck Tar owin g to h i s h a bitu a l

23 6 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i n g
‘

: .

in co u r t th a t t h e own e r of t h e s a i d s h o e s woul d
r e coll e ct a n d s w e a r to a n y incid e nt i n con s id e r a tion

of a fe e .

C o st e r m o n g e r i s a co rr uption of Costa r d mong er ,

a s e ll e r of t h e fa m o u s co s t a r d a ppl e int r oduc e d into

thi s cou n t ry by t h e D utch in 1 7 3 6 B oth th e s e t e r m s .

a r e u s e d by S h a k e s p e a r e n e v e r th e l e s s th e y bo r e a ,

tot a lly diffe r e nt s i g n ific a tion in h i s t i m e Th e wo r d .

M o n g e r co e f o m t h e An g lo S a xon m o ng er e o n e
m s r -
,

who t r a d e s An itin e r a nt s a l e s m a n in t h e old e n

.

t i m e wa s s tyl e d a P e d l ar i n a cco r d a n c e with t h e

,

L a tin p ed es t h e fe e t b e c a u s e h e t r a v e ll e d on foot ;
, ,

w h e r e a s H a wk e r co m e s fr o m t h e G e r m a n h o ken t o ,

c a rry on t h e b a ck to r e t a il H a w k e r s a n d P e dl a r s
, .

w e r e fi r s t lic e n s e d i n E n g l a n d in 1 69 8 An itin e r a nt .

s al e s m a n of a noth e r kind i s known a s a Ch e a p Ja ck

on a ccount of t h e wo r d ch e a p which i s S a xon fo r

m a r k e t d e r iv e d fr o m c eapa n to b uy
, A t r a v e llin g
,
.

m e dicin e -v e ndo r o r i g in a lly r e c e iv e d t h e n i ckn a m e of

-
Qu a ck d o c t o r o r Q u a ck fr o m Qua c ksa l ber t h e
, , ,

G e rm a n t e r m fo r q uick s ilv e r b e c a u s e diffe r in g fr o m

, ,

t h e r e g u l a r p r a ctition e r s h e r e s o r t e d to m e r cu ry a n d
,

ot h e r d a n ge rou s in g r e di e n t s At ti m e s a Q u a ck o r
.
,

a n y oth e r individ u a l g ift e d w ith hu m o r ou s collo q ui a l

pow e r s i s dubb e d a M e rr y An d r e w in a llu s ion to

, ,

And r e w B o r d e a phy s ici a n of t h e ti m e of H e n r y

,

V I I I n ot e d fo r h i s fa c e tio u s m a nn e r s a n d s ayin g s
.
,
.

Ju g g l e r i s a co r r uption of j o ng l eur t h e F re n ch ,

d e s i g n a tion of o n e of t h e co m p a n i o n s of t h e t ro u b a
do u r s w ho s e b u s in e s s it wa s to s uppl e m e nt t h e
,

ly r ic a l a cco m pli s h m e nt s of t h e l a tt e r with fe a t s of

 C l ass N a m es and N i c kn a mes . 23 7

s el ig -
ht o f h a n d
- a n d oth e r t r ick s fo r t h e a m u s e m e nt

of t h e co m p a n y A S t u m p Or a t o r i s p r op e r ly o n e
.

who d e liv e rs a s p e e ch fr o m t h e s tu m p of a t r e e ; t h e
l it e ra l m e a nin g of a S T UMP S P E E C H b e in g t hu s
e xp l a in e d .

Th e now a pp r o b ri o u s n a m e of B l a ck g u a r d wa s
fo r m e r ly g iv e n to t h e s cu l lion s o r di rty d e p e nd a nt s of
t h e E n g li s h C ou r t who w a s h e d out t h e s a u c e p a n s ,

c a r r i e d co a l s up to t h e kitch e n s a n d p e r fo r m e d oth e r
,

m e ni a l d uti e s . As t h e G u a r d s of H onou r in t h e ”

Roy a l H ou s e hol d w e r e di s tin g ui s h e d by t h e i r fi n e

a pp e a r a nc e s o th e s e kitc h e n m e n w e re e q u a lly d i s
,
-

t in g u i s h e d by th e i r g r i m y a pp e a r a nc e c on s e q u e ntly
t h e l a tt e r w e r e s tyl e d B l a ck Gu a r d s Th e o r i g in
.

of t h e wo d r Sc u ll i o n wa s h e N o m a n F re n ch
t r -

esc a ll e a po r r in g e r o r di s h
, . Th e pl a c e wh e re t h e
di s h e s a r e cl e a n s e d i s s t ill c a ll e d a S C U LL E RY w hil e ,

t h e do m e s tic w h o p e r fo r m s s uch wo r k b e a r s t h e
n a m e of Sc u ll e r y M a i d A r a s c a l o r S h a r p e r i s
.

d e s i g n a t ed a B l a ckl e g b e c a u s e s u ch a o n e wa s
,

g e n e r a lly to b e foun d a m o ng t h e low e r o r d e r s of

t u r f a n d s po r tin g m e n a t t h e ti m e th e s e w e re e s p e
c i a l l y ch a r a ct e r iz e d by t h e w e a r in g of bl a c k top
boot s A P lu n g e r i s o n e wh o b e t s h e a vily e ith e r on
.

t h e tu r f o r a t t h e g a m in g t a bl e withou t con s id e r a
-
,

t ion fo r t h e r i s k s h e inc u r s A B o o km a k e r i s s o
.

c a ll e d b e c a u s e h e a rr a n ge s h i s book i e h i s b e t s in
, . .
, ,

s uch a m a nn e r th a t h i s lo s s e s a n d g a in s upon e a ch

d ay s r a cin g m u s t b a l a n c e th e m s e lv e s Th e Book
’
.

m a k e r who a b s cond s a ft e r a r a c e in o r d e r to a void

p ayin g tho se who h a v e e nt e r e d b e t s with hi m a n d
23 8 N a mes : a nd t he i r M ea n i ng .

wo n i s s tyl e d a W e l s h e r i n a ll u s io n to t h e thi e v in g
,

p r op e n s iti e s of a c e r t a in r a c e of p e opl e a s s e t fo r th ,

i n t h e old s o n g w hich b e g in s
, T a ffy w a s a W e l s h
,

m a n T a ffy w a s a th i e f
, &c Th e w o r d B u r g l ar
, .

i s m a d e up of t h e O ld E n g l i s h bu rg h a b o r o u g h , ,

d e r i v e d fro m t h e G e r m a n bu rg a fo r tifi e d pl a c e a n d , ,

t h e F r e n ch l a i r a thi e f ; t h e a ll u s ion b e i n g th a t s u ch
,

a o n e b r e a k s in t o a p r iv a t e d we llin g fo r pu r po s e s of

th e ft D o w n to a co m p a r a tiv e ly r e c e nt d a t e t h e
.

c o m m o n h a n g m a n in thi s count ry bo r e t h e nick

n a m e of Ja ck K e t ch r e a lly a co r r uption of Rich a r d
,

J ac qu et t ,
to who m t h e m a no r of Tybu r n wh e r e o u r ,

m a l e fa cto r s w e r e e x e cut e d p r io r t o t h e y e a r 1 7 8 3 ,

b e lo n g e d .

A n a tiv e o f Londo n i s pop u l a r ly s tyl e d a

Co ck n e y pu r s u a nt to t h e Old E n g li s h c o c ken ey
, ,

a n e ffe m i n a t e p e r s on o r r a th e r o n e w h o h a s b e e n
,

r e n d e r e d e ffe m i n a t e by t h e l uxu r i e s of t h e t a bl e ;

thi s t e r m t r a cin g i t s o ri g i n di r e ctly fr o m t h e L a tin

v e r b c o quer e t o cook wh e nc e we h a v e t h e I t a li a n
, ,

c u c hi n a t h e F r e n ch c u i s i n e
,
t h e G e r m a n ki tc he a n d
, ,

t h e E n g l i s h ki t c hen A popul a r s a ti ri c po e m of
.

t h e thi r t e e nt h c e ntu ry e ntitl e d ,

Th e L a n d of
C o c k ayg n e ,
”
Kitch e n L a nd d r a ws a pictu r e ,

o f an i m a g i n a ry Foo l s P a r a di s e wh er e th e r e i s
’
,

n othin g b ut e a tin g a n d d r inkin g wh e r e c a r e t r oubl e , , ,

a n d toil fi n d no p l a c e — a d e s i r a bl e count ry fo r tho s e

m onk s of t h e C hu r ch who d e li g ht in t h e pl e a s u r e s
of t h e t a bl e r a th e r th a n t h e ob s e r v a nc e o f th e i r
s pi r itu a l e x e r ci s e s Aft e r thi s p e r fo r m a n c e t h e t e r m
.

C o ck a i gn e o r Co c k a y gn e g r a du a lly c a m e t o b e
2 40 N a mes : a nd thei r M ean i ng .

s p e lt in it s p re s e nt fo r m fi r s t a pp e a re d on t h e titl e
“
p ag e of Th e U n iv e r s a l J e s t e r : a choic e coll e ction
of bon mo ts a n d hum bug s publi s h e d by F e r n a nd o
,
”

Killi g r e w a bout t h e y e a r 1 7 3 6 Th e a s s u r a nc e th a t
.

H u m bu g i s of s uch ol d d a t e c an s c ar c e ly t e nd to o u r
s a ti s fa ction
.
 M A L T L I Q UO B S .

T t he p r e s e nt d a y t h e t e r m s Al e a n d B e e r
a r e u s e d s o m e wh a t co n fu s e dly Th e fo r m e r
.
,

d e r i v e d fr o m t h e L a ti n v e r b a l er e to n o u r i s h , ,

i s t h e r e a l n a m e of o u r n a tio n a l b e v e r a g e , which t o ,

j u d g e fr o m i t s i n toxic a ti n g e ffe ct s m u s t i n t h e d ay s
, ,

of o u r fo r e fa t h e r s h a v e b e e n a v e r y s t r o n g d r i n k
ind e e d Th e l a tt e r on t h e oth e r h a nd i s e s s e n t i a lly
. , ,

a S a xon wo r d m odifi e d fr o m t h e m od e r n G e r m a n
,

s p e llin g bi er ,an d u se d t o d en om in at e t h e li g ht e r
kind s of fe r m e n t ed liquo r s g e n e r a lly a s w e l l a s ,

oth e r d r i n k s ob t a i n e d fr o m t h e r oot s o r l e a v e s o f
pl a nt s s u ch a s G I N
,
G E R -B E E R S P RU C E B E E R & c W e
,
-
, .

s till sp eak o f Ol d Al e s ; wh e r e a s S m a ll B e e r
i ndic a t e s a li q u o r of v e r y poo r q u a lity .

I n fo r m e r ti m e s t h e o nly v a r i e ti e s of m a lt li q uo r
i n th i s co u nt r y w e r e Al e a n d B e e r t h e o n e s t r on g
, ,

t h e oth e r co m p a r a tiv e ly w e a k To th e s e a th i r d
.
,

p opul a r ly d es c r ib e d a s Tw o p e n n y wa s e v e nt u a lly
,

a dd e d. H ow e v e r it wa s r a r e th a t a n y o n e of t h e s e
,

th r e e w a s d e m a n d e d s in g ly ; it b e i n g t h e cu s to m ,

p a r tic ul a r ly in L o n don fo r t h e w o r ki n g -cl a s s e s to

,

- -
c a l l e ith e r fo r H a lf a n d H a lf o r Thr e e Th i r d s ,

m e a nin g a t a nk a r d fi ll e d with e qu a l po rtion s of a l e

1 6
2 42 N a mes : and the i r M ea n i ng .

and beer ,
or b e e r a n d twop e nny Thi s
of ale, , .

c u s to m r e m a i n e d i n vo g u e u ntil t h e y e ar 1 7 3 0 ,

w h e n it occ u r r e d t o M r H a r wood a b re w e r of E a s t .
,

Lo n d o n t o p r e p a r e a liq u o r a n a lo g o u s t o t h e m ix
,

t u r e of a l e b e e r a n d t wop e n n y ; a n d th u s s a v e t h e
, ,

t i m e of t h e t a v e r n k e e p e r s wh o we r e co m p e ll e d to
-
,

serve e a ch c u s t o m e r fro m th r e e diffe r e n t c a s k s .

Al m o s t i m m e di a t e ly th e r e fo r e h e i n t ro d u c e d t h e
, ,

m a lt l iquo r k n o w n a s En t i r e b e c a u s e it wa s d r a w n ,

en t i r e fr o m o n e c a s k I t wa s fi r s t r e t a il e d a t t h e
.

s i g n of
“
Th e B l u e L a s t i n C u r t a in Ro a d S ho r e , ,

d itch w h e r e i t s oo n c a m e to b e i n a ctiv e d e m a n d
,

by t h e C ity po r t e r s wh o m a d e thi s hou s e t h e i r

,

r e g ul a r r e s o r t w h e r e u po n t h e e n t e r p r i s i n g public a n
,

a d r oitly c a l l e d it P o r t e r Th e wo r d Enti r e s til l

.

a pp e a r s u pon t h e fa ci a bo a r d s of nu m e r o u s t a v e r n s
-

t h r o u g h o u t t h e M e t r opo l i s ; but who think s of c a ll

i n g fo r E n t i r e a t t h e p re s e nt d a y ! By t h e t e r m
S t o u t i s i m pli e d a m a lt l iq u o r of t h e s tout e s t
q u a lity i e h a vi n g t h e m o s t body in it
, . .
, .

S t i n g o e xp r e s s e s a n old b e e r of p a rticul a r s h a r p
n e s s i n a ll u s ion to i t s s ti ng i ng p r op e r ti e s ; whil e
,

Y o r k s h i r e S t i n g o i s of co u r s e p e culi a r to t h e , ,

cou n ty of Yo r k O r i g in a lly t h e S i n g l e X d i s pl a y e d
.

o n b ee r -b a rr e l s d e n ot e d th a t t h e liq u o r h a d p a id a
t e n s hillin g s d u t y Th e a ddition a l X s a r e m e r e ly
’ ’
.

b r e we r s t r a d e m a r k s indic atin g v a r iou s d e g r e e s of

’
-
,

s t r e n g th ov e r a n d a bov e th a t of t h e s i n g l e X a l e .

Conc e r ni n g G e r m a n b e e r s we n e e d only a ll ud e to ,

M u m o r Mu m m wh ich i s p e culi a r to B r un swick

, , ,

and nam ed a ft e r Ch r i s toph M u m m e who fi rs t ,

 D IA M O N D S A N D P RE CI O US
S TON E S .

H E wo d D i am o n d
r co r r uption o f a n d
is a ,

s ynony m ou s w ith Ad am a n t d e r iv e d fr o m
, ,

t h e G r e e k a d a ma s u nt a m a bl e ,
infr a n g ibl e , ,

n o t t o b e s u bd u e d in a cco r d a n c e w ith t h e p r e fix a
, ,

without a n d d a ma s to t a m e to s ubdu e As e v e ry
, , ,
.

o n e m u s t b e a w a re t h e di a m on d i s c a p a bl e of r e s i s t
,

i n g fi re .

Th e g r e a t di a m ond s of t h e wo r ld a r e t h e fo l l o wi n g
Th e K o h i n o o r , o r M o u nt a in of Li g ht w e i g hin g
”
,

1 06 c a r a t s c a m e into t h e po s s e s s ion of Q u e e n
,

V icto r i a on t h e a nn e x a tion of t h e P u nj a u b in 1 8 49
t h e M a t t a n ( 3 67 c a r a t s) b e lon g s to t h e R aj a h o f
M a tt a n t h e Or l o ff ( 1 9 4 c a r a t s ) p re s e r v e s t h e fa m ily
n a m e of C a th e r in e I I of R u s s i a who p u r ch a s e d i t
.
,

in 1 7 7 5 t h e Sh a h ( 8 6 c a r a t s ) p r e s e nt e d by C h o s ro e s
,

I S h a h of P e r s i a w h o di e d i n t h e y e a r 57 9 to t h e
.
, , ,

C z a r of Ru s s i a ; t h e S t ar o f t h e S o u t h ( 2 54 c a r a t s ) ,

di s cov e r e d in B r a z il by a poo r n e g r e s s in 1 8 53 t h e
S au c i ( 1 0 6 c a r a t s) o r i g i n a lly t h e p r o p e r ty of a
,

F r e nch g e ntl e m a n of thi s n a m e a n d bou g ht by t h e ,

Ru s s i a n C z a r fo r h a lf a m illion r oub l e s in 1 8 3 5 t h e
Re g e n t a l s o known a s t h e P i t t ( 1 3 7 c a ra t s ) fi r st
, ,
 D i a mon d s and P r ec i o us S t o n es . 2 45

a cqui r e d by M r P itt t h e g r a ndfa th e r of t h e E a r l

.
,

of C h ath a m a n d s ub s e q u e ntly s old to t h e D u c

,
’
d O rl e a n s ,
R ege nt of F r a nc e fo r t he
,

Pi got t c a r a t s) b r ou ght fr o m I n di a by Lo r d
,

P i g ott s o m e ti m e p r e viou s to 1 8 1 8 wh e n it c a m e into ,

t h e po s s e s s ion of M e s s r s Rund e ll a n d B r id g e ; t h e
.

D u d l e y (44% c a r a t s) foun d a t t h e C a p e by a bl a ck
,

S h e ph e r d in 1 8 68 a n d a ft e r v a r iou s ch a n g e s o f
, ,

own e r s hip bo u g ht by t h e E a r l of D u dl e y fo r
,

a n d t h e T w i n D i a m o n d s both foun d in ,

t h e b e d of t h e r iv e r V a a l a t t h e C a p e in 1 8 7 2 .

r S —
With r e g a r d t o p e ciou s ton e s t h e T u r qu o i s
d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m Tu r k e y wh e re it wa s fi r s t ,

found ; t h e T o p a z fr o m To p a z o s a n i s l a nd i n t h e
, ,

Re d S e a ; a n d t h e Ag at e fr o m t h e G r e e k Acha t es a
, ,

r iv e r I n S icily in t h e b e d of which it wa s a nci e ntly

,

d i s cov e r e d . Th e t e r m Am e t h y s t co m e s fr o m t h e
G r e e k a methustos a p r e cio u s s ton e a n d Op a l th r ou g h
, , ,

t h e L a tin op u l u s fr o m t h e S a n s k r it op u l a a p r e ciou s
, ,

s to n e. Em e r a l d t r a c e s i t s o r i g in th r ou g h t h e
F r e nch emer au d e to t h e L a tin a n d G r e e k o ma r ag d us
G ar n e t th r ou g h t h e F r e nch gr en a t fro m t h e L atin
, ,

g r a n a t us ; a n d R u b y f r o m t h e L a,
tin r u ber red , .

P e ar l i s a n An g lo S a xon wo r d d e riv e d fr o m t h e
-

L a ti n pi r u l a a di m inutiv e of p e a r
,
.

W e m a y conv e ni e ntly a d d th a t t h e w e i g ht o f
p r e ciou s s to n e s a s w e l l a s th a t o f g old i s r e g ul a t e d
, ,

by C ar at s b e c a u s e fo r m e r ly c a r a t s e e d s o r t h e s e e d
, ,

of t h e Aby s s in i a n co r a l flow e r w e re e m ploy e d fo r

thi s pu r po s e .
 N A VA L A N D M I L I TA R Y
S OB RI Q UE TS .

H E Ro m a n M a nliu s ( a ppoint e d C on s u l in t he
y e ar c iv d n of T
’
2 24 )
B C . e . e t hre
e a m e o r

q u a t u s f r o m t h e in cid e nt of h a vin g t o m t h e

g old e n ton g u e o r coll a r fr o m t h e n e ck of h i s a dv er s a r y

in t h e fi e ld C h a r l e s t h e s o n of P e pin d He r i s t a l
.
,
’
,

w a s s u r n a m e d M ar t e l in r e co g nition of h i s victo ry
ov e r t h e S a r a c e n s who a tt e m pt e d t h e inv a s ion of
,

Fr a nc e in t h e y e a r 7 3 2 Acco r din g to t h e ch r on ic l e r
.
,

h e knock e d down t h e fo e a n d c r u s h e d th e m b e tw e e n
h i s a x e a s a m a r t e l o r h a m m e r c r u s h e s wh a t it
,
”
s t r ik e s
. Rob e rt D uk e of N o r m a n d y t h e fa th e r of
, ,

Wil li a m t h e C on q u e r o r ( di e d bo re t h e n a m e
of Ro b e rt l e D i a b l e o r Ro b e rt t h e D e v i l on
, ,

a c count of h i s cou r a g e ou s c r u e lty in wa r Th e .

S cotti s h outl aw S i r Will i a m W a l l a c e ( bo r n 1 2 7 0 b e

, ,

h e a d e d 1 3 0 5) wa s s tyl e d Th e H a mm er a n d Sc o u r g e
,

o f En g l a n d by r e a s on of h i s p a t r ioti s m Willi a m
.

D ou g l a s Lo r d of N ith s d a l e ( di e d
, wa s known
a s B l a ck D o u l a s b e c a u s e h i s fr a m e wa s t a ll
g ,

s t r on g a n d w e l l -
, built whil e h i s h a i r wa s d a r k a n d
,

h i s co m pl e xion s wa r thy A r chib a ld D ou g l a s E a r l

.
,

o f An g u s ( di e d m e r it e d t h e s ob r iqu e t of B e ll
248 . N a mes and th ei r M ea n i ng .

h is n o se ! it wa s N e v e r th e l e s s th e r e h a v e
Yet so .
,

b e e n oth e r s who s e p e a c e of m i n d w a s d a ily th r e a t e n e d

by pop u l a r m a lic e in thi s s e lfs a m e r e s p e ct Ev e n .

t h e g r e a t Ro m a n po e t Ovid s u ffe r e d a life lo n g

m a r ty r d o m a n d b e c a m e t h e r e c ipi e nt of t h e s ob r iqu e t
,

o f N aso o w i n g to t h e po s s e s s ion of a n u n u s u a lly

,

l a r g e n o s e ; j u s t a s in m od e r n t i m e s Wil s o n t h e ,

p a i n t e r
,
a n d C e r v e t t o t h e v i o l i n c e l
, l i s t of D r u ry L a n e

Th e a t r e n e v e r s uc c e e d e d in p u ttin g th e i r h e a d s out
,

of th e i r o wn doo r s without b e in g g r e e t e d with s hout s

of N o s e y ! fr o m t h e m o b .

Th e D u k e of C u m b e r l a n d ( bo r n 1 7 2 1 di e d 1 7 65) ,

r i g htly d e s e rv e d t h e opp r ob r io u s s u r n a m e of Th e
B l o o d y B u t ch e r o n a cco u n t of h i s m e r cil e s s
s l a u g ht e r o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d a dh e r e nt s of t h e Y o u n g

P r e t e n d e r a ft e r t h e B a ttl e of C ullod e n Th e s oldi e r s .

of t h e D u k e o f M a r lbo r o u g h ( bo r n 1 650 di e d 1 7 2 2 ) ,

fa m ili a r ly s tyl e d th e i r l e a d e r C o r p o r a l Jo h n b e c a u s e
h e h a d r i s e n fr o m t h e r a nk of Co r po r a l ; wh il e
G e n e r a l Bon a p a r t e a ft e r wa r d s E m p e r o r of t h e
,

F r e n ch ( bo r n 1 7 69 di e d ,
bo r e t h e n a m e of
Th e L i t t l e C o r p o r a l in a llu s ion to h i s o r i g in a l ,

ran k ,
h i s low s t a tu r e youthfu l a pp e a r a nc e a n d , ,

e xt r a o r di n a r y c o u r a g e AS m o s t r e a d e r s a r e a w a r e
.
,

W e llin g t o n ( bo r n 1 7 69 di e d 1 8 52 ) e a rn e d t h e n a m e
,

of Th e Ir o n D u k e by h i s i r o n will a n d r e s ol u tio n
a n d B l u ch e r ( b o r n 1
74 2 di e d 1 8 1 9) th a t
,
of M a r s h a l
F o r w ar d by h i s d a s h a n d r e a di n e s s t o a tt a ck t h e
,

e n e my in t h e c a m p a i g n w hich t e r m i n a t e d In t h e
B a ttl e o f W a t e r l o o P r i n c e B i s m a r ck t h e l a t e
.
,

C h an c e ll o r o f t h e G e r m a n E m pi r e ( b o r n 1 8 1 5) o we d
 N a va l a nd M i l i ta ry S o br i q uets . 2 49

h is su r n a m e o f Th e Ir o n Ch a n c e ll o r t o h i s e xt r a
-

o r din a ry v i go u r a n d i n d o m it a bl e w ill H e l m u th .
,

C o u n t von M o l t k e Fi e l d M a r s h a l o f t h e G e r m a n
-
,

a r m i e s ( bo r n 1 8 0 0 di e d , w a s pop u l a r ly s u r n a m e d
H e lmu t h t h e T a c i t u r n b e c a u s e th o u g h a m a s t e r,

of h a lf a d o z e n l a n g u a g e s h e w a s n e v e r kn o wn t o ,

b e t r a y h i s pl a n s i n o n e of th e m Th e s ob r i q u e t .

of S t o n e w a ll Ja ck s o n po s s e s s e d by Tho m a s ,

J o n a th a n J a ck s o n t h e C onfe d e ra t e G e n e r a l in t h e
,

A m e r ic a n W a r o f 1 8 61 to 1 8 65 o r i g in a t e d w ith
,

G e n e r a l L e e w h o a ft e r r a l lyi n g h i s t r o o p s a t t h e
, ,

B a ttl e of B u l l Ru n e xcl a i m e d Th e r e i s J a ck s o n
, , ,

s t a n di n g l ik e a s to n e w a l l I A l e s s co m pli m e n t a r y
s ob r i q u e t b e s t o we d u po n G e n e r a l And r e w J a ck s o n ,

P r e s id e nt of t h e U n it e d S t a t e s ( bo rn 1 7 67 di e d ,

by h i s o wn s oldi e r s wa s t h a t of Ol d ,

H i ck o r y i n a l lu s i o n to h i s tou g h u nyi e ldi n g d i s

, ,

p o s iti o n . Th e ci r cu m s t a n c e i s thu s co m m e n t e d
u po n by P a r to n t h e a u tho r of J a ck s o n s L ife
,
’

“
Th e n a m e o f O l d Hi c kory w a s n o t a n i n s t a nt a n e o u s
I n s pi r a ti o n b u t a g r o wth
,
Fi r s t o f a l l t h e r e m a r k
.
,

w a s m a d e by s o m e s o ldi e r wh o w a s s t r uck w ith h i s ,

c o m m a n d e r s p e d e s t r i a n pow e r s th a t t h e G e n e r a l
’

w a s to u g h N e xt it w a s ob s e r v e d th a t h e w a s a s
.
,

t o u g h a s hicko r y Th e n h e wa s c a ll e d Hi c ko ry
. .

L a s tly t h e a ffe ctio n a t e a dj e cti v e o l d wa s p r e

,
‘ ’

fix e d a n d t h e G e n e r a l th e n c e fo r th r ej o ic e d in t h e
,

co m pl e t e d n ick n a m e u s u a l ly t h e fi rs t won honou r

,
-

of a g r e a t c o m m a nd e r .
”

Of n a v a l s ob r iq u e t s w e s h a l l m e n tio n o n ly th r e e .

C o m m odo r e J ohn By r o n t h e ci r cu m n a vi g a to r ( bo r n
,
2 50 N a mes and thei r M ea n i ng .

1 7 23 , di e d pop u l
wa s
a r ly known a s F ou l
W e a t h e r Ja ck b e c a u s e it wa s s a id h e n e v e r , ,

e nj oy e d a fi n e p a s s a g e th r ou g hout t h e whol e of h i s

e xp e r i e nc e Ad m i r a l E dw a r d V e r no n ( bo r n 1 68 4
.
,

di e d 1 7 57 t o who m r e fe r e n c e i s m a d e in o u r a r ticl e
,

“
S P I RI T S w a s c a ll e d Ol d Gr o g fr o m h i s h a bit of
”
on , ,

w e a r in g g r o g r a m b r e e ch e s i n di r ty w e a th e r
“ ”
.

Ad m i ra l S H e n y D i g by r e c e iv e d h i s w e l l k n own
i r r -

s ob r i q u e t of Th e S i l v e r C a p t a i n und e r t h e fo llow

i n g int e r e s ti n g ci r c u m s t a nc e s — O n t h e O ctob e r 1 4 ,

1 7 9 w h e n co m m a ndi n g t h e fr i g a t e Al c men e on a
9 , ,

c r ui s e off t h e Sp a ni s h co a s t h e s h a p e d h i s cou r s e ,

fo r C a p e St Vinc e nt a n d w a s r u n nin g to t h e s o u th
.
,
.

w a r d i n t h e l a titud e of C a p e Fi n i s t e r r e
, T wic e .

du r in g t h e ni g ht h e r a n g h i s b e ll to s u m m on t h e
o ffic e r on t h e w a tch a n d a s k e d h i m if a n y p e r s on
,
”
h a d b e e n in t h e c a bin N o S i r ; n ob o dy
. wa s t h e
, ,

a n s we r V e ry o d d r ej oin e d S i r H e n ry Ev e r y
“
. .
,

ti m e I d r opp e d a s l e e p I h e a r d s o m e body S houtin g in

my e ar ,
D i g by ! D i g by ! g o to t h e n o rth w a r d ;
‘

D i g by ! Di g by ! g o t o t h e no r thw a r d ! I sh al l c e r ’

t a i n l y do s o T a k e a noth e r r e e f in yo u r top s a il s
.
,

h a ul you r wi n d t a ck e v e ry ho u r till d a yb re a k a n d
, ,

th e n c a l l m e Th e s e o r d e rs w e r e s t r ictly c a r r i e d
.
”

out a n d t h e fr i g a t e wa s t a ck e d a t fo u r a t fi v e a t s i x
, , , ,

a n d a t s e v e n o clock S h e h a d j u s t co m e r o u nd fo r
’
.

t h e l a s t t i m e w h e n t h e m a n a t t h e m a s th e a d c a ll e d
“ ”
out , L a r g e S hip on t h e w e a th e r -bow s i r ! On ,

n e a r in g h e r a m u s k e t w a s di s ch a r g e d to b r in g h e r to .

S h e wa s quickly bo a r d e d wh e n s h e p r ov e d to b e a
,

S p a ni s h v e s s e l l a d e n with doll a r s in a ddition to a ,

 H E wo r d M o n e y ow e s it s xi s t e nc e t o
e

M on et a o n e o f t h e s u r n a m e s of J uno in
, ,

w ho s e t e m pl e t h e fi rs t coin a g e of t h e Ro m a n s
t ook pl a c e Mi n t cl a i m s t h e s a m e e ty m olo g y b e in g
.
,

a cont r a ction of t h e L a ti n m o n eta b r ou g ht a bout

,

th r ou g h t e An g l S a xon my n et
h o - . By S t e r li n g
M o n e y i s m e a nt t h e s t a n d a r d coin of G r e a t B r it a in ,

a n d fo r thi s r e a s on — D u r in g t h e r e i g n of Kin g J ohn

t h e m e r ch a nt s of t h e H a n s a Town s of which t h e ,

inh a bit a nt s w e r e co m m o n ly d e s c r ib e d a s E s t e r li n g s ,

b e c a u s e th e y r e s id e d i n t h e e a s t e r n po r tio n s of
G e r m a ny h a vin g lon g b e e n not e d fo r t h e p u r ity of
,

th e i r coin a g e t h e ki n g i n vit e d a n u m b e r of th e m
,

o v e r to t hi s co u nt ry fo r t h e p u r po s e of r e fo r m i n g
a n d p e r fe ctin g o u r coi n a g e . Th e i n vi t a ti o n wa s
a c c e pt e d ; a n d e v e r a ft e r wa r d s g ood E n g li s h m on e y

r e c e i v e d t h e n a m e of E s t e r l i n r s t e r lin m on y
g o g e .

A Gu i n e a wa s a n E n g li s h g old pi e c e fi r s t s t r u ck
i n 1 663 o u t of g old b r ou g ht fr o m t h e co a s t of G u in e a ,

W e s t Afr ic a It s v a lu e h a s b e e n s ubj e ct t o fl uc t u a
.

t io n s a t diffe r e n t p e r iod s . Thu s in 1 663 it wa s

,

w o r th z o s ; i n 1 69 5 3 O S ; i n 1 7 1 7 2 1 S ; i n 1 8 1 0
.
, .
,
.
,

2 2 s 6 d ; a n d i n 1 8 1 6 2 6s
. .
, . Th e c o in a g e of g uin e a s
 M o n ey . 2 53

wa s di s continu e d J uly 1 1 8 1 7 A S o v e r e i gn i s s o
,
.

c a ll e d b e c a u s e wh e n o r i g i n a lly coin e d du r i n g t h e ,

r e i g n of H e n ry V I I I it bo re a r e p r e s e n t a t ion of
.
,

th a t s ov e r e i g n in h i s r oy a l r ob e s A C r o w n p i e c e -
.

wh e n fi rs t int r oduc e d di s pl a y e d a c r own on i t s r e v e r s e

s id e . Th e Fl o r i n took i t s n a m e fr o m Flo r e nc e in ,

which c ity it wa s s t r u ck a s lon g a g o a s t h e thi r t e e nth

c e nt u ry It s r e v e r s e S id e h a s a lwa y s b o r n e a re p r e
.

s e n t a t i o n of a lily e m bl e m a tic a l of
,
“
Th e C ity of
Th e t e r m Sh i ll i n g t r a c e s i t s o r i g in in t h e
”
Flo we r s .

An g lo S a xon sc i l l i ng t h e I c e l a ndic ski l l i ng e a n d t h e

-
, ,

Gothic ski l l i ggs in e a ch c a s e d e noti n g t h e t w e nt i e th

,

p a r t of a p ound a s a t p r e s e nt A P e n n y s o c a ll e d
, .
,

fr o m t h e A n g lo S a xon p en ig a n d D a n i s h p enn ig
-
,

( wh e nc e t h e m od e r n G e r m a n P h e n n i g h a s b e e n
d e r iv e d ) o r i g in a l ly d e not e d a copp e r coin of fu l l
,

v a l u e ; a H a lfp e n n y t h e h a lf of a p e nny ; a n d a
,

F a r t hi n g a g r e e a bly to t h e An g lo S a xo n feo d ha a
,
-
,

fou r th a p e nny divid e d into fou r p a r t s W e m u s t

, .

not o m it to m e ntion th a t in old e n t i m e s only p e nny

pi e c e s w e r e s t r uck ; a n d t h e s e w e r e d e e ply ind e nt e d
r —
i n t e fo m of a c r o s s e x a ctly in fa ct a ft e r t h e
h , ,

m a nn e r o f o u r Good F r id a y b un s s o t h a t wh e n h a lf
p e nn i e s o r fa r thin g s w e r e r e qui r e d t h e p e nni e s coul d
b e b r ok e n into t wo o r fou r po r tion s withou t
di ffi culty .

A m o n g coin s oth e r th a n t ho s e n o w cu rr e nt in thi s .

count ry we m ay m e ntion t h e D u c at o r D uk e s ,
’

M on e y s p e ci a lly s t r uck fo r ci r cul a tio n in t h e D uchy

,

of Apuli a in t h e y e a r 1 1 40 a n d wh ich bo r e t hi s ,

b e a utiful in s c r ipt io n S i t t ibi C h r i s ti d a t u s qu e m, ,

 2 54 N a mes and thei r M ea n i ng .

“
t u r e g i s i s t e duc a t u s ( M a y th i s d u chy which
,

You r u l e b e d e vot e d to You O , and t he

N o b l e s o c a ll e d o n a cco u nt of t h e s u p e r io r ity of i t s
,

g old . D u r i n
g t h e r e i g n of H e n r y III thi s g ol d
. pi e c e

fo u n d i t s wa y i n to En g l a n d u n d e r t h e n a m e of Ro s e
N o b l e o w i n g t o t h e i m p r e s s ion of a r o s e on i t s
,

re v e r s e s id e ; b ut i n t h e r e i g n of H e n ry V I I I
s i m u lt a n e o u s with t h e s ub s titution of t h e fi g u r e of

St . G e o rg e it w a s d e s i g n a t e d a G e o r g e -N o b l e
, .

Th e v a l u e of thi s coin a t both p e r iod s w a s s i x -a n d

e i g htp e n c e Th e c u r r e n t v a l u e of a n An g e l s o
.
,

s tyl e d fr o m t h e a n g e l on i t s r e v e r s e S id e wa s wh e n , ,

int oduc d
r e i n t h e r e ig n of H n y V I s x a n d e i g ht
e r i - -
.
,

p e n c e ; b u t a t t h e a c c e s s ion o f Eliz a b e th it h a d
i nc r e a s e d t o t e n S hillin g s .

h -
T e Th i s t l e c r o wn of J a m e s V I of S cotl a n d .

( J a m e s I of . E n g l a n d ) v a lu e, fo u r s hi lli n g s w a s s o ,

c a ll e d b e c a u s e it h a d a r o se o n o n e s id e a n d a thi s tl e
o n t h e oth e r ; both s u r m ount e d by a c r ow n Th e .

S c o tti s h s ov e r e i g n o f thi s p e r i o d wa s s tyl e d a

Ja c o b u s t h e L a ti n iz e d fo r m of t h e Ki n g s n a m e
’
.
,

Aft e r t h e u n ion of t h e two cou n t r i e s it b e c a m e of ,

c ou r s e cu r re n t i n E n g l a nd a l s o ; b ut i n t h e t wo s u c
,

c e e d i n g r e i g n s it w a s d e n o m in a t e d a Ca r o ll u s t h e ,

L a ti n iz e d d e s c r ipti o n o f C h a r l e s A F r e n ch g old .

c oin lo n g c u r r e n t in S c o tl a n d wa s t h e D o lp h i n ,

which d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fro m t h e fa ct of i t s i n t r o d u c
t i o n by Ch a r l e s V wh o wa s a l s o D a u ph in of
.
,

Vi e n n e . Th e F r e nch L o u i s d o r lit e r a lly S i g n i ’

fi e d t h e g old o f Ki n g Lo u i s w h ich coi n w a s a t ,

l e n g th s up e r s e d e d by t h e N a p o l e o n du r in g t h e ,
2 56 N a m es : and t h ei r M ea n i n g .

known as S t o ck ,
o r G o v e r n m e n t S t o ck in a l l ion ,
us

to t h e ori g i n o f t h e t e r m v iz t h e A n g lo S xo n
,
.
,
- a

s t o c c a t r u n k a s tick ; b e c a u s e p r i o r to t h e y e a r 1 7 8 2
, , ,

w h e n t h e p r a ctic e w a s a bol i s h e d t h e o ffici a l a ck n o w

,

l e d g m e nt of m o n e y r e c e iv e d on b e h a lf of t h e G o v e r n
m e n t w a s w r itt e n o n b oth s id e s o f a b r o a d pi e c e of
wood w h ich w a s th e n c u t i n t w o ; a n d t h e o n e p o r
,

t io n c a ll e d t h e Stock wa s d e liv e r e d t o th e p e r s o n
‘

, ,

l e n din g t h e m o n e y t h e C o u n t e r s tock b e i n g r e t a i n e d
,

a t t h e T a lly Offic e Th e in s t r u m e nt of r e cko n i n g

.

i n thi s m a n n e r w a s s tyl e d t h e T a ll y i n a cco r d a n c e ,

w ith t h e F r e n ch v e r b t a i l l er t o c u t ; w hil e t h e c o r
,

r e s po n d e nc e of t h e Stock a n d C o u n t e r s t o ck o r i n , ,

oth e r w o r d s t h e t wo po r tio n s o f t h e T a lly fu r n i s h e d

, ,

“
t h e o r i g i n of t h e m o d e r n ph r a s e t o t a lly a s w e ll
”
,

a s t h e d e s i g n a t i o n T ALL Y M AN o r a t r a d e r w h o l e t s
,

o u t g o o d s p r i n cip a lly clothi n g o n t h e s y s t e m o f p a y

, ,

m e n t by w e e kly i n s t a l m e n t s Th e wo r d C o n s o l s i s
.

”
a co n t r a ctio n o f C o n s ol id a t e d An n u iti e s o r t h e ,

fo u n d e d p o r ti o n of t h e N a ti o n a l D e bt Th e fu n d
!

which p r ovid e s fo r t h e a n n u a l r e d u c t io n o f t h e l a tt e r
i s s tyl e d t h e S i n k i n g F u n d Th e F r e nch St a t e
.

Lo a n s k n o wn a s T o n t i n e s p e r p e tu a t e t h e n a m e o f
L a w r e n c e T o n t i a N e a polit a n pr o teg e of C a r di n a l
,

M a z a r i n e w h o p r oj e ct e d t h e s ch e m e in 1 6 53
,
Th e .

a n n u a l s t a t e m e n t by t h e C h a nc e llo r of t h e Exch e q u e r

of t h e fin a n c e s o f thi s cou n t r y i s c a ll e d t h e B u d g e t ,

a g r e e a bly t o t h e F r e nch bo ug ett a a littl e b a g , b e cau se

fo r m e r ly t h e v a r i o u s docu m e nt s w e r e p r e s e n t e d t o
P a r li a m e n t i n a l e a th e r n b ag .
 S P I RI TS .

UM i s n a tiv e W e s t I n di a n t e r m fo r a s pi r it
a

di s till e d fr o m c a n e j u ic e ; Wh i sk y i s a n
-

E n g li s h r e nd e r in g of t h e I r i s h Ui s qu e
b a u g h d e r iv e d fr o m t h e t wo G a e li c wo r d s u i sque
, , ,

w a t e r a n d fea t ha life ; B r a n d y i s a cont r a ctio n of

, ,

t h e O l d En g li s h br a n dwi n e li t e r a lly b u r nt win e ;

,

whil e Gi n i s s h o r t fo r G e n e v a wh e r e th i s s pi r it w a s
,

fi r s t di s till e d H o ll an d s i s t h e pop u l a r E n g l i s h
.

n a m e fo r D utch g i n C o gn a c a F re n ch b r a n dy of
.
,

t h e b e s t q u a lity ow e s i t s d e s i g n a tion t o t h e t o wn
,

of which it fo r m s t h e s t a pl e in d u s t ry ; a n d N a n t e s
t o t h e po r t wh e re it i s s hipp e d Ol d To m w a s .

n a m e d a ft e r To m C h a m b e r l a in t h e s e nio r p a r tn e r
,

i n M e s s r s H od g e s w e l l known di s till e r y
.
’
- .

Th e t e r m P u n ch t r a c e s i t s o r i g i n to t h e H indoo
t ch s i g nifyin g fi v e b e c a u s e thi s fa vo u r it e con
p a u s , ,

c oction o r i g in a lly con s i s t e d of fi ve in g re di e nt s viz , .

,

a r r a ck ,
s u gar ,
t ea l e m on s a n d w a t e r ; wh e r e a s
, ,

T o d d y i s a w e s t e r n co rr uption of ta u d i t h e n a tiv e ,

H indoo n a m e fo r p a l m j uic e Th e wo r d Gr o g
- .

“ ”
p e r p e t u a t e s t h e m e m o ry of O l d G r o g t h e n ick ,

n a m e of Ad m i r a l E d wa r d V e r non who fi r s t o r d e r e d ,

h i s s a ilo r s to d ilut e th e i r r u m with w a t e r [see O L D

G RO G] .
2 58 N a m es : and t he i r M ea n i ng .

S cotch whi s ky i s u s u a lly s tyl e d M o u n t ai n De w ,

fr o m t h e fa ct th a t in fo r m e r ti m e s it w a s o ft e n d i s
t il l e d i n t h e m o u n t a i n s i n o r d e r to e s c a p e t h e wa tch
fu l n e s s o f t h e e xci s e offic e r s Th e s u p e r io r Scotch
.

wh i s ky k n o wn a s G l e n l i v e t d e r iv e s i t s n a m e fr o m
,

t h e di s t r ict i n which it i s di s till e d Th e pop u l a r

.

LL Wh i s k y o r i g in a t e d und e r t h e followi n g c i r
c u m s t a n c e s : Wh e n t h e D uk e of Rich m on d wa s
Lo r d Li e u t e n a n t of I r e l a nd h e o n e d ay in t h e y e a r
, ,

1 8 0 7 s e n t to v a r iou s D u blin di s till e r i e s fo r s a m pl e s

,

o f th e i r b e s t w hi s ky ; a n d p r e fe r r i n g th a t fu r ni s h e d
‘

by M e s s r s Ki n a h a n h i s G r a c e o r d e r e d a l a rg e v a t
.
,

i n which thi s p a r tic u l a r qu a lity of t h e s pi r it wa s

k e pt to b e r e s e r v e d fo r h i s own u s e Acco r din g ly t h e
.
,
“
l e tt e r s LL s i g nifyi n g Lo r d Li e ut e n a nt w e r e
,
”
,

p a int e d on t h e v a t ; a n d e v e r s inc e M e s s r s Ki n a .

h a n s whi s ky of t h e s a m e qu a lity h a s bo r n e t h e
’

n a m e of LL Whi s ky ”
.
2 60 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i n g .

Th e at r e ,
ct e d in t h e gr oun d s a tt a ch e d to t h e
e re

r e s id e n c e of t h e E a r l of D o r s e t in t h e e a r ly d a y s of

t h e R e s to r a tion .W h i t e fr a i r s S t r e e t m a r k s t h e
w e s t e r n bound a ry of t h e m o n a s t e ry of t h e C a r
m e l it e s o r Whit e F r i a r s built in 1 2 4 5
, ,
Th e whol e .

di s t r ict of Whit e fr i a r s fo r m e r ly c o m p r l s e d a S a nc
t u a ry infe s t e d by d e bto r s a n d l a wb r e a k e r s on w hich
a ccount it bo r e t h e n a m e of A l sa t i a in a ll u s ion t o
,

t h e F r e n ch p r ovinc e of Al s a c e lon g n oto r iou s fo r i t s

,

int e s tin e s t r ife a n d p olitic a l d i s a ffe ction B r i d g e .

S t r e e t i s a m od e r n th o r o u g hfa r e l e a din g t o B l a ck
fr a i r s B r i d g e a n d B l a ck fr i ar s Ro a d s o c a l l e d ,

fr o m t h e m on a s t e ry of t h e D o m i n ic a n s o r Bl a ck
F r i a r s e s t a bli s h e d on t h e s it e of P r i n t i n g Ho u se
Squ ar e a n d t h e Ti m es o ffic e a bo u t t h e y e a r 1 2 7 6,
.

W a t e r L an e w a s o r i g in a lly a n a r r o w l a n e windin g
d o wn t o t h e Th a m e s .

Lu d g a t e Hi ll d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e o l d
L u d G a t e b u ilt by Kin g L u d in t h e y e a r 66 B C o n
,
. .

t h e s pot w h e r e t h e London Ch a th a m a n d D ov e r , ,

R a i lw a y n o w c r o s s e s thi s bu s y th o r o u g hfa r e Th e .

g a t e w a s r e m ov e d i n 1 7 6 0 L a B e ll. e S a u v a g e
Y ar d wa s fo r m e r ly t h e c o a c h ya r d of t h e c e l e b r a t e d
In n of t hi s n a m e Th e Ol d B a i l e y i s a c o r r u ption
.

of B a i l Hi l l which c o nt a i n e d t h e r e s id e n c e a n d cou rt
,

of t h e B a i l o r B a iliff fr o m v e ry e a r ly ti m e s Th e
, ,
.

B r o a d w a y wa s doubtl e s s con s id e re d a fi n e tho r ou g h

fa r e i n t h e d a y s w h e n Lond o n s t r e e t s g e n e r a lly
w e r e s o n a r r ow th a t opp o s it e n e i g hbou r s could s h a k e
h nd out of th e i r t o p s t o r y wi n d o w s F r i a r
a s - .

S t r e e t wa s d e s i g n a t e d a ft e r t h e B l a ck Fr i a r s r
 L o n d on S t r eet s a nd S qu a r es . 2 61

M on a s t e ry . S er m o n L an e co rr uption o f is a

S e re m o n i e rs L a n e
h in which s tood t h e o ffi c e of
’
-
,

t h e m on e y -s h e a re r s o r clipp e r s a t t h e t i m e w h e n
t he M int wa s in thi s n e i g hbou r hood P au l s .
’

Ch a i n ow e d i t s n a m e to a ch a in fo r m e r ly d r a wn
a c r o s s i t s no r th e r n e xt r e m ity t h e whil e se r vic e w a s

h e l d in S t P a ul s Ol d Ch an ge wa s o r i g in a lly
.
’
.

“
known a s Th e Kin g s Exch a n ge on a ccount of t h e ’ ”

buildin g wh e r e t h e bullion wa s s to r e d conv e ni e n t to

t h e M o n e y s h e a r e r s O ffi c e a n d t h e M int
- ’
P at er .

n o s t e r Ro w r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e s t a tion e r s

w h o s ol d e li g iou t e xt
r s s p a y e book s a n d r o s ary
r r -
, ,

b e a d s fo r m e r ly c a ll e d P a ter n oster s in thi s s t r e e t

, .

Av e M ar i a L a n e C r e e d L a n e a n d Am e n C o r n e r
, , ,

b e in g of l a t e r d a t e th e i r d e s i g n a tion to co m pl e t e
,

t h e re li g i o u s m e t a pho r w a s p e r h a p s n a tu r a l W ar .

w i ck L a n e s t a n d s o n t h e S it e of a m a g nifi c e nt
p a l a c e o wn e d by t h e B e a uch a m p s E a r l s of W a r ,

w ick . Iv y L a n e c o n t a i n e d t h e ivy cl a d hou s e s of

-

t h e p r e b e n d a r i e s a tt a ch e d t o St P a u l s C a th e d ra l .
’
.

I n P a n y e r All e y m a y b e s e e n a cu r iou s s ton e l e t

i n to t h e w a l l of t h e m iddl e ho u s e on t h e e a s t S id e ,

upon wh ich a r e ch i s e l l e d t h e r ud e fi g u r e of a boy

s e a t e d on a p a nni e r o r b a s k e t a n d thi s di s tich ,

Whe n y o u h av e so ug h t t h e c ity o d r un ,

Ye t s ti ll t h i s is t h e h i gh e t g
s u dro n .

A ug u s t 2 7 , 1 68 8 .

Ch e ap s i d e p r op e r ly d e not e s th a t s id of t h e C h e a p e

wh e r e t h e r ich g old s m ith s h a d th e i r s h o p s . Th e

t e r m c heap i s S a xon fo r a m a r k e t d e r i v e d fr o m , pa n
c eu ,
2 62 N a mes : a nd t h ei r M ea n i ng .

t o buy Th e O ld E n g li s h s p e llin g of t h e n a m e of
.

thi s loc a lity wa s Ch e p e Ir o n m o n g er L a n e wa s .

t h e r e g u l a r h a bit a t io n o f t h e a r t i fi c e r s i n i r on in t h e
r e i g n of Ed wa r d I ; B r e a d S t r e e t of t h e b a k e rs ;
.

a n d F r i d a y S t r e e t of t h e fi s h m o n g e r s who s upp l i e d

t h e fa s t d a y m a r k e t s
- M i lk S t r e e t wa s t h e a n ci e nt
.

m il k m a r k e t Gu t t e r L a n e w a s o r i g in a lly Gu t h u r un
.

L a n e a ft e r t h e n a m e o f o n e o f i t s fi r s t b u ild e r s
,
.

F o st e r L an e co n t a i n s t h e C h u r ch o f S t V e d a s t .

( o th e r w i s e S t Fo s t e r.
) B i s h op of A r r a
, s in t h e

F r e n ch p r ovinc e o f A r toi s in t h e ti m e of C lovi s , .

W o o d S t r e e t c o nt a i n e d t h e r e s i d e nc e of S i r
Tho m a s Wo o d e l e ct e d S h e r iff i n 1 49 1 a n d a ft e r
, ,

w a r d s Lo r d M a yo r L awr e n c e L a n e t o ok i t s n a m e
.

fr o m t h e C hu r ch of St L a wr e n c e Gr e s h a m S t r e e t
. .
,

which p e rp e t u a t e s t h e m e m o ry o f S i r Tho m a s
G r e s h a m m e r ch a n t a n d fo u nd e r of t h e R o y a l
,

E xch a n g e ( bo r n 1 51 9 di e d b e c a u s e Gr e s h am
,

C o lle g e e s t a bli s h e d by h i m in h i s o wn m a n s i o n
, ,

o n t h e s it e of t h e p r e s e nt Gr e s h a m H o u se O l d ,

B r o a d St r e e t wa s r e m ov e d h e r e In 1 8 43 La d L a n e
, .
,

n ow a b s o r b e d in G r e s h a m S t r e e t wa s a co r r up ,

“
t ion of O u r L a dy L a n e so c a ll e d fr o m a ,

s t a tu e of t h e Vi rg i n Al d e r m a n b u r y w a s s o
.

c a ll e d fr o m t h e o r i g i n a l G u ildh a ll th a t s to o d o n i t s
e a s t S id e . Th e a pp r o a ch t o t h e p r e s e nt G u ildh a l l
r e c e iv e d t h e n a m e o f Ki n g S t r e e t in hon o u r of
H e n r y I V in w ho s e r e i g n t h e e dific e wa s op e n e d
.
, .

In B a s i n g h a l l S t r e e t s tood t h e m a n s i o n of
S o lo m o n B a s i n g Lo r d M a yo r in 1 2 1 6 C o l e m a n
, .

S t r e e t p r e s e rv e s t h e m e m o ry of t h e fi r s t build e r
2 64 N a mes an d t h ei r M ean i ng .

pl e a s a n t s t r e a m of cl e a r w a t e r th a t o n c e r a n a lon g
t h e w e s t s id e o f t hi s s t r e e t a n d e m pti e d it s e lf int o
t h e Th a m e s Cr o o k e d La n e wa s s o c a ll e d fr o m i t s
.

wi n di n g ch a r a ct e r S w a n All e y i n U pp e r Th a m e s
.
,

St r e e t d e r i v e d i t s titl e fr o m a n a n ci e nt m a n s ion of
,

t h e B e a u ch a m p s who s e c r e s t wa s a S wa n B o ss .

All e y c a ll s a tt e ntion to t h e fa ct th a t t h e e x e c u to r s
of S i r Rich a r d Whittin g ton e r e ct e d a boss o r con ,

d u it h e r e a bout s i n t h e lon g l o n g a go
, C o ll e g e , .

Hi ll i s a l l th a t r e m a i n s t o r e m i n d u s of t h e Coll e g e
of St Spi r it a n d St M a ry fo u n d e d on i t s s it e by t h e
. .

sam e
g e n e r o u s L o r d M a yo r a n d b e n e fa cto r o f t h e

p bl ic
u Fy e F o o t L a n e i s p r o p e r ly
.
“
fi v e foot
-
”
l a n e t h e a ct u a l w idth o f thi s th o r o u g hfa r e a t o n e
,

e n d ; w h il e D u ck s F o o t L a n e i s a co r r u ption of
’

“
D u k e s F o o t L a n e s i g n ifyi n g t h e p r iv a t e p a t h
’

l e a di n g fr o m t h e m a n o r h o u s e of t h e D u k e s of
-

S u ffo lk i n w h a t i s n o w S u ffo lk L a n e down to t h e

w a t e r S id e
- Q u e e n h i t h e wa s s o c a l l e d b e c a u s e t h e
.

toll s c o ll e ct e d a t thi s hi the o r w h a r f w e r e cl a i m e d , ,

as p i n -m o n e y by E l e a no r qu e e n of H e n r y I
,
I .

Do wg a t e i s a m o d e r n s p e lli n g of D wr g a t e ( d wr
b e i n g C e ltic fo r w a t e r) w h e re i n t h e a b s e nc e o f , ,

b r id g e s t h e Ro m a n s h a d a fe r ry a c r o s s t h e r iv e r
,

t o t h e conti n u a tion of W a tli n g St r e e t t ow a r d s

D ov e r Th e S t e e ly a r d wa s t h e pl a c e w h e r e t h e
.

Kin g s b e a m o r S t eel y a r d fo r we i g hi n g m e r ch a n di s e
’

, ,

wa s s e t u p F o r e i g n e r s wh o l a n d e d g o od s h e r e
’

we re , b e t we e n t h e th i r t e e n th a n d fift e e n th c e n
t u r i e s k n own a s THE S T E E L Y ARD M E RC HAN T S
, .

Gr a c e chu r ch S t r e e t fo rm e r ly c o r r u pt e d i n to ,
 L o n d o n S tr eets and S qu a res . 2 65

G r a ciou s St re e t r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m a n o l d
,

ch u r c h s t a ndi n g i n a g ra s s m a r k e t h e r e a bo u t s .

F e n chur ch S t r e e t r e c a ll s t h e ch u r ch i n t h e fe n s ,

o r m a r s hy l a n d ,
on t h e no r th b a n k of t h e Th a m e s .

E a s t ch e ap wa s t h e e a s t e r n c heap o r m a r k e t a s d i s ,

t i n g u i s h e d fr o m C h e p e o r C h e a p s id e M i n c i n g L a n e .

i s a co rr u pti o n o f M yn c h e n L a n e d e n oti n g t h e ,

t e n e m e nt s h e ld by t h e m i n i c hery a S a xo n n a m e fo r ,

n u n n e ry of St H e l e n s B i s h o p s g a t e St r e e t
’
a ,
.
,
.

M a r k L a n e wa s o r i g in a l ly s tyl e d M a r t L a n e ,

fr o m a fa i r h e l d h e r e fr o m t h e e a r li e s t ti m e s .

B li n d Ch ap e l C o u r t it u a t e d a t
s ,
t h e n o th e a s t
r -

c orn er of M a r k L a n e c a r r i e s t h e i m a g in a tion
,

b a ck to B l a n ch Appl e to n t h e d oc u m e n t a r y
,
”

d e s c r iptio n o f a whit e s ton e m a no r b e l o n g in g to a

kni g ht n a m e d Appl e ton in t h e r e i g n of Rich a r d I I
,
.

In Ro o d L a n e s tood a n a n ci e nt r o ad o r c r o s s , ,

r e p r e s e nti n
g t h e dyi n g S a vio u r S e e t h i n g L a n e .

i s a c o r r u pt io n o f Sido n L a n e a n d B i ll i t e r S t r e e t

of B e l z e t t i St r e e t co m m e m o ra tin g t h e n a m e s of
,

t h e o r i g i n a l o wn e r s of a n d b u ild e r s u po n t h e l a n d
, , .

Th e M i n o r i e s m a r k s t h e s it e of t h e P r io r y of t h e
M I N O RE S S E S o r N UN S O F S T C LARE ( t h e O r d e r
,
’
.

fou n d e d i n It a ly by St Cl a r e i n. co rr e s po n di n g
t o t h e Mi n i m s o r L e s s e r F r i a r s fo u n d e d by St
, , .

F r a nci s d e P a ul a i n 1 4 53 C r u t ch e d Fr i ar s w a s
.

t h e P r io r y of t h e C r u tch e d o r C r o s s e d ,
Fr i a rs o f ,

t h e H o ly T r inity [ see R E L I GI O U S O RD E RS ] Al d g a t e .

r e c e i v e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e Al d Ga t e t h e o ld e s t of ,

t h e City g a t e s t a k e n do w n i n 1 7 60
, Ald g a t e P u m p .
,

w hich s tood b e s id e t h e g a t e s till r e m a i n s ,

G e or ge .
2 66 N a mes a nd thei r M ean i ng .

Y a r d wa s fo r m e r ly t h e in n y a r d of Th e G e o rg e .

D uk e s P l a c e p r e s e r v e s t h e m e m o ry o f Tho m a s
’

H o wa r d D u k e of N o r folk b e h e a d e d i n 1 57 2 who
, , ,

h a d inh e r it e d t h e p r op e r ty of t h e C r utch e d F r i a rs
by m ar ri a g e .

L e a d e n h a ll S t r e e t d e r iv e d i t s titl e fr o m t h e
fi r s t Le a d e n h al l M a r k e t built i n 1 44 5 a n d S O
, ,

c a ll e d b e c a u s e it wa s r oofe d w ith l e a d S t M ar y . .

Ax e o w e s i t s n a m e to t h e C hu r ch of S t M a r y .

Ax e w hich s tood in it [see t h e a r ticl e “

L ON D ON
C HU RC H E S AN D B U I L D I N GS J Thr o gm o rt o n .

S t r e e t a n d N i ch o l a s L an e w e r e b o th n a m e d a ft e r
S i r N ichol a s Th r o g m o r ton a w e a lthy Lo n do n
,

b a n k e r a n d t h e h e a d o f a n a nci e n t W a r wick
,

S hi r e fa m ily s a id t o h a v e b e e n poi s o n e d by Rob e r t

,

D u dl ey E a r l of L e ic e s t e r in 1 57 1
, Thr e a d
,
.

n e e d l e S t r e e t i s a co r r u ption of Th r e e N e e dl e
“ -

St r e e t s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e a r m s of t h e N e e dl e
,

M akers C o m p a n y
’
B ar t h o l o m e w L a n e w a s d e
.

s i g ma t e d a ft e r t h e C h u r ch of S t B a r tholo m e w a t ‘

.
,

t h e b a ck of t h e Roy a l Exch a n g e L o t hb u r y .

wa s o r i g in a lly L a thbu ry s o c a ll e d fr o m a l a th
”
, ,

o r co u r t d e r iv e d fr o m l a thi ng t h e S c a ndin a vi a n
, ,

fo r a l a w a s s e m bly h e ld h e r e in v e r y e a r ly t i m e s .

C o rn h i ll wa s t h e a nci e nt co r n m a r k e t St . .

M i ch ae l s All e y w h e r e t h e fi r s t E n g li s h coffe e
’
,

hou s e wa s op e n e d took i t s n a m e fr o m t h e n e i g h
,

b o u r in g chu r ch F i n ch L a n e i s p r op e r ly Fi n k e
.

L a n e in ho n o u r of S i r Rob e r t Fi n k e wh o b u ilt t h e
,
”
,

Chu r ch o f S t B e nn e t Fink e p ul l e d do wn t o e n l a rg e
.
,

G r e s h a m s Roy a l Exch a n g e
’
Ch an g e All e y a .
,
2 68 N a mes : an d t h ei r M ea n i ng .

fo u n d g r o w i n g a m o n g t h e Ro m a n s t o n e s L o n d o n .

W a ll d e fi n e s t h e a n c i e nt bo u nd a ry of R o m a n
L o n do n . B ar b i c an a co n ti n u a ti o n of t h e ol d
,

Ro m a n W a ll i s a n E n g li s h fo r m of t h e S a xon
,

bu rg h ken n i n o r po s t e r n t ow e r
,
H e r e it w a s th a t
.

t h e Ro m a n s pl a c e d s e n ti n e l s by n i g ht a n d d a y to

g i v e n otic e of c o n fi a g ra t i o n s i n t h e C ity o r of d a n g e r s

fr o m out s id e q u a r t e r s I n Gr e a t Wi n ch e st er S t r e e t
.

s tood t h e o r i g i n a l W i n ch e st e r H o u s e b u ilt by ,

t h e fi r s t M a r q u i s of Winch e s t e r Ol d B r o a d S t r e e t
.

w a s in Eliz a b e th s r e i g n t h e m o s t fa s h io n a bl e
’

t ho r o u g hfa r e i n Lo n don cont a inin g t h e m a n s ion s of

,

t h e w e a lthi e s t city m e r ch a n t s M o o r g at e S t r e et
.

w a s s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e g a t e th a t divid e d t h e City fr o m
t h e m oo r co m p r i s in g t h e b o rou g h o f Fin s bu ry
’

.
,

B e e ch L an e wa s d e s i g n a t e d a ft e r N ichol a s d e l a
B e e ch Li e u t e n a nt of t h e To we r du r in g t h e r e i g n
,

of Ed wa r d I I I . Cr i pp l e g at e i s t h e n ar r ow
tho r o u g hfa re a nci e ntly g r a c e d ( o r di s g r a c e d ) by a
s ton e t which c iv d i t m f m t h b r
g a e r e e e s n a e r o e e gg a s

an d c r ippl e s wh o co n gre g a t e d a r o u n d it Thi s .

a ffe ctio n fo r t h e old t e on t h p t of t h e c r ippl e s

g a e a r

m a y b e e xpl a i n e d by t h e ci r c u m s t a nc e th a t t h e
n e i g hbo u r i n g ch u r ch wa s d e dic a t e d to St Gil e s t h e .
,

p a t r o n o f c r ippl e s W h i t e c r o s s S t r e e t a n d Re d
.

C r o s s S t r e e t we re r e s p e ctiv e ly d e n o m in at e d fr o m a
whit e a n d a r e d c r o s s of s to n e which d e fin e d t h e ,

b o u n d a r i e s of t h e l a nd b e lo n g in g to t h e K n i gh t s
T e m pl a r s a n d t h e Kni g ht s H o s pit a ll e r s P lay.

h o u se Y ar d r e m ind s u s th a t t h e o l d Fo r t u n e “

Th e a t r e s t o od h e re Je w i n S t r e e t wa s fo r
.
 L o n d o n S t r eets a nd S qu a r es . 2 69

c e ntu r i e s t h e o n ly b u ryi -
n g gr ou n d p e r m itt e d to t h e
J e ws of Lo n don Al d e r s g a t e S t r e e t t o ok i t s n a m e
.

fr o m t h e ol d City g a t e di s tin g u i s h e d fo r s e v e ra l
,

-
a ld e r t r e e s th a t g r e w b e s id e it In B r i d g e w a t e r
.

Squ ar e s tood t h e m a n s i o n d e s t r oy e d by fi r e in
,

1 68 7 , o f t h e E g e r ton s E a r l s of B r id g e w a t e r
, B ar .

t h o l o m e w C l o s e m a r k s t h e s itu a tion of t h e C loi s t e r s

of St B a r tholo m e w s P r io ry of which t h e ch u r ch
.
’

s till re m a in s .C l o t h F a i r co m p r i s e d t h e a nci e nt
r e nd e z vou s of t h e Fl e m i s h a n d It a l i a n m e r ch a nt s
,

fo r t h e a nn u a l s a l e of cloth s Th i s w a s t h e r e a l
.

F a i r t o which B a r tholo m e w F a i r wa s m e r e ly a n
,
”

a d j u n ct d e s i g n e d fo r t h e a m u s e m e nt of t h e pop ul a c e

w h o c a m e fr o m a l l a cc e s s ibl e p a r t s of t h e count ry .

D u k e St r e et a n d Li t t le Br i t ai n w e re s o c a l l e d
b e c a u s e in old e n t i m e s t h e D u k e s o f B r itt a ny
r e s id e d h e r e . N e w g a t e S t r e e t r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e
fr o m t h e l a t e s t of t h e City g a t e s w hich a l s o l e nt i t s
,

tit l e t o t h e g l o o m y p r i s on h a r d by B a t h S t r e e t . .

c ont a in e d o n e of t h e Tu r ki s h B a g ni o s o r B a th s , ,

int r od u c e d i n London a s e a r ly a s t h e y e a r 1 67 9 .

Ki n g Ed wa r d S t r e e t s e r v e s t o r e m i n d u s th a t t h e
n e i g hbo u r i n g G r a m m a r S chool kn o wn a s C h r i s t s ’

H o s pit a l wa s e s t a bli s h e d by Edw a r d V I Gi l t sp u r .

S t r e e t fo r m e r ly s tyl e d K n i g h t r i d e r S t r e e t wa s
, ,

so c a ll e d fr o m t h e Kni g ht s di s tin g u i s h e d by th e i r
,

g ilt s p u r s,who p a s s e d th r o u g h it o n th e i r w a y t o

t h e tou r n a m e nt s i n S m i t h fi e l d P i e C o r n er wh e r e
.
,

t h e g r e a t Fi r e of London c e a s e d i t s r a v a g e s in 1 666 ,

d e iv e d i s n a m e fr o m a n e a t in g ho u s e th a t r ej oic e d
r t -

in t h e S i g n o f Th e M a g pi e .
”
F a rr i n g d o n S t r e et
27 0 N a m es and t hei r M ean i ng .

an d F a r r i n g d o n Ro a d p e r p e tu a t e t h e m e m o ry of
Willi a m Fa rr i n d o n ci t iz e n a n d g old s m ith wh o p u r
, ,

ch a s e d t h e A ld e r m a n r y of t h e W a r d s till k n o wn by
h i s n a m e fo r t we n ty m a r k s in 1 2 7 9 a n d b e c a m e ,

S h e r iff two y e a r s l a t e r . S a ffr o n H i ll ow e s i t s

d e s i g n a tio n to t h e r ich c r op s of s a ffr on th a t g r e w on
i t s s it e a t t h e ti m e w h e n it fo r m e d t h e e a s t e r n p o r
t ion o f t h e g r o u n d s a tt a ch e d to Ely H o u s e t h e ,

London r e s id e n c e of t h e B i s hop s of Ely w hich ,

s tood on t h e s pot n o w m a r k e d by El
y P l a c e an d ,

bo u n d e d on t h e w e s t by H a t t o n G ar d e n ; s o c a ll e d
b e c a u s e wh e n t h e p r o p e r t y b e c a m e d e m i s e d t o t h e
,

C r o wn it wa s p r e s e n t e d by Q u e e n Eliz a b e th t o S i r
,

C h r i s t o ph e r H a tt o n who li t e r a l ly d a n c e d hi m s e lf
,

i n t o He r M aj e s ty s fa v o u r S n o w Hi ll w a s fo r m e r ly
’
.

d e s c r ib e d a s S n o r e H ill fr o m t h e fa ct th a t t h e
,

s t a g e co a ch p a s s e n g e r s i n t e n d e d fo r Th e S a r a c e n s
’
-

H e a d w e r e g e n e r a lly fa s t a s l e e p wh e n th e y a r r iv e d
a t t h e i r d e s t i n a ti o n .

H o lb o r n i s a c o n t r a ctio n of Th e H ol low Bo u r n e ,

i n dic a t i v e o f a s t r e a m i n a h oll o w In D o m e s d a y
.

B o o k t h e n a m e a pp e a r s a s Ho l e b o u r n e Ho l .
”

b o r n B a r s m a r k s t h e C ity bou n d a ry o n i t s w e s t e r n
S id e . L e a t h e r L a n e w a s t h e r e c o g n iz e d c o lo n y of
t h e l e a th e r s e ll e r s
- . F e t t er L a n e i s a p e r v e r s i o n o f
“
Fe wt o r s L a n e
’
—i n o t h e r w o r d s a l a n e i n fe s t e d
,

by v a g a b o n d s i n t h e d a y s wh e n it l e d to s o m e pl e a s u re
g a rde n s . T h e t e r m wa s d e r iv e d fr o m t h e N o r m a n

F r e n ch fa i t o ur s i g nifyi n g a n e vil do e r
,
- B r o o ke
.

S t r e e t ( i n w hich Ch a tt on e r t t h e boy po e t e n d e d h i s
,
-
,

l ife by poi s o n ) a n d Gr e v i ll e S t r e e t p re s e rv e t h e
,
 27 2 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i ng .

or m a n s ion , of H e n r y d e L a c e y E a r l o f Linc ol n in
, ,

t h e fou r t e e n th c e n tu ry [see INN S O F C O U RT] S ar .

d i n i a S t r e e t t a k e s i t s n a m e fr o m t h e S ar d i n i a n
Ch ap e l t h e old e s t Ro m a n C a tholic ch a p e l i n
,

Lo n d o n d a ti n g b a ck t o t h e y e a r 1 64 8 a n d o r i g i n a lly
, ,

t h e r e s id e n c e of t h e S a r dini a n a m b a s s a do r Gr e a t .

Tu r n s t i l e a n d L i t t l e Tu r n st i l e a r e p l e a s a nt
s o u ndin g n a m e s e m in e n tl y s u g g e s tiv e of t h e r u r a l
,

ch a r a ct e r o f th i s n e i g hbo u r hood in by g on e d a y s .

Th e t u rn s til e s w e r e s e t u p t o p r e v e n t s h e e p a n d
c a ttl e fr o m s t r ayi n g o u t o f Li n col n s In n Fi e ld s int o
’

t h e p u bl ic hi g hw a y . Gr e a t Q u e e n S t r e e t w a s s o
c a ll e d i n c o m p li m e n t to Q u e e n E liz a b e th in w ho s e ,

r e i g n it w a s fi r s t fo r m e d i n to a fo o t w a y fo r p e d e s

t r i a n s ploddi n g w e s tw a r d s fr o m Lincol n s In n to
’

w a r d s t h e n a rr ow p a th a n ci e ntly d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e
, ,

m od e r n s t r e e t s till i s L o n g Ac r e
, Th e wo r d A c r e
.
,

d e r iv e d fr o m t h e G r e e k ag r o s L a ti n a g er a n d A n g l o
, ,

S a xon a c er m e a n s a plo u g h e d o r s o wn fi e ld
, .

D r u r y L a n e d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m D r u ry H o u s e ,

t h e to w n r e s id e nc e o f S i r Willi a m D r u ry K G o n e , . .
,

of o u r m o s t a bl e co m m a n d e r s in q u e lli n g t h e w a r s
with I r e l a nd Th e hou s e wa s s it u a t e d wh e r e t h e
.

O ly m pic Th e a t re n ow s t a nd s D e n zi l St r e et a n d
.

H o lle s S t r e e t w e r e s o d e s i g n a t e d by Gilb e r t E a r l ,

of Cl a r e who s e hou s e occupi e d t h e s it e o f C l a r e

,

M ar k e t i n m e m o ry of h i s uncl e D e n zil Lo r d
, ,

H oll e s o n e o f t h e fi ve m e m b e r s of t h e H o u s e of
,

Co m m on s w ho s e p e r s on s C h a r l e s I m a d e a n i n .

e ffe ct u a l a tt e m pt to s e iz e . H a rt S t r e e t a n d Wh i t e
H ar t S t r e e t both o we th e i r titl e s t o Th e Wh it e“
 L o n d o n S tr eets and S q u a r es . 27 3

H art d e m oli s h e d i n t h e t i m e o f G e o r g e I
In n , .

C a t h e r i n e S t r e e t St r a nd a n d P o r t u g a l S t r e e t
, , ,

Li ncoln s In n Fi e ld s w e r e d e s i g n a t e d i n ho n o u r o f
’

C a th e r in e o f B r a g a n z a q u e e n of C h a r l e s I I S e r l e
, .

S t r e e t r e c e i v e d i t s n a m e fr o m H e n r y S e r l e a ,

b e n ch e r o f Li n c o l n s In n w h o l e ft co n s id e r a bl e
’

p r o p e ty i n t h e p a i h o f St Cl e m e n t D a n e s w h e n
r r s - .

h e di e d in 1 69 0 Wy ch S t r e e t wa s k n o wn in e a r ly
.

t i m e s a s Al d wy c he d e n o t i n g t h e r o a d l e a di n g di r e ctly
,

fr o m t h e St r a n d a n d t h e ch u r ch j u s t m e ntion e d to
O l d t o wn n o w k n o wn a s B r o a d St r e e t St
“
t he , , .

Gi l e s s p a r i s h H o ly we ll S t r e e t t o o k i t s t i t l e fr o m
’
.

t h e H oly W e ll di s cov e re d on t h e e a s t e r n s id e o f St .

-
Cl e m e n t D a n e s .

Th e S t r a n d l i t e r a lly m e a n s t h e s t r a n d of t h e
Th a m e s At o n e t i m e S o m e r s e t H ou s e a n d a fe w
.

oth e r p r i n c e ly m a n s io n s o n ly occ u p i e d i t s s o u t h e r n
s id e
. Th a n e t P l a c e a s e cl u d e d c u l d e sa c c o m
,

p r i s in g t e n h o u s e s O ppo s it e t h e L a w C o u r t s wa s
, ,

n a m e d a ft e r t h e E a r l of Th a n e t to w ho m p r e viou s , ,

to 1 7 80 t h e p r op e r ty b e lon g e d P a l s g r a v e P l a c e
, .

w a s s o c a ll e d in co m pli m e nt to t h e P a l s g r a v e
F r e d e r ick Kin g of B oh e m i a who m a r r i e d t h e
, ,

P r inc e s s Eliz a b e th d a u ght e r of J a m e s I in 1 61 2

, .
, .

D e v e r e au x C o u r t r e c e iv e d i t s t itl e fr o m E s s e x
H ou s e which a l s o g a v e i t s n a m e to Es s e x S t r e e t
, ,

t h e r e s id e n c e of Rob e r t D e v e r e a u x E a r l o f E s s e x , ,

t h e P a r li a m e nt a r y G e n e r a l M i lfo r d L a n e w a s in
.

old e n ti m e s c h a r a c t e r iz e d by a r u s t ic m ill ; a n d t h e
l a n e it s e lf l e d d o wn t o a fo r d a c r o s s t h e r iv e r .

Ar u n d e l S t r e e t N o r fo lk S t r e e t S u r r e y S t r e e t
, , ,

1 8
274 N a m es and thei r M ean i ng .

and Ho w ar d St r e et t nd upon t h e S it e of t h e
,
s a

t o w n h o u s e a n d g r o u n d s o f t h e H o wa r d s D u k e s of ,

N o r folk a n d E a r l s of A r u nd e l a n d S u rr e y
,
S av o y .

S t r e e t l e a d s t o t h e Ch a p e l R o y a l t h e o n ly r e m a i n ,

i n g p o r ti o n of t h e a nci e nt S a voy P a l a c e [see S AV O Y

C H AP E L] W e ll i n gt o n S t r e e t c o n s t r u ct e d in ,

—
1 8 29 3 0 w a s n a m e d t o co m pl e t e t h e co m pli m e n t
,

p a r ti a lly b e s t o we d u po n t h e D u k e o f W e l li n gto n by
t h e d e s i g n a ti o n of W a t e r l o o B r i d g e O p e n e d J u n e ,

1 8,
1 81 7 o r t wo
,
y e a r s a ft e r t h e fa m ou s vi cto r y .

B o w S t r ee t w a s s o c a ll e d o n a cc o u n t o f i t s b e n t
s h a p e wh e n it w a s fi r s t l a id o u t t o c o n n e c t t h e
St r a n d with Oxfo r d St r e e t in 1 63 7 C o v e n t Gar .

d e n i s a co r r u ption of C onv e nt G a r d e n o r t h e ,

g a r d e n b e lon g gi n t o St P a ul s C
. o n v e n t Y
’
o r k .

S t r e e t a n d Jam e s S t r e e t w e r e both n a m e d in
h o n o u r o f t h e D u k e of Yo r k a ft e r wa r d s J a m e s I I , .

Ki n g S t r e e t con s t r u ct e d i n h i s r e i g n w a s d e s i g
, ,

n a t e d a ft e r C h a r l e s I a n d He a
.
, e t t a S t r e e t a ft e r

h i s q u e e n H e n r i e tt a M a r i a
, I n T a v i s t o ck S t r e e t
.
,

Ru s s e ll S t r e e t B e dfo r d S t r e e t a n d S o u t h a m p
, ,

t o n S t r e e t w e t r a c e s o m e of t h e fa m ily titl e s o f o n e
,

o f t he a nc e s to r s of t h e p r e s e n t g r o u n d l a ndl o r d ,

v iz .
,
Tho m a s W r i o t h e s l e y E a r l of So u th a m pt o n
, ,

M a r qui s of T a vi s tock D u k e of B e dfo r d wh o s e

, ,

d a u g ht e r i s known in hi s to r y a s t h e c e l e b r a t e d
R a ch e l t h e wife of Lo r d Willi a m R u s s e ll t h e
,
-
,

p a t r i o t b e h e a d e d in 1 68 3 South a m pton H ou s e in
, .
,

which L a dy Ru s s e l l wa s bo r n s t o od in t h e s t r e e t ,

n am e d a ft e r it B e d fo r d b u r y o r i g i n a lly d e n o t e d
.

t he e nclo s e d p r op e rty of t h e B e dfo r d fa m ily .

27 6 N a m es : and t h ei r M ea n i n g .

m e r e ly a m od e l of
o r i g i n a l d e m oli s h e d by t h e
t he
P u r it a n s i n 1 64 7 Cr av e n S t r e e t i s t h e p r op e r ty
.

of L o r d C r a v e n N o r t hu m b e r l a n d S t r e e t a n d
.

N o r t hu m b e r l a n d Av e n u e o w e t h e i r n a m e s to
N o r th u m b e r l a nd H o u s e t h e t o w n m a n s ion of t h e
,

D u k e s o f N o r th u m b e r l a n d t a k e n do wn i n 1 8 7 4,
.

Tr a fal g ar Squ ar e r e c e iv e d i t s t itl e fr o m t h e

N e l s o n C o lu mn s e t u p in 1 8 43 t wo y e a r s b e fo r e t h e
, ,

S q u a r e it s e lf w a s co m pl e t e d St M ar t i n s L a n e
’
. .

wa s n a m e d a ft e r t h e p a r i s h ch u r ch o f St M a r tin s
’
.

i n t h e Fi e ld s
- -
Ki n g Wi ll i a m S t r e e t w a s b u il t
.

upo n i n t h e r e i g n of Willi a m I V Th e n a m e of .

S e v e n D i al s a r o s e fr o m a c o l u m n s e t u p i n t h e
c e nt re of a r a di u s of s e v e n s t r e e t s a n d di s pl a yi n g a s ,

m a n y clock fa c e s It s obj e ct wa s to d e fi n e t h e
.

li m it s of St Gil e s s p a r i s h i n th i s di r e ction C r a n
.
’
.

b o u r n e S t r e e t m a r k s t h e c o u r s e of a lo n g n a r r o w ,

b o u r n e o r s t r e a m t h a t fo rm e r ly r a n fr o m Tyb u r n
, ,

by wa y of B r ook S t r e e t G r o sv e no r S q u a r e a n d , ,

a c r o s s L e ic e s t e r Fi e ld s i n to Lon g Ac r e a n d th e nc e ,

e m pti e d it s e lf into t h e Th a m e s a t t h e botto m o f

M ilfo r d L a n e Th e fi r s t p o r tion of t h e n a m e w a s in
.

a ll u s ion to t h e lon g s l e nd e r n e ck a n d l e g s of t h e
,

crane . Le i c e s t e r Squ a r e ( fo r m e r ly d e m o m i n ~

at ed L e i c e s t e r F i e l d s ) d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m
L e ic e s t e r H ou se t h e n obl e m a n s ion b u ilt on i t s
,

e a s t s id e by Rob e r t S id n e y E a r l of L e ic e s t e r i n
, ,

1 63 6 . On t h e S it e of C o v e n t r y S t r e e t s to o d t h e
m a n s io n of H e n r y C ov e n t r y S e c r e t a ry o f St a t e i n
,

t h e r e i g n of Ch a r l e s I I Gr e at Wi n d m i ll S t r e e t
.

r e m ind s u s of t h e old wi n d m ill th a t s to o d h e r e a bo u t s

 L on d o n S t r eets and S qu a r es . 27 7

a c oupl e o f c e ntu r i e s a g o I t wa s not until J a nu a r y

.
,

1 83 1 , th a t t h e h a y m a r k e t p ro p e r ly s o c a ll e d w a s
, ,

r e mo v e d fr o m t h e s p a cio u s tho r o u g hfa r e s till known

a s t h e H a ym a r k e t Je r m y n S t r e e t wa s n a m e d
.

a ft e r H e n r y J e r m y n E a r l o f St Alb a n s w ho s e r e s i
,
.
,

d e nc e St Alb a n s H ou s e s tood o n i t s n o r th S id e
’
.
, .
,

I n Ar u n d e l S t r e e t w e h a v e o n e o f t h e fa m ily
t itl e s o f t h e g r o u n d l a ndlo r d Lo r d A r u nd e l of ,

W a r dou r Or a n g e S t r e e t w a s d e s i g n a t e d i n
.

h o n ou r of t h e P r i n c e o f O r a n g e a ft e rwa r d s Willi a m ,

I I I P a n t o n S t r e e t p e r p e tu a t e s t h e m e m o r y of
.

C olo n e l Tho m a s P a n t o n a n oto r io u s g a m e s t e r , ,

w ho s e d a u g ht e r m a r r i e d into t h e A r u nd e l fa m ily .

S u ffo lk S t r e e t m a r k s t h e S it u a tio n of t h e o l d town

m a n s i o n o f t h e E a r l o f S u ffo l k .

S pr i n g Gar d e n s d u r i n g t h e d a y s o f t h e S tu a r t s
, ,

c on t a i n e d a n i n e n i o u s c o n t r i v a nc e by which
g a ny

p e r s o n s t e ppi n g u p o n a hidd e n s p r i n g wa s s u dd e n ly
i m m e r s e d in a S h o w e r o f w a t e r P a ll M a ll i s a .

m od e r n s p e lli n g o f p a i l l e m a i l l e t h e ti t l e o f a F r e n c h
,

g a m e a t b a ll s o m e w h a t s,
i m il a r t o o u r c r o q u e t fi rst ,

—
pl ay e d i n t hi s th o ro u g hfa r e th e n o p e n t o S t .

—
J a m e s s P a r k a b o ut t h e y e a r 1 62 1
’
C a r lt o n .

H o u s e T e r r a c e s t a n d s o n t h e S it e o f C a r lt o n
H o u s e t h e p a l a c e o f F re d e r ick P r i n c e o f W a l e s
, , ,

t h e fa th e r of G e o rg e I I I Ki n g S t r e e t St
.
, .

Ja m e s s S t r e e t a n d St Ja m e s s Squ ar e w e r e
’ ’
, .

d e s ign a t e d in h o n o u r o f J am e s I B u r y St r e et i s .

p r op e r ly B e r ry St r e e t a ft e r t h e n a m e o f i t s b u ild e r
“
,

Th e Gr e e n P a r k d e s e r v e s i t s titl e o n a cco u n t o f
i t s v e r d u re s o r e fr e s hin g t o t h e e ye
,
Hy d e P a r k .
 278 N a mes : a nd t hei r M ea n i ng .

a nci e ntly co m p r i s e d t h e m a n o r of Hyd e h e l d by t h e

Abbot s o f St P e t e r s W e s t m in s t e r b u t cl a i m e d by t h e
.
’

, ,

C ro wn o n t h e di s s o l u ti o n o f t h e m o n a s t e r i e s Hy d e .

P a r k C o r n e r d e fi n e s t h e po s itio n of t h e old t o l l
g a t e a t t h e w e s t e r n e xt r e m ity o f Lo n d o n R o t t e n .

Ro w i s a c o r r u pti o n o f r o u te d u r o i t h e F r e n ch fo r ,

r o u t e o f t h e Ki n g t o t h e h i s t o r ic r o y a l r e s id e n c e
”
,

a t K e n s i n g to n Al b e r t G a t e Q u e e n s G a t e a n d
.
,
’
,

P r i n c e s G at e a r e of m od e rn d a t e n a m e d i n h o n o u r
’
,

o f t he r oy a l p e r s o n a g e s in dic a t e d Th e M ar b l e .

Ar ch i s a n i m po s in g s t r u ct u r e of w hit e m a r bl e
o r i g i n a lly e r e ct e d i n fr o n t of B u cki n g h a m P a l a c e i n

1 8 3 0 a n d r e m ov e d t o i t s p r e s e n t p o s iti o n i n 1 8 5 1
,
.

Ru t l a n d G a t e w a s d e s i g n a t e d a ft e r t h e m a n s i o n o f
t h e D u k e s o f R u tl a n d h a r d by C u m b e r l a n d Gat e
.

an d D u k e S t r e e t G r o s v e n o r Sq u a r e w e r e b o th
, ,

n a m e d a ft e r t h e D u k e o f C u m b e r l a n d b r o th e r to ,

G e o r g e I I I Gr o s v e n o r G a t e Gr o s v e n o r S t r e e t
.
, ,

a n d Gr o s v e n o r Squ a r e p r e s e r v e t h e m e m o r y of S i r

Rich d G v no G nd C p b e a r e r t o G e o r g e I I
a r r o s e r ra,
u - .
,

w h o di e d i n 1 7 3 2 Th e a n c e s t r a l l i n e o f t h e G r o s
.

v e n o r s m a y b e t r a c e d b a ck to L e Gr os Ven eu r
“
t he ,

chi e f h u nt e r to t h e D u k e s of N o r m a n dy p r io r to
,
”

t h e C o n qu e s t S t a n h o p e G a t e Gr e a t S t a n h o p e
.
,

S t r e e t a n d Ch e s t e r fi e l d S t r e e t r e c e iv e d th e i r
,

n a m e s fr o m Ch e s t e r fi e l d H o u s e t h e r e s id e n c e o f ,

P h ilip St a nhop e E a r l o f Ch e s t e r fi e ld of e p i s t o l a ry
, ,

fa m e . P ar k L a n e wa s fo r m e rly a n a r r o w l a n e
S ki r ti n g t h e east S id e of t h e P a r k P o r t u g al .

S t r e e t w a s n a m e d i n h o n o u r of t h e q u e e n of
Ch a r l e s I I Ch ap e l S t r e e t ow e s i t s d e s i g n a tion t o
.
280 N a mes and t h ei r M ea n i n g .

m e n t a ria n s i n 1 643to r e s i s t a n e xp e ct e d a tt a ck '

u p o n t h e M e t r o p o li s fr o m thi s s id e by t h e R o y a l i s t s .

Cl a r g e s S t r e e t d e r i v e d i t s n a m e fro m t h e r e s id e n c e
o f S i r W a lt e r C l a r e s bu ilt i n 1 d a ft e r w a r d s
g 7 7
1 a n ,

o c c u pi e d by t h e V e n e ti a n A m b a s s a do r In H a l f .

M o o n S t r e e t s tood a n o l d t a v e r n b e a r in g t h e s i gn
of
“
Th e H a lf -M oo n . Ar li n gt o n S t r e e t a n d
”

B e n n e t t S t r e e t w e r e n a m e d a ft e r H e n ry B e n n e tt ,

E a r l o f A r li n g to n wh o s e to wn ho u s e w a s s it u a t e d
,

on t h e s it e of t h e fo r m e r th o r o u g hfa r e D o v er .

S t r e e t w a s s o c a ll e d i n m e m o ry of H e n ry J e r m yn ,

Lo r d D o v e r who di e d in it i n 1 7 8 2 Alb e m ar l e
, .

S t r e e t c o n t a i n e d t h e r e s id e n c e o f C h r i s t o ph e r M o n k ,

s e c o n d D u k e o f A lb e m a r l e a c q u i r e d fr o m t h e E a r l s
,

o f Cl a r e n d o n . Ol d B o n d S t r e e t o f w hich N e w ,

B o n d S t r e e t i s a m o d e r n co n t i n u a t i o n r e c e iv e d i t s ,

n a m e fr o m t h e B o n d fa m ily n o w e xti n ct ,
Th e l a n d .

u p o n which it s t a n d s w a s t h e p r o p e r ty o f S i r Tho m a s

B o n d C o m pt r o ll e r o f t h e H o u s e h o ld of H e n r i e tt a
,

M a r i a q u e e n o f Ch a r l e s I
, C li ffo r d S t r e e t p r e
.
4

serve s t he m e m o ry o f Eliz a b e th C liffo r d wh o ,

b e c a m e t h e wife o f Rich a r d B o yl e E a r l of B u r li n g ,

t o n ( di e d a ft e r wh o mOl d B u r l i n t S t e e t
g o n r ,

a n d s u b s e q u e n t ly N e w B u r l i n t S t e e t w e re d e
, g o n r

s ign a t e d .In C o r k S t r e e t r e s id e d L o r d Co r k o n e ,

o f t h e fo u r b r o th e r s of t h e B o yl e fa m ily a d v a n c e d t o

t h e p e e ra g e a t t h e s a m e ti m e S av i l e ROW wa s
.

n a m e d a ft e r D o r o t hy S a vil e w h o b e c a m e C ount e s s
,

of B u r li n g t o n a n d Co r k a n d i n h e r i t e d t h e p r o p e r t y
, .

V i g o S t r e e t c o m m e m o r a t e s t h e c a p t u r e o f Vi g o in ,

Sp a i n by t h e B r iti s h o n s e v e r a l o cc a s i o n s i n t h e
,
 L o n d o n S tr eets and S qua r es . 28 1

c o u r s e of t h e s e v e nt e e n th a n d e i ght e e n th c e n t u r i e s .

Th e s t r e e t d a t e s b a ck to t h e y e a r 1 7 2 0 S a ckv i ll e .

S t r e e t b u ilt i n 1 67 9 s e r v e s i t s p u r po s e a s p e r
, ,

p e t u a t i n g t h e m e m o r y of t h e w it t y Ch a r l e s S a ck
v ill e ,E a r l o f D o r s e t w h o s e fr i e n d s w e r e u n will i n g
,

th a t h i s fa m e s ho u ld b e a ll o w e d t o d i e Ai r S t r e e t .
,

P icc a dilly Ci r c u s w a s a t t h e ti m e o f i t s e r e cti o n

,

i n t h e y e a r 1 6 59 o n e o f t h e m o s t w e s t e r ly a n d ,

c o n s e q u e nt ly o p e n s t r e e t s of t h e t o w n
, S w a ll o w .

”
S t r e e t i s a c o r r u ptio n of “
S l o u g h St r e e t a t o n e ,

ti m e a m i ry th o r o u g hfa r e m uch i n fe s t e d by fo o tp a d s .

V i n e S t r e e t r e c a ll s t h e a n ci e n t V i n e y a r d b e l o n g i n g
t o t h e A bb e y a t W e s t m i n s t e r s it u a t e d h e re ,
.

Re g e n t S t r e e t w a s n a m e d by J o hn N a s h t h e ,

a r chi t e ct a ft e r h i s r oy a l p a t r o n t h e P r i n c e R e g e n t
, ,
.

I t w a s co m m e n c e d i n 1 8 1 3 C o n d u i t S t r e e t r e .

c e i v e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e co n d u it o r s p r i n g - h ea d set
“
up i n t h e m e a d o w fo r m e r ly k n o wn a s C o n d u it
Mead , n o w s w a ll o w e d up by O l d B o n d S t r e e t .

M a d d o x S t r e e t wa s b u ilt by o n e M a d d o x in 1 7 2 0 .

B r o o k S t r e e t r e m i n d s u s of t h e p l e a s a n t s t r e a m
th a t wo u n d i t s w a y fr o m Tyb u rn d o wn t o L e ic e s t e r
Fi e ld s w h e r e it wa s d e s i g n a t e d t h e C r a n b o u r n e a n d
, ,

u l t i m a t e ly s p e nt it s e lf i n t h e Th a m e s Mi ll S t r e e t .

a ffo r d s u s a n a dditio n a l m e m o r y o f t h e r u r a lity o f

Lo n d o n i n by go n e t i me s Ge o r g e St r e e t ( a l s o
.

St G e o r g e s Chu r ch) H a n o v e r S t r e e t
.
’
d , ,
an

H a n o v e r Squ ar e w e e d e i g ti s i h nou r f r s na on n o o

th H e v i an o cc i n i t h e p
er an s u f G o ge
e ss o n erso n o e r

I .D av i e s S t r e e t co cti g B k l y Sq e
,
nne n er e e u ar

w ith Oxfo r d S t r e e t ,
re c e iv e d its n a m e i n c o m pli m e n t
28 2 N a m es and t hei r M ea n i ng .

t o M i s s M a ry D a vi e s t h e h e i r e s s o f E b u ry M a no r
, ,

B e l g r a vi a wh o c a r r i e d th a t e s t a t e by h e r m a r r i a g e
,

i n t o t h e po s s e s s io n of t h e G r o s v e n o r s .

C ro s s in g R e g e n t St r e e t Ar g yll S t r e e t m a r k s t h e
,

s it u a tio n of t h e o l d to wn m a n s io n o f t h e D u k e s
of A rgyl l M ar lb o r o u g h S t r e e t Gr e a t M a r l
.
,

b o r o u gh St r e e t a n d B le n h e i m S t r e e t we r e s o
,

c a ll e d i n h o n o u r o f t h e D u k e o f M a r lb o r o u g h t h e ,

v icto r of B l e nh e i m Wa r d o u r S t r e e t i s i n a l l u s io n
.

t o t h e fa m ily s e a t of t h e g r o u n d l a n dl o r d L o rd ,

A r u n d e l o f W a r dou r N a s s a u S t r e e t w a s n a m e d
.

i n co m pli m e n t t o t h e r oy a l H o u s e of N a s s a u fr o m ,

w h ich t h e P r i n c e of O r a n g e cl a i m e d h i s d e s c e n t .

G o l d e n Squ ar e i s a co r r u ption of G e ldi n g Sq u a r e ,

d e r i ve d fr o m a n a dj a c e n t i n n s i g n Th e G e ldi n g
“
, .
”

Sh a ft e sb u r y Av e n u e i s a m od e r n t h o r o u g hfa r e
n a m e d a f t e r A n tho n y A s hl e y C o o p e r s e v e n th E a r l o f ,

S h a ft e s b u r y w h o p e r fo r m e d t h e O p e n i n g c e r e m o n y
,

b u t a s ho r t t i m e b e fo r e h i s d e a th w hich o cc u r re d i n
,

1 885 . Wi n d m i l l S t r e e t fu r n i s h e s a n oth e r pl e a
s a n t r e m i n d e r o f g r e e n p a s t u r e s a n d r u r a l d e li ht s
g .

Ol d C o m p t o n S t r e e t w a s b u ilt i n t h e r e i g n o f
Ch a r l e s I I by S i r F r a n ci s Co m pto n N e w C o m p -
. .
a

t o n St r e e t a n d D e an St r e et d e ri v e d t h e i r n a m e s
fr o m B i s h o p C o m pt o n D e a n of t h e Ch a p e l Roy a l
, ,

S a v o y who o r i g i n a l ly p o s s e s s e d t h e l ivi n g of St
,
.

A n n e s S o ho G e rr a r d S t r e e t a n d M a c c l e s fi e l d
’

, .

S t r e e t p e r p e t u a t e t h e m e m o ry of G e r a r d E a r l of ,

M a c c l e s fi e l d t h e o w n e r of t h e s it e a t t h e t i m e w h e n
,

b u ildin g s w e r e fi r s t p u t u p h e r e a b o ut s i n 1 69 7 .

Gr e e k S t r e e t wa s s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e G re e k m er
2 84 N a m es : and t h ei r M ea n i ng .

G r a fto n a n d M a r q u i s o f Ti t c h fi e l d s it u a t e d a t ,

Th e tfo r d i n t h e c o u n ty o f N o rfo lk ; w h il e B o l s ov e r
,

i s t h e D e r by s hi r e s e a t o f t h e G r a ft o n s T o t t e n h am .

C o u r t Ro a d a n ci e n tly co m p r i s e d t h e m a n o r o f
T o tt e n o r T o t h a m h e ld by Willi a m d e To t t e n h a l l
, ,

i n t h e r e i g n o f H e n ry I I I In Eliz a b e th s ti m e t h e
’
.

m a n o r w a s d e s c r ib e d a s T o tt e n h a m C o u r t
“
Th e ”

l e a s e fe ll i n t o t h e p o s s e s s i o n of Ch a r l e s Fitz ro y ,

s e c o n d D u k e o f G ra ft o n by r i g ht o f h i s m oth e r ”

, ,

L a dy I s a b e ll a B e n n e tt w h o i n h e r it e d it
, .

Ox fo r d S t r e e t fo r m e r ly s tyl e d Oxfo r d R o a d
, ,

O x fo r d M a r k e t M o r t i m e r S t r e e t H a r l e y S t r e e t
, , ,

E d w a r d S t r e e t a n d W i g m o r e S t r e e t d e r iv e d
, ,

t h e i r n a m e s fro m Ed w a r d H a r l e y E a r l o f Oxfo r d ,

a nd M o r t i m e r c r e a t e d B a r o n H a r l e y o f Wi g m o r e
,

C a stl e i n H e r e fo r d s hi r e i n 1 7 1 7 t h e o w n e r of t h e ,

e st a t e . C av e n d i s h Squ a r e Ol d C a v e n d i s h ,

S t r e e t N e w C a v e n d i s h S t r e e t H o ll e s S t r e e t
, , ,

an d H e n r i e t t a S t r ee t p r e s e r v e t h e m e m o r y o f
,

H e n r i e tt a C a v e n di s h w ife o f t h e s e c o n d L o r d
,

H a r l e y a n d o n ly d a u g ht e r a n d h e i r e s s o f J o hn
,

H o ll e s t h e l a s t D u k e o f N e w c a s tl e who by h e r
, ,

m a r r i a g e c a r r i e d a l l t hi s p r op e r ty i n t o t h e fa m ily of
t h e H a rl eys .He r d a u g ht e r L a dy M a r g a r e t C a v e n
,

d i s h b e c a m e in h e r t u r n t h e w ife o f Willi a m B e n
,

t i n c k s e c o n d D u k e o f P o r tl a n d ; in h o n o u r o f which
,

c o n n e ctio n th e r e h a v e b e e n d e s i g n a t e d t h e v a r io u s

th o r o u ghfa r e s k n o w n a s B e n t i n ck S t r e e t M ar ,

g a r e t S t r e e t D ,u k e S t r e e t D u ch e s s S t r
, e e t ,

P o r t l a n d P l a c e a n d Gr e a t P o r t l a n d S t r e e t
, .

W e lb e ck S t r e e t wa s n a m e d a ft e r W e lb e ck A bb e y ,
 L o n d o n S t r eets and S qu a r es . 28 5

i n N o r th a m pton s hi r e t h e s e a t of t h e P o r tl a nd
,

fa m ily ; whil e C l i p st o n e S t r e e t a n d C a r b u rt o n
S t r e e t w e r e r e s p e ctiv e ly d e s i g n a t e d a ft e r v ill a g e s ,

t h e o n e in N otti n g h a m s h i r e t h e oth e r in N o r t h a m p
,

t o n s h i r e i n clud e d i n t h e d u c a l e s t a t e
,
Wi m p o l e .

S t r e et r e p e a t s t h e n a m e of t h e s e a t o f t h e H a r l e y s
s it u a t e d o n t h e bo r d e r s of H e r e fo r d s hi r e a n d C a m

b r i d g e s h i re an d
,
p u r ch a s e d by Lo r d Ch a n c e ll o r
H a r d wick e in t h e l a s t c e nt u ry S t r at fo r d P l a c e .

w a s b u ilt in 1 7 7 5 by E d w a r d S t r a tfo r d s e co n d Lo r d ,

Aldbo r ou g h o n g r o u n d l e a s e d fr o m t h e Co r p o r a tion
'

of Lo n d o n fo r t h e p u r p o s e Th e e r e cti o n of Q u e e n
.

An n e S t r e e t d a t e s fr o m t h e r e i g n i n dic a t e d by i t s
name . M a n s fi e l d S t r e e t i s a l l th a t i s l e ft t o
r e m ind u s of t h e to w n r e s id e n c e o f t h e E arl of
M a n s fi e ld L a n g h a m P l a c e a n d L a n g h a m S t r e e t
. ,

w e r e n a m e d a ft e r S i r J a m e s L a n g h a m wh o s e ,

m a n s io n a n d g r o u n d s oc cup i e d t h e s it e of t h e l a tt e r .

V e r e S t r e e t r e c a ll s t h e e xi s t e nc e of t h e D e V e r e s ,

who fo r c e n t u r i e s h e l d t h e E a r ldo m of Oxfo r d p r e

v io n s t o t h e H a r l e y s D u k e S t r e e t M a n ch e s t e r
.
,

S t r e e t a n d M a n ch e s t e r Squ ar e co m p r i s e t h e
, ,

p r op e r ty of t h e D u k e of M a n ch e s t e r S p a n i s h .
.

P l a c e wa s o r i g i n a lly s o c a ll e d fr o m t h e r e s id e n c e of
t h e Sp a n i s h A m b a s s a do r d u r l n g t h e l a s t c e n t u r y .

Ch a n d o s S t r e e t d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e m a n s io n
b u ilt by J a m e s B r id g e s D uk e of Ch a n d o s Hi n d e
, .

S t r e e t p e r p e t u a t e s t h e m e m o ry of J a m e s H i n d e ,

a s p e c u l a tiv e build e r a n d o n e of t h e l e s s e e s of
M a ryl e b o n e P a r k m o r e th a n a h u n d r e d y e a r s a g o .

N o r t h Au d l e y S t r e e t a n d S o u t h A u d l e y S t r e e t
2 86 N a m es an d t hei r M ea n i ng .

p o i n t to xi s t e n c e o f H u g h A u d l e y a b a r r i s t e r
t he e ,

o f t h e M iddl e T e m pl e a n d o w n e r of a l a n d e d e st a t e

h e r e a bo u t s w o r t h a m illi o n o f m o n e y ; w h ich a t h i s ,

d e a th i n 1 662 fe ll t o S i r W l l l ia m D a v i e s L o r d M a y o r
, , ,

o f L o n d o n t h e fa th e r o f M i s s M a r y D a v i e s a l r e a dy
,

a ll u d e d t o i n c o n n e cti o n w ith D a vi e s S t r e e t a n d
E b u r y M a n o r B e l g r a vi a ,
.

Ol d Q u e b e c S t r e e t c o m m e m o ra t e s t h e c a ptu r e
o f Q u e b e c by G e n e r a l W o lfe i n 1 7 59 a b o u t w hich ,

p e r iod thi s s t r e e t w a s fi r s t b u il t u pon S e ym o u r .

P l a c e a n d Upp e r S e ym o u r S t r e e t w e r e d e s i g n a t e d
a ft e r t h e S e y m o u r s fr o m w ho m t h e P o r t m a n s a r e
,

descen ded Mo n t a gu e St r e et a n d Mo n t a gu e
.

S qu ar e we r e s o c a ll e d i n c o m pli m e nt t o M r s .

M o n t a g u e of B l u e St o cki n g fa m e w h o o n b e co m i n g , ,

a w id o w to o k u p h e r r e s id e n c e i n P o r t m a n S q u a r e
,

c lo s e by . Or ch a r d S t r e e t w a s d e s i g n a t e d in a llu
s io n t o O r ch a r d P o r t m a n
- o n e of t h e s e a t s of t h e
,

P o r t m a n s i n So m e r s e t s hi r e P o rt m an Squ ar e
,
.
,

P o r t m a n S t r e e t B e r k e l e y P l a c e Upp e r
, ,

B e r k e l e y S t r e e t L o we r B e r k e l e y St r e e t ,
,

B r y a n s t o n e Squ a r e B r y a n s t o n e S t r e e t W yn d
, ,

h am P l a c e Wyn d h am S t r e e t B l an dfo r d
, ,

S qu ar e B l a n d fo r d S t r e e t D o r s e t Squ a r e a n d
, , ,

D o r s e t S t r e e t a l l h a v e r e fe r e n c e to t h e t itl e s a n d
,

e st at e of t h e s o l e l a n dlo r d o f thi s n e i g hbo u r hood ,

viz Ed w a r d B e r k e l e y P o r t m a n Vi s co u n t P o r t m a n
.
, ,

of B rya n s t o n e n e a r B l a n dfo r d D o r s e t s hi r e m a n y
, , ,

e a rs M P fo r D o rs et and s o m e ti m e M P f o r
y . .
, . .

M a ryl e bo n e B ak e r S t r e e t r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e in
.

c o m p li m e n t t o S i r Ed wa r d B a k e r of Ra n s t o n a ,
288 N a m es and thei r M ea n i n g .

o ccu r r in g i n t h e fa m ily of t h e E a r l of B r e ck n ock ,

M a rq u i s o f C a m d e n t h e o wn e r of t h e e s t a t e wh o di e d
, ,

in 1 8 40 . Gr e a t C o ll e g e S t r e e t C o ll e g e P l a c e
, ,

a n d C o ll e e S t r e e t a r e s itu a t e d with i n a s t o n e s
’

g ,

th r o w o f t h e R o y a l V e t e r i n a ry Coll e g e Oakl e y .

Squ a r e o w e s it s titl e to O a kl e y H o u s e n e a r B e d ,

fo r d ; a n d A m p t h i ll Squ a r e to A m pthill P a r k i n ,

B e dfo r d s hi r e t h e n a m e s o f t wo s e a t s of t h e B e d
,

fo r d s ; whil e H a r r i n g t o n Squ a r e w a s d e n o m i n a t e d
a ft e r t h e E a r l of H a rr i n g t o n o n e o f w h o s e d a u g ht e r s
,

b e c a m e t h e wife o f t h e s e v e n th D u k e o f B e dfo r d .

M o r n i n gt o n C r e s c e n t a n d M o r n i n gt o n P l a c e
w e r e n a m e d in h o n o u r o f t h e E a r l o f M o r n i n g t o n ,

Gov e r n o r G e n e r a l o f I n di a t h e b r oth e r o f t h e D u k e
-
,

o f W e lli n g t o n ; an d Gr a n b y S t r e e t a ft e r J o h n
M a n n e r s t h e p o p u l a r M a r q u i s o f G r a n by
, Ed e n .

S t r e e t c o v e r s t h e s i t e of t h e o l d Ad a m a n d E v e
Te a G a r d e n s . Sk i n n e r S t r e e t S o m e r s T o wn wa s
, ,

b u il t a n d i s s till o wn e d by t h e Ski n n e r s C o m p a n y
, ,
’
.

P a n c r a s Ro a d r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fro m t h e p a r i s h
c h u r ch of St P a n c r a s B a t t l e B r i d g e Ro a d m a r k s
. .

t h e s p o t w h e r e t h e Ro m a n s d e fe a t e d t h e I c e n i ,

un der B o a dic e a i h y ea r 61 Y k
Q u een ,
n t e o r .

Ro a d o w e s i t s d e s i g n a tion t o t h e fa ct th a t t h e G r e a t
N o r th e r n R a il w a y w a s o r i g i n a lly s tyl e d
“
Th e
Lo n don a n d Y o r k R a ilw a y .C a l e d o n i a n Ro a d
”
,

which e xt e n d s n o r t h w a r d s t o C a l e d o n i a n M a r k e t ,

wa s s o c a ll e d a ft e r t h e R o y a l C a l e d o n i a n A s y l u m ,

fo u n d e d fo r S c o t t i s h o r ph a n s in 1 8 3 1 L i v e r p o o l
.

St r e e t a n d S i d m o u t h S t r e e t r e c a ll t h e n a m e s o f
t wo p o p u l a r Lo r d s o f t h e M i n i s t r y a t t h e a cc e s s i o n
,
 L o n d on S tr eets and S qua r es . 289

of G e o rg e I V B u r t o n Cr e s c e n t m e m o r i a li z e s i t s
.

build e r Ju d d S t r e e t co m p r i s e s t h e p r op e rty b e
.

t h d by S i And w J udd Lo r d M a yo r in 1 5 1
q u e a e r r e , 5 ,

t o t h e e n do wm e nt of a s ch ool a t T u nb r id g e K e nt , ,

h i s n a tiv e pl a c e . Gr e at C o r a m S t r e e t affo r d s u s a .

pl e a s an t r e m ind e r th a t t h e F o u n d l i n g H o s pit a l o we s
i t s e xi s t e nc e to t h e b e n e vol e nc e of C a pt a in Tho m a s
C o r a m in t h e y e a r 1 7 3 9 L am b s Co n d u i t S t r e e t
’
.

p r e s e r v e s t h e n a m e of Willi a m L a m b a clo t hwo r k e r ,

to who s e e nt e rp r i s e a fa i re cond ui t a n d s t a nd a r d ,
”

con s t r u ct e d in 1 57 7 wa s d u e H ar p u r S t r e e t
, .

r e c e iv e d i t s titl e in honou r of S i r Willi a m H a r pu r ,

Lo r d M a yo r in 1 562 wh o s e p r op e r ty h e r e a bout s
, ,

to g e th e r with th a t now known a s B e d fo r d Ro w ,

H i g h H olbo rn wa s d e vot e d at hi s d e a th t o t h e
,

fou n d a t ion of a s chool a n d oth e r ch a r it a bl e p u rpo s e s

a t B e dfo r d h i s n a tiv e pl a c e
,
.

S o u t h am pt o n Ro w a n d S o u t h am p t o n S t r e et ,

Gr e at Ru s s e ll S t r e e t Ru s se ll Squ ar e B e dfo r d
, ,

Squ ar e T av i st o ck Squ a r e a n d T av i st o ck P l a c e
, , ,

w e r e n a m e d a ft e r Tho m a s W r i o t h l e s l e y E a r l of ,

S o u th a m pton M a r q u i s of T a vi s t o c k a n d D uk e o f
, ,

B e dfo r d fa t h e r of R a ch e l who b e c a m e t h e wife o f

, ,

Lo r d Willi a m Ru s s e ll t h e p a t r iot a l r e a dy a ll u d e d to
, ,

i n conn e ction with S outh a m pton S t r e e t S t r a n d , .

G o r d o n Squ ar e p e rp e tu a t e s t h e m e m o ry of L a dy
G e o r g in a Go r don d a u g ht e r of Al e x a nd e r fou r th
, ,

D uk e of Go r don a n d wife of J ohn s ixth D uk e o f

, ,

B e dfo r d who h a d h a d fo r h i s fi rs t wife a d a u g ht e r

,

of t h e n ob l e hou s e of To rr in g ton m e m o r i a li z e d by ,

T o rr i n gt o n Squ ar e M o n t agu e S t r e et a n d Mo n
.

I 9
290 N a mes and thei r M ea n i ng .

t a gu e P l a c e oc cupy two s id e s of t h e s it e of O l d
M ont a g u e Hou s e , t h e n ucl e u s of t h e B r iti s h
M u se u m . B ru ns wi ck Squ ar e an d M e c k l en
b u r g h Squ ar e w e r e built a n d d e s i g n a t e d a t t h e
t i m e wh e n it wa s con s id e re d t h e co rre ct thin g t o
honou r t h e H a nov e r i a n s ucc e s s ion in e v e ry po s s ibl e
way . Thur l o w P l a c e wa s n a m e d in co m pli m e nt
t o Lo r d C h a nc e llo r T hu r low who s e hou s e wa s ,

s itu a t e d in Gr e a t Or m o n d S t r e e t , s o c a ll e d a ft e r

t h e B r iti s h g e n e ra l a n d du k e of th a t titl e P o wi s .

P la c e cov e rs t h e g round fo r m e rly occupi e d by P owi s

H ou s e t h e town m a n s ion of Willi a m H e r b e r t
, ,

M a r q ui s of P owi s who se fa th e r wa s outl a w e d by

,

J a m e s I B l o o m sb u r y Squ ar e i s p rop e rly Lo m e s

.

b u r y S q u a r e m,a r kin g t h e s it e o f t h e m a no r -hou se

d e scr ib e d in old e n ti m e s a s L o m e sb u ry V ill a ge .

”

H art S t r e et r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fro m Th e Whit e

“

H a r t I nn a n d Re d Li o n Squ ar e a n d Re d Li o n
S t r e et , fr o m Th e Re d Lio n both h o s t e l r i e s of
“
,
”

s o m e i m po r t a nc e in t h e co a chin g d a y s Qu e en s ’
.

Squ ar e wa s d e s i gn a t e d in honou r of Q u e e n Ann e in ,

who s e r e i g n it wa s l a id out Ki n g s g a t e S t r e e t
.

wa s s o s tyl e d b e c a u se t h e Kin g u s e d it on h i s way

t o N e w m a r k e t ; whil e Th e o b a l d s Ro a d l e d to
Th e ob a ld s in H e re fo r d s hi re t h e fa vou r it e hunt in g
, ,

s e a t of J a m e s I .

C o l d b at h Squ ar e , C l e r k e nw e ll m a r k s t h e s itu a
,

t ion of t h e c e l e b r a t e d C old B a th fe d by a s p r in g d i s
,

c ov e r e d by M r B ayn e s in 1 69 7 Th e s u rr oundin g
. .

d i s t r ict b e fo r e it wa s built ov e r fo r m e r ly bo r e t h e
n a m e of C o l d b at h F i e l d s Vi n e g ar Y ar d i s a
.
292 N a mes : and thei r M ean i ng .

wind m ill s e re ct e d in Fin s b u ry Fi e ld s on t h e m oun d ,

fo r m e d by a thou s a n d c a r t l o a d s of h u m a n bon e s
d e po s it e d th e r e fr o m t h e C h a r n e l H ou s e S t P a ul s ,
.
’

by o r d e r of t h e Lo r d P r ot e cto r S o m e rs e t in 1 549 ,
.

C i t y Ro a d wa s t h e r e g ul a r hi g hw ay fro m t h e C ity
“
t o t h e An g e l a t I s li n g ton a n d th e nc e to t h e n o rt h ,

of En g l a n d vi a H i g hbu ry a n d H i g h g a t e Sh e p
, .

h er d e s s W a lk wa s o r i g in a lly a pl e a s a nt p a th
l e a din g th r ou g h t h e op e n fi e ld s di r e ct fr o m Fin s b u ry
t o St M a ry s p a r i s h chu r ch I s lin g ton G o l d en
.
’

, .

L a n e S t L u k e s r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m t h e n u m
’

,
.
,

b e r of g old s m ith s who fo r m e r ly m a d e thi s n e i g hbou r

hood th e i r r e s id e nc e I n C ur t a i n Ro a d S ho r e
.
,

d itch s tood t h e Cu r t a in Th e a t re op e n e d in 1 57 1
, , ,

s o c a ll e d b e c a u s e it w a s t h e fi r s t pl a yhou s e to m a k e

u s e of a d r op cu r t a in
- B e n Jon s on s . E v e ry M a n ’

in h i s H u m o u r wa s p r odu c e d h e r e in 1 59 6 B y
”
.

N o r t o n F o l g a t e i s m e a nt t h e no r th e r n Fa l g a t e ,

t h e l a tt e r w o r d b e in g t h e ol d E n g li s h d e s c r iption o f
a fou r b a r r e d g a t e
- THE FAL GATE i s a co m m on
.

i nn s i g n in t h e r u r a l di s t r ict s H o lywe ll L a n e .
,

n e a r S ho r e ditch C hu r ch wa s so c a l l e d on a ccount ,

of a m i r a c ulo u s w e ll di s cov e re d h e re in a nci e nt ti m e s .

I n N i ch o l s Squ ar e Ha gg e r s t o n e liv e d J ohn , ,

N ichol s ,t h e a n t iq u a r y ; a n d i n S u t t o n P l a c e ,

H a ckn e y Tho m a s S utt o n t h e found e r of t h e

, ,

C h a r t e r hou s e Qu e e n Eli z a b e t h s Wa lk S tok e

.
’
,

N e win gton m a r k s t h e po s ition of a hou s e a n d

,

g r ound s occupi e d by t h e E a r l of L e ic e s t e r a n d oft e n ,

vi s it e d by He r M aj e s ty Fl e e t wo o d Ro a d cov e rs .

t h e s it e of Fl e e t wood H ou s e t h e re s id e nc e of C h a r l e s,
 L o n d o n S t r eets and S qu a res . 293

Fl e e twood t h e P a r li a m e nt a ry g e n e r a l a n d D e puty
, ,

Go ve r n o r O f I re l a nd .

S e v e n S i s t e r s Ro a d H ollo wa y r e c e iv e d it s
’
, ,

n a m e fr o m s e v e n t r e e s s a id to h a v e b e e n pl a nt e d
,

b y s e v e n s i s t e r s n e a r T o t t e n h a m s i x O f w hich g re w
, ,

e r e ct ; but t h e s e v e nth p r e s e n t e d a d e fo r m e d a pp e a r

a n c e b e c a u s e t h e s i s t e r wh o h a d pl a nt e d it w a s a
,

c r ippl e Ar chw a y Ro a d H i gh ga t e i s s p a nn e d by
.
, ,

t h e w o n d e r fu l hi g h a r ch co m p l e t e d i n 1 8 1 3 Fl a s k .

W a lk H a m p s t e a d d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m Th e
,
“

Fl a s k a pict u r e s q u e old i n n cl o s e by Ju d g e s
, .
’

W a lk kno w n a l s o a s K i n g s B e n ch Av e n u e
’
, ,

w a s o r i g i n a lly s o c a l l e d fr o m a c o l o n y O f j ud g e s a n d
g own s m e n O f t h e C ity wh o s o u g ht r
, e fu g e h e r e i n

t e nt s d u r i n g t h e G r e a t P l a g u e in 1 665 Fl e e t .

Ro a d H a v e r s tock H ill a ffo r d s u s a p l e a s in g r e

, ,

m e m b r a n c e O f th a t l ittl e r i v e r t h e Fl e e t m e a nd e r in g , ,

t h r o u g h t h e fi e ld s in thi s n e i g hbou r hood a n d e v e n ,

t u a l l y b e hi n d t h e O ld e r ho u s e s o n i t s w a y to wa r d s ,

B a ttl e B r id g e t h e City a n d t h e Th a m e s D a l e
, , .

Ro a d p r e s e r v e s t h e m e m o r y o f C a n o n D a l e po e t , ,

a n d v ic a r O f St P a n c ra s B ar r o w Ro a d a n d
. .

B a r r o w Hi ll P l a c e co m m e m o r a t e t h e s it e of a
b a ttl e b e t we e n t h e B r ito n s a n d Ro m a n s a n d t h e ,

s e p u lch r e O f t h e s l a in Th e s pot wa s fo r m e r ly d e
.

fi n e d by a fa r m ho u s e th a t s tood u pon t h e a ct u a l
b a r r o w k n o wn a s B a r r o w H ill Abb e y Ro a d St .
”
, .

J ohn s Wood point s to t h e e xi s t e nc e o f t h e a n ci e nt

’

Abb ey O f t h e H oly Vi r g i n s O f St J o hn t h e B a pti s t .

( se e S T J O H .N S W O O D )
’
D e s b o r o u g h P l a
. c e ,

Ha r r ow Ro a d r e c e iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m D e s bo r ou g h
,
2 94 N a mes : and t hei r M ea n i n g .

H ou s e t h e s it e O f w h ich it a dj o i n s a n d wh e re l iv e d
, ,
’

J oh n D e s s b o r o u g h ( o r D e s b o e ) t h e b r oth e r i n -l a w
r w -
,

of O liv e r C r o m we l l Chu r ch S t r e e t P a ddi n g to n

.
, ,

w a s s o c a l l e d fr o m t h e p a r i s h ch u r ch O f St M a ry .
,

s it u a t e d o n t h e o p e n s p a c e s til l k n o wn a s P a d d i n
g
t o n Gr e e n N o t t i n g h a m P l a c e wa s d e s i g n a t e d
.

a ft e r t h e co u n ty in w h ich t h e chi e f l a n d e d e s t a t e s of

t h e D u k e O f P o r tl a nd a r e s it u a t e d ; a n d W e ym o u t h
S t r e e t i n co m pli m e nt to L o r d W e y m o u t h s o n -i n
, ,

l a w O f t h e s a m e n obl e m a n P a d d i n gt o n S t r e e t
. .

w a s fo r m e r ly a n a rr ow l a n e l e a di n g n o r t h wa r d s into
P a ddi n g t o n Fi e ld s .

C r av e n Hi ll G a r d e n s a n d C r av e n Ro a d B a y s ,

w a t e r o cc u py t h e s it e O f t h e m a n s io n a n d g r ou n d s
,

O f t h e L o r d s C r a v e n p r e vio u s to t h e y e a r 1 7 0 0 w h e n ,

t h e y m i g r a t e d t o C r a v e n H o u s e D r u ry L a n e , .

S o u t hw i ck C r e s c e n t a n d S o u t hw i ck P l a c e
r e c e iv e d th e i r n a m e s fr o m S o u th w ick P a r k t h e s e a t ,

of t h e Th i s t l e wa yt e fa m ily fo r m e r ly t h e j o i n t l e s s e e s
,
.

O f P a ddi n g t o n Man o r Or m e Squ a r e p e r p e t u a t e s

.

t he m em o r y of M r O r m. e a p r i n t -s e ll e r
, Of B on d ,

S t r e e t w h o b o u g ht t h e g r o u n d a n d c o m m e n c e d t h e
,

b u ildi n g O f t h e Sq u a r e i n q u e s ti o n L a d br o k e . :

Gr o v e a n d L a d b r o k e Squ a r e l ik e wi s e b e a r t h e
n a m e O f t h e L a db r o k e fa m ily wh o b u ilt u po n t h e ,

l a n d l e a s e d t o th e m fo r t h e pu r p o s e N o r l an d .

Squ ar e N o tti n g H ill cov e r s t h e s it e of N o r l a n d

, ,

H o u s e a s m a ll w o o d e d e s t a t e o wn e d by o n e of t h e
, , ,

D r u m m o n d s t h e b a n k e r s O f Ch a r i n g C r o s s i n t h e
, , ,

r e i g n O f Willi a m I V K e n s i n g t o n G o r e to o k i t s
.

name fr o m Go r e H ou s e t h e r e s id e n c e O f t h e
,
2 96 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i ng .

M a n o r of C h e l s e a in th e s e v e nt e e nth c e ntu ry Ju st i c e .

W a lk fo r m e r ly cont a i n e d t h e r e s id e nc e O f a m a g i s
t r a t e M a r lb o r o u g h Squ ar e a n d M a r lb o r o u g h
.

Ro a d d e r iv e d th e i r n a m e s fr o m a n e i g hb o u r in g
“
t a v e r n di s pl ayin g t h e s i g n O f Th e D u k e o f M a r l
bo r ou g h a n d K e pp e l S t r e e t fr o m ,
Th e Ad m i r a l
”
K e pp e l s itu a t e d a t t h e co r n e r o f Ful h a m Ro a d
, .

Ca d o g a n S t r e e t a n d C a d o g a n Squ ar e r e m ind u s
t h a t t h e m a no r O f C h e l s e a c a m e i n to t h e po s s e s s ion
O f t h e fi r s t E a r l O f C a do g a n by r i g h t O f h i s m a r r i a g e

with t h e h e i r e s s O f S i r H a n s Slo a n e a ft e r w ho m ,

S l o a n e Squ a r e S l o a n e S t r e e t a n d H a n s P l a c e
, ,

w er e n a m e d . D a n v e r s S t r e e t w a s s o c a ll e d a ft e r
S i r J oh n D a nv e r s wh o i n t r oduc e d t h e It a li a n s tyl e O f
,

h o rticultu re i n to E n g l a n d d u r i n g t h e r e i g n O f Eliz a
b e th Th e s t re e t cov e r s t h e s it e of D a n v e r s H ou s e
.

in which h e l iv e d .

G r o s v e n o r P l a c e a n d Gr o s v e n o r S t r e e t r e
c e i v e d th e i r n a m e s fr o m S i r Th o m a s G r o s v e no r t h e ,

a nc e s to r O f t h e D uk e O f W e s t m i n s t e r t h e g r oun d
,

l a ndlo r d o f t h e di s t r ict coll e ctiv e ly kno wn a s B e l

g r a vi a ; E cc l e s t o n S t r e e t a n d E cc l e s t o n Sq u ar e
fr o m E ccl e s to n in C h e s hi r e t h e c o u n ty i n which
, ,

t h e l a n d e d p r op e r ty O f t h e G ro s v e no r s chi e fly l i e s ;
a n d B e l r a v e Squ a r e a n d B e l g r a v e S t r e e t fr o m
g
t h e Vi s c o u ntcy O f B e l g ra vi a t h e s e c o n d titl e O f t h e
,

D u k e O f W e s t m i n s t e r b e fo r e h e wa s r a i s e d t o h i s
s up e r io r t itl e s. Eb u r y S t r e e t a n d Eb ur y Squ a r e
m a r k t h e s it e O f E b u ry o r E a b u ry F a r m a n a n ci e n t ,

m a n o r i n h e r it e d by M i s s M a ry D a v i e s a l r e a dy
,

r e fe r r e d to wh e n s p e a ki n g O f D a v i e s St r e e t Oxfo r d ,
 L ond on S t r eets a nd S qua r es . 297

S t ree t , c a rr i e d into t h e fa m ily of t h e G r o sv e no r s

an d

b y h e r m a rr i a ge Ch e st e r Squ ar e r e p r oduc e s t h e
.

n a me of t h e city n e a r w hich E a ton H a ll which ,

g iv e s i t s titl e to B a t o n Sq u ar e t h e p r incip a l s e a t ,

O f t h e D uk e O f W e s t m i n s t e r i s s itu a t e d Lu p u s ,
.

S t r e e t p e r p e tu a t e s a fa vou r it e ch r i s ti a n n a m e in
t h e G r o s v e no r fa m ily r e t a in e d i n hono u r O f H e n r y
,

Lupu s c r e a t e d E a r l O f C h e st e r s oon a ft e r t h e C on
,

q u e s t . St G e o r g e .s Sq u a r e w a s
’
d e s 1 g n a t e d a ft e r

t he a dj a c e nt ch u r ch d e dic a t e d t o S t G e o r g e . .

L o wn d e s S t r e e t L o wn d e s Squ a r e a n d Ch e s h am
, ,

S t r e et P i m lico a r e ind e bt e d fo r th e i r t itl e to

, ,

Lo wn d e s O f t h e B u r y n e a r C h e s h a m B ucki n gh a m, ,

s hi r e t h e g r ound l a ndlo r d a d e s c e n d a nt O f Willi a m

, ,

L o w nd e s s e c r e t a ry to t h e T r e a s u ry d u r in g t h e r e i g n
,

O f Q u e e n Ann e .

V a u x h a ll B r i d g e Ro a d fo r m s a conn e ctin g l ink

b e tw e e n V a u xh a ll B r id g e a n d V i c t o r i a S t r e e t a ,

g loo m y m od e r n tho r o u g hfa r e n a m e d i n h o n o u r O f

o u r p r e s e nt s ov e r e i g n B i r d c a g e W a lk co m p r i s e d
.

t h e pl a c e wh er e t h e a vi a r y O f C h a r l e s I I w a s p e r .

m a n e n t l y loc a t e d und e r t h e s up e r int e nd e nc e O f

,

M a s t e r E dw a r d S to r e y t h e r oy a l k e e p e r who s e , ,

h ou s e cov e r e d t h e s pot now s tyl e d S t o r e y s G a t e

’

i n h i s m e m o ry Qu e e n An n e s G a t e d e r iv e d i t s
.
’

n a m e fro m Q u e e n An n e s Squ ar e i n w ho s e r e i g n ’
,

thi s ch a r a ct e r i s tic e nclo s u r e wa s built York .

S t r e e t w a s d e s i g n a t e d in honou r O f F r e d e r ick D u k e ,

o f Yo r k s o n O f G e o r g e I I I
, w h o liv e d in it fo r a .
,

s ho r t ti m e D e l a h a y S t r e e t c o m pli m e n t s a fa m ily
.

o f t hi s n a m e lon g r e s id e nt in St M a r ga r e t s p a ri s h .
’
.
29 8 N a mes : and thei r M ea n i ng .

Ro ch e s t e r Ro w d e no m in a t e d a ft e r t h e
wa s
B i s hop r ic O f Roch e s t e r a nci e ntly co m bin e d w ith
,

t h e D e a n e ry O f W e s t m in s t e r but s e p a r a t e d in t h e
,

r e i g n Of G e o rg e I I I N e w Br i d g e S t r e et l e a d s t o
.

t h e h a nd s o m e b r id g e o v e r t h e Th a m e s O p e n e d M a y ,

2 4 1 8 62
,
C a n n o n Ro w i s p rop e r ly C a n o n Ro w
.

’
,

fo r m e r ly t h e r e s id e n c e O f t h e C a n o n s O f S t S t e ph e n s .
’

Ch ape l Ki n g S t r e e t r e c e iv e d i t s titl e b e c a u s e it
.

w a s t h e di r e ct r o a d b e tw e e n t h e C ou r t a n d t h e
Abb e y P r i n c e s S t r e e t a m od e r n tho r ou ghfa r e
.
, ,

O ccupyi n g t h e s it e o f O l d \ V e s t m i n s t e r M e ws w a s ,

s o c a ll e d o n a c c o u n t O f i t s p r oxi m ity to Ki n g S t r e e t .

P a r k e r S t r e e t p e r p e t u a t e s t h e m e m o ry O f A r ch
b i s hop P a r k e r o n e O f t h e p r i n cip a l b e n e fa cto r s O f
,

C o r p u s C h r i s ti Coll e g e C a m b r id g e Thi s s t r e e t
, .

w a s fo r m e r ly k n o w n a s B e n n e t St re e t t h e O l d n a m e ,

of t h e C o ll e g e Gr e a t G e o r g e S t r e e t c o v e r s t h e
.

g r ound o r i g in a lly occupi e d by t h e s t a bl e -y ard O f

Th e G e o r g e a n d t h e D a g on
r a w e l l k n ow n
-
,

co a chi n g ho u s e i n byg o n e d a y s Th e n a m e O f B r o a d .

S an ct u ar y W e s t m i n s t e r r e m ind s u s O f t h e p r o t e c
, ,

t io n w hich i n O ld e n ti m e s w a s a ffo r d e d to c r i m in a l s
O f a l l d e g r e e s s o lo n g a s th e y r e m a in e d b e n e a th t h e

s h a d o w O f a m o n a s t e r y o r c a th e d r a l Ab i n g d o n .

S t r e e t c o n t a i n e d t h e m a n s ion O f t h e E a r l s O f A bi n g
d o n H o ly w e ll S t r e e t ow e s i t s titl e to t h e n a m e o f
.

a n e s t a t e O f t h e G r o s v e n o r s in Fli n t s hi r e who s e t o w n ,

r e s id e n c e w a s di s pl a c e d by t h e fo r m a tio n o f thi s
s t re e t . B art o n S t r e e t a n d C o wl e y S t r e e t w e r e
both b u ilt by B a r t o n Bo o t h t h e a ct o r ; t o t h e fo rm e r
,

h e g a v e h i s ch r i s ti a n n a m e to t h e l a tt e r t h e n a m e
,
3 0 0 N a mes and t hei r M ea n i n g .

L a n e ow e s i t s d e s i g n a tion t o t h e l o r d s hip O f t h e
m a no r . Effr a Ro a d C a m b e rw e ll m a r k s t h e cou r s e
, ,

O f t h e littl e r iv e r E ffr a n o w hidd e n l ik e t h e Fl e e t , , ,

fr o m publ ic vi e w N e wi n g t o n B u t t s d e not e s t h e
.

a r ch e r y g r ound s fo r m e r ly s it u a t e d i n t h e n e w town
,

i n t h e m e a do w H o ll a n d S t r e e t S o u th w a r k p r e
.
, ,

s erv e s t h e n a m e a t l e a s t in p a r t O f a n O l d m a no r
, , ,

d e s c r ib e d a s H ol l a nd s L e a g u e r Gr e at S u ffo lk’
.
”

S t r e et r e c a ll s t h e e xi s t e nc e O f S u ffol k H o u s e t h e ,

r e s id e nc e O f G e o rg e B r a ndon D u k e o f S u ffolk ,

Wi n ch e s t e r Y ar d of Winch e s t e r H o u s e t h e h a b i
, ,

t a t i o n O f t h e Bi s hop s of Wi n ch e s t e r ; a n d S u m n e r
S t r e e t O f Dr S u m n e r B i s hop O f Wi n ch e s t e r o n e
, .
, ,

O f t h e l a s t o ccup a nt s O f t h e ho u s e j u s t r e fe r re d to .

M i ll L a n e r e m ind s u s O f a n O l d wi n d m il l th a t s tood
h e r e in l e s s p r o s a ic ti m e s a n d Mi n t S t r e e t of t h e ,

M i n t e s t a bli s h e d by H e n r y V I I I in S u ffolk H ou s e .
,

w h e n th a t p r op e r ty b e c a m e d e m i s e d t o t h e C r own .

S t o n y S t r e e t a n d S t o n e s En d r e c e iv e d th e i r
n a m e s fr o m t h e s to n y n a t u re O f t h e g r o u nd ; t h e

fo r m e r h a vi n g b e e n t h e Ro m a n co n ti n u a tio n O f
W a tli n g St r e e t s outh O f t h e Th a m e s i n a di re ct
, ,

lin e t o D ov e r B e ar G a r d e n s it u a t e d a t t h e
.
,

co r n e r of S u m n e r St r e e t m a r k s t h e e x a ct po s ition ,

O f t h e O l d P a r i s Gar d e n a b e a r b a itin g e s t a bli s h

-
,

m e nt o p e n e d by R o b e r t d e P a r i s i n t h e ti m e of
,

Rich a r d I B a n k s i d e o r t h e s o u th s t r a nd O f t h e
.
,

Th a m e s i s hi s to r ic a lly int e r e s tin g on a ccount O f it s

,

th e a t r ic a l a s s oci a tion s .

Ol d K e n t Ro a d which b r a n ch e s O ff a t ,
“
Th e
B r ickl a y e r s A r m s i n to Gr e a t D o v e r S t r e e t a n d
’ ”

K e n t S t r e e t fo r m s t h e g r e a t K e n ti s h hi g hw a y i n to
,
 L o n d o n S tr eets a nd S qu a r es .
3 0 1

London Th o m a s S t r e e t p e r p e tu a t e s t h e ch r i s ti a n
.

n a m e of t h e phil a nth r opic found e r O f G u y s H o s pit a l ’

h a rd by Gr a n g e Ro a d a n d Gr a n g e W a lk occupy
.

t h e s it e O f a n O l d m a n s ion kno wn a s Th e G r a n g e .

Sp a Ro a d d e r iv e d i t s n a m e fr o m a s p a o r m in e r a l ,

w e ll di s cov e re d h e r e in t h e lon g lon g a g o Ru s s e ll

, , .

S t r e e t p r e s e rv e s t h e m e m o ry O f Ri ch a r d R u s s e l l ,

who dyin g h e re in 1 7 8 4 l e ft t h e wh o l e O f h i s
, ,

e s t a t e t o n e i g hbo u r in g ch a r iti e s I n T o o l e y S t r e et .

l iv e d t h e th r e e t a ilo rs who a c co r din g to t r a dition , ,

p r e s e nt e d a p e tition to t h e H ou se of C o m m on s th a t
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S c a ndin a vi a n h e r o p r inc e
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a n d B lu e An ch o r L a n e r e c e iv e d th e i r n a m e s fr o m
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l a tt e r tho r ou g hfa r e ; whil e Ja m a i c a Ro a d r e c a ll s

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s t e a m bo a t s n o w l a nd a n d t a k e up th e i r p a s s e n g e r s a t

Ch e rr y G ar d e n s P i e r L a s tly Ev e lyn S t r e e t
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