ISSN (ONLINE): 2279-0039

ISSN (PRINT): 2279-0020

Issue 12, Volume 1 & 2

March-May, 2015

International Journal of Engineering,

Business and Enterprises
Applications

International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)

(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)
STEM International Scientific Online Media and Publishing House
Head Office: 148, Summit Drive, Byron, Georgia-31008, United States.
Offices Overseas: Germany, Australia, India, Netherlands, Canada.
Website: www.iasir.net, E-mail (s): [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
 PREFACE

We are delighted to welcome you to the twelfth issue of the International Journal of
Engineering, Business and Enterprises Applications (IJEBEA). In recent years, advances in
science, engineering, and business processes have radically expanded the data available to
researchers and professionals in a wide variety of domains. This unique combination of
theory with data has the potential to have broad impact on educational research and
practice. IJEBEA is publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed papers covering a number of
topics in the areas of business process models, engineering and enterprise applications,
knowledge engineering science, modeling and designing, control and deployment
techniques, e-Commerce applications, B2B and B2C applications, Protocol management
and channel management, Mobility, process, engineering, security and technology
management, Semantic Web and interfaces, Enterprise applications for software and web
engineering, open-source platforms, Human resource management, Operations
management, Organizational and management issues, Supply chain management, Strategic
decision support systems, Cloud computing, Risk management, Information technology,
Information retrieval systems, Aspect-oriented programming, e-Libraries and e-Publishing,
Data mining and warehousing, Distributed AI systems and architectures, Bioinformatics and
scientific computing, Knowledge and information management techniques, and other
relevant fields available in the vicinity of engineering, business and enterprise applications.
The editorial board of IJEBEA is composed of members of the Teachers & Researchers
community who have expertise in a variety of disciplines, including business process
models, software and technology deployments, ICT solutions, and other related disciplines
of engineering, business and enterprise applications. In order to best serve our community,
this Journal is available online as well as in hard-copy form. Because of the rapid advances
in underlying technologies and the interdisciplinary nature of the field, we believe it is
important to provide quality research articles promptly and to the widest possible audience.

We are happy that this Journal has continued to grow and develop. We have made every
effort to evaluate and process submissions for reviews, and address queries from authors
and the general public promptly. The Journal has strived to reflect the most recent and finest
researchers in the field of emerging technologies especially related to engineering, business
and enterprises applications. This Journal is completely refereed and indexed with major
databases like: IndexCopernicus, Computer Science Directory, GetCITED, DOAJ, SSRN,
TGDScholar, WorldWideScience, CiteSeerX, CRCnetBASE, Google Scholar, Microsoft
Academic Search, INSPEC, ProQuest, ArnetMiner, Base, ChemXSeer, citebase,
OpenJ-Gate, eLibrary, SafetyLit, SSRN, VADLO, OpenGrey, EBSCO, ProQuest, UlrichWeb,
ISSUU, SPIE Digital Library, arXiv, ERIC, EasyBib, Infotopia, WorldCat, .docstoc JURN,
Mendeley, ResearchGate, cogprints, OCLC, iSEEK, Scribd, LOCKSS, CASSI,
E-PrintNetwork, intute, and some other databases.

We are grateful to all of the individuals and agencies whose work and support made the
Journal's success possible. We want to thank the executive board and core committee
members of the IJEBEA for entrusting us with the important job. We are thankful to the
members of the IJEBEA editorial board who have contributed energy and time to the Journal
with their steadfast support, constructive advice, as well as reviews of submissions. We are
deeply indebted to the numerous anonymous reviewers who have contributed expertly
evaluations of the submissions to help maintain the quality of the Journal. For this twelfth
issue, we received 89 research papers and out of which only 41 research papers are
published in two volumes as per the reviewers’ recommendations. We have highest respect
to all the authors who have submitted articles to the Journal for their intellectual energy and
creativity, and for their dedication to the fields of engineering, business and enterprises
applications.

This issue of the IJEBEA has attracted a large number of authors and researchers across
worldwide and would provide an effective platform to all the intellectuals of different streams
to put forth their suggestions and ideas which might prove beneficial for the accelerated
pace of development of emerging technologies in engineering, business and enterprise
applications and may open new area for research and development. We hope you will enjoy
this twelfth issue of the IJEBEA and are looking forward to hearing your feedback and
receiving your contributions.

(Administrative Chief) (Managing Director) (Editorial Head)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprises Applications (IJEBEA),
ISSN (Online): 2279-0039, ISSN (Print): 2279-0020 (March-May, 2015, Issue 12, Volume 1
& 2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 BOARD MEMBERS

EDITOR IN CHIEF
 Prof. (Dr.) Waressara Weerawat, Director of Logistics Innovation Center, Department of
Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Thailand.
 Prof. (Dr.) Yen-Chun Lin, Professor and Chair, Dept. of Computer Science and Information
Engineering, Chang Jung Christian University, Kway Jen, Tainan, Taiwan.
 Divya Sethi, GM Conferencing & VSAT Solutions, Enterprise Services, Bharti Airtel, Gurgaon,
India.
CHIEF EDITOR (TECHNICAL)
 Prof. (Dr.) Atul K. Raturi, Head School of Engineering and Physics, Faculty of Science, Technology
and Environment, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala campus, Suva, Fiji Islands.
 Prof. (Dr.) Hadi Suwastio, College of Applied Science, Department of Information Technology,
The Sultanate of Oman and Director of IETI-Research Institute-Bandung, Indonesia.
 Dr. Nitin Jindal, Vice President, Max Coreth, North America Gas & Power Trading, New York,
United States.
CHIEF EDITOR (GENERAL)
 Prof. (Dr.) Thanakorn Naenna, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Mahidol University, Thailand.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jose Francisco Vicent Frances, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial
Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Huiyun Liu, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London.

ADVISORY BOARD
 Prof. (Dr.) Kimberly A. Freeman, Professor & Director of Undergraduate Programs, Stetson
School of Business and Economics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, United States.
 Prof. (Dr.) Klaus G. Troitzsch, Professor, Institute for IS Research, University of Koblenz-Landau,
Germany.
 Prof. (Dr.) T. Anthony Choi, Professor, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mercer
University, Macon, Georgia, United States.
 Prof. (Dr.) Fabrizio Gerli, Department of Management, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jen-Wei Hsieh, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jose C. Martinez, Dept. Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of
Granada, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Panayiotis Vafeas, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Patras, Greece.
 Prof. (Dr.) Soib Taib, School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University Science Malaysia,
Malaysia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Vit Vozenilek, Department of Geoinformatics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech
Republic.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sim Kwan Hua, School of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University
of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jose Francisco Vicent Frances, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial
Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Rafael Ignacio Alvarez Sanchez, Department of Science of the Computation and
Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Praneel Chand, Ph.D., M.IEEEC/O School of Engineering & Physics Faculty of Science &
Technology The University of the South Pacific (USP) Laucala Campus, Private Mail Bag, Suva,
Fiji.
 Prof. (Dr.) Francisco Miguel Martinez, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial
Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Antonio Zamora Gomez, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial
Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Leandro Tortosa, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial Intelligence,
Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Samir Ananou, Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
 Dr. Miguel Angel Bautista, Department de Matematica Aplicada y Analisis, Facultad de
Matematicas, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Prof. Adam Baharum, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Universiti Sains,
Malaysia, Malaysia.
 Dr. Cathryn J. Peoples, Faculty of Computing and Engineering, School of Computing and
Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
 Prof. (Dr.) Pavel Lafata, Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, 166 27, Czech Republic.
 Prof. (Dr.) P. Bhanu Prasad, Vision Specialist, Matrix vision GmbH, Germany, Consultant, TIFAC-
CORE for Machine Vision, Advisor, Kelenn Technology, France Advisor, Shubham Automation &
Services, Ahmedabad, and Professor of C.S.E, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Anis Zarrad, Department of Computer Science and Information System, Prince Sultan
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mohammed Ali Hussain, Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering, KL
University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Dr. Cristiano De Magalhaes Barros, Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
 Prof. (Dr.) Md. Rizwan Beg, Professor & Head, Dean, Faculty of Computer Applications, Deptt. of
Computer Sc. & Engg. & Information Technology, Integral University Kursi Road, Dasauli,
Lucknow, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Vishnu Narayan Mishra, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, Sardar Vallabhbhai
National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath Mahadev Road, Surat, Surat-395007, Gujarat,
India.
 Dr. Jia Hu, Member Research Staff, Philips Research North America, New York Area, NY.
 Prof. Shashikant Shantilal Patil SVKM, MPSTME Shirpur Campus, NMIMS University Vile Parle
Mumbai, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Bindhya Chal Yadav, Assistant Professor in Botany, Govt. Post Graduate College,
Fatehabad, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.

REVIEW BOARD
 Prof. (Dr.) Kimberly A. Freeman, Professor & Director of Undergraduate Programs, Stetson
School of Business and Economics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, United States.
 Prof. (Dr.) Klaus G. Troitzsch, Professor, Institute for IS Research, University of Koblenz-Landau,
Germany.
 Prof. (Dr.) T. Anthony Choi, Professor, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mercer
University, Macon, Georgia, United States.
 Prof. (Dr.) Yen-Chun Lin, Professor and Chair, Dept. of Computer Science and Information
Engineering, Chang Jung Christian University, Kway Jen, Tainan, Taiwan.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jen-Wei Hsieh, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering,
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jose C. Martinez, Dept. Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of
Granada, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Joel Saltz, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
 Prof. (Dr.) Panayiotis Vafeas, Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Patras, Greece.
 Prof. (Dr.) Soib Taib, School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University Science Malaysia,
Malaysia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sim Kwan Hua, School of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University
of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jose Francisco Vicent Frances, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial
Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Rafael Ignacio Alvarez Sanchez, Department of Science of the Computation and
Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Francisco Miguel Martinez, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial
Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Antonio Zamora Gomez, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial
Intelligence, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Leandro Tortosa, Department of Science of the Computation and Artificial Intelligence,
Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Samir Ananou, Department of Microbiology, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
 Dr. Miguel Angel Bautista, Department de Matematica Aplicada y Analisis, Facultad de
Matematicas, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain.
 Prof. (Dr.) Prof. Adam Baharum, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Universiti Sains,
Malaysia, Malaysia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Huiyun Liu, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London.
 Dr. Cristiano De Magalhaes Barros, Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
 Prof. (Dr.) Pravin G. Ingole, Senior Researcher, Greenhouse Gas Research Center, Korea
Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, KOREA
 Prof. (Dr.) Dilum Bandara, Dept. Computer Science & Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka.
 Prof. (Dr.) Faudziah Ahmad, School of Computing, UUM College of Arts and Sciences, University
Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah Darulaman
 Prof. (Dr.) G. Manoj Someswar, Principal, Dept. of CSE at Anwar-ul-uloom College of Engineering
& Technology, Yennepally, Vikarabad, RR District., A.P., India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Abdelghni Lakehal, Applied Mathematics, Rue 10 no 6 cite des fonctionnaires dokkarat
30010 Fes Marocco.
 Dr. Kamal Kulshreshtha, Associate Professor & Head, Deptt. of Computer Sc. & Applications, Modi
Institute of Management & Technology, Kota-324 009, Rajasthan, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Anukrati Sharma, Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce and Management,
University of Kota, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) S. Natarajan, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SSM College
of Engineering, NH 47, Salem Main Road, Komarapalayam, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu
638183, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) J. Sadhik Basha, Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
 Prof. (Dr.) G. SAVITHRI, Department of Sericulture, S.P. Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati-
517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Shweta jain, Tolani College of Commerce, Andheri, Mumbai. 400001, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Abdullah M. Abdul-Jabbar, Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University
of Salahaddin-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
 Prof. (Dr.) P.Sujathamma, Department of Sericulture, S.P.Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati-
517502, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Bimla Dhanda, Professor & Head, Department of Human Development and Family
Studies, College of Home Science, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125001
(Haryana) India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Manjulatha, Dept of Biochemistry,School of Life Sciences,University of
Hyderabad,Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Upasani Dhananjay Eknath Advisor & Chief Coordinator, ALUMNI Association, Sinhgad
Institute of Technology & Science, Narhe, Pune- 411 041, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sudhindra Bhat, Professor & Finance Area Chair, School of Business, Alliance
University Bangalore-562106.
 Prof. Prasenjit Chatterjee , Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MCKV Institute of Engineering West
Bengal, India.
 Prof. Rajesh Murukesan, Deptt. of Automobile Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering college,
Chennai, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Parmil Kumar, Department of Statistics, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
 Prof. (Dr.) M.N. Shesha Prakash, Vice Principal, Professor & Head of Civil Engineering, Vidya
Vikas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Alanahally, Mysore-570 028
 Prof. (Dr.) Piyush Singhal, Mechanical Engineering Deptt., GLA University, India.
 Prof. M. Mahbubur Rahman, School of Engineering & Information Technology, Murdoch
University, Perth Western Australia 6150, Australia.
 Prof. Nawaraj Chaulagain, Department of Religion, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL.
 Prof. Hassan Jafari, Faculty of Maritime Economics & Management, Khoramshahr University of
Marine Science and Technology, khoramshahr, Khuzestan province, Iran
 Prof. (Dr.) Kantipudi MVV Prasad , Dept of EC, School of Engg, R.K.University,Kast urbhadham,
Tramba, Rajkot-360020, India.
 Prof. (Mrs.) P.Sujathamma, Department of Sericulture, S.P.Mahila Visvavidyalayam, ( Women's
University), Tirupati-517502, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) M A Rizvi, Dept. of Computer Engineering and Applications, National Institute of
Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Bhopal M.P. India
 Prof. (Dr.) Mohsen Shafiei Nikabadi, Faculty of Economics and Management, Industrial
Management Department, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
 Prof. P.R.SivaSankar, Head, Dept. of Commerce, Vikrama Simhapuri University Post Graduate
Centre, KAVALI - 524201, A.P. India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Bhawna Dubey, Institute of Environmental Science( AIES), Amity University, Noida,
India.
 Prof. Manoj Chouhan, Deptt. of Information Technology, SVITS Indore, India.
 Prof. Yupal S Shukla, V M Patel College of Management Studies, Ganpat University, Kherva-
Mehsana, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Amit Kohli, Head of the Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
D.A.V.Institute of Engg. and Technology, Kabir Nagar, Jalandhar, Punjab(India)
 Prof. (Dr.) Kumar Irayya Maddani, and Head of the Department of Physics in SDM College of
Engineering and Technology, Dhavalagiri, Dharwad, State: Karnataka (INDIA).
 Prof. (Dr.) Shafi Phaniband, SDM College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad, INDIA.
 Prof. M H Annaiah, Head, Department of Automobile Engineering, Acharya Institute of
Technology, Soladevana Halli, Bangalore -560107, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Shriram K V, Faculty Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita Vishwa
Vidhyapeetham University, Coimbatore, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sohail Ayub, Department of Civil Engineering, Z.H College of Engineering &
Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. 202002 UP-India
 Prof. (Dr.) Santosh Kumar Behera, Department of Education, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University,
Purulia, West Bengal, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Urmila Shrawankar, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, G H Raisoni
College of Engineering, Nagpur (MS), India.
 Prof. Anbu Kumar. S, Deptt. of Civil Engg., Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College
of Engineering) Delhi, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Meenakshi Sood, Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mysore, University of
Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, Karnataka (India)
 Prof. (Dr.) Prof. R. R. Patil, Director School Of Earth Science, Solapur University, Solapur, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Manoj Khandelwal, Dept. of Mining Engg, College of Technology & Engineering,
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur-313 001 (Rajasthan), India
 Prof. (Dr.) Kishor Chandra Satpathy, Librarian, National Institute of Technology, Silchar-788010,
Assam, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Juhana Jaafar, Gas Engineering Department, Faculty of Petroleum and Renewable
Energy Engineering (FPREE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor.
 Prof. (Dr.) Rita Khare, Assistant Professor in chemistry, Govt. Women,s College, Gardanibagh,
Patna, Bihar, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Raviraj Kusanur, Dept of Chemistry, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore-59, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Hameem Shanavas .I, M.V.J College of Engineering, Bangalore, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sandhya Mehrotra, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology
and Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Dr. Ravindra Jilte, Head of the Department, Department of Mechanical
Engineering,VCET, Thane-401202, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sanjay Kumar, JKL University, Ajmer Road, Jaipur
 Prof. (Dr.) Pushp Lata Faculty of English and Communication, Department of Humanities and
Languages, Nucleus Member, Publications and Media Relations Unit Editor, BITScan, BITS, Pilani-
India
 Prof. Arun Agarwal, Faculty of ECE Dept., ITER College, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Pratima Tripathi, Department of Biosciences, SSSIHL, Anantapur Campus Anantapur-
515001 (A.P.) India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sudip Das, Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, I.C.A.R.E.
Complex, H.I.T. Campus, P.O. Hit, Haldia; Dist: Puba Medinipur, West Bengal, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) ABHIJIT MITRA , Associate Professor and former Head, Department of Marine Science,
University of Calcutta , India.
 Prof. (Dr.) N.Ramu , Associate Professor , Department of Commerce, Annamalai University,
AnnamalaiNadar-608 002, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu , India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah, Assistant Professor of Theriogenology , Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine , Beni-Suef University , Egypt.
 Prof. (Dr.) Ramel D. Tomaquin, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Surigao Del Sur State
University (SDSSU), Tandag City Surigao Del Sur, Philippines.
 Prof. (Dr.) Bimla Dhanda, Professor & Head, Department of Human Development and Family
Studies College of Home Science, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125001 (Haryana)
India.
 Prof. (Dr.) R.K.Tiwari, Professor, S.O.S. in Physics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P.-474011,
India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sandeep Gupta, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Noida Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Gr.Noida, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mohammad Akram, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sanjay Sharma, Dept. of Mathematics, BIT, Durg(C.G.), India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Manas R. Panigrahi, Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT
University, Bhubaneswar, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) P.Kiran Sree, Dept of CSE, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Suvroma Gupta, Department of Biotechnology in Haldia Institute of Technology,
Haldia, West Bengal, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) SREEKANTH. K. J., Department of Mechanical Engineering at Mar Baselios College of
Engineering & Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
 Prof. Bhubneshwar Sharma, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Eternal
University (H.P), India.
 Prof. Love Kumar, Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAV Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Jalandhar (Punjab), India.
 Prof. S.KANNAN, Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar- 608002, Tamil
Nadu, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Hasrinah Hasbullah, Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Energy Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
 Prof. Rajesh Duvvuru, Dept. of Computer Sc. & Engg., N.I.T. Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Bhargavi H. Goswami, Department of MCA, Sunshine Group of Institutes, Nr. Rangoli
Park, Kalawad Road, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Essam H. Houssein, Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers &
Informatics, Benha University, Benha 13518, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt.
 Arash Shaghaghi, University College London, University of London, Great Britain.
 Prof. Rajesh Duvvuru, Dept. of Computer Sc. & Engg., N.I.T. Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Anand Kumar, Head, Department of MCA, M.S. Engineering College, Navarathna
Agrahara, Sadahalli Post, Bangalore, PIN 562110, Karnataka, INDIA.
 Prof. (Dr.) Venkata Raghavendra Miriampally, Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept, Adama
Science & Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jatinderkumar R. Saini, Director (I.T.), GTU's Ankleshwar-Bharuch Innovation Sankul
&Director I/C & Associate Professor, Narmada College of Computer Application, Zadeshwar,
Bharuch, Gujarat, India.
 Prof. Jaswinder Singh, Mechanical Engineering Department, University Institute Of Engineering &
Technology, Panjab University SSG Regional Centre, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India- 146001.
 Prof. (Dr.) S.Kadhiravan, Head i/c, Department of Psychology, Periyar University, Salem- 636
011,Tamil Nadu, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mohammad Israr, Principal, Balaji Engineering College,Junagadh, Gujarat-362014,
India.
 Prof. (Dr.) VENKATESWARLU B., Director of MCA in Sreenivasa Institute of Technology and
Management Studies (SITAMS), Chittoor.
 Prof. (Dr.) Deepak Paliwal, Faculty of Sociology, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani-Nainital
 Prof. (Dr.) Dr. Anil K Dwivedi, Faculty of Pollution & Environmental Assay Research Laboratory
(PEARL), Department of Botany,DDU Gorakhpur University,Gorakhpur-273009, India.
 Prof. R. Ravikumar, Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, TamilNadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore-641003,Tamil Nadu, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) R.Raman, Professor of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai university,
Annamalai Nagar 608 002Tamil Nadu, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Ahmed Khalafallah, Coordinator of the CM Degree Program, Department of
Architectural and Manufacturing Sciences, Ogden College of Sciences and Engineering Western
Kentucky University 1906 College Heights Blvd Bowling Green, KY 42103-1066
 Prof. (Dr.) Asmita Das , Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering),
Shahbad, Daulatpur, Delhi 110042, India.
 Prof. (Dr.)Aniruddha Bhattacharjya, Assistant Professor (Senior Grade), CSE Department, Amrita
School of Engineering , Amrita Vishwa VidyaPeetham (University), Kasavanahalli, Carmelaram
P.O., Bangalore 560035, Karnataka, India
 Prof. (Dr.) S. Rama Krishna Pisipaty, Prof & Geoarchaeologist, Head of the Department of
Sanskrit & Indian Culture, SCSVMV University, Enathur, Kanchipuram 631561, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Shubhasheesh Bhattacharya, Professor & HOD(HR), Symbiosis Institute of
International Business (SIIB), Hinjewadi, Phase-I, Pune- 411 057
 Prof. (Dr.) Vijay Kothari, Institute of Science, Nirma University, S-G Highway, Ahmedabad
382481, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Raja Sekhar Mamillapalli, Department of Civil Engineering at Sir Padampat Singhania
University, Udaipur, India.
 Prof. (Dr.)B. M. Kunar, Department of Mining Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
826004, Jharkhand, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Prabir Sarkar, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical, Materials and Energy
Engineering, Room 307, Academic Block, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Nangal Road,
Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) K.Srinivasmoorthy, Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, School of
Physical,Chemical and Applied Sciences, Pondicherry university, R.Venkataraman Nagar, Kalapet,
Puducherry 605014, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Bhawna Dubey, Institute of Environmental Science (AIES), Amity University, Noida,
India.
 Prof. (Dr.) P. Bhanu Prasad, Vision Specialist, Matrix vision GmbH, Germany, Consultant, TIFAC-
CORE for Machine Vision, Advisor, Kelenn Technology, France Advisor, Shubham Automation &
Services, Ahmedabad, and Professor of C.S.E, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, India.
 Prof. (Dr.)P.Raviraj, Professor & Head, Dept. of CSE, Kalaignar Karunanidhi, Institute of
Technology, Coimbatore 641402,Tamilnadu,India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Damodar Reddy Edla, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian School
of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) T.C. Manjunath, Principal in HKBK College of Engg., Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Pankaj Bhambri, I.T. Deptt., Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana 141006,
Punjab, India .
 Prof. Shashikant Shantilal Patil SVKM, MPSTME Shirpur Campus, NMIMS University Vile Parle
Mumbai, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Shambhu Nath Choudhary, Department of Physics, T.M. Bhagalpur University,
Bhagalpur 81200, Bihar, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Venkateshwarlu Sonnati, Professor & Head of EEED, Department of EEE, Sreenidhi
Institute of Science & Technology, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Saurabh Dalela, Department of Pure & Applied Physics, University of Kota, KOTA
324010, Rajasthan, India.
 Prof. S. Arman Hashemi Monfared, Department of Civil Eng, University of Sistan & Baluchestan,
Daneshgah St.,Zahedan, IRAN, P.C. 98155-987
 Prof. (Dr.) R.S.Chanda, Dept. of Jute & Fibre Tech., University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, West
Bengal, India.
 Prof. V.S.VAKULA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, JNTUK, University
College of Engg., Vizianagaram5 35003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Nehal Gitesh Chitaliya, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad 388
306, Gujarat, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) D.R. Prajapati, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PEC University of
Technology,Chandigarh 160012, India.
 Dr. A. SENTHIL KUMAR, Postdoctoral Researcher, Centre for Energy and Electrical Power,
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane
University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
 Prof. (Dr.)Vijay Harishchandra Mankar, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering, Govt. Polytechnic, Mangalwari Bazar, Besa Road, Nagpur- 440027, India.
 Prof. Varun.G.Menon, Department Of C.S.E, S.C.M.S School of Engineering, Karukutty,
Ernakulam, Kerala 683544, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) U C Srivastava, Department of Physics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity
University, Noida, U.P-203301.India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Surendra Yadav, Professor and Head (Computer Science & Engineering Department),
Maharashi Arvind College of Engineering and Research Centre (MACERC), Jaipur, Rajasthan,
India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sunil Kumar, H.O.D. Applied Sciences & Humanities Dehradun Institute of Technology,
(D.I.T. School of Engineering), 48 A K.P-3 Gr. Noida (U.P.) 201308
 Prof. Naveen Jain, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering,
Udaipur-313 001, India.
 Prof. Veera Jyothi.B, CBIT ,Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. Aritra Ghosh, Global Institute of Management and Technology, Krishnagar, Nadia, W.B.
India
 Prof. Anuj K. Gupta, Head, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, RIMT Group of Institutions,
Sirhind Mandi Gobindgarh, Punajb, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Varala Ravi, Head, Department of Chemistry, IIIT Basar Campus, Rajiv Gandhi
University of Knowledge Technologies, Mudhole, Adilabad, Andhra Pradesh- 504 107, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Ravikumar C Baratakke, faculty of Biology,Govt. College, Saundatti - 591 126, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) NALIN BHARTI, School of Humanities and Social Science, Indian Institute of
Technology Patna, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Shivanand S.Gornale, Head, Department of Studies in Computer Science, Government
College (Autonomous), Mandya, Mandya-571 401-Karanataka
 Prof. (Dr.) Naveen.P.Badiger, Dept.Of Chemistry, S.D.M.College of Engg. & Technology,
Dharwad-580002, Karnataka State, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Bimla Dhanda, Professor & Head, Department of Human Development and Family
Studies, College of Home Science, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125001
(Haryana) India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Tauqeer Ahmad Usmani, Faculty of IT, Salalah College of Technology, Salalah,
Sultanate of Oman,
 Prof. (Dr.) Naresh Kr. Vats, Chairman, Department of Law, BGC Trust University Bangladesh
 Prof. (Dr.) Papita Das (Saha), Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta,
Kolkata, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Rekha Govindan , Dept of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of technology ,
Vinayaka Missions University , Paiyanoor , Kanchipuram Dt, Tamilnadu , India
 Prof. (Dr.) Lawrence Abraham Gojeh, Department of Information Science, Jimma University,
P.o.Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
 Prof. (Dr.) M.N. Kalasad, Department of Physics, SDM College of Engineering & Technology,
Dharwad, Karnataka, India
 Prof. Rab Nawaz Lodhi, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology Sahiwal
 Prof. (Dr.) Masoud Hajarian, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences,
Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Evin, Tehran 19839,Iran
 Prof. (Dr.) Chandra Kala Singh, Associate professor, Department of Human Development and
Family Studies, College of Home Science, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar- 125001
(Haryana) India
 Prof. (Dr.) J.Babu, Professor & Dean of research, St.Joseph's College of Engineering &
Technology, Choondacherry, Palai,Kerala.
 Prof. (Dr.) Pradip Kumar Roy, Department of Applied Mechanics, Birla Institute of Technology
(BIT) Mesra, Ranchi-835215, Jharkhand, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) P. Sanjeevi kumar, School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT), Vandalur Kelambakkam
Road, VIT University, Chennai, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Debasis Patnaik, BITS-Pilani, Goa Campus, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) SANDEEP BANSAL, Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, I.G.N. College,
Haryana, India.
 Dr. Radhakrishnan S V S, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faser Hall, The University of
Mississippi Oxford, MS-38655, USA
 Prof. (Dr.) Megha Mittal, Faculty of Chemistry, Manav Rachna College of Engineering, Faridabad
(HR), 121001, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mihaela Simionescu (BRATU), BUCHAREST, District no. 6, Romania, member of the
Romanian Society of Econometrics, Romanian Regional Science Association and General
Association of Economists from Romania
 Prof. (Dr.) Atmani Hassan, Director Regional of Organization Entraide Nationale
 Prof. (Dr.) Deepshikha Gupta, Dept. of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences,Amity
University, Sec.125, Noida, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Muhammad Kamruzzaman, Deaprtment of Infectious Diseases, The University of
Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW-2145.
 Prof. (Dr.) Meghshyam K. Patil , Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Chemistry,Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University,Sub-Campus, Osmanabad- 413 501, Maharashtra,
INDIA
 Prof. (Dr.) Ashok Kr. Dargar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sir
Padampat Singhania University, Udaipur (Raj.)
 Prof. (Dr.) Sudarson Jena, Dept. of Information Technology, GITAM University, Hyderabad, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Jai Prakash Jaiswal, Department of Mathematics, Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology Bhopal-India
 Prof. (Dr.) S.Amutha, Dept. of Educational Technology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-
620 023, Tamil Nadu-India
 Prof. (Dr.) R. HEMA KRISHNA, Environmental chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
 Prof. (Dr.) B.Swaminathan, Dept. of Agrl.Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Meghshyam K. Patil, Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Chemistry, Dr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Sub-Campus, Osmanabad- 413 501, Maharashtra,
INDIA
 Prof. (Dr.) K. Ramesh, Department of Chemistry, C .B . I. T, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075
 Prof. (Dr.) Sunil Kumar, H.O.D. Applied Sciences &Humanities, JIMS Technical campus,(I.P.
University,New Delhi), 48/4 ,K.P.-3,Gr.Noida (U.P.)
 Prof. (Dr.) G.V.S.R.Anjaneyulu, CHAIRMAN - P.G. BOS in Statistics & Deputy Coordinator UGC
DRS-I Project, Executive Member ISPS-2013, Department of Statistics, Acharya Nagarjuna
University, Nagarjuna Nagar-522510, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Sribas Goswami, Department of Sociology, Serampore College, Serampore 712201,
West Bengal, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sunanda Sharma, Department of Veterinary Obstetrics Y Gynecology, College of
Veterinary & Animal Science,Rajasthan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences,Bikaner-
334001, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) S.K. Tiwari, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273009
U.P., India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Praveena Kuruva, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-
560012, INDIA
 Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Kumar, Department Of Applied Physics , Bhilai Institute Of Technology, Durg
(C.G.) 491001
 Prof. (Dr.) Y.P.Singh, (Director), Somany (PG) Institute of Technology and Management, Garhi
Bolni Road, Delhi-Jaipur Highway No. 8, Beside 3 km from City Rewari, Rewari-123401, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) MIR IQBAL FAHEEM, VICE PRINCIPAL &HEAD- Department of Civil Engineering &
Professor of Civil Engineering, Deccan College of Engineering & Technology, Dar-us-Salam,
Aghapura, Hyderabad (AP) 500 036.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jitendra Gupta, Regional Head, Co-ordinator(U.P. State Representative)& Asstt. Prof.,
(Pharmaceutics), Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura.
 Prof. (Dr.) N. Sakthivel, Scientist - C,Research Extension Center,Central Silk Board, Government
of India, Inam Karisal Kulam (Post), Srivilliputtur - 626 125,Tamil Nadu, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Omprakash Srivastav, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh-202 001, INDIA.
 Prof. (Dr.) K.V.L.N.Acharyulu, Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Bapatla
Engineering college, Bapatla-522101, INDIA.
 Prof. (Dr.) Fateh Mebarek-Oudina, Assoc. Prof., Sciences Faculty,20 aout 1955-Skikda University,
B.P 26 Route El-Hadaiek, 21000,Skikda, Algeria.
 NagaLaxmi M. Raman, Project Support Officer, Amity International Centre for Postharvest,
Technology & Cold Chain Management, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Expressway, Noida
 Prof. (Dr.) V.SIVASANKAR, Associate Professor, Department Of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College Of
Engineering (Autonomous), Madurai 625015, Tamil Nadu, India
 (Dr.) Ramkrishna Singh Solanki, School of Studies in Statistics, Vikram University, Ujjain, India
 Prof. (Dr.) M.A.Rabbani, Professor/Computer Applications, School of Computer, Information and
Mathematical Sciences, B.S.Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India
 Prof. (Dr.) P.P.Satya Paul Kumar, Associate Professor, Physical Education & Sports Sciences,
University College of Physical Education & Sports, Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Guntur.
 Prof. (Dr.) Fazal Shirazi, PostDoctoral Fellow, Infectious Disease, MD Anderson Cancer Center,
Houston, Texas, USA
 Prof. (Dr.) Omprakash Srivastav, Department of Museology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-
202 001, INDIA.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mandeep Singh walia, A.P. E.C.E., Panjab University SSG Regional Centre Hoshiarpur,
Una Road, V.P.O. Allahabad, Bajwara, Hoshiarpur
 Prof. (Dr.) Ho Soon Min, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Applied Sciences, INTI International
University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
 Prof. (Dr.) L.Ganesamoorthy, Assistant Professor in Commerce, Annamalai University, Annamalai
Nagar-608002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Vuda Sreenivasarao, Professor, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Bahir
Dar University, Bahirdar,Ethiopia
 Prof. (Dr.) Umesh Sharma, Professor & HOD Applied Sciences & Humanities, Eshan college of
Engineering, Mathura, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) K. John Singh, School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT University,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sita Ram Pal (Asst.Prof.), Dept. of Special Education, Dr.BAOU, Ahmedabad, India.
 Prof. Vishal S.Rana, H.O.D, Department of Business Administration, S.S.B.T'S College of
Engineering & Technology, Bambhori,Jalgaon (M.S), India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Chandrakant Badgaiyan, Department of Mechatronics and Engineering, Chhattisgarh.
 Dr. (Mrs.) Shubhrata Gupta, Prof. (Electrical), NIT Raipur, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Usha Rani. Nelakuditi, Assoc. Prof., ECE Deptt., Vignan’s Engineering College, Vignan
University, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) S. Swathi, Asst. Professor, Department of Information Technology, Vardhaman college
of Engineering(Autonomous) , Shamshabad, R.R District, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Raja Chakraverty, M Pharm (Pharmacology), BCPSR, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
 Prof. (Dr.) P. Sanjeevi Kumar, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, National Institute of
Technology (NIT-Puducherry), An Institute of National Importance under MHRD (Govt. of India),
Karaikal- 609 605, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Amitava Ghosh, Professor & Principal, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and
Research, B.R.B. Sarani, Bidhannagar, Durgapur, West Bengal- 713212.
 Prof. (Dr.) Om Kumar Harsh, Group Director, Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology,
Amritsar 143001 (Punjab), India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mansoor Maitah, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Economics and
Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 21 Praha 6 Suchdol, Czech Republic.
 Prof. (Dr.) Zahid Mahmood, Department of Management Sciences (Graduate Studies), Bahria
University, Naval Complex, Sector, E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Prof. (Dr.) N. Sandeep, Faculty Division of Fluid Dynamics, VIT University, Vellore-632 014.
 Mr. Jiban Shrestha, Scientist (Plant Breeding and Genetics), Nepal Agricultural Research Council,
National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.
 Prof. (Dr.) Rakhi Garg, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Ramakant Pandey. Dept. of Biochemistry. Patna University Patna (Bihar)-India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Nalah Augustine Bala, Behavioural Health Unit, Psychology Department, Nasarawa
State University, Keffi, P.M.B. 1022 Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mehdi Babaei, Department of Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of
Zanjan, Iran.
 Prof. (Dr.) A. SENTHIL KUMAR., Professor/EEE, VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHENNAI
 Prof. (Dr.) Gudikandhula Narasimha Rao, Dept. of Computer Sc. & Engg., KKR & KSR Inst Of
Tech & Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Dhanesh singh, Department of Chemistry, K.G. Arts & Science College, Raigarh (C.G.)
India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Syed Umar , Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering, KL University, Guntur,
A.P., India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Rachna Goswami, Faculty in Bio-Science Department, IIIT Nuzvid (RGUKT), District-
Krishna , Andhra Pradesh - 521201
 Prof. (Dr.) Ahsas Goyal, FSRHCP, Founder & Vice president of Society of Researchers and Health
Care Professionals
 Prof. (Dr.) Gagan Singh, School of Management Studies and Commerce, Department of
Commerce, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani-Nainital, Uttarakhand (UK)-263139 (India)
 Prof. (Dr.) Solomon A. O. Iyekekpolor, Mathematics and Statistics, Federal University, Wukari-
Nigeria.
 Prof. (Dr.) S. Saiganesh, Faculty of Marketing, Dayananda Sagar Business School, Bangalore,
India.
 Dr. K.C.Sivabalan, Field Enumerator and Data Analyst, Asian Vegetable Research Centre, The
World Vegetable Centre, Taiwan
 Prof. (Dr.) Amit Kumar Mishra, Department of Environmntal Science and Energy Research,
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
 Prof. (Dr.) Manisha N. Paliwal, Sinhgad Institute of Management, Vadgaon (Bk), Pune, India
 Prof. (Dr.) M. S. HIREMATH, Principal, K.L.ESOCIETY’S SCHOOL, ATHANI, India
 Prof. Manoj Dhawan, Department of Information Technology, Shri Vaishnav Institute of
Technology & Science, Indore, (M. P.), India
 Prof. (Dr.) V.R.Naik, Professor & Head of Department, Mechancal Engineering , Textile &
Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji (Dist. Kolhapur), Maharashatra, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Jyotindra C. Prajapati,Head, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Applied
Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa Anand -388421, Gujarat, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Sarbjit Singh, Head, Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Dr BR
Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab,India
 Prof. (Dr.) Professor Braja Gopal Bag, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology,
Vidyasagar University, West Midnapore
 Prof. (Dr.) Ashok Kumar Chandra, Department of Management, Bhilai Institute of Technology,
Bhilai House, Durg (C.G.)
 Prof. (Dr.) Amit Kumar, Assistant Professor, School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan,
Himachal Pradesh, India
 Prof. (Dr.) L. Suresh Kumar, Mechanical Department, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology,
Hyderabad, India.
 Scientist Sheeraz Saleem Bhat, Lac Production Division, Indian Institute of Natural Resins and
Gums, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand
 Prof. C.Divya , Centre for Information Technology and Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Tirunelveli - 627012, Tamilnadu , India
 Prof. T.D.Subash, Infant Jesus College Of Engineering and Technology, Thoothukudi Tamilnadu,
India
 Prof. (Dr.) Vinay Nassa, Prof. E.C.E Deptt., Dronacharya.Engg. College, Gurgaon India.
 Prof. Sunny Narayan, university of Roma Tre, Italy.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sanjoy Deb, Dept. of ECE, BIT Sathy, Sathyamangalam, Tamilnadu-638401, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Reena Gupta, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-India
 Prof. (Dr.) P.R.SivaSankar, Head Dept. of Commerce, Vikrama Simhapuri University Post
Graduate Centre, KAVALI - 524201, A.P., India
 Prof. (Dr.) Mohsen Shafiei Nikabadi, Faculty of Economics and Management, Industrial
Management Department, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
 Prof. (Dr.) Praveen Kumar Rai, Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi-221005, U.P. India
 Prof. (Dr.) Christine Jeyaseelan, Dept of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity
University, Noida, India
 Prof. (Dr.) M A Rizvi, Dept. of Computer Engineering and Applications , National Institute of
Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Bhopal M.P. India
 Prof. (Dr.) K.V.N.R.Sai Krishna, H O D in Computer Science, S.V.R.M.College,(Autonomous),
Nagaram, Guntur(DT), Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Ashok Kr. Dargar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sir
Padampat Singhania University, Udaipur (Raj.)
 Prof. (Dr.) Asim Kumar Sen, Principal , ST.Francis Institute of Technology (Engineering College)
under University of Mumbai , MT. Poinsur, S.V.P Road, Borivali (W), Mumbai, 400103, India,
 Prof. (Dr.) Rahmathulla Noufal.E, Civil Engineering Department, Govt.Engg.College-Kozhikode
 Prof. (Dr.) N.Rajesh, Department of Agronomy, TamilNadu Agricultural University -Coimbatore,
TamilNadu, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Har Mohan Rai, Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering, N.I.T.
Kurukshetra 136131,India
 Prof. (Dr.) Eng. Sutasn Thipprakmas from King Mongkut, University of Technology Thonburi,
Thailand
 Prof. (Dr.) Kantipudi MVV Prasad, EC Department, RK University, Rajkot.
 Prof. (Dr.) Jitendra Gupta,Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA
University, Mathura.
 Prof. (Dr.) Swapnali Borah, HOD, Dept of Family Resource Management, College of Home
Science, Central Agricultural University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
 Prof. (Dr.) N.Nazar Khan, Professor in Chemistry, BTK Institute of Technology, Dwarahat-263653
(Almora), Uttarakhand-India
 Prof. (Dr.) Rajiv Sharma, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai (TN) - 600 036, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Aparna Sarkar, PH.D. Physiology, AIPT, Amity University , F 1 Block, LGF, Sector-
125,Noida-201303, UP, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Manpreet Singh, Professor and Head, Department of Computer Engineering, Maharishi
Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Haryana, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sukumar Senthilkumar, Senior Researcher, Advanced Education Center of Jeonbuk for
Electronics and Information Technology, Chon Buk National University, Chon Buk, 561-756,
SOUTH KOREA. .
 Prof. (Dr.) Hari Singh Dhillon, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar (Punjab), INDIA. .
 Prof. (Dr.) Poonkuzhali, G., Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajalakshmi
Engineering College, Chennai, INDIA. .
 Prof. (Dr.) Bharath K N, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, GM Institute of
Technology, PB Road, Davangere 577006, Karnataka, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) F.Alipanahi, Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Atemadeyeh,
Moalem Street, Zanjan IRAN.
 Prof. Yogesh Rathore, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, RITEE,
Raipur, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Ratneshwer, Department of Computer Science (MMV),Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi-221005, India.
 Prof. Pramod Kumar Pandey, Assistant Professor, Department Electronics & Instrumentation
Engineering, ITM University, Gwalior, M.P., India.
 Prof. (Dr.)Sudarson Jena, Associate Professor, Dept.of IT, GITAM University, Hyderabad, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Binod Kumar, PhD(CS), M.Phil(CS), MIEEE,MIAENG, Dean & Professor( MCA),
Jayawant Technical Campus(JSPM's), Pune, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mohan Singh Mehata, (JSPS fellow), Assistant Professor, Department of Applied
Physics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi
 Prof. Ajay Kumar Agarwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Mech. Engg., Royal Institute of Management &
Technology, Sonipat (Haryana), India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Siddharth Sharma, University School of Management, Kurukshetra University,
Kurukshetra, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Satish Chandra Dixit, Department of Chemistry, D.B.S.College, Govind Nagar,Kanpur-
208006, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Ajay Solkhe, Department of Management, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Neeraj Sharma, Asst. Prof. Dept. of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Basant Lal, Department of Chemistry, G.L.A. University, Mathura, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) T Venkat Narayana Rao, C.S.E, Guru Nanak Engineering College, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Rajanarender Reddy Pingili, S.R. International Institute of Technology, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) V.S.Vairale, Department of Computer Engineering, All India Shri Shivaji Memorial
Society College of Engineering, Kennedy Road, Pune-411 001, Maharashtra, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Vasavi Bande, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Netaji Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Hardeep Anand, Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra,
Haryana, India.
 Prof. Aasheesh shukla, Asst Professor, Dept. of EC, GLA University, Mathura, India.
 Prof. S.P.Anandaraj., CSE Dept, SREC, Warangal, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Chitranjan Agrawal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology &
Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur- 313001,
Rajasthan, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Rangnath Aher, Principal, New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parner, Dist-
Ahmednagar, M.S. India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Chandan Kumar Panda, Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture,
Tripura, Lembucherra-799210
 Prof. (Dr.) Latika Kharb, IP Faculty (MCA Deptt), Jagan Institute of Management Studies (JIMS),
Sector-5, Rohini, Delhi, India.
 Raj Mohan Raja Muthiah, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
Massachusetts.
 Prof. (Dr.) Chhanda Chatterjee, Dept of Philosophy, Balurghat College, West Bengal, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mihir Kumar Shome , H.O.D of Mathematics, Management and Humanities, National
Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, India
 Prof. (Dr.) Muthukumar .Subramanyam, Registrar (I/C), Faculty, Computer Science and
Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Puducherry, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Vinay Saxena, Department of Mathematics, Kisan Postgraduate College, Bahraich –
271801 UP, India.
 Satya Rishi Takyar, Senior ISO Consultant, New Delhi, India.
 Prof. Anuj K. Gupta, Head, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, RIMT Group of Institutions,
Mandi Gobindgarh (PB)
 Prof. (Dr.) Harish Kumar, Department of Sports Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab,
India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Mohammed Ali Hussain, Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering, KL
University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Manish Gupta, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GJU, Haryana, India.
 Prof. Mridul Chawla, Department of Elect. and Comm. Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram
University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Haryana, India.
 Prof. Seema Chawla, Department of Bio-medical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram
University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Haryana, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Atul M. Gosai, Department of Computer Science, Saurashtra University, Rajkot,
Gujarat, India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Ajit Kr. Bansal, Department of Management, Shoolini University, H.P., India.
 Prof. (Dr.) Sunil Vasistha, Mody Institute of Tecnology and Science, Sikar, Rajasthan, India.
 Prof. Vivekta Singh, GNIT Girls Institute of Technology, Greater Noida, India.
 Prof. Ajay Loura, Assistant Professor at Thapar University, Patiala, India.
 Prof. Sushil Sharma, Department of Computer Science and Applications, Govt. P. G. College,
Ambala Cantt., Haryana, India.
 Prof. Sube Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering, Govt. Polytechnic,
Narnaul, Haryana, India.
 Prof. Himanshu Arora, Delhi Institute of Technology and Management, New Delhi, India.
 Dr. Sabina Amporful, Bibb Family Practice Association, Macon, Georgia, USA.
 Dr. Pawan K. Monga, Jindal Institute of Medical Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
 Dr. Sam Ampoful, Bibb Family Practice Association, Macon, Georgia, USA.
 Dr. Nagender Sangra, Director of Sangra Technologies, Chandigarh, India.
 Vipin Gujral, CPA, New Jersey, USA.
 Sarfo Baffour, University of Ghana, Ghana.
 Monique Vincon, Hype Softwaretechnik GmbH, Bonn, Germany.
 Natasha Sigmund, Atlanta, USA.
 Marta Trochimowicz, Rhein-Zeitung, Koblenz, Germany.
 Kamalesh Desai, Atlanta, USA.
 Vijay Attri, Software Developer Google, San Jose, California, USA.
 Neeraj Khillan, Wipro Technologies, Boston, USA.
 Ruchir Sachdeva, Software Engineer at Infosys, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
 Anadi Charan, Senior Software Consultant at Capgemini, Mumbai, Maharashtra.
 Pawan Monga, Senior Product Manager, LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
 Sunil Kumar, Senior Information Developer, Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc., Bangalore,
India.
 Bharat Gambhir, Technical Architect, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Noida, India.
 Vinay Chopra, Team Leader, Access Infotech Pvt Ltd. Chandigarh, India.
 Sumit Sharma, Team Lead, American Express, New Delhi, India.
 Vivek Gautam, Senior Software Engineer, Wipro, Noida, India.
 Anirudh Trehan, Nagarro Software Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
 Manjot Singh, Senior Software Engineer, HCL Technologies Delhi, India.
 Rajat Adlakha, Senior Software Engineer, Tech Mahindra Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
 Mohit Bhayana, Senior Software Engineer, Nagarro Software Pvt. Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
 Dheeraj Sardana, Tech. Head, Nagarro Software, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
 Naresh Setia, Senior Software Engineer, Infogain, Noida, India.
 Raj Agarwal Megh, Idhasoft Limited, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
 Shrikant Bhardwaj, Senior Software Engineer, Mphasis an HP Company, Pune, Maharashtra,
India.
 Vikas Chawla, Technical Lead, Xavient Software Solutions, Noida, India.
 Kapoor Singh, Sr. Executive at IBM, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
 Ashwani Rohilla, Senior SAP Consultant at TCS, Mumbai, India.
 Anuj Chhabra, Sr. Software Engineer, McKinsey & Company, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
 Jaspreet Singh, Business Analyst at HCL Technologies, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
 TOPICS OF INTEREST

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

 e-Commerce applications using web services

 B2B and B2C applications
 Advanced web service technologies including security, process management and QoS
 Surveillance technologies and security policies
 Security for protocol management
 Resource and channel management
 Mobility management
 Network Security management
 Technology management
 Information security management
 Semantic web for e-Business and e-Learning
 e-Learning design and methodologies
 Instructional design methodologies
 Content management and development
 Knowledge and information management techniques
 Enterprise Applications for software and web engineering
 Open-source e-Learning platforms
 Internet payment systems
 Techniques for B2B e-Commerce
 e-Business models and architectures
 Service-oriented e-Commerce
 Human resource management
 Business-oriented and consumer-oriented e-Commerce
 Development of e-Business and applications
 Supply chain management
 Strategic decision support systems
 Enterprise resource planning and e-Business
 Intranet and extranet business applications
 Enterprise-wide client-server architectures
 Information systems analysis and specification
 Strategic issues in distributed development
 Semantic web technologies and cloud computing
 Legal aspects of e-Government
 Risk management
 Methods and tools for e-Government
 e-Democracy and e-Voting
 Operations management
 Information technology
 Information retrieval systems
 Aspect-oriented programming
 e-Libraries and e-Publishing
 Intelligent tutoring systems
 Digital libraries for e-learning
 Web-based learning, wikis and blogs
 Social networks and intelligence
 Social science simulation
 Information retrieval systems
 Wired and wireless data communication networks
 Data mining and warehousing
 Distributed AI systems and architectures
 Bioinformatics and scientific computing
 Knowledge and information management techniques
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprises Applications (IJEBEA)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020, ISSN (Online): 2279-0039
(March-May, 2015, Issue 12, Volume 1 &2)

Issue 12, Volume 1

Paper Page
Paper Title
Code No.

IJEBEA The unseen language communication breakdown impact in the two KwaZulu – Natal based hospitals
01-07
15-204 Thabani Robert Khumalo, Rosethal Lolie Makhubu

Optimizing a container terminal and facilities assignment using a simulation approach by ED

IJEBEA
software: a case study of Iran 08-16
15-206
Mohammadreza Bahramchoobin, Saeid Rezaei, Ali Rahimifard

Safety, Standards and Certification Marks on Consumables – An investigation on Awareness with

IJEBEA
Reference to Rural Consumers of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. 17-20
15-209
Dr. N. Sundaram, Mr. M. Sriram

IJEBEA A Study on the Contentment of Retailers in Selling Vodafone Data to Customers

21-24
15-211 ASWIN KUMAR V.S, ASWIN PANICKER & Dr. AMBILY A.S

IJEBEA Effectiveness of Mobile Handset Advertisements: A Comparative Analysis in North India

25-30
15-212 Dr. Rajesh Kumar

IJEBEA Employee Empowerment: A strategy to sustain in Globalization

31-34
15-213 Manisha Maiduly, Dr. Niraj Gupta

IJEBEA Prevent conclusion Attack by Removal of Sensitive Attribute from social Network Information
35-40
15-214 Jyoti Mhaske B.

IJEBEA Rural Industrialisation through Rural Entrepreneurship

41-44
15-216 K.P.Vishnu, Sanalkumar P. S & Dr. A.S.Ambily

IJEBEA Two Case Studies on Cconstraints Faced By Property Developers in Mauritius

45-48
15-218 Reshma Rughooputh, Vaashita Nundlalee

IJEBEA Emotional Intelligence - An Important Contrivance for Innovation

49-51
15-219 Dr. N. Sundaram, Mrs. G. Uma Maheswari

IJEBEA Influence Of Smartphones On Shoppers Behaviour: An Empirical Study

52-54
15-220 Samarth Singh

Optimization of Plate Thickness of Air Receiver Tank of Centrifugal Compressor Using Neuro Fuzzy
IJEBEA
Logic 55-59
15-223
Mr. Aswalekar Uday V.

IJEBEA Consumer Behavior Of Pre-Teenagers

60-64
15-225 Amit Gupta

IJEBEA Waste Management in Hospitals: An Empirical Study of Selected Hospitals

65-69
15-229 Vidya D Avadhani

Role of Microfinance and Microfinance Institutions Models in Improving Quality Of Life - A Critical
IJEBEA
Review 70-76
15-234
Ramkumar Rudrabhatla, Supriyo Roy, S. K. Bose

Stress Analysis of a Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Using Three Dimensional Finite Element
IJEBEA
Model 77-80
15-235
Saksham Dhanjal, Richa Arora

IJEBEA A Modified Power Gating Technique for Ground Bounce Noise Reduction in CMOS Adder Circuit
81-87
15-236 Dr. Neelam Rup Prakash, Mayank Shukla

IJEBEA Reengineering the Speed of Internationalization

88-91
15-237 Mohammad Reza Hamidizadeh, Maryam Zargaranyazd, Hamid Reza Dehghani

IJEBEA Readiness for integrating sustainability issues in public procurement process of Bangladesh
92-98
15-238 M. S. Rahman and M. Zohurul Islam, R. Morshed
Issue 12, Volume 2
Paper
Paper Title Page No.
Code

Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Radiation from mobile towers and handsets on
IJEBEA
Humans: A Review 99-103
15-239
Karan Yadav, Dr. Neelam R. Prakash

IJEBEA Study of Shot Peening Process and Their Effect on Surface Properties: A Review
104-107
15-240 A. A. Dounde, Dr. C. Y. Seemikeri, P.R. Tanpure

Technological Innovation of Big Data and HR Analytics Transforming Employer Branding

IJEBEA
Paradigm 108-112
15-243
Ms.Maitri

IJEBEA A Review on Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites

113-117
15-252 Saksham Dhanjal, Gaurav Dhuria

IJEBEA Smart Matter: An Instance of Modifiable Matter for Smart 3D Printing

118-123
15-254 Pavleen Singh Bali, Aditya Jain, Gautam Parjapati, Neeraj Gupta, Janakkumar Baldevbhai Patel

Music in Advertising: An empirical study of its effect on Consumer Buying Behavior in Services
IJEBEA
sector 124-130
15-255
Kunal, Dr. S.N.Sahdeo

IJEBEA RFID Based Automatic Ration Selling System

131-134
15-258 Ms T.Sheela, Dr. PM Murali, Dr. T. Muthumanickam, Mr. D.Padmarajan

IJEBEA Application of Value Stream Mapping for Lead Time Reduction and Inventory Control
135-138
15-260 Vikram M. Patil, S.G.Bhatwadekar

IJEBEA Organisation of Unorganised Retail Sector: A need for Tomorrow

139-143
15-262 Anmol Ahuja

IJEBEA A study on the Effects of CSR models on Business ethics in Corporates

144-147
15-265 Manimalar.R, Fabian Andrew James

IJEBEA Implementing Security In Distributed Data Mining Approaches

148-152
15-266 Priyanka B. Khairnar , D.V. Patil

IJEBEA An Investigation into Measurement of Sport Sponsorship Effectiveness by Indian Companies

153-160
15-268 Gurpartap Singh and Dr. Ambika Bhatia

IJEBEA Impact of FDI inflow on economic growth of SAARC economies

161-166
15-270 Amit Saini, Dr. Pankaj Madan, Dr. S.K. Batra

IJEBEA Application of remote sensing and GIS for acreage estimation of wheat
167-171
15-271 A.R. Pimpale, P.B. Rajankar, S.B. Wadatkar and I.K. Ramteke

IJEBEA A Design of 2*2 Multiplier using 0.18um Technology

172-178
15-274 Dr. Neelam Rup Prakash, Ankit Kapoor

An Empirical study on the Consumer intention to Purchase Original vs. Counterfeits products
IJEBEA
among Delhi Consumers 179-186
15-275
Dipti Jain, Meenakshi Khanna

IJEBEA Techniques for Detection of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Signal Processing

187-191
15-276 Neelam Rup Prakash, Manik Kalsi

IJEBEA Can Six Sigma Enhance Quality in Small Scale Industries? : A Case Study
192-197
15-277 Sultana, Jatin Kumar, Pawan Jaglan, Pardeep Sharma

IJEBEA Comparison Between AND & OR Combining In Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

198-201
15-278 Ankur Jain, Rita Mahajan

IJEBEA Designing of Zigbee Transceiver Using MATLAB/SIMULINK

202-205
15-279 Pradeep Kumar,Shelly Garg, Lovely Chawla

IJEBEA Utilization of Zigbee Transceiver in Agriculture and Structural Analysis

206-209
15-283 Pradeep Kumar,Shelly Garg, Lovely Chawla

IJEBEA A Novel Power and Area Efficient 4-bit Flash ADC Using Multiplexers
210-216
15-284 Mrs. Jasbir Kaur, Mr. Saurabh Kansal
 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

The unseen language communication breakdown impact in the two

KwaZulu–Natal based hospitals
Thabani Robert Khumalo and Rosethal Lolie Makhubu
Durban University of Technology
41-43 M.L. Sultan Road, Durban 4000
South Africa

Abstract: This paper aims to examine the interpreting services provided during consultations in the medical
settings. It looks broadly at the communication deficiencies created by the difference in the languages spoken by
both medical practitioners and the patients during consultations. For several times the researcher’s personal
experience has shown that isiZulu speaking patients are frequently consulted by English speaking doctors
whenever they visit medical institutions. Consequently, as a result of this situation, these isiZulu speaking
patients with limited English proficiency find it difficult to fully express all their medical conditions to the
English speaking doctors vice versa due to the existing language barriers. These language barriers are most
likely to give rise to inferior medical assistance to isiZulu speaking patients. Furthermore, the nurses find
themselves being ad hoc interpreters in this regard based on the assumption that they are bilingual. However,
their linguistic and interpreting ability are not considered. The study therefore investigates the possible
shortcomings and also looks at the implications most likely to occur as a result of reluctance in the provision of
professional medical interpreting services also by professional personnel. The data is collected from medical
practitioners (doctors and nurses) and patients. From the results obtained, the researchers therefore draw
possible recommendations in order to address the identified shortcomings.
Keywords: Language difference, inaccurate diagnosis, treatment incompliance, medical interpreting

I. Introduction
Interpreting in the medical settings in South Africa still remains the outermost informal activity occurring during
consultations. According to Lesch (2007:79) the main sources of interpreting services is still provided by nurses,
nursing assistants, auxiliary staff and community volunteers if not family members of the patients. According to
Angelelli (2007:63) interpreting in the medical field involves a unique type contextually bound communication
in two languages, which normally takes place under pressure. Nevertheless, it has been over two decades now
ever since it was announced that indigenous languages are now recognized as official languages and acquire
equal access and recognition in the new Republic of South Africa (RSA). However, it is very unfortunate that
the interpreting profession still suffers an extreme lack of recognition even in critical and life threatening
institutions like hospitals and clinics.
Could this suggest that we as a nation are just turning a blind eye in such critical matters or illiterate about the
significance of such services being made available at a professional level? Furthermore, most health care
workers can only speak one language fluently as compared to other languages. It is therefore obvious how this
can lead to major problems when it comes to providing adequate health care (Schemmer and Mash 2006:1084).
Where there are no proper interpreting services to facilitate communication between a health care provider and a
patient, it will lead to a degree of miscommunication and disempowerment. The service rendered will only be a
disadvantage for the patient because the patient’s access to information and help is blocked effectively (Pienaar
2006:44) and (Saulse 2010:4).
II. The linguistic situation
According to the 2011 census it is estimated that 22.7 % of the South African population speak isiZulu while
only 9.6% of the population speak English as their home language (South Africa. Info: 2012). In KwaZulu –
Natal, isiZulu is the home language of 77.8% of the population and English as a home language is sitting at 13.2
%. However in 2008 a report that was published which showed that in 2007 only 35.1% of the doctors in public
healthcare were African (Department of Labour 2008:28). Likewise, the aforesaid percentage of African doctors
does not specify as to how many of these doctors are isiZulu speaking doctors. As a result, it is rather safe to
assume that not all of them are isiZulu language speakers or neither fluent isiZulu speakers as per the language
communication is concerned regarding effective language communication during medical consultations.
The reality of the public health system in KwaZulu - Natal therefore is that in the region of 70% of doctors and
specialists are unable to speak isiZulu while well over 70% of the population of the province are isiZulu mother
tongue users. Furthermore, “among the any acts and regulations emanating from the Department of Health since
1994 are a number designed specifically to correct the imbalance between rural/ urban/ private provision”
(Department of Labour 2008:47).Therefore with that being stated as one of the aims of the healthcare service’s

IJEBEA 15-204; © 2015, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 1

 Khumalo et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 01-07

aim, surely means for effective communication should also form part of these aforementioned aims. Especially in
the case of the rural settlements, efficient interpreting services are in great demand. This is because there is also a
high percentage of illiteracy as well, which is another contributing factor to poor language communication in the
medical sector. There are places where people cannot even utter one meaningful sentence in English. Therefore
these people depend highly on the interpreters for better healthcare delivery. As further discussed above that there
is a very limited number of doctors who are isiZulu speakers, this means that both parties require these services to
be readily available at all times during medical consultations.
III. Medical interpreting situation
In a presentation by Bancroft on 20 January 2013, medical interpreting is defined as interpreting in settings
where healthcare services are provided. She further distinguishes it from community interpreting by defining
community interpreting as that form of interpreting that supports access to public or community services. On the
other hand, Saulse (2010: 13) argues that there is a difference between medical interpreting and healthcare
interpreting as defined by Bancroft. She defines medical interpreting as a type of interpreting that includes the
setting in which health care interpreting usually takes place, as well as any other setting related to the medical
profession. These settings may include events such as conferences held by the United Nations and other events
which include discussions on medical matters. She further states that “medical interpreting is thus the overall
term encompassing any interpreting that takes place in a medical setting, which may or may not include a
patient”. She then states that health care interpreting, on the other hand, usually takes place with a patient
present. However, this seems to be a matter of how each of these authors chooses to define and distinguish
medical and healthcare interpreting according to their understanding of the matter. In the end though, the results
of it all involve better or worse service delivery to patients. Thus, whether patients were involved or not, they
are directly or indirectly linked to the impact of either of the presence or absence of either of the two types of
interpreting. These forms of interpreting therefore do not seem to be distinct from one another.
Likewise, as defined in Bancroft’s presentation on 20 January 2013, community interpreting is a form of
interpreting that supports access to public or community services. According to Corsellis (2008:4) ‘”public
service refers mainly to those services that are provided for the public either by the local or central government”.
These include legal, health, and a range of other social services such as housing, education, welfare and
environmental health. Saulse (2010:14) states that the purpose of community interpreting is to provide access to
any public service to a person who does not speak the majority language spoken in that service. She further
illustrates a mechanism which this form of interpreting results in. She says both of these types of interpreting
(medical and community interpreting) are bi-directional, meaning that interpreting takes place between two
languages where each language functions as both the source language (SL) and target language (TL). For
example:

Interpreter Patient
Doctor (IsiZulu)
(English)

Interpreter Patient
(English) (IsiZulu)

Interpreting in the medical setting has increasingly become a focus of attention as a significant area of speciality
practice (Pöchhacker and Kadric 1999:161). Often times in South Africa, interpreting services are not provided
at a professional level in medical institutions. If one happens to be fortunate enough to be provided with such
services, they are either provided by the nurses or general working staff members such as hospital cleaners or
even by family members of the patients. However, none of these people are professionally trained medical
interpreters. This is also supported by Pöchhacker and Kadric (1999:161), Drennan (1996:343) and Lesch
(2007:75) when they state that the main sources for interpreting services are still nurses, nursing assistants,
auxiliary staff and community volunteers if not family members. Therefore this makes the entire interpreting
session very informal. The nursing staffs who interpret also complain that their role is not recognised, it keeps
them away from their work and they are not paid for it. This practice is merely based on the assumption that
they since they can speak both the languages of the doctors and patients and they can interpret.

IJEBEA 15-204; © 2015, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 2

 Khumalo et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 01-07

The aforementioned complains of the nurses show that health care interpreters require more than just a linguistic
knowledge; they also need to have knowledge of the medical terms and most importantly, they need to have
empathy and sensitivity for the doctor – patient relationship. Similar to any other professions, ‘healthcare
interpreting is a distinctive and specialized area of practice. Interpreters working in healthcare facilitate
communication between providers and patients or families who do not share a language’ (NCIHC 2005:2). This
shows clearly that there is indeed a demand for suitably qualified interpreters to execute these prescribed
specialized duties. This would make a positive impact towards a more improved healthcare service delivery, as
qualified interpreters have the ability to understand patient’s socio-cultural perspectives of health problems
(Pöchhacker and Schlesinger 2007: 12).
Saulse (2010:7) argues that besides the fact that ad hoc interpreters do not have the theoretical knowledge of
interpreting; health care interpreters should also possess certain qualities. In the case of liaison interpreters,
interpreters should have a good knowledge and grasp of the target language (they interpret into) as well as the
source language (the language they interpret from). They should also have sufficient knowledge on the subjects
that they interpret. Lastly, interpreters should know how to interpret. These basic traits set the norm for all
interpreters: anything above the norm suggests an interpreter who is qualified; anything below the norm
suggests the opposite, an interpreter who is unqualified.
According to Levin (2006:1076) where language barriers exist, there is patient dissatisfaction. These barriers
have been identified in various countries including South Africa as the core sources of unsuccessful therapy.
Language difficulties result in reduced patient understanding of diagnoses, medication and follow –up as well as
non –adherence to medical advice. This appears to be a direct contravention of a very favourable constitution,
especially in a country like South Africa where eleven official languages are equally recognised by the
constitution and by right should “enjoy parity of esteem and must be treated equitably” (Republic of South
Africa 1996:4). Erasmus (1999: 145) further states that in the case of a medical setting, it is very important to
know that the communication problem experienced by the two parties is not simply a matter of language, but of
power as well. The difference in power is directly related to class, race, culture and/or gender as well as to
knowledge differences between the medical professional and his lay patient. Furthermore, community or
medical interpreters are accountable to the community rather than the institution at which they work. This is
because they do not only convey the message between both parties involved but also represent the interest of
public service clients, assess their needs and help them obtain the care to which they are entitled
(http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos175.htm).

IV. Bilingual personnel versus qualified interpreters in the medical setting

Quite often people assume that if an individual can speak more than two languages that person can therefore
interpret. As a result of this assumption, in most hospitals, nurses, general personnel, family members and
cleaners are used as interpreters for doctors and patients (Lesch 2007:75 and Pöchhacker and Kadric 1999:161).
This is astonishing, as one cannot help but wonder if the information rendered is anywhere close to being
accurate. “Interpreting is a profession where - like medicine, teaching and law - the client’s welfare is affected
directly because interpreting has its own particular kinds of knowledge, skills and practices which require
particular ethical considerations” (Gentile et.al 1996:57).
However, according to Edlow (1996: 456) having interpreting services provided by healthcare providers
including the family members and general working staff members is an advantage because it reduces the need
for interpreters and the patient can form a better relationship with the doctor. Furthermore, in a study which was
conducted in one of the hospitals in the Western Cape by Drennan (1996), results suggest that individual units
would not be able to support full-time interpreters. Hence, it appears that the majority of patients with limited
English proficiency are being assisted through the use of family members, cleaners and other inappropriate or
untrained people (Drennan 1996:344).
Now the greatest concern is that, how can a doctor and a patient relationship be formulated and nourished if
there is not sufficient communication or similar level of understanding due to the language barrier and socio
economic status? Besides that, the high expectations of interpreting arise in part of the complexity of
determining meaning in situations where there are multiple levels at which the meaning can be constructed.
Furthermore, omissions or inaccuracy could be of great detrimental factors in the medical setting (Drennan and
Swartz 1996:170). Hale (2007:35) argues that untrained interpreters may not understand all procedures and
various forms of questioning or different modes of delivery in various settings. Likewise, professionals
working with interpreters rarely understand the complexity of the task and the interpreters’ needs in producing
an accurate rendition. She further states that professional interpreters have a responsibility to acquire the
necessary language and interpreting skills to gain an understanding of the settings in which they work in and the
specific requirements, of the purposes for which language is used in each and every setting and to abide by a
code of ethics.

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 Khumalo et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 01-07

In a study conducted by Athorp and Downing in 1996, where a professional interpreter and a nurse were used to
interpret in different consultation rooms it clearly appeared that the interview with the professional interpreter
compared favourably to the other event, with the interpreter’s utterances on the whole being accurate to the
doctor’s-patient’s turns.
They also discovered that the nurse often assumed a caregiver role and reduced the number of direct interactions
between the doctor and the patient. This is in line with the role of a nurse as an information provider and care
giver. The study was concluded by them stating that there is great benefit for the medical profession in using
the services of professional, trained interpreters, as opposed to untrained bilinguals (Hale 2007:58).
Another example to substantiate this argument would be again of Dimitrova where he also conducted a study
on the analysis of the work of a professionally trained medical interpreter and discovered that every turn was
interpreted accurately and the interpreter always used the first person (Hale 2000:56). That study also found that
untrained, ad hoc interpreters always interpret what comes naturally at the time simply because they want to
offer a summary of what they feel is relevant. This again compromises the accuracy of the target message which
is the most significant component in the patient and doctor communication process (Scott 2009: 1). That is why
Lesch (2007:76) suggests that healthcare interpreters must undergo a more specific medical interpreting training
which might be of assistance to them with the relevant terminology and this will enhance the communication
flow. According to Candlin and Candlin (2003:137) the severe lack of qualified medical interpreters is almost
endemic in healthcare worldwide in such a way that pragmatic, ethical, clinical and ideological issues inevitably
arise. This has also been proven to be the case here in South Africa. Often times when one visits the medical
institutions, such services are either provided by people who are considered bilingual or not provided at all. Both
the medical practitioners and patients have to struggle for better communication.

V. Study methods or research approach

The data for the study was collected from two hospitals i.e. King Edward VII and R.K. Khan Hospitals. Both the
medical institutions are situated in the eThekwini metropolitan region in the province of KwaZulu - Natal.
The following methods were used to collect data:
 Questionnaires were furnished to twelve (12) Doctors who are not isiZulu speakers consisting of six (6)
participants from each hospital.
 Another set of questionnaires were given to twelve (12) nurses who were confirmed by both the doctors
and patient to have been the ad hoc medical interpreters during consultations. Again the number was
divided into two in per a hospital.
 Interviews were conducted with twenty (20) isiZulu speaking patients; a similar division of the number
of participants also took place in per a participating hospital.

VI. Discussion
Based on the data collected from all three groups of the participants in the study, the study has discovered that
there are indeed some language barriers existing in the medical sector as a result of the difference in languages
spoken by both medical practitioners and patients (isiZulu and English). It is also evidently clear that all the
three parties (patients, nurses and doctors) involved in the consultation process are not satisfied with the
language communication. This is because it was firstly stated by the doctors that indeed they found the
communication process with limited English speaking patients very difficult. Also in the events where nurses
were used as ad hoc interpreters for both parties as they are considered to be bilingual, but still some nurses had
some interpreting difficulties due to their linguistic inability to speak English fluently as well, and as result the
message suffered from a lot of omissions and inaccuracies.
According to Karliner et al. (2008:1559) the use of bilingual individuals to act as interpreters in the medical
setting negatively affects health quality services. Nolan (2005:6) also argues that the aforesaid interpreters may
not always be bilingual, as being bilingual requires an early exposure to both languages, which appears not to be
the case for the nurses whom are regarded as bilinguals and expected to interpret. This has also been supported
by Ngo- Metzger et al. (2007:324) where they state that even with the use of ad hoc interpreting services, the
quality of health services given to the patient and the degree of health education received is found to be below
the expected standard. Also some of the doctor participants stated that “nurses understand occasionally limited
leading to inaccuracies and omissions” which is also a confirmation that the nurses are not truly bilingual.
Furthermore, patients seem to give lengthy information to the nurse in the presence of the consulting doctor, but
a nurse will only convey a very short summary of what was being said by the patients, which obviously shows
that there has been a severe omissions taking place in the dialogue. Having mentioned the reasons above, it
would therefore seem unfair to hold the nurses accountable for any inaccuracies or omissions in the message
during their course of interpreting. This is because in some of the responses given, it was discovered that
interpreting is a profession on its own, therefore nurses cannot be expected to perform such duties exceptionally
because they do not have all the relevant and required kills to do so. It is therefore evidently clear that with all
the language communication barriers experienced, the diagnosis and treatment prescription end up being

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inaccurate and causing inferior medical assistance. Again the responses given by the doctors and patient
participants in this study confirmed another part of the hypothesis which stated that “isiZulu speaking patients
frequently encounter non-isiZulu speaking doctors in consultations”. This is because almost one hundred
percent of the responses given confirmed this to have been the case which still exists. Although there were also
doctor participants who stated that they understood isiZulu, but it was discovered that their level of
understanding was below average. This is because it also appeared that they only understood the minor basics of
isiZulu, which are not very much of great assistance during medical consultations with patients for effective
diagnostic process. Furthermore, according to some of the responses given by the patients whereby they stated
that the doctors use isifanakalo which again is found to be more confusing to some of the patients is also an
indication of inferior medical services given to limited English proficient patients. This was also confirmed by
the responses given by the majority of the patients, whom it was also ascertained that their level of the English
command was quite poor due to various reasons. One of the most prominent reasons given for poor English
command was that of illiteracy as some of the patients were never afforded an opportunity to attend school. As
for those who were given such opportunities, it was however also not adequate acquire sufficient linguistic
knowledge which would have enable them to speak English fluently.
It was further noticeable that none of the participants from all three categories of the targeted populations has
ever witness a worse case as a result of language communication breakdown. Unlike in some of the cases in
the globe and in some parts of the country where this has been witnessed more than once and where some of the
bad experiences resulted in a lifetime changes especially for the patients. Such cases include, errors in surgical
procedures e.g. amputations of the wrong body parts or names being mispronounced and resulting to patients
being not attended at all. Therefore, these are some of the actual and potential consequences which could also
be suffered in the hospitals in the province, if not already by other patients who utilize these public health
facilities but never participated in the study as a result of language communication breakdowns.
Another area of concern was that of the nurses being demanded to interpret for doctors and patients. The results
obtained show that indeed they are not happy about being forced to render these services due to the fact that it
keeps them away from their original nursing scope of practice, especially in instances where they are giving
treatment to the admitted patients. It is said that, they have to leave everything and attend to the doctor and the
patient involved in order to render the interpreting services this is also confirmed by Schlemer and Mash
(2006:185) and Lesch (2007:75). It was also discovered that interpreting does not form part of the nurses’ scope
of practices. The nurses emphasised the fact that their main scope of practice was strictly for patient care rather
than interpreting, which was found to be a challenge to the majority of the nurses due to the specialised medical
jargon in use. As a result, some patients expressed dissatisfaction of the medical services given to them as some
of them noticed that their explanations were summarized when conveyed to the English speaking doctors.
According to the National Patients’ Right Charter, “every citizen has the right to participate in the development
of health policies, whereas everyone has the right to participate in decision – making on matters affecting one’s
own health” it also states that “everyone has a right to be given full and accurate information about the nature of
one’s illnesses, diagnostic procedures, the proposed treatment and risks associated therewith and the costs
involved” (HPCSA: 1 and 3). These are indeed the most favourable and significant rights for both parties
involved in the therapeutic process. However, the unfortunate reality is the fact that these seem to exist on paper
only, as the actual situation encountered in the public health facilities in the daily basis proves to be the opposite
of what is written on the charter. This is because from the responses given by the participants, it is clear that
such significant information is not fully communicated to them. Also it shows that the patients are not afforded
efficient information and being given an opportunity to make their own decisions based on what they have been
told or diagnosed with by the doctors. Not to mention the fact that accurate diagnosis is achieved after sever
language communication difficulties. These difficulties are also compromising the accuracy of diagnosis as it
was said that the nurses omit so much information which is considered critical in this stage. According to the
Health Care Interpreting in the News (2011:1) patients may even present symptoms unrelated to the real
problems and the diagnostic doctor relies heavily on skilful questioning. However, with all the aforesaid
challenges in the diagnostic process it seems almost impossible to achieve accurate diagnosis. It was further
noted that this was not the case for all the patients, as some of the responses given indicated that some of the
doctors do go an extra mile in explaining the situation to the patients some with the help from the nurses and
some without. However, again the responses given by the majority of the patients indicated that critical
decisions e.g. surgical procedures are made on their behalf, rather than allowing the patients themselves to
decide on the issues affecting their health or allowing for a second opinion as enshrined in the charter. This
again is an impact of the language communication breakdown caused by the difference in languages spoken by
doctors, nurses and patients in the hospitals. Also the lack of professional medical interpreting services is the
main cause of this unpleasant situation. If ever such services were provided by suitably qualified personnel,
some of the errors would be prevented from occurring. Also patients would have more detailed information
regarding their illnesses.

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Nevertheless, the medical staff participants also felt that indeed language difference has an impact on the
treatment compliance. Although their personal ratings on treatment compliance were above average and creating
exceptionally well acceptable situation, but there was still an existing gap as patients still do not fully comply
with the prescribed treatment. Some of the doctors stated that proper understanding of treatment and it
importance needs to be explained in a manner that is easily understood by the patient. This is because the lack of
the treatment understanding could also result in high risk difficulties such as defaulting the treatment or
consuming an over dosage of the prescribed treatment. Therefore, the only possible way to ensure that such
risks are prevented is by other no means except effective language communication achieved by speaking the
mother tongue language of the patient. This allows both speakers to have a mutual understanding of the situation
at hand and enables the patient to ask all the necessary follow up questions for better understanding and a
caregiver is also able to provide all the necessary medical information.
VII. Conclusions
In conclusion , the findings of the study all boiled down to the fact that there was a massive lack on the
provision of professional interpreting services which as a result led to the patients not being able to describe
their medical conditions to the English speaking doctors. The results obtained from the study also proved
language barriers to have a severe bad impact on treatment compliance and other significant therapeutic
processes. Also as a result of the lack of these services the doctors were limited to make proper diagnosis,
further advice significant information to the patients due to the language barrier experienced.
VIII. Recommendations
Based on the study findings the following initiatives are recommended:
 Implementation of proper language units in the hospitals and other public entities should come into effect.
These language units will cater for both translation and interpreting services to the public. This way the
public will have full access to information and this significant information will be accessed through the use
of a language of choice (mother tongue) without any linguistic limitations.
 Appointment of professionally trained interpreters to render medical interpreting services in the medical
institutions. Having these personnel will improve the healthcare system by ensuring quality healthcare,
especially with regards to accurate diagnosis which is the fundamental stage of the therapeutic process.
Furthermore, having professionally trained interpreters will allow the nurses to practice their scope of
practice more efficiently without any disturbances caused to them as it is the case.
 Training of medical staff members is also required in order to clarify the roles of the medical interpreters
particularly where there are one on one consultation between the doctors and patients taking place.
 As a short term solution, a medical bilingual dictionary should be made available in order to assist the
nursing staff members with interpreting of the terms, especially the ones they regard as difficult and do not
have direct equivalence in either of the two languages in question.
 South African indigenous languages must not only be recognized on paper (constitution), but the equal use
of these languages must come into effect as enshrined in the South African constitution.

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[34] Saulse, B. 2010. Interpreting within the Western Cape healthcare sector: a descriptive overview. M.A, Stellenbosch University.
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1087.
Acknowledgments
Our gratitude goes to the hospitals where the research was conducted. Furthermore, we thank all the individual participants who voluntarily
participated in our research. Lastly, we are grateful to the Durban University of Technology for all forms of support in conducting the
research.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Optimizing a container terminal and facilities assignment using a

simulation approach by ED software: a case study of Iran
Mohammadreza Bahramchoobina, Saeid Rezaeib,*, Ali Rahimifard c
a
Master Student, Department of Project Management, School of Engineering,
Petroleum University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
b
Master Student, Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering,
Bu-ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. (*corresponding author)
c
PhD Student, Department of Industrial Engineering, South Tehran Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: These days container transportation is one of the fastest and cheapest ways to carry the cargoes with
an extent volume. Some features of maritime transportation are reducing loading and unloading costs, reducing
transportation risk, better using of deck space and etc. In this paper we use a simulation optimization model to
make a better assignment of facilities cooperating in loading and unloading operation (LUO) at berth in order
to minimize the ships waiting time. To validate the experiments, a real case study is taken. The case is one of the
national container terminals in Iran named “Shahid Rajaee” which has been located near the Persian Gulf.
Comparing the output of the model and real data implies the good efficiency of the model.
Keywords: Container terminal, Trucking, Berth allocation problem, ED simulation approach, facilities
assignment, case study.
______________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
Nowadays container ships play an important part in transportation industry. This kind of carrying is one of the
fastest and cheapest ways for high volumes of goods. Shahid Rajaee is one of the largest container ports in Iran
shown in figure 1. This harbor has been located in Hormozgan province and near the Persian Gulf. Shahid
Rajaee – as the largest container terminal of Iran – has the highest volume of container operations showing
economic and commercial aspects of it. This terminal includes one-container and two-container parts and
accepts all Feeder and Liner ships – 21 Liner ways travel to the harbor. Shahid Rajaee terminal development
project consists of building a new terminal in scope of the port which is supposed to increase the container
capacity. So we determined the issue as an important task and tried to do it under a simulation project.
Since deciding about investing in harbors includes a lot of factors about which uncertainty is an inseparable part,
so a comprehensive analysis of container terminals before any kind of measure is an essential matter. One of the
ongoing disturbances of the terminal is increasing coastal (fixed) cranes, moving and enclosure ones, lift trucks
and other facilities.
The paper is based on the real data which has been produced in statistical systems. The data includes container
ships, length of coastal ways, operations and arrival time of ships, facilities, number of docks and etc. Also
investigating the issue shows that maintenance operations have not been propounded yet and therefore we have
included the subject in our study.
II. Literature review
With the extension of computer technology and gained successes in harbors, simulation approach has been
widely applied in solving and programming problems related to container terminals. During the last decade a
noticeable development has been occurred in the subject of container transportation suggesting need for
optimization and close competition in harbors. Mazza and Legato (2001) have presented a logistic simulation
model related to processes of ships’ arrival to the dock, their berthing and also return operations in container
terminals and studied the berth programming. Kia and colleagues (2002) considered the computer simulation in
performance of container terminals and also compared the capacity of terminal with the same in past.
Investigations of Shabayek and Yeung (2002) implied that development of which matters brings forward the
estimations of a simulation model to the reality in a terminal. R. Stahlbock and S.Vo (2008) presented a paper
with the subject of operations research in container terminals in which many aspects have been considered. Sun
and friends (2012) studied a general simulation model for Mikro port that was a three-level programming model
with the goal of preparing a flexible and integrated system for container terminals. Arango (2011) considered an
optimization technology based on simulation for programming and assignment of ships’ berthing in dock space
resulted in changing the management of the dock. Cortés and friends (2007) also focused on transportation
process and applied Arena software for simulation of serveel harbor.Some authors have focused on
programming and investing problems. For example Afandizadeh and Allahviranloo have presented a fuzzy

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 Bahramchoobin et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 08-16

integer programming for optimization of investing in harbors. Analysis methods also should be applied in
second stage when comparing to the simulation technology because of complication and uncertainty of
container systems. Papers which have studied the investment issue are too rare but it is pointed that Nam and
colleagues (2009) studied the berthing operation and a special kind of cranes for container terminals in Korea
resulted in the fact that most of cranes should be participated for increasing productivity. Demirci (2003) also
surveyed a simulation problem in a harbor of Turkey and found that a large number of bottleneck points have
been settled by the use of simulation technology.
Different authors have focused on BAP – ships assignment for berthing- for example Imai (2001) and
Nishimura (2001) pointed the matter, they also applied a genetic algorithm for conformity with the reality. Park
and Kim (2003) and LIU (2005) surveyed the problem considering quay cranes and intended to optimize the
number of them. Imai and friends (2007) developed an approach in MUT – multiple container terminals. At the
beginning, they presented an approach based on continues assignment and then solved the problem with a
genetic algorithm. Imai (2003) had considered the relation between ship ways and harbor.
Few papers have developed in port simulation and optimization measures. Cortés (2007) studied the
transportation operations in a harbor and argued all kinds of loading, towers and scenarios. Demetro (2005) and
Legato (2009) considered a simulation model about cranes programming.

III. Problem definition

Accurate definition of the problem has the most effects on the model simulated. If the problem is defined
incorrectly, it will cause lots of time for analyzing. So it is important to define the problem obviously and
document it as an essential property.
Although the harbor has been developed in the container part, the management has determined to extend it
more. We aim to find the optimum number of cranes based on the available capacity and also the ships’ waiting
time until the end of unloading process, so we are going to balance the mentioned time. Ships anchored in the
harbor for unloading are included in staying charges meaning that it is paid an amount of money for an hour of
sleeping. So we are to optimize the average sleeping expense which has not been investigated before.
A. Container ships
There are three types of ships including large of 150 meters, 200 meters and small ones of 60 meters. The arrival
of large ships is in a linear schedule but it is randomly for the small ones (Features of the ships have been shown
in table 1). The time between two successive arrivals of large ships is constant so that their arrival distribution is
linear. For example the time between two successive arrivals for large ships of 150 meters is constantly 10 (h)
and never changes. But since small ships arrive in harbor randomly so we consider poison process for them
meaning that the time between two successive arrivals follows exponential distribution with the parameter of
λ=1/5. In this way we have used the daily and monthly statistics in December, January and February of 2013-
2014 by ports organizations.
Table 1: Ship features
time between
type of arrival successive average TEU length (meter) type of ship
arrivals (hour)
Linear 6 1500 150 Big-150
Linear 8 2200 200 Big-200
Random 4 140 60 Small-60

Figure 1. The location of Shahid Rajaee port

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 Bahramchoobin et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 08-16

Cranes and facilities

3.2.1. Tow:
As a ship is settled at a certain distance of port, its engines are turned off and the first action to do in this stage is
that the small boats known as tows carry the ship to the dock. We have considered four tows in the paper.
3.2.2. Coastal (fixed) crane:
There are some coastal cranes which have been fixed in the dock doing unloading operations from the ship by
designed rails. They are components of the harbor and we have considered two of them.
3.2.3. Moving cranes:
Moving cranes are applied to accelerating the unloading process and they are rented from non-governmental
organizations. We have used two moving cranes in the study.
3.2.4. Lift trucks:
Lift trucks are applied to carrying containers – which are in the temporary storage – to the permanent ones or
outer cargo trucks. If there is any truck in the dock, the container will be placed on it otherwise it will be stored
in the permanent storage. There are also two lift trucks applied under the determined policy in the problem.
3.2.5. Cargo trucks:
Given container transportation system is connected to the outer cargo trucks carrying the containers to the out of
the dock. The operations are done in a special policy.

Figure 2. Berthing in the harbor

3.3. Policies and assignment:
We aim to follow a policy based on reality to be applied to development of the container part. So we have
considered lower and upper bounds for the number of coastal (fixed) cranes, moving ones, towers and lift trucks
shown in table 2. We have also accomplished maintenance system for towers and moving cranes in the aspect of
container ships for the first time that will be explained in the concerned part.
There are also special policies in different parts of carrying and lift trucks described in simulation scenario. As
shown in table 2, upper and lower bounds let us do sensitivity analysis for gaining optimal solution. For
example, the number of fixed cranes is actually two and the upper bound four shows the development potential
of wharf. These policies have been taken to make the model more actual.
Table 2: Upper and lower bounds for development
Facilities Lower bound Upper bound
Fixed crane 2 4
Moving crane 2 3
Lift truck 1 2
3.4. Simulation flowchart:
Simulation scenario involves ships arrival, data partitioning, services and ships departure which has been shown
in figure 3. First, the ship arrives in system and then it is categorized into large or small ones. It should be
considered that ships arrival time, capacity, length and their priority are different and the ships are kept waiting
until an unoccupied wharf is found for assignment. Then it is checked weather the tower is ready or not and if
the answer is no, we will ask weather is working or being served by maintenance system and the wharf is
assigned as well. As the wharf assignment and ship berthing is done, the coastal cranes begin to work and it is
determined weather are enough or not. If there aren’t enough fixed cranes, the moving ones are applied – if they
are ready and do not need maintenance. As cargoes are moved to the temporary coastal storage, they are
analyzed and it is commanded for departure. Then the lift truck begins to unload from temporary storages under
the assumed policy and the cargoes are taken to transportation system or permanent storage. The transportation

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system involves trucks with the capacity of 20 containers and if there isn’t any truck, the containers will be
moved to outer storage by the lift trucks.
IV. Simulation and model details:
We have developed an efficient and complicated model for port simulation which is based on the following
assumptions – some of these assumptions are discussed for the first time in systems for container ships:

Ships entering

Check out the large and

small ships

No
Is there any
empty dock?

oN
Is tow damaged
Is tow ready? Maintenance
Yes No and/or in need of Yes operations
maintenance?
Is tow
damaged and/or in
Yes need of maintenance?
Is
Dock assignment
tow damaged and/or
in need of
maintenance?
Yes Yes No

No No Yes
Is coastal crane Is there any Is it damaged Maintenance
enough? moving crane? and/or in need of operations
maintenance?

Shipping containers into

temporary storage

Statistical analysis

Shipping by lift Maintenance

truck operations for lift
trucks

Is there any
Transportation facility
transportation facility
loading based on its defined
for shipping out of
capacity
factory?

Shipping containers for

permanent storage

Figure 3. Simulation flowchart

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 Demand forecast is accurate enough and the paper is based on detailed assumptions such as time
between two arrivals and etc.
 Costal cranes are in need for maintenance operations and they don’t always work well. They need
maintenance after ten times unloading operations.
 Moving cranes which are privately owned, need periodic inspections and maintenance in every ten
days and for two hours.
 All ships berth immediately upon providing the conditions and leave the wharf after loading process.
 There is no limit on the depth of water (tide).

The mentioned simulation model is based on four systems including ships arrival and their berthing, allocation
of resources and equipment, maintenance operations and transportation. These systems are listed above

A. Arrival and berthing of ships

This is the driving force of the whole system because all the next steps start from here and special rules also
arise from it. For example, 200-meter ships come once every 8 hours.

B. Allocation of resources and equipment

When a ship enters the resource allocation system, the associated equipment - if available - is allocated,
otherwise waits as long as conditions allow.

C. Maintenance system
We have considered maintenance policy in this system which has been discussed in the literature related to the
container ships for the first time.

D. Transportation system
The mentioned system includes trucks with a capacity of 20 containers.

V. Validation of the model

The validation is used to measure the closeness of the model to actual system and it is impossible to reach the
complete match between these two, because the best model is actually the real system. However, there are
methods for examining the adequacy of the model with respect to the objectives of the project. There are the
actual system and its important information in our study and therefore we do compare the gained results from
the model with the actual ones. Actual system of the port works 18 hours a day and there is the possibility to
extract its outputs by field study or the website of Shahid Rajaee port. Accordingly, we set the model on 18
hours and compared the outputs with reality so that we can validate our model for different scenarios.

Figure 4. Experimental wizard

These steps are done as shown in figure 4 which displays 7 days and 18 hours per day. The model is run ten
times and also setup or warm up time is considered 10 hours. In describing the warm up time, we can say that it
is considered until equilibrium is reached. For example, it could be supposed a factory which has recently begun
to work and its outputs are not appropriate and in a fixed level until the equilibrium time. The mentioned model
could be observed in figure 5.

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Figure 5. Simulation model

Figure 6 shows the analysis of software can be viewed on the number of containers in internal storage. For
example, there is an average of 120 and a maximum of 133 containers in the storage and also the number of
outer trucks is observable in which 3 and 4 are the minimum and maximum range. Next output shows the
number of containers shipped by lift trucks from the internal to external storage which is an average of 38. Also
at the end you can see that the average number of ships waiting to load is obtained 2.86 which is close the
number declared by Shahid Rajaee port (3 ships on average) and the next model results can be completely
trusted as well. As seen in figure 6, the simulation has been performed 18 hours showing three large ships of
200-meters and a large one of 150-meters in the queue of loading, departure of 4 trucks with the capacity of 20
containers, 120 containers in the storage of wharf and also shipping 76 containers to the external storage.
Now we evaluate the system in real mode in June 2013 and obtain the average output of external truck with the
capacity of 20 containers. It is interesting that the average output is exactly the number 4 which was obtained in
our calculations as well. But one container is being filled and because the port is off for 6 hours, the truck will
have to wait this time – such issues arise in real systems. Now, after considering the validity of the model and its
accuracy, different scenarios can be implemented on it.

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Figure 6. The primary model output

VI. Scenario analysis

In this paper we implemented a number of scenarios and the results will be presented:
The first scenario involves the development of the transportation system to have a more realistic model
including four types of transportation with different percentages and container capacity shown in table 3. The
mentioned system can be applied in different real cases in container network in future. Be noted that this
scenario makes the system more flexible so that it can be barely seen a half full truck after 18 hours of working
otherwise the system is a major weakness that the truck must wait 6 hours for the system to go back to work – it
is abundantly found in real cases. Figure 7 shows how the scenario is applied.
The second scenario has been considered in order to accelerate containers shipping, decrease workload on lift
trucks, and also increase the outputs. As shown in figure 8, the second lift truck idle time is only 32%, then in
almost all cases, employed and it requires a more appropriate policy to reduce the working pressure. To consider
the problem, a second lift truck was added to the system with a particular policy stating that if there are more
than 20 containers in internal storage, the second lift truck will be applied beside the first truck. We have also
presented the formula making the second truck work in terms of reaching the top 20 which has been shown
below:
if(Content(in(2,c))<20,1,dUniform(1,2))
This formula should be inserted in the atom connecting the two lift trucks.
Table 3: Different types of trucks and their capacity
capacity % of employment type of vehicle
12 13% 1
18 26% 2
20 44% 3
16 17% 4

Figure 7. Working pressure of lift truck before scenario

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Now after doing this scenario, we analyze the obtained results including the number of containers in internal
storage and the working pressure to see the resulting change. As shown in figure 10, with the adoption of the
policy on the use of two lift trucks at the same speed, the inventory level in storage has been reduced and also
the working pressure of lift trucks decreased so that it caused a better performance.

Figure 8. Output after doing scenario

In the third scenario, we have examined the issue of increasing the number of cranes and for this purpose, the
upper bounds of fixed and moving cranes – three from each – were placed and put into our analysis. In this
regard, the obtained results showed a considerable improvement in the system, thus in the absence of restrictions
can increase the number of cranes.
VII. Conclusion
In the world around us, there are many real examples that analysts are interested to improve their performance
and the main purposes of these improvements include reduced costs, increased customer satisfaction, improved
system efficiency and increased income. In our model inspired from a real case in the port, the goals are also to
increase performance and improve the working conditions of facilities regarding the maintenance program. We
adopted an optimal policy for lift trucks and observed a considerable improvement in storage and also evaluated
a second policy on increase in the number of cranes and noted the gained improvement. It is also worth
mentioning that we were looking at the issue that what can be added to models and papers of past to have a
more realistic system.

VIII. Future study

From the applicability point of view, there are different features to be considered in the study in order to get
closer to the reality and we will try to advance towards these actual features that are: (i) addressing tides
assumption which can have a great influence on the model and its constraints, and (ii) considering sleeping costs
about ships waiting in the harbor meaning that we can compare the mentioned cost with the cost of buying
cranes and do a proper analysis.
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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Safety, Standards and Certification Marks on Consumables – An

investigation on Awareness with Reference to Rural Consumers of Vellore
district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dr. N. Sundaram1, Mr. M. Sriram2
Professor of Commerce1, Research Scholar2
School of Social Sciences and Languages1,2
VIT University, Vellore – 632 014, Tamil Nadu, INDIA1,2

Abstract: This study investigates the awareness of safety, standards and certification marks on consumable
products and/ or services among rural consumers of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India. The independent
variables are demographic profile such as age, educational qualification, occupation, income and residential
status and the dependent variables are with the core factors such as certification marks, awareness on obtention
of cash receipt for product purchase, checking date of expiry, checking whether the product is sold in Maximum
Retail Price and checking whether consumable product is properly packed and sealed. From the analysis using
Linear Regression, the study found that there is a significant association between respondents and certification
marks and safety and standard factors, except a few. Consumers should consider the factors such as hygiene,
quality, quantity, standard of performance, which make them to choose the right product and/ or service and
make the manufacturers and the service providers to rectify their fault in the business conduct.

Keywords: Awareness; Certification Marks; Consumers; Safety and Standards; Vellore district

I. Introduction
An act of ingesting a product and/ or service is called as consumption. Consumers, before consumption must
ensure the safety and standards, which can be recognized from the quality, quantity, purity, potency, standard
and price [1], so that they can ease their life healthily. But, the present scenario of human life is endangered with
the lack of safety on consumption, unfair trading in the marketing and food adulteration. As per the estimation
by McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), India will triple its average household income and become the fifth largest
consumer economy in the world by 2025 [2]. India has huge population of Poor, illiterate and rural consumers,
who are not aware of quality, hygiene, cleanliness, brands, standards and performance manner of product and/
or service, rather they seek for more quantity and less price. Regulations such as Prevention of Food
Adulteration Act, 1954, Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, were implied
in the nation to shield the consumers’ life from peril [3]. The current study explores the knowledge of rural
consumers at Vellore district on safety and standards of consumable products and/ or services, which are
accomplished by the certification marks such as ISI (Indian Standards Institute) for industrial products, which
was took over by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), BIS Hallmark, a mark for the purity of precious metal;
FPO (Food Process Order), a mark for all processed fruit products in India; Agmark (Agricultural Certification
Mark), a mark for agricultural products and TM (Trade Mark) to affirm the legal properties of products and/ or
services [4]. Other factors surveyed in this study are the awareness on (i) bill receipt on purchase of products, (ii)
expiry date for products purchased; (iii) products, sold at Maximum Retail Price (MRP); and (iv) packaging of
products with seal.
II. Literature Review
Consumption is an activity carried out by every living being to use any resource in the world. Such consumption
should be safe and healthy, which can be obtained from products and services with quality standards [5]. The
quality standards awareness in India began its establishment with Indian Standards Institution (ISI), which
protect and promote the interest of the consumers towards the certified products. The factors such as affluence,
standard, promotion, convenience, social, necessity and longevity are measured using ISI [6]. The standard factor
plays most significant role in the product and / or service than the other and this certification mostly found in
white goods and electrical appliances. Homemakers are mostly the end-user of home appliances with ISI mark
and their awareness on the mark were tested in Dharwad city of Karnataka State. The ISI mark was well known
to seventy one percent of the respondents and a few was aware of Agmark [2]. They insisted for more consumer
awareness to safeguard themselves from scrupulous manufacturers and service providers [7]. If a consumer is
buying a product, it is mandatory that the product’s quality and quantity must rely on standards, which can be
conformed through product specifications. The specifications of a product must be mentioned in its label such as
ingredients, quantity in weight and certification mark, so that it shall display the product’s transparency to the

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 N. Sundaram et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 17-20

consumer while buying a product. It is most important for a consumer to get the bill for the product purchased.
This shall help the consumer in case of fault or defect in a product. Most of the shops are not providing proper
bill receipt to the consumer, which shall not help them under the circumstance of seeking redressal [8]. Quality is
contested and complex notion from the consumer and marketing point of view [9], [10]. To confirm the quality
and quantity of any product, it should be properly labeled, which is the only description about the ingredients
the consumer shall trust the product and the manufacturers can prove the consumer that their product is as per
specified [11]. It can be noted that a product with perfect packing, sold at Maximum Retail Price (MRP), with
manufacturing date and expiry date mentioned, shall be a trusted product by the consumers [12]. Researchers
pertain to this study suggested that the legislation should be made with effective enforcement so that the
existence of unsafely consumables can get eliminated and safety can be assured [16]. Another important
indication of consumer awareness to determine the quality of product and / or service is billing. It is most
mandatory for a consumer to get the bill for the product purchased or for service availed. Especially the products
with high sensitivity such as medicines and cosmetics should be billed on purchase so that the aggrieved party
can sue the scrupulous manufacturers for their defective products sold [14]. It was found by the researchers that
the quality standards on products and/ or services are not similar all over the world and the regulations is not
firm in India as it pave the way for adulterated product in the market [15]. It was well known that the marketing
irregularities are being controlled by consumer protection legislations, which empower the consumers to take
legal action and make multiple choices of purchases as well. The policy of consumers concentrates in traditional
manner with their economic interests through factors such as quality, price, choice and redress. The consumer
policy too protected the safety and health of the consumers from their consumable products especially food, that
ensure their access to protected goods and services [17]. Most of the literature reviews are explaining the safety
and standards of consumable products and/ or services. There are many studies conducted in food products
safety because food is the most essential consumable product and need in the human life. Consumption of
defective product and availing of deficiency service will endanger the consumers’ life. This study throws the
light upon the existing reviews by making clear about the awareness on standards and safety of consumable
products and/ or services, which can be made more effective than present so that the people shall get their
products and services at the best.
III. Objectives of the Study
The core objectives of the study are:
(a) To evaluate the awareness on certification marks in consumable products and/ or services among rural
consumer of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu and
(b) To assess the awareness of safety and standards on date of expiry, Maximum Retail Price, bill receipt and
package of products among the rural consumer of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu.
IV. Research Methodology
Vellore district is selected for the study because it is the second most economically backward district in the
Tamil Nadu state and consists of 56.76 % of rural population living in the district and this is the homeland of the
researchers, who are willing to know the awareness status on safety and standards of consumable products and/
or services among their people in the district. The sample for the study is selected from the Vellore district,
which contains 20 village blocks. The sample of 23 respondents from each block is selected through stratified
random sampling technique. Using Krejcie and Margon (1970) model of sample size determination, 460
structured questionnaires were distributed in total, out of which, 400 samples were finally selected from Vellore
district. In the questionnaires left over, 32 questionnaires were received with incomplete information and 28
questionnaires were not returned back by the respondents. Descriptive research design is considered to be
appropriate because it portrays various characteristics and attitudes of the present study in an accurate manner.
Hybrid of Primary and secondary data are used for the study. Primary data is collected by using structured
questionnaire and secondary data is collected from books, websites and e-sources, online articles and journals,
e-newspapers and previous research studies. Linear Regression analysis is used to find the association between
dependent variable and independent variable. This study considers awareness factors as dependent variables and
demographic profile as independent variables. These tools are appropriate because the samples are independent
and drawn from normal population. The application of these tools and techniques is identified on the basis of the
objectives framed for this study.
V. Analysis and Results
A. Awareness on Certification Marks
Certification marks indicates legal evidence, assurance and product and / service certification, which creates the
trust among the consumers, so that they can believe the product and/ or service as safe and hygiene. This study
analyzes the most frequently used certification marks for consumable products in India such as ISI (Indian
Standards Institute), BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), FPO (Food Process Order), Agmark (Agricultural
Certification Mark) and TM (Trade Mark). The demographic profiles such as age, educational qualification,
occupation, income and residential status of the respondents’ are cross tabulated with the certification marks, to
know whether the rural consumers of Vellore district are aware of the above marks, and they are analyzed with

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 N. Sundaram et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 17-20

Linear Regression analysis to know the significant association among those variables. The tested variables are
tabulated in Table I.
Table I Linear Regression analysis for certification marks awareness
Demographic Profile * Awareness on Certification marks t Sig.
Age 4.750 0.000
Educational qualification 1.472 0.142
ISI Occupation 3.856 0.000
Income 1.149 0.251
Ownership status of residence -7.344 0.000
Age 4.442 0.000
Educational qualification 11.164 0.000
BIS
Occupation 0.014 0.989
Hallmark
Income -9.926 0.000
Ownership status of residence 3.183 0.002
Age 15.27 0.000
Educational qualification 2.343 0.020
FPO Occupation -2.625 0.009
Income -10.010 0.000
Ownership status of residence 2.588 0.010
Age -0.942 0.347
Educational qualification -3.310 0.001
Agmark Occupation 0.858 0.391
Income 26.629 0.000
Ownership status of residence -14.160 0.000
Age 11.602 0.000
Educational qualification 1.342 0.180
TM Occupation -0.670 0.503
Income -5.916 0.000
Ownership status of residence -0.580 0.562
Source: Primary data compilation; Independent variable: demographics, Dependent variable: Certification marks awareness
From the table I, it is found that there is the significant association between demographic profile and
certification marks except educational qualification and income with ISI, occupation with BIS Hallmark, age
and occupation with Agmark, educational qualification, occupation and ownership status of residence with TM.
The remaining combinations accept the alternative hypothesis.
B. Awareness on Safety and Standard Factors
Corresponding to the certification marks, the other core factors that focus on awareness of safety and standard of
consumable products are bill receipt of the product purchased or service rendered, checking expiry date in a
product, product purchased in MRP and product package with seal. These factors are cross tabulated with socio
economic statuses of the respondents and analyzed using Linear Regression analysis to test the significant
association between demographic profile and safety and standard factors of the study. The tested variables are
tabulated in Table II.
Table II Linear Regression analysis for awareness on safety and standard factors
Demographic Profile * Safety and standard factors t Sig.
Age 3.539 0.000
Bill Receipt for the Educational qualification 12.225 0.000
product purchased Occupation 0.258 0.796
or service rendered Income -10.136 0.000
Ownership status of residence 3.308 0.001
Age 0.692 0.489
Checking Educational qualification 8.705 0.000
expiry date Occupation 3.577 0.000
in the product Income -8.796 0.000
Ownership status of residence 6.055 0.000
Age -2.076 0.039
Educational qualification 1.098 0.273
Product purchased
Occupation 13.674 0.000
in MRP
Income -11.370 0.000
Ownership status of residence 21.966 0.000
Age 9.414 0.000
Educational qualification 1.322 0.187
Product package
Occupation 0.498 0.619
with seal
Income -3.900 0.000
Ownership status of residence -2.262 0.024
Source: Primary data compilation; Independent variable: demographics, Dependent variable: Certification marks awareness
From the table II, it is found that there is the significant association between demographic profile and safety and
standard factors except occupation in case of bill receipt for the product purchased or service rendered, age and
checking expiry date in the product, educational qualification and product purchased in MRP and educational
qualification and awareness on product package and seal.

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 N. Sundaram et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 17-20

VI. Recommendations
From the light of analysis and results, the following recommendations are derived. Protection of consumers is
one of the vital objectives of every manufacturer. They should manufacture the product compliance to quality
standard. People in rural area never check out the product package. They generally consume the food which is
kept open and sold in food centres and in eateries. On one side, the manufacturer should stick with the
standards. On the other side, it is the responsibility of the consumer to beware of what they are consuming. They
should check the product’s date of manufacture and the expiry date of a purchasing product. In some shops, the
products were sold more than MRP. In some cases, we can find the MRP is erased or hidden by the shop keeper
and were sold to the people. The consumer must find whether the product is sold on MRP. Another most
important substance to be noted is the receipt when the product is purchased. This must be taken care especially
when a pharmaceutical product is purchased because there is chance of health problem when an expired
medicine or wrong medicine is taken. Only a receipt received along with the product will help the consumer to
sue against the shop keeper in case of danger. The consumers can be educated about their safety and standard
through various media such as television, newspaper, and magazine and through internet. The government
should inform the concerned authorities to educate the school and college students regarding safety and
standards by including the information in their syllabus so that they can be aware of it and can instruct and
educate their surroundings.
VI. Conclusion
India is one of the fastest developing nations in the world. On one side, the nation is gaining technological
advancement in many industries, which makes the country to grow fast. On the other hand, the people were
exploited by deceitful manufacturers and sellers by food adulteration, products with false price and expired
product is sold with false manufacture date. From the study, it is fathomed that the consumers must be more
aware of their products and/ or services before they consume or avail. Though the government is continuously
putting their efforts to regularize the problems confronted by the consumers, it is the duty of the consumer to be
aware before consumption. The bill must be obtained from the shop keeper during their purchase of goods,
thereby the expiry date, certification mark and MRP must be checked on purchasing a product, which shall
drastically increase the acuity of safety and standards about consumables among the consumers. It will make the
manufacturers to rectify their fault in their business conduct. As the present study’s scope is limited to Vellore
district rural consumers, this project could be taken as a model for the further research in other districts of Tamil
Nadu and also other states of India to find out the shortcomings of reaping the actual benefits of the safety and
standards and effectively remove the hurdles for ushering better consumer awareness.
VII. References
[1] Consumer Rights. (2014) Computerization and Computer Networking of Consumer Forums in Country. Available
from:http://confonet.nic.in/ConsumerRights.html.[Assessed: 19th December 2014].
[2] Amine, Lyn S., and Deepa Raizada. "Market Entry into the Newly Opened Indian Market: Recent Experiences of US Companies in the
Soft drinks Industry." In Proceedings of the 1995 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, pp. 287-292. Springer
International Publishing, 2015.
[3] Hasalikar, Suma, and K. V. Ashalatha. "Awareness of Home-makers about Indian Standard Marks on Consumer Goods." Karnataka
Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 4 (2011).
[4] Duguid, Paul. "A Case of Prejudice? The Uncertain Development of Collective and Certification Marks." Business History Review 86,
no. 02 (2012): 311-333.
[5] Bornkessel, Sabine, Stefanie Bröring, SWF Onno Omta, and Hans van Trijp. "What determines ingredient awareness of consumers? A
study on ten functional food ingredients." Food Quality and Preference 32 (2014): 330-339.
[6] Ramalingam, L. P. "Factors influencing Rural Consumers towards ISI Marked White Goods." International Journal 1, no. 6 (2013): 7-
13.
[7] Borin, Norm, Douglas C. Cerf, and R. Krishnan. "Consumer effects of environmental impact in product labeling." Journal of Consumer
Marketing 28, no. 1 (2011): 76-86.
[8] Aprile, Maria Carmela, Vincenzina Caputo, and Rodolfo M. Nayga Jr. "Consumers' valuation of food quality labels: the case of the
European geographic indication and organic farming labels." International Journal of Consumer Studies 36, no. 2 (2012): 158-165.
[9] Cantallops, Antoni Serra, and Fabiana Salvi. "New consumer behavior: A review of research on eWOM and hotels." International
Journal of Hospitality Management 36 (2014): 41-51.
[10]Singh, Hawa, and Hemlata Sharma. "Consumer Perception towards the Quality Marks of Products." International journal of
Management and Social Sciences Research 2 (2013).
[11]De Silva, P. H. G. J., and S. L. Sandika. "Quality standard labeling information on meat packs demanded by consumers and
relationships with purchasing motives." Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 2 (2011): 85-90.
[12]Wilcock, Anne, Maria Pun, Joseph Khanona, and May Aung. "Consumer attitudes, knowledge and behaviour: a review of food safety
issues." Trends in Food Science & Technology 15, no. 2 (2004): 56-66.
[13]Ojo, Olu. "The relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in the telecommunication industry: Evidence from
Nigeria." BRAND. Broad Research in Accounting, Negotiation, and Distribution 1, no. 1 (2010): 88-100.
[14]Srikanth, T. S. A. et al. “A comparative view on cosmetic regulations: USA, EU and INDIA”. Scholars Research Library, Der
Pharmacia Lettre. 3, no. 1(2011): 334-341.
[15]Salhofer, Stefan, Gudrun Obersteiner, Felicitas Schneider, and Sandra Lebersorger. "Potentials for the prevention of municipal solid
waste." Waste Management 28, no. 2 (2008): 245-259.
[16]Budnitz, Mark E. "The Development of Consumer Protection Law, The Institutionalization of Consumerism, and Future Prospects and
Perils." Georgia State University Law Review 26, no. 4 (2012): 2.
[17]Lorek, Sylvia, and Joachim H. Spangenberg. "Sustainable consumption within a sustainable economy–beyond green growth and green
economies." Journal of cleaner production 63 (2014): 33-44.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

A STUDY ON THE CONTENTMENT OF RETAILERS IN SELLING

VODAFONE DATA TO CUSTOMERS
1
ASWIN KUMAR V.S, 1ASWIN PANICKER & Dr. AMBILY A.S2
1
Research Scholars, 2Assistant Professor (SG)
Amrita School of Arts and Sciences Kochi, Kerala, INDIA
Department of Commerce and Management,
Under Amrita Vidyapeettham University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: In our present economy we can see a lot of technological inventions being contributed to the world for
its various uses. The communication channels have been rapidly developing, enabling people to communicate
from anywhere in the world. The 21st century shows the change of telephones into the highly advanced smart
phones to which we find ourselves attached to. Recently, unbelievable changes and technological improvements
have been taking place in the telecommunication sector. In 1946, the official cell phone was launched by the
Swedish mobile. Later in the year 1983, the first portable cell phone was brought into the market by Motorola.
Mobile internet is another area which is very common among today's youth. The adoption of smart phones has
led to an increase in the number of people who accesses the Internet through mobile phones. Present situation
divulges that laptops and computers have been replaced by the mobile phones for browsing the Internet. In this
present economy, there are various telecommunication service providers like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea etc. This
paper focuses on the “satisfaction of retailers on selling Vodafone data to customers"
Key word: Distributors Sale Executive (DSE), Communication Channel, Telecom Operator
_________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
A mobile phone is a phone that can receive calls and make calls via radio links over a wide geographic area.
This communication is provided by mobile phone operator. The basic features of a mobile are: Text messaging,
SIM Card, Multi-card hybrid phones In addition to the basic features of communication the modern mobile
phones come with various new features such as Text message(SMS), MMS, Video conferencing, short range
communication using Bluetooth or infrared, Gaming, Internet connection etc. Now days the mobile phone
industry provides phones which have capability to perform like computers, these phones are known as ‘smart
phones’.
Telecommunication implies the transmission of information, data image or sound from one point to another
through a communication medium. A communication medium or channel is a transporter used to transporter
used to transport data from one location to another.
Indian telecommunication is one of fastest growing industries in the world after China. In India
telecommunication was provided by Telecom, it was formed in 1975 as Department of Telecom (DoT). In 1992
the telecommunication industry was opened to the private sector as part of liberalisation and DoT was renamed
as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). After liberalisation many private companies (both Domestic and
International) have entered the Indian Telecommunication industry. The mobile operators in India provide both
GSM and CDMA services. In 2008 3g was introduced by MTNL and BSNL. Later it was opened to private
sector in 2010.
The top players in the industry are: BharatiAirtel, Vodafone Essar, Idea, Tata DoCoMo, Reliance, and BSNL.
Vodafone is multinational telecommunication company based on Britain. It is a public limited company, it was
founded in 1991. Vodafone has its own network in 21countries and has partners in 40 countries. Vodafone
operate in India with the name “Vodafone India Limited”. It is a member of Vodafone Group and headquartered
at Mumbai. Vodafone India was previously known as Vodafone Essar. Vodafone purchased Essar’s stake in
July 2011.Vodafone India provide GSM SIM card, it started providing 3G services in the year 2011.
Vodafone India has been awarded the Most Admired Telecom Operator and Best 3G Operator at the recent
Telecom Operator Awards 2012. The company has also received the globally recognized prestigious ‘Product of
the Year 2012’ consumer award for Vodafone Apps Store in the Mobile Services Category. In another survey
conducted by Nielsen, Vodafone India was the only telecom player in the Top 10 ‘Most Exciting Youth Brands’
in India. Vodafone India also features in the Top 10 ‘Most Trusted Brands in India’ for 2011, in a survey
conducted by a leading financial daily.

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 Aswin Kumar V.S et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 21-24

MANUFACTURERS AT A GLANCE
Table 1 :Top Five Worldwide Total Mobile Phone Vendors, 2013
Rank Manufacturer Gartner IDC
1 Samsung 24.6% 24.5%
2 Nokia 13.9% 13.8%
3 Apple Inc. 8.3% 8.4%
4 LG 3.8% 3.8%
5 ZTE 3.3% -
5 Huawei - 3.0%
Others 34.0% 46.4%
Note: IDC- International Data Corporation, an American market research and analysis firm. Gartner- an
America IT research and advisory firm.

II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To study about retailers attitude towards data packages provided by Vodafone Mobile Service
 To know the awareness level of retailer towards Vodafone.

III. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is to help the researcher in understanding the retailers’ viewpoint with regard to services,
facilities, connectivity etc. The study basically consists of survey of the retailer who deal with users, and
collection of their suggestions for betterment of the services. On the basis of analysis the company can
improve the services and can make long term competitive consumer friendly strategies.

IV. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The methodology adopted in the research comprises of primary & secondary data and their systematic analysis.
The Primary data is collected through survey with the help of questionnaire, personal interviews from
distributors, shopkeepers. The questionnaire includes closed as well as open-ended questions and Secondary
data is collected from website, books, brouchers, magazines, newspapers etc.

V. FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS

The study focuses on the satisfaction of retailers with regard to the data package of Vodafone usage of
customers. For analysis data were collected from nearly 80 retailers from Cochin City, Ernakulam. A
questionnaire consisting of 15 questions were circulated among the retailers. Based on the data collected tables
were formulated and interpretations were formed. The details can be outlined as follows:
Table 5.1: How long have you been running this outlet/shop?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 0-2yrs 23 28.7 28.7 28.7

3-6yrs 25 31.3 31.3 60.0

7-10yrs 21 26.3 26.3 86.3
10yrs+ 11 13.8 13.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0

Source: Primary Data

1. Through this research it has been found that a majority of the retailers has 5-6 yrs experience and this means
that they have a very good understanding of the telecom industry and market.
Table 5.2: Which service provider provides best data offer?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Airtel 30 37.5 37.5 37.5
BSNL 1 1.3 1.3 38.8
Vodafone 37 46.25 46.25 85.00
Docomo 12 15 15.0 100.0

Total 80 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source: Primary Data

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 Aswin Kumar V.S et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 21-24

2. Vodafone is the highest selling recharge coupon in retail shops with Airtel right behind. Reason- Vodafone
offers 3G data packs at reasonable rates and very good speed.

Table 5.3: Age group of customers

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 0-18 5 6.3 6.3 6.3

19-24 28 35.0 35.0 41.3

25-35 44 55.0 55.0 96.3
36-50 3 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary Data

3. The researcher has found that most of the customers are employees and students. On comparing the two kinds
of customers it was found that, being frequent users of social networking sites and with more time to spare,
students use more data than the employees. A majority of the older section of society is only getting used to the
new generation ways and is neither familiar with the latest smart phones or the ways in which mobile internet
works.
Table 5.4: Which gender uses data plans more?
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Male 34 42.5 42.5 42.5

Female 11 13.8 13.8 56.3

Cannot Differentiate 35 43.8 43.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary Data
4. It was also found that both men and women use data equally.
Table 5.5: How far you are satisfied with the service of the DSE with the company?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Highly Satisfied 41 51.2 51.2 51.2
Satisfied 26 32.5 32.5 83.8
Moderate 6 7.5 7.5 91.3
Dissatisfied 4 5.0 5.0 96.3
Highly Dissatisfied 3 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary Data
5. This research has also found that Vodafone provides high quality service for their retailers through the
distributors. A good relationship is being maintained between the company and the retailers. The retailers are
provided with promotional items, banners and wall posters so as to increase sales and attract more customers.
Table 5.6: How far you are satisfied with the commission from the company?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Highly Satisfied 8 10.0 10.0 10.0

Satisfied 16 20.0 20.0 30.0

Moderate 39 48.8 48.8 78.8
Dissatisfied 14 17.5 17.5 96.3
Highly Dissatisfied 3 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 80 100.0 100.0
Source: Primary Data
6. Though there has been a hike in the prices of other products, commissions of the retail agencies remains the
same. This has caused dissatisfaction among the retailers as they are unable to meet their daily expenses.
E.g.: If retailer sells 10 Rs Vadofone recharge voucher earns only 50 Ps. Where as he can earn Rs 1 when he
sells other company's recharge voucher.

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 Aswin Kumar V.S et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 21-24

VI. SUGGESTIONS
 More danglers, posters and others promotional materials should be given to retailers to increase the
sales.
 Incentives, gifts and other benefits should be provided to retailers to motivate them.
 Create strong awareness among the retailers about the data and its various possibilities.
 Introduce more attractive data plans, offers to influence customers
 Reduce the pricing of the Vodafone in order to compete with other telecom industries.
 Reduce network conjunction and make it smooth.
 Introduce better offer for voice and SMS.
 Create awareness among distributors about data and provide bonus and gifts so that it creates push
effect in the retailers.
 Incentives for achieving targets
 Create contest in retail shops such as visibility contest, in-shop branding
 Training should be provided to Distributors.

VII. CONCLUSION
In today’s market there are lots of opportunities. But at the same time the competition is tough. There are many
difficulties in data selling but maintaining the business is very difficult because the customers can easily change
the products or supplier as there are many new service providers in the market. So resistance is important.
Nothing is permanent in this world except change. So there is always a need to find out what the customers
need and the problems faced by them, so that it can be analyzed and solutions formed. The retailer’s satisfaction
survey was very helpful in finding out the needs of the retailers and the problems faced by them, so that it can be
rectified. This will ensure a good relation with the company. It has also helped in understanding the market and
the heavy competition that the company is facing.
As per the findings of the researcher, suggestions have been made and were further implemented. The company
has brought a new project named B.O.L.T (Building Outlet Of Tomorrow). The project is to meet the needs and
requirements of retailers as well as the distributors and to ensure a ‘push effect’ for the retailers in data selling.
This is so because the retailers have high influence over the customers’ decision making process. The company
is going to introduce B.O.L.T in top data selling outlets of Bangalore and the company had made certain
strategies for it too.
REFERENCE
[1] Eastlick, M.A. (1991), "Catalog shoppers as potential adopter of Videotex", in King, R.L. (Ed.), "Retailing: reflections, insights
and forecasts", The Academy of Marketing Science, Richmond, VA, pp. 9-13.
[2] Eastlick, M.A. and Lotz, S. (1999), "Profiling potential adopters and non-adopters of an interactive electronic shopping medium",
International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 27 No. 6, pp. 209-23.
[3] Economic Times, Research Methodology “C.R.Kothari”
[4] Vodafone Annual report from Hindu
[5] Research Indian Telecom Industry, http://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/telecom/, accessed on 9 January 2012.

IJEBEA 15-211; © 2015, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 24

 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Effectiveness of Mobile Handset Advertisements: A Comparative Analysis

in North India
Dr. Rajesh Kumar
Assistant Professor,
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
NIT, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA

Abstract: India is one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. The telecom companies are investing
huge expenditure on advertising and are using various extensive research techniques to know the effectiveness
of their advertisements. This research paper investigates the effectiveness of mobile handset advertisements in
the select states/UT of Northern region of India. Five major mobile handset manufacturing companies namely;
Nokia, Samsung, Micromax, Blackberry and Karbonn have been considered for the purpose of study. The study
concludes that Samsung’s advertisements are most effective as it was the most recalled brand by the consumers
and Samsung also scored highest on the basis of other parameters of effectiveness i.e. likability, rationality,
believability and persuasiveness. Samsung’s brand ambassador i.e. Aamir Khan was most preferred by the
respondents. Study has the implications for the advertisers as some recommendations are provided to improve
the advertising effectiveness to the companies with poor advertising performance.

Keywords: Advertising effectiveness; mobile handset advertisements; Nokia, Samsung; Micromax; Blackberry;
Karbonn.

I. Introduction
Nearly everyone in this modern world is influenced to some degree by advertising and other forms of
promotion. Organizations in both the public and private sectors have learned that the ability to communicate
effectively and efficiently with their target audiences is critical to their success. We are experiencing perhaps the
most dynamic and revolutionary changes of any era in the history of advertising and promotion. These changes
are being driven by advances in technology and developments that have led to the rapid growth of
communications through interactive media, particularly the internet. The increasing growth in advertising and
media expenditures provides evidence of their rising significance. (Belch and Belch, 2012).
India is one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. India’s telecom sector has shown massive
upsurge in recent years in all respects of industrial growth. From the status of state monopoly with very limited
growth, it has grown to the level of an industry. The stupendous growth of the telecommunication companies in
India over the last fifteen years can be attributed to the liberal government of India’s economic policy. The
telecommunication companies in India went through a huge make-over during the implementation of the open-
market policy of India. Since the telecom companies are investing huge expenditure on advertising, they are
obviously interested in knowing the impact of advertising. That’s why companies are using various extensive
research techniques to know the effectiveness of their advertisements.

II. Riview of Literature

Schoham and Aviv (1996) conducted research on the effectiveness of standardized and adapted TV advertising.
Findings of the study showed varied levels of standardization, recognition, recall, believability and purchase
levels in the outcome measures. Simon Broadbent (2000) advocated in the study that the effects of
advertisements must be seen in behavior before discussing how individuals are affected. Brett et al (2002)
examined the effectiveness of infomercials and their influence on advertisement design elements. The results of
the survey revealed that infomercials with expert comments, testimonials, product demonstrations, the use of
elements such as market models, celebrity endorsers, product comparisons and bonus offers is more effective in
infomercials. Claire et al (2003) focused on the influence of selective exposure of context effects on advertising
effectiveness in their study. The study concluded that the attitude of the respondents to advertisements positively
correlated with recall and recognition of advertisements. Brian and Daniel (2005) assessed the importance of
creativity in advertisements. The results of the study suggested that creative advertisements generate
significantly greater brand execution recall on unaided basis. Demetrios and Zhengeng (2005) examined the
long term effectiveness of multimedia advertising in a competitive setting and its implications for budget
allocation decisions using multivariate persistence methodology. Tim Broadbent (2008) studied the historical
evidence and recent case histories of successful marketing campaigns form UK’s IPA effectiveness awards.
Peter et al (2009) consolidated past findings on clutter with analysis of four new data sets, documented the

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 Dr. Rajesh Kumar, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 25-30

empirical patterns for how advertising works in TV and Radio with different levels of clutter. Yognick et al
(2011) studied how brand recall and recognition are affected by non-editorial clutter in mega events
broadcasting. The results revealed that increase in the number and length of other ads and on-air promos
negatively affect brand recall and recognition. Purva & Himanshu (2011) advocated that absurdity in
advertisements increases notice ability and brand recall of the consumers. A strong correlation was found
between brand recall of absurd advertisements and entertainment scale of the likeability dimension. Yashmin
(2011) opined that that the agencies in India have no formal way of evaluating their advertising campaigns. The
study concluded that the most common and popular factor for evaluating the effectiveness of advertising
agencies’ campaign is client’s feedback. Dalip & Kritika (2012) studied the effectiveness of advertising in
terms of impact of general advertising, whether it may be through media on the awareness, knowledge, liking,
preference, trial, purchase decision and post purchase decision of the consumer and analyzing variation in
consumer responses.
III. Objectives of the Study
Keeping in mind the rationale behind the study, the following research objectives have been framed:
 To know the most recalled mobile handset brand by the consumers
 To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile handset advertisements on the basis of (a) Creativity (b)
Likability (c) Rationality (d) Believability (e) Persuasiveness
 To find the most preferred celebrity endorser by consumers in mobile handset advertisements

IV. Research Methodology

Research Design: The study is descriptive in nature and is focused on the comparative analysis of effectiveness
of mobile handset advertisements in north India.
Sampling: The study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of mobile handset advertisements in the select
states/UT of Northern region of India. At the first stage; 3 states; namely Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh
and one UT; namely Chandigarh were selected on the basis of simple random sampling. Then, a sample of 500
respondents was selected from different cities of these states on the basis of convenience sampling. The sample
was comprised of 330 male respondents and 170 female respondents.
Scope of the Study: Five major mobile handset manufacturing companies namely; Nokia, Samsung, Micromax,
Blackberry and Karbonn have been chosen on the basis of their market share in India for the purpose of study.
Further, in order to evaluate the advertising effectiveness of these five major mobile handset manufacturing
companies, two advertisements from each company were selected randomly. So, total ten advertisements were
shown to the respondents and their opinion about them was drawn and evaluated.
Data Collection: The study is based on primary data. A well structural schedule of questions containing
different aspects of the study was developed and circulated among the respondents. Certain information has
been collected through personal observations.
Statistical tools: The Pearson Chi-square test was used to compare the results for brand-recall. The mean and
standard deviation were used to compare the results of effectiveness of mobile handset advertisements. Further,
ANOVA was used to check the significant difference among effectiveness of different mobile handset vendors
on the basis of creativity, likability, rationality, believability and persuasiveness. The mode was used to find the
most preferred celebrity by the respondents on the basis of ranks assigned to different celebrities.

V. Analysis and Findings

(1) Comparative analysis of Brand-Recall
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for Gender
Pearson Chi-
Gender Nokia Samsung Micromax Blackberry Karbonn Total p-value
Square
110 163 21 17 19 330
Male
33.3% 49.4% 6.4% 5.2% 5.8% 100.0%
6.341 .175ns
46 84 20 12 8 170
Female
27.1% 49.4% 11.8% 7.1% 4.7% 100.0%
ns = not significant
It is evident from table 1 that majority of male and female respondents recalled Samsung with equal proportion
i.e. 49.4%. In order to verify the statistical significance of gender and brand recall, Pearson Chi-Square test was
applied and following hypothesis was framed:
Ho: There is no significant difference among male and females towards brand recall
HA: There is significant difference among male and females towards brand recall
The computed Pearson Chi-Square value is 6.341 which is not significant i.e. 0.175 at 95% confidence
level i.e. null hypothesis is accepted and it can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the
male and female respondents towards brand recall.

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 Dr. Rajesh Kumar, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 25-30

Table 1.1: Descriptive Statistics for Age

Pearson
Age (In
Nokia Samsung Micromax Blackberry Karbonn Total Chi- p-value
years)
Square
29 57 16 10 12 124
<= 20
23.4% 46.0% 12.9% 8.1% 9.7% 100.0%
51 78 11 10 5 155
21 - 30
32.9% 50.3% 7.1% 6.5% 3.2% 100.0%
32.223 .001**
32 77 9 3 6 127
31 - 40
25.2% 60.6% 7.1% 2.4% 4.7% 100.0%
44 35 5 6 4 94
Above 40
46.8% 37.2% 5.3% 6.4% 4.3% 100.0%

Table 1.1 signifies that in age the groups <=20 years, 21-30 years and 31-40 years, the most recalled brand was
Samsung. Whereas the respondents of the age group of above 40 years had mostly recalled Nokia with 46.8%.
In order to verify the statistical significance of age and brand recall, Pearson Chi-Square test was applied and
following hypothesis was framed:
Ho: There is no significant difference among respondents from different age groups towards brand recall
HA: There is significant difference among respondents from different age groups towards brand recall

The computed Pearson Chi-Square value is 32.223 which is significant i.e. 0.001 at 95% confidence level. This
shows that null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded that there is significant difference among
respondents from different age groups towards brand recall.
(2) Comparative Analysis of Advertising Effectiveness on the basis of different parameters

(a) Comparative Analysis on the basis of Creativity

Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for Creativity
Company Number of Respondents Mean Std. Deviation
Nokia 500 3.5540 1.06271
Samsung 500 3.6040 1.15492
Micromax 500 3.6940 1.01904
BlackBerry 500 3.5040 1.23654
Karbonn 500 3.0020 .97360
Total 2500 3.4716 1.11933
Table 2 clearly shows that mean value with respect to creativity is higher for Micromax i.e. 3.6940 as compared
to other companies. It reveals that respondents had found Micromax advertisements most creative followed by
Samsung, Nokia and Blackberry. Karbonn advertisements were found to be least creative of all.

Table 2.1: ANOVA for Creativity

Creativity Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 147.678 4 36.919
Within Groups 2983.306 2495 1.196 30.876 .000**
Total 3130.984 2499
Austerely to verify the statistical significance of creativity in the advertisements of different mobile handset
companies, ANOVA test was applied and following hypothesis was framed:
Ho: There is no significant difference in the creativity of advertisements of different mobile handset
companies
HA: There is significant difference in the creativity of advertisements of different mobile handset companies
The computed value of F is 30.876 which is highly significant i.e. 0.000 at 95% confidence level. This
shows that null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded there is significant difference in the creativity of
advertisements of different mobile handset companies.

(b) Comparative Analysis on the basis of Likability

Table 2.2: Descriptive Statistics for Likability
Company Number of Respondents Mean Std. Deviation
Nokia 500 3.4420 1.15121
Samsung 500 3.5100 1.16129
MicroMax 500 3.5020 1.15441
BlackBerry 500 3.0340 1.16772
Karbonn 500 3.2780 1.07844
Total 2500 3.3532 1.15628
Table 2.2 reveals that mean value for Samsung is higher i.e. 3.5100 with respect to likability as compared to
other companies. It shows that respondents had found more likeability in Samsung advertisements followed by
Micromax, Nokia and Karbonn. Respondents have given least preference to Blackberry regarding likability.

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 Dr. Rajesh Kumar, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 25-30

Table 2.3: ANOVA for Likability

Likability Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 81.078 4 20.270
Within Groups 3260.046 2495 1.307 15.513 .000**
Total 3341.124 2499
Austerely to verify the statistical significance of likability of the advertisements of different mobile handset
companies, ANOVA test was applied and following hypothesis was framed:
Ho: There is no significant difference in the likability of advertisements of different mobile handset
companies
HA: There is significant difference in the likability of advertisements of different mobile handset companies
The computed value of F is 15.513 which is highly significant i.e. 0.000 at 95% confidence level. This
shows that null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded there is significant difference in the likability of
advertisements of different mobile handset companies.

(c) Comparative Analysis on the basis of Rationality

Table 2.4: Descriptive Statistics for Rationality
Company Number of Respondents Mean Std. Deviation
Nokia 500 3.4960 1.10473
Samsung 500 3.5620 1.17512
MicroMax 500 3.5100 1.12803
BlackBerry 500 3.2160 1.21173
Karbonn 500 3.4740 1.19674
Total 2500 3.4516 1.16936
Table 2.4 signifies that mean value for Samsung is higher i.e. 3.5620 with respect to rationality as compared to
other companies. This shows that respondents had found Samsung advertisements more rational followed by
Micromax, Nokia and Karbonn. Blackberry advertisements were found to be least rational by respondents.
Table 2.5: ANOVA for Rationality
Rationality Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 36.790 4 9.197
Within Groups 3380.354 2495 1.355 6.788 .000**
Total 3417.144 2499
Austerely to verify the statistical significance of rationality of the advertisements of different mobile handset
companies, ANOVA test was applied and following hypothesis was framed:
Ho: There is no significant difference in rationality of advertisements of different mobile handset companies
HA: There is significant difference in rationality of advertisements of different mobile handset companies
The computed value of F is 6.788 which is highly significant i.e. 0.000 at 95% confidence level. This
shows that null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded there is significant difference in the rationality of
advertisements of different mobile handset companies.

(d) Comparative Analysis on the basis of Believability

Table 2.6: Descriptive Statistics for Believability
Company Number of Respondents Mean Std. Deviation
Nokia 500 3.5020 1.10655
Samsung 499 3.5511 1.16977
MicroMax 500 3.4760 1.11171
BlackBerry 500 3.2220 1.20483
Karbonn 500 3.2000 1.06878
Total 2499 3.3902 1.14214

Table 2.6 signifies that mean value for Samsung is higher i.e. 3.5511 with respect to believability as compared
to other companies. This shows that respondents had believed most in Samsung advertisements followed by
Nokia, Micromax and Blackberry. Karbonn advertisements were found to be least believable by the
respondents.
Table 2.7: ANOVA for Believability
Believability Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 55.083 4 13.771
Within Groups 3203.515 2494 1.284 10.721 .000**
Total 3258.598 2498
Austerely to verify the statistical significance of believability of the advertisements of different mobile handset
companies, ANOVA test was applied and following hypothesis was framed:
Ho: There is no significant difference in believability of advertisements of different mobile handset
companies
HA: There is significant difference in believability of advertisements of different mobile handset companies

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 Dr. Rajesh Kumar, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 25-30

The computed value of F is 10.721 which is highly significant i.e. 0.000 at 95% confidence level. This shows
that null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded there is significant difference in the believability of
advertisements of different mobile handset companies.

(e) Comparative Analysis on the basis of Persuasiveness

Table 2.8: Descriptive Statistics for Persuasiveness
Company Number of Respondents Mean Std. Deviation
Nokia 500 3.4980 1.14219
Samsung 500 3.6000 1.10564
MicroMax 500 3.4100 1.15263
BlackBerry 500 3.2700 1.18317
Karbonn 500 3.4100 1.12980
Total 2500 3.4376 1.14727
Table 2.8 signifies that mean value for Samsung is higher i.e. 3.6000 with respect to persuasiveness as compared
to other companies. This shows that respondents had found Samsung advertisements more persuasive followed
by Nokia, Micromax and Karbonn. Blackberry advertisements were found to be least persuasive by respondents.
Table 2.9: ANOVA for Persuasiveness
Persuasive Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 29.818 4 7.454
Within Groups 3259.448 2495 1.306 5.706 .000**
Total 3289.266 2499
Austerely to verify the statistical significance of persuasiveness of the advertisements of different mobile
handset companies, ANOVA test was applied and following hypothesis was framed:
Ho: There is no significant difference in persuasiveness of advertisements of different mobile handset
companies
HA: There is significant difference in persuasiveness of advertisements of different mobile handset companies
The computed value of F is 5.706 which is highly significant i.e. 0.000 at 95% confidence level. This shows that
null hypothesis is rejected and it can be concluded there is significant difference in the persuasiveness of
advertisements of different mobile handset companies.

(3) Ratings of Brand Ambassadors of Mobile Handset Companies

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics for Most preferred Celebrity
Company Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Rank 5 Total Mode
Nokia 112 125 150 70 43 500
3
(Priyanka Chopra) 22.4% 25.0% 30.0% 14.0% 8.6% 100.0%
Samsung 271 137 44 34 14 500
1
(Aamir Khan) 54.2% 27.4% 8.8% 6.8% 2.8% 100.0%
Micromax 38 125 191 124 22 500
3
(Akshay Kumar) 7.6% 25.0% 38.2% 24.8% 4.4% 100.0%
BlackBerry 49 89 72 154 136 500
4
(Ranbeer Kapoor) 9.8% 17.8% 14.4% 30.8% 27.2% 100.0%
Karbonn 32 24 47 114 283 500
5
(Virendra Sehwag) 6.4% 4.8% 9.4% 22.8% 56.6% 100.0%
Respondents were asked to rank different celebrities on the basis of their liking and preference and it is evident
from the table 3 that Samsung’s brand ambassador i.e. Amir Khan was most liked by the respondents followed
by Priyanka Chopra in Nokia and Akshay Kumar in Micromax, Ranbeer Kapoor in Blackberry. Karbonn’s
brand ambassador i.e. Virendra Sehwag was least liked by the respondents.

VI. Conclusion and Recommendations

The study concludes that Samsung advertisements are more effective and were able to leave a considerable
impact on the consumers. Samsung was the most recalled brand by the respondents of different gender and
different age groups. Micromax advertisements were found to be most creative of all. Consumers had found
Samsung advertisements most likable, rational, believable and persuasive as compared to other brands. Further,
brand ambassador of Samsung i.e. Aamir Khan was most preferred by the respondents among all the celebrities.
On the basis of results of the study, certain recommendations could be provided to the companies like
Blackberry and Karbonn. Since both these companies scored low in almost all the parameters of advertising
effectiveness, therefore they need to make their advertisements more creative and interesting in order to improve
their advertising performance.
VII. References
[1] Belch George E, Belch Michael A, and Purani Keyoor (2012), “Advertising and Promotion”, 7 th Edition, Tata Mcgraw Hill Eduaction
Private Limited, New Delhi, pp. 8.
[2] Broadbent Simon (2000), “What do Advertisements really do for Brands?”, International Journal of Advertising”, Vol. 19 (2), pp. 147.
[3] Broadbent Tim (2008), “Does Advertising grow Markets? More evidence from UK, International Journal of Advertising”, Vol. 27(5),
pp. 745-770.

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 Dr. Rajesh Kumar, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 25-30

[4] Demetrios and Zhengeng (2005), “A look at the long run effectiveness of Multimedia Advertising and its Implications for Budget
Allocation Decisions”, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 45 (2), pp. 241-254.
[5] Hammer Peter, Riebo Erica and Kennedy Rachel (2009), “How Clutter affects Advertising Effectiveness”, Journal of Advertising
Research, Vol. 49 (2), pp. 159-163.
[6] Raina Dalip and Khajuria Kritika (2012), “Effectiveness of Advertisements in India: An Empirical study”, India Journal of Marketing,
Vol. 42(5), pp. 30-38.
[7] Scoham and Aviv (1996), "Effectiveness of Standardized and Adapted TV Advertising: An International Field Study Approach”,
Journal of International Consumer Marketing, V o l . 9(1), pp. 5-23.
[8] Sofat Yashmin (2011), “Strategy of Advertising Agencies in India for evaluating Advertising Effectiveness”, Indian Journal of
Marketing, Vol. 41(9), pp. 62-72.
[9] Kansal Purva and Sharma Himanshu R. (2011), “Effect of Absurdity in Advertising on Brand Recall”, Indian Journal of Marketing,
Vol. 41(7), pp. 3-8.
[10] Martin Brett A S, Bhimy Andrew C and Agee Tom (2002), "Infomercials and Advertising Effectiveness: An empirical Study",
Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19(6), pp. 468- 480.
[11] Jeong Yongick, Kim Yeuseung and Zhao Xinshu (2011), “Competing for Consumer Memory in TV Advertising: An empirical
examination of the impacts of non-editorial clutter on Brand Memory in Mega-event Broadcasting”, International Journal of
Advertising, Vol. 30 (4), pp. 617-640.
[12] Norris Claire E, Colman Andrew M and Aleixo Paulo A (2003), “ Selective Exposure to Television Programmes and Advertising
Effectiveness", Journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol.17, pp. 593-606.
[13] Till Brian D and Baack Daniel W (2005), "Recall and Persuasion- Does Creative Advertising Matter?" Journal of Advertising, Vol.
34(3), pp. 47-57.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Employee Empowerment: A strategy to sustain in Globalization

1
Manisha Maiduly, 2 Dr. Niraj Gupta
1
Research Scholar, 2Research Guide
1,2
Department of Business & Management, Shri Venkateshwara University,
Gajraula, UP, INDIA
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Employee empowerment is a process which begins with tactics of handling people, rewards, duties,
technology, organization structure and information procedure. Empowered employees can accept change or
initiate change in organization. Dedicated Employees are emotionally involved to an organization and they
contribute a lot in organizational success. This lead to improved competitiveness, accountability, risk taking,
low wastage, inter personal intractation, degree of satisfaction and improved job performance. Empowerment,
Inspires Change which leads to increase the individual employee commitment and helps in accomplishment of
Organisational Goals. Strong wind of competition have forced organizations , which have been limited to local
and national markets with their limited environmental conditions to move to big field . And Empowerment is the
only tool which helps the people to become more dedicated and result oriented in globalized economy. This
paper explains the theoretical review of empowerment, its strategy to sustain in globalized economy, its
requirement to survive in competitive environment and innovative strategies of employee empowerment.

Keywords: Employee Empowerment, Initiate Change, accountability and risk management, Handling people,
Global Economy, Stability and accomplishment of Goals.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
Employee empowerment is a means by which individuals are given authority to analyze situations
autonomously and take proactive decisions. This instills a sense of ownership towards the company in the
employees. IT is a philosophy which believes in enriching people’s jobs and giving power to exercise control
over and take responsibility for outcomes of efforts (Venkat Ratnam, 2006). Employees are the real drivers of
any organization, this is a unique resource which cannot be copied by competitors and also not easily available
in the market. An empowering organization emphasizes on autonomy, proper information and individual
participation for organizational excellence. In order to achieve empowerment, the executives must ensure that
employees having the right mix of information, knowledge, power and rewards to work more enthusiastically
(Singh, 2003). Employee empowerment, is a perception of novel management which is beneficial to share
different knowledge, skill and talent of the employees at the highest level, it plays a vital role in customer
satisfaction. We can also say that customer satisfaction starts with employee satisfaction. The most effective
way to save companies from the whirlpool price competition on the basis of „similarities‟, which destroy the
companies rapidly, is differentiation (Argüden, 2006).

II. Employee Empowerment: A Theoretical Perspective

Employee empowerment is the practice of changing power and liability to employees at junior level in the
organizational chain of command. It is a transmit of power from the employer to their subordinates. Employee
empowerment tended to revolve around issues of power and control, where empowerment was considered a
management technique used to motivate employees by delegating or sharing of power with them (Kanter, 1983).
Ashcraft and Kedrowicz (2002, p. 89) have defined in their earlier study, empowerment as enabling relations of
power through a perception and process that fosters both a sense of competence and control. It was reflected in
sharing of power that those of staff members who were given power more likely to achieve the desired
outcomes (Conger and Kanungo, 1988). Conger and Kanungo (1988) define empowerment as a process of
enhancing feelings of self-efficacy among organizational members through the identification of conditions that
foster powerlessness, and through their removal by both formal organizational practices and informal techniques
of proving efficacy information. This definition implies developing people mind set to excel individual and
organizational peak performance in order for achievement of company goals.
The examples of definition that emphasize the purpose, process and different dimensions of employee
empowerment are as follows:
The examples of definition that emphasize the purpose
According to Kanter (1977), empowerment is to give power to people who are weak in organizations (Ugboro &
Obeng, 2004: 249) Empowerment is spreading the administrative responsibility to all the places in the

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 Manisha Maiduly et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 31-34

organization (Cunnigham & Hyman 1999; 193). Empowerment is to give more authority to employees in
organization in management of work (Pearson & Chatterjee, 1996: 17). It is to bring employees to the position
of owners of work (Koçel, 2003: 414). According to Foster, Fishman and Keys (1995), it is a process of
bringing an individual or a group to a position that he/she can affect events and the results (Hanold, 1997: 202).
The examples of definition that emphasize the process and dimensions of empowerment
According to Rothstein (1995), Empowerment is “an act of building, and increasing power through cooperating,
sharing and working together”(Honold,1997:202).
According to Pet and Miller, employee empowerment is the concept of enabling subordinates to have the
authority and capacity to make decisions and to act for the organization in order to improve both individual
motivation and organizational productivity (Elmuti, 1997:233).
According to Zemke and Schaaf (1989), employee empowerment means turning the “front line” loose, and
encouraging and rewarding employees to exercise initiative and imagination.
A more operational-level and process-oriented definition of empowerment was offered by Bowen and Lawler.
They define empowerment “as sharing with front-line employees the information about an organization’s
performance, information about rewards based on the organization’s performance, knowledge that enables
employees to understand and contribute to organizational performance, and giving employees the power to
make decisions that influence organizational direction and performance”(Ugbaro and Obeng, 2000:249).
Empowerment is an elementary motivation that involves positively valued experiences for which an employee
derive directly for a task. The employees consider themselves as having freedom, autonomy and discretion, feel
personally connected to the organization, and feel confident about their abilities and capable of having an impact
on the organization. Randolph (1995) asserts that employee empowerment is a transfer of power from the
employer to the employees. Newstrom and Davis (1998) define empowerment as any process that provides
greater autonomy through the sharing of relevant information and the provision of control over factors affecting
job performance.
Employee Empowerment is not only giving power. The sense of empowerment can be enhanced by listening
and being more responsive to employee comments, training, support by management and associate employees,
sharing significant information. It is found that empowerment starts at the top and it is practically applicable
with the support of top management. Empowerment can change an organization’s model. Thus, upper
management must be an active factor for building and implementing employee empowerment initiatives.
According to the researchers R. Ripley and M. Ripley (1992) and Spatz (2000), employee empowerment will
bring the followings:
 increase employees’ trust and commitment;
 increase motivational level to reduce mistakes and individuals take more responsibility for their own
 actions;
 provide a forum though which employees can express their beliefs and innovative ideas about day-to-
day activities;
 assist the continuous improvement of processes, products, and services;
 increase employee loyalty, while at the same time reducing turnover, absenteeism, and illness;
 increase productivity by increasing employee pride, self-respect, and self-worth;
 use peer pressure and self-managing team methods for employee control and productivity;
 increase the bottom line by such methods as reducing waste and building quality, while meeting
 customer requirements;
 maintain and increase competitiveness and achieve long-term competitiveness with an ever increasing
 market share;
 increase trust and cooperation with management;
 increase communication among employees and divisions;
 enable employees to identify & solve problems so that they can improve their own performance;
 increase organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness; and
 build a healthy organizational climate and culture.

III. Employee Empowerment and Sustainability

In the globalizied economy, we need to fight continuously with the competitors for sustainability. In respect of
sustainable competitive advantage Porter (1985) states that such concept arises when a firm creates value for its
customers, selects markets in which it can excel and presents a moving target to its competitors through
improving position in a continuous manner. The firm can achieve it through the resource that has some specific,
unique characteristics. Resource based theorists Barney and Wright opine that in order for a resource to be a
source of sustainable competitive advantage it must possess four characteristics. The resource must be (a)
valuable that can create value for the organization (through reducing costs or by differentiating the product or
service) (b) rare, (c) almost inimitable. And the fourth characteristic is that the firm must have appropriate

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 Manisha Maiduly et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 31-34

structure and systems that can effectively and efficiently utilize the resource . (Barney, 1991, 1995) Again, arise
a question in this context: Do all resources possess these four characteristics? The answer is No. Gloria Harrell-
Cook (1996) explains that few of the resources traditionally thought of as sources of competitive advantage
possess those characteristics. The human resources, however, possess those four characteristics. They with their
specific, unique, rare and qualitative ingredients can make differentiating value addition service/product if the
firm can make/design appropriate strategy, structure, system and develop/create enabling culture, utilize them
efficiently and effectively.
So, human resources can make things happen and organizations can obtain sustainable competitive advantage
through human resources, For this, organizations need to make the human resources committed, competent in a
distinctive embedded culture through changing, redesigning appropriate structure and systems to enable them to
render much more value added service and product to the customers as compared to the competitors. Barney and
Wright (1998) contended that firms must be organized in a manner to take full advantage of the resource. More
specifically organizations must have highly integrated and cohesive set of practices to motivate human resources
to excel individual performance as well as team performance and to produce value that is rare and inimitable.
All this contributes to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Employee empowerment is considered to be
one of the most powerful and effective HR practices.

IV. Employee Empowerment and Innovation

In today’s competitive environment, change and innovation is required for accomplishment of goals.
Empowerment of existing employees is the only tool which helps employees to think differently and increase
the level of commitment for survival and sustainability of the organization. Paul Sloane had given a statement,
“A great leader can turn your team into entrepreneurs who are hungrily looking for new opportunities.
The key is empowerment”. The challenge with innovation is finding products and services that are easier to
use, easier to maintain and more appealing to customers. Where can you draw the creativity and drive to make
this happen? Often the best source for innovation is the team within your business. A great leader can turn them
into entrepreneurs who are hungrily looking for new opportunities. The key is empowerment. By empowering
people you enable them to achieve goals through their own ideas and efforts.
(http://www.innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/empowering-innovation)
Many organizations in the current framework have come up to develop strategies with the help of
empowerment. Several strategies which are exercised for this purpose are:
A. Passing on Power
It is believed that through passing on power to the executives will cultivate the hidden talents or competencies
towards the business requirements.
B. Feeling of Ownership
Employers are like the owners for their respective employees because they think for the benefit of organization
and welfare of employees’. The most important reason behind the feeling of ownership is to motivate them for
organizational achievements and fulfillment of individual desires and needs.
C. Employees Proposal Design
Employee Proposal Design is design where employees are given an opportunity to share their suggestions with
management. In this design they can give suggestions in any of the decision of the management and involve
themselves in organization building activities. An employee is the best judge of the job, and the best person to
suggest changes for improving performance.
D. Communication with Higher Management
In the System of employee empowerment, it is suggested that higher management along with board of directors
and CEO should meet their staff in once or twice the year. Meeting with employees or addressing employees is
a platform where the employees can raise several issues can give suggestions, share their views for the
betterment of the organization. The meeting followed by lunch or dinner hosted by the management to make the
employees more emotionally attached with the organization. In order to achieve empowerment, the executives
must ensure that employees having the right mix of information, knowledge, power and rewards to work more
enthusiastically (Singh, 2004). Empowerment thus helps to create autonomy for employees, allows sharing of
responsibility and power at all levels, builds employee self-esteem and energizes for workplace commitment and
better individual performance.

V. Conclusions
Employee empowerment facilitates organizations to gain sustainable competitive improvement. It is a essential
to increase the ability of employees so that they can make value addition to an organisation. Employee
empowerment is closely related to employee involvement, a concept that is easily understood and more uniform
throughout the organization. The process comes about by giving employees a combination of information,
influence, and incentives (Hammuda & Dulaimi, 1997). Organizations must establish a culture of openness,
trust, experimentation and competitiveness to make empowered employees result oriented, to make organization

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 Manisha Maiduly et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 31-34

unique, distinct and incomparable from other organizations in terms of cost, quality and customers’ delightment.
Organizations must use employee empowerment as a strategic tool to attain business excellence and achieve
goals. All these make organizations strong, powerful to face competition and obtain sustainable competitive
advantages.

References
Argüden, Y. (2006). Yeni İş Geliştirmek İçin Yapmanız Gerekenler. (http//www.arge.com.tr). [31.07.2007]
Aschcraft, K. L. & Kedrowicz, A. (2002), “Self-direction and Social support: Nonprofit Empowerment and the tacit Employment Contract
of Organizational Communication Studies”, Communication Monographs, 69(1), 88-110.
Barney, J. & Wright, P.1998. On becoming a strategic partner: The role of human resources
in gaining competitive advantage. Human Resource Management, 37(1), 31-46.
Barney, J. 1995. Looking inside for competitive advantage. Academy of Management
Executive, 9 (4), 49-61.
Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of
Management, 17, 99-120.
Conger, J. A. & Kanungo, R. N. (1998), “The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice”,Academy of Management Review,
13(3), 471-482.
Cunningham, I. & Hyman, J. (1999). The Proverty of Empowerment? A Criticak Case Study. Personnel Review, 28(3), 192- 207.
Elmuti, D. (1997). Self-managed Word Teams Approach: Creative Management Tool or a fad. Management Decision, 35(3), 233- 239.
Hammuda, I. & Dulaimi, M. F. (1997), “The Theory and Applications of Empowerment in Construction: A Comparative Study of the
different approaches to Empowerment in Construction, Service and Manufacturing industries”, International Journal of Project
Management, 15(5), 289-296
Honold, L. (1997). A Review of The Literature on Employee Empowerment. Empowerment in Organizations, 5(4), 202- 212.
Kanter, R. M. (1983), The change masters: Innovations for Productivity in the American Corporation, New York: Simon and Schuster,
1983.
Koçel, T. (2003). İşletme Yöneticiliği. 9. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
Newstrom, John W. and Keith Davis 1998 .Organizational Behaiviour: Human Behaiviour
at work, New Delhi, Tata McGraw – Hill.
Pearson C.A.L & Chatterjee, S.R (1996). Implementing Empowerment Through Subunit Clusters: a Western Australian Case Study.
Empowerment in Organizations, 4(3),16- 25.
Porter, M. 1985. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance,
The Free Press, New York.
Randolph, W.A.1995. “Navigating the journey to empowerment”, Organizational
Dynamics, 23(4): 19-50.
Ripley, R. E. and Ripley, M. J. (1992), “Empowerment the cornerstone of quality: Empowering
Management in Innovative Organizations in the 1990’s”, Management Decision, 30(4), 20-43.
Singh, B. D. (2003), “Placing Participative Management in right perspective”, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 39(2), 210-213.
Singh, B. D. (2004), Industrial Relations: Emerging Paradigms, New Delhi: Excel Books, 168-170.
Ugboro, I.O. & Obeng, K. (2000). Top Management Leadership, Employee Empowerment, Job satisfaction, and Customer Satisfaction in
TQM Organizations: an empiricak study. Journal of Quality Management, 5(2), 247- 272.
Venkat Ratnam, C. S. (2006), Industrial Relations, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 541-543
(http://www.innovationmanagement.se/imtool-articles/empowering-innovation)

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Prevent conclusion Attack by Removal of Sensitive Attribute from social

Network Information
Jyoti Mhaske B.
Department of Computer Engineering, MET, BKC Adgaon, Nashik,
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra, India.

Abstract: Online social sites have become one of the most frequent activities on the Internet. Online social sites
such as Facebook are mostly access by many people for various uses. OSNs allow users to control and
customize what personal information is available to other users. Such networks allow users to publish their
details about themselves and to connect their friends. Some of the information revealed inside these networks is
meant to be sensitive. A privacy break occurs when sensitive information about the user the information that an
individual wants to keep from public is disclosed to an adversary. So it is possible to use some learning methods
on released data to predict sensitive information as private information. Sensitive information leakage could be
an important issue in some cases. Here the goal of system is simulate the conclusion attacks using released
social networking sites data to predict sensitive attribute information. In the proposed system use of data and
individual privacy presents an chance for privacy preserving social network data mining. Here in the system
some sensitive data removal techniques are like annonymization of data and perturbation that could be used in
different situations for preventing conclusion attack, such techniques are removing details of user profile,
adding some new attribute information and manipulate some fields in the user profile these techniques are
proposed for preventing conclusion attack.

Keywords: SNS, FB dataset, NB, ID3, Social network, classifier

I. Introduction
Social networking used to connect and share information with friends. People use social sites services for
different reasons to join network with new contacts, reconnect with formal friends, maintain current relationships,
build or promote a business or project, participate in discussions about a certain topic, or just have fun meeting
and interacting with other users and it will generate very useful information by such discussions and meeting of
facebook users . Social Network site and Twitter website have a broad range of users. LinkedIn has positioned
itself as a professional networking site profiles include resume information and groups are created to share
questions and ideas with group members in similar fields. Unlike traditional personal homepages people in these
societies publish not only their personal attributes, but also their relationships with friends. It may cause the
privacy violation in social networks. Information privacy is needed for users. Existing techniques are used to
prevent direct disclosure of sensitive personal information. Here focus on social network data Social classification
and inferring the individuals’ private information. More private information is inferred by applying collective
classification algorithm.
The system enhance how the online social network data could be used to find sensitive attribute from individual
private trait that a user is not wish to disclose (e.g. gender identification, sexual orientation and religion related
data).For example in an office people connect to each other because of similar occupations ,similar business and
other profession. Therefore it is possible that one may be able to guess someone’s attribute from the attributes of
his/her friends. In such cases, privacy is indirectly exposed by their social relations rather than from the owner
attribute or status. This is called personal information leakage from conclusion attack. [1]
The Purpose of this work is it has been proposed to design a system that show the effect of possible data
sanitization approaches on hiding or preventing such sensitive information leakage, while allowing the recipient
of the sanitized data to do conclusion on non-private details.

Motivation of the Proposed Approach

Providing specific use of data and individual profile privacy presents an opportunity for privacy preserving social
network sites. That is the discovery of information and relationships from social site data without violating
privacy .But the problem of sanitizing a user profile of social network to prevent conclusion of social sites data
and then examines the effectiveness of those approaches on a user profile data set.
In order to protect privacy, sanitize both details and the underlying link structure of the graph. That is deleting
some information from a users profile and remove some links between friends. In many situations the data needs
to be published and shared with others. Social networks are online applications that allow their users to connect

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 Jyoti Mhaske B., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 35-40

by means of various linktypes. As part of their professional network because of users specify details which are
related to their professional life. These sites gather extensive personal information, social network application
providers have a rare opportunity direct use of this information could be useful to advertisers for direct marketing.
In such situation need to prevent conclusion attack by using sanitization technique, sanitize the data set before
release to third party.
II. RELATED WORK
Zheleva and Getoor in [9] propose several methods of social graph anonymization, focusing mainly on the idea
that by anonymizing both the nodes in the group and the link structure, that one thereby anonymizes the graph as
a whole. However, the methods all focus on anonymity in the structure itself. For example, through the use of k-
anonymity or t-closeness, depending on the quasi identifiers which are chosen, much of the uniqueness in the data
may be lost. Through the method of anonymity preservation, maintain the full uniqueness in each node, which
allows more information in the data post release.
J. He et al [4] authors consider perturbing network data in order to preserve privacy. While their method considers
graph structure, it ignores any extra details or traits that a node inside the social network may possess.
R. Gross et al [10] Note that authorized subjects are in terms of user relationships rather than by listing specific
instances (i.e., person ids). However, in that work policy propagation is not possible, since no hierarchies are over
resources, relationships and actions.
Gross et al.[10] examine specific usage instances at Carnegie Mellon.Note potential attacks, such as node reiden-
tification or stalking, that easily accessible data on Facebook could follow with. and further note that while
privacy controls may exist on the users profile end of the social networking site, many individual profiles do not
take advantage of this system. This finding coincides very well with the amount of data that able to crawl using a
very simple HTML crawler on a Facebook network. However, need to extend on work by experimentally
examining the accuracy of some types of the demographic reidentification and classification that propose before
and after sanitization.
J. Yedidia et al.[11] compare various methods of link based classification including loopy belief propagation,
mean field relaxation labeling, and iterative classification. However, their comparisons do not used for prevent
link based classification. Belief propagation as a means of classification is presented.
Hay et al.[4] consider various methods for anonymizing social networks data. However,the work fo- cuses on
inferring details attribute of nodes in the network, not individually identifying individuals as single profile
attribute instead of this it infer the more than one attribute .
He et al. [4] consider methods to infer sensitive or private information via friendship links by creating a network
by using Bayesian classifier from the links inside a social net- work.While the data crawl a real social network,
LiveJournal, use hypothetical attributes to analyze learning algorithm [4].
Raymond Heatherly,et al[1] the work is based on the user profile information of social network instead hiding
personal detail publish all detail but at the time of data release sanitize that data set means remove some sensitive
attribute. Before handover that data set to third party for some advertise purpose it should converted into some
encrypted format and release it to third party.

III. OVERVIEW OF OUR APPROACH

The system architecture of sanitization method of user profile information is show the detailed work flow of
system is as shown in figure 1, how could be gather information of users profile. In that it is important to note that
for any detail type, the expected response can either be single or multivalued, and that a user has the option of
listing no detail values for any given detail. For example, consider user profile data as home town and activities
detail type. A user can only have one home town, but can list multiple activities (for instance, soccer, reading,
video games). However, a user also has the option of listing no detail values for these. For example the detail
value of video games for the detail type activities will be listed as (activities, video games), to distinguish it from
other details that may have the same detail value, such as (groups, video games). Further even if a user lists
multiple activities, data can store each independently in a detail with the corresponding detail name. That is a user
who enters jogging and swimming as his favorite activities will have the corresponding details favorite activity,
jogging and favorite activity, swimming.
The Naive Bays classifier classify the user profile data into specified classes by using Nave Bayes classifier,
Naive Bayes classifier improves the accuracy of classification. Classification is occurs on the basis of node and
detail information of user profile data.
Details of user profile can be manipulated in some ways: As adding details to nodes of social network, modifying
existing details by some modification and removing details from nodes. However here details or link information
modification can be categorize by classifier into two categories: perturbation for adding something and
anonymization for removing some at- tributes. Adding and modifying details can both be considered methods of
perturbation-that is introducing various types of ”noise” into D to decrease classification accuracies. Removing
node however it can be considered an anonymization method. After removal of sensitive information it provide

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the sanitized dataset for further encryption technique which convert the sanitize dataset into encrypted format for
privacy concern.

Fig. 1. System architecture of sanitization of user profile data

Naive Bays classifier is used to classify the large number user profile data according to detail and link information
of user profile information.Initially friends often share common attributes (e.g. hobbies and professions). Thus, it
is possible to predict someone’s attributes by looking at the category of friends as their common attributes
whatever he/she has. In the real world people are connected with each other via all types of relations, and a
personal attribute may only be sensitive to certain types of relations like gender, and sexual orientation. For
example, in order to predict someone’s age,it is more appropriate to consider the ages of his/her classmates or
officemates. Therefore to infer people’s privacy from social relations, one must be able to filter out other types of
relations between two connected people on social sites.
To solve this problem here find out the privacy conclusion in homogeneous societies where individuals are
connected by a single type of social relations as heterosexual and homosexual and the impact of every person on
his/her friends is the same. Homogenous societies reflect small closely related groups (such as offices, classes or
clubs), where people are connected by a relatively pure kind of relationship. Real social networks can be always
as the combinations of many homogeneous societies.
Determining an individual’s political affiliation ,gender identification ,sexual orientation are an exercise in graph
classification. Given a user node ni with m details of user profile and p potential classification labels ( C1; . .. ;
Cp, Cix) the probability of ni comes in class Cx, is given by the equation.[1]

(1)

To perform conclusion use Bayesian networks to show the causal relation in social networks. Specifically, if want
to conclude the value of attribute A for a person (referred to as query node X), first construct a Bayesian network
from some social network, and then analyse the Bayesian network to achieve the probability that X has attribute
A.
However, that P(Di1 ;...Dim) is equivalent for all values of Cxi . That is, because the probability of seeing any
particular detail without consideration of any particular class x is equivalent for all x. Thus, here need only
compare to determine a new class label for ni.[1]
(2)

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A. Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications

ID3 is a simple decision tree erudition algorithm developed by Ross Quinlan (1983) [4]. The basic idea of ID3
algorithm is to create a decision tree of given set, by using top-down greedy search to check each attribute at
every tree node. To select the most useful attribute using classification technique, here present a metric
information gain and to catch an optimal way to classify an erudite set.The information gain metric is such a
function that we can use for efficient balanced splitting. In direction to define information gain exactly, we need
to deliberate entropy. First, let’s assume that the resulting decision tree classifies instance into two classes without
loss of simplification and we would call them P (positive) and N (negative). Given set S, containing these positive
and negative targets, the entropy of S related to this Boolean classification is:
Entropy(S) =-P (positive) log2P (positive) - P (negative) log2P (negative) (3)
P (positive): proportion of positive examples in S P (negative): proportion of negative examples in S
B. Link Classification
Collective inference is a method of classifying social net- work data using a mixture of node details and
connecting links in the social graph. The classifiers consists of three components: a local classifier, a relational
classifier, and a collective inference algorithm.
C. Local classifier
Local classifiers is a learning method that is applied in the initial step of collective inference. Naive bayes
algorithm is used as a local classifier. This classifier construct a model based on the details of nodes in the
training set, apply this model to nodes.
D. Relational classifier
The relational classifier is a separate method of learning algorithm that consider the link structure of the graph,
and uses the labels of nodes of user profile in the training set to build a model which it uses to classify the nodes
in the test set.. Four relational classifiers: class-distribution re- lational neighbor (cdRN), weighted-vote
relational neighbor (wvRN),network-only Bayes classifier (nBC), and network- only link-based classification
(nLB).
E. Hiding Private Information
To be able to formalize a privacy definition with user profile dataset, Here need to address two issues with
respect to an conclusion attack. First, need to have some understanding of the potential prior information (i.e.,
background knowledge) the adversary can use to launch an conclusion attack. For example, if an adversary
already knows all the hidden and unhidden private information related to the social network, it will be useless to
try to protect against such an adversary. Second, need to analyze the potential success of conclusion attack given
the adversary’s background information. For example, if the adversary has only the disclosed social network
data, what is the best classifier he can build to predict sexual orientation?
F. Manipulating Details
Details attribute of profile can be manipulated by three ways: adding details to user nodes, modifying existing
details attribute and removing details from nodes attribute. Here details can classify these three methods into
two categories: perturbation for adding manipulation details and anonymization means deleting some details.
Adding and modifying details can both be considered methods of perturbation that is, introducing various types
of ”noise” into Details attribute to decrease classification accuracies.
G. Choosing Details
Now choose which details to remove. The choice is guided by the following definition is used for finding high
probabil- ity details to remove which improve classification accuracy. Definition: Given G and a nonzero set of
sensitive details I, determine the set of details D’I ε D, where G’ = (V, E, D- D’) has the most reduction in
classification accuracy for some set of classifiers C on the sensitive attributes I for the given number of removals
m.
Assume a person, ni, has the class value C2 out of the set of classes C, and this person has public details Di.[1]
(4)
This allows to find the single detail that is the most highly indicative of a class and remove it.
H. Manipulating link information
The other option for anonymizing social networks is altering links. Unlike details, there are only two methods of
altering the link structure: adding or removing links. Assume that there are two possible classes for a node, and
the true class is C1. Remove the links that increase the likelihood of the node being in class C1. Here consider
that the define a node to be in class C2 if β (i) is positive.[1]

(5)
β (i) as the new value for above equation if the friendship link remove Fi,j. here need to compute β j(i)as
β(i) and Z are constants for all βj(i) the best choice for i that maximizes ,β(i)becomes one that maximizes[1]
Mi = (p(p(c2|Fi,j) − p(C1|Fi,j)) Wi,j) (6)

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IV. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

A. Dataset
Input for system is Users profile information of social network and Network consisting of only nodes and edges
Detail values of nodes i.e user profile details are provided as input to this Naive bays classification.The facebook
dataset is extract by log in to user accounts and download their profiles as .html files. Now apply html parser to
that parses HTML files and collects attribute values of user profiles and store the results in database.
B. Result analysis
System Output is the data of user profile information those data is in well classified manner. Those data are
ready to release to the third party for their advertising purpose .The user profile data set is without sensitive
attribute means the release data set is does not contain sensitive attribute so conclusion attacks are prohibited.
The effect of removing details and links in preventing sensitive information leakage.
C. Result of classifier accuracy
Bayesian classification provides practical learning algorithms and prior knowledge and observed data can be
combined. It provides a useful perspective for understanding and evaluating many learning algorithms. And also
calculates explicit proba- bilities for hypothesis and it is robust to noise in input data. Bayesian reasoning is
particularly suited when the dimension- ality of the inputs is high. It is applied to decision making and
inferential statistics that deals with probability inference, used to predict future events. It requires a small
amount of training data to estimate the parameters is the advantage.After giving the facebook dataset from
crawler to the classifier as Naive Bays classifier and ID3 classifier that classifier calculate the classification
accuracy before any alternation to the dataset. This classification accuracy metric changes is showing the
efficiency of this system.
ID3 Algorithm is good at dealing with categorical attributes. When dealing with the multiple attributes in the
decision tree, then the split point for the decision tree is going to be computed using the measure from
information theory called Information Gain, which is known as an attribute selection method for the ID3
algorithm. Here calculate the accuracy by different algorithms of classification and first calculate the accuracy of
correct classified dataset by both algorithm is about 83% accuracy of correct classification of dataset.The
classifier accuracy are reduces after removing the sensitive attribute its about 53%.This classification on the
basis of gender ,relationship status and friendship link information of the facebook profile data.
sensitive attribute details Here the dataset is collected from facebook users profile the information about their
basic contact information. This information contains the attribute as Interest in field as interest in men ,women
and both and marital status of the user as is that person is married ,single, in relationship ,engaged ,and last
detail about their gender information as male or female. The following table is contain the information about the
details of 11 users profile of facebook. In table ”0” means the value of that detail is Null, ”1” means value is
pos- itive of that details.Gender ”1” indicate Male and ”2”indicate female.

Fig. 2. Vector generation of Dataset

Here test some user data by classifier in the two cases first case check the correctness of classified dataset before
any changes occurs to dataset ,and In second case check the correctness after removal of some attribute from
dataset.The accuracy of different classifier shown in following figure.

Fig.3 Naïve Bays Classifier Accuracy

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 Jyoti Mhaske B., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 35-40

In above first graph show the Naive Bays classifier accuracy after remove the some sensitive attribute or
deleting some sensitive link information from dataset.Graph contains the correct classified accuracy 83 %before
any manipulation on dataset ,after removal sensitive attribute the accuracy is reduce upto 53%. In above second
graph show the ID3 classifier accuracy after remove the some sensitive attribute or deleting some sensitive link
information from dataset.Graph contains the correct classified accuracy 80 %before any manipulation on dataset
,after removal sensitive attribute the accuracy is reduce upto 40%.So it is very helpful for preventing inference
attack on dataset.

Fig. 4. ID3 Classifier Accuracy

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
The System is use for preventing conclusion attack on user profile data of social network. The proposed system
is using both friendship links and details together gives better predictability than details alone. In addition
implement the effect of removing details and links in preventing sensitive information leakage. Here show that
each of these methods provides a measure of privacy guarantee for users within the network, but can also be
used by third parties for classification on non-sensitive attributes. In future the system can extended for prevent
private information conclusion attack is by providing user profile information to third party in encrypted format
for maintaining privacy for user profile data.
REFERENCES
[1] ”Preventing Private Information Inference Attacks on Social Networks Raymond Heatherly, Murat Kantarcioglu, and Bhavani
Thuraisingham,” Fellow,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGI- NEERING, VOL. 25, NO. 8
AUGUST 2013.
[2] J. Lindamood, R. Heatherly, M. Kantarcioglu, and B. Thuraisingham, Inferring Private Information Using Social Network Data,
Proc.18th Intl Conf. World Wide Web (WWW), 2009.
[3] E. Zheleva and L. Getoor, Preserving the Privacy of Sensitive Relation- ships in Graph Data, Proc.First ACM SIGKDD Intl Conf.
Privacy, Security, and Trust in KDD, pp. 153-171, 2008
[4] J. He, W. Chu, and V. Liu, Inferring Privacy Information from Social Networks, Proc. Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2006.
[5] K.M. Heussner, Gaydar n Facebook: Can Your Friends Reveal Sexual Orientation ABC News,
http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/gaydar- facebook- friends/storyid=8633224. UZ939UqheOs, Sept. 2009.
[6] M. Hay, G. Miklau, D. Jensen, P. Weis, and S. Srivastava, Anonymizing Social Networks, Technical Report 07-19, Univ. of
Massachusetts Amherst, 2007.
[7] K. Liu and E. Terzi, Towards Identity Anonymization on Graphs, Proc. ACM SIGMOD Intl Conf. Management of Data (SIGMOD
08), pp. 93- 106,2008.
[8] J. He, W. Chu, and V. Liu, Inferring Privacy Information from Social Networks, Proc. Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2006.
[9] E.Zheleva and L. Getoor, Preserving the Privacy of Sensitive Relation- ships in Graph Data, Proc.First ACM SIGKDD Intl Conf.
Privacy, Security, and Trust in KDD, pp. 153-171, 2008.
[10] R. Gross, A. Acquisti, and J.H. Heinz, Information Revelation and Privacy in Online Social Networks, Proc.ACM Work- shop
Privacy in the Electronic Soc. (WPES 05), pp. 71-80, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1102199.1102214, 2005.
[11] J. Yedidia, W. Freeman, and Y. Weiss. Exploring Artifiial Intelligence in the New Millennium. Science Technology Books, 2003.
[12] N. Talukder, M. Ouzzani, A.K. Elmagarmid, H. Elmeleegy, and M. Yakout, Privometer: Privacy Protection in Social Networks,
Proc. IEEE 26th Intl Conf. Data Eng. Workshops (ICDE 10), pp. 266- 269, 2010.
[13] A. Machanavajjhala, D. Kifer, J. Gehrke, and M. Venkitasubrama- niam, L-Diversity: Privacy Beyond K-Anonymity, ACM Trans.
Knowledge Discovery from Data, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 3, 2007.
[14] C. Dwork, Differential Privacy, Automata, Languages and Programming, M. Bugliesi, B. Preneel, V. Sassone, and I. Wegener,
eds., vol. 4052, pp. 1-12, Springer, 2006.
[15] A. Friedman and A. Schuster, Data Mining with Differential Privacy, Proc. 16th ACM SIGKDD Intl Conf. Knowledge Discovery
and Data Mining, pp. 493-502, 2010.
[16] C. Clifton, Using Sample Size to Limit Exposure to Data Mining, J. Computer Security, vol. 8, pp. 281-307, http://portal.acm.org/
cita- tion.cfm?id=371090.371092, Dec. 2000.
[17] K. Tumer and J. Ghosh, Bayes Error Rate Estimation Using Classifier Ensembles, Intl J. Smart Eng. System Design, vol. 5, no. 2,
pp. 95-110, 2003.
[18] C. van Rijsbergen, S. Robertson, and M. Porter, New Models in Prob- abilistic Information Retrieval, Technical Report 5587,
British Library, 1980.
[19] D.J. Watts and S.H. Strogatz, Collective Dynamics of Small- World Networks, Nature, vol. 393, no. 6684, pp. 440-442, June 1998.
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557-570, 2002.
Acknowledgments
Very much thankful to all authors; those are mentioned in the references and all the respected peoples who helped for designing and
development of system work.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Rural Industrialisation through Rural Entrepreneurship

K.P.Vishnu, Sanalkumar P. S & Dr. A.S.Ambily
1,2
Research Scholar, 3Assistant Professor (SG)
1,2,3
Department of Commerce and Management, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, INDIA.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: The development of the Indian economy largely depends on the development of rural areas and the
standard of living of its rural people .Economic development can only happen when there is a large scale rise in
the development of rural areas. Rural entrepreneurs lack a huge problem of education, shortage of finance,
marketing ideas and lack of technology in those areas which is the major cause for lack of development in Rural
Entrepreneurship .But now various social based institutions have taken huge initiative in the development of
rural Entrepreneurs. Through these ways these entrepreneurs can use scarce resources to its maximum
utilization and produce various products. Promotion of rural entrepreneurship is a key to develop rural areas
and remote towns. This paper focuses on the developments happening within the rural sectors which inversely
lead to a rise in rural entrepreneurship. Suitable case studies have been included within the study.
Key Words: Entrepreneurs, Rural entrepreneurs, Rural Industrialisation
______________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
India has a population of around 1.22 billion out of which .854 billion people live in rural areas and .366
billion people live in urban areas .According to this census 70 percent of total population belonging to rural area
among which less than 17 percent are have been exposed to rural entrepreneurship.
As we compare the Northern & Southern regions of India, the southern rural areas (especially in Kerala) are yet
to acquire rural entrepreneurship in a fully fledged manner.
Entrepreneurship that arises in village levels can take place in various sectors such as business industry,
agricultural, traditional handicraft industries etc. that promotes and contributes to economic development of the
country as a whole.
According to the Khadhi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) “ Village industry or rural industry means
any industry located in rural area, population of which does not exceed 10000 or any other similar figure which
produces goods or power where the fixed capital investment or head of an artisan or worker does not exceed a
thousand rupees.”
Thus by relying on the above concept, the researcher has examples such as Peruvamba in Palakkad Dist. and
Kuttampuzha in Ernakulum Dist. to bring insights for development of rural Entrepreneurship within the state of
Kerala.
Among the traditional instruments manufactured in Peruvamba, Palakkad, the chenda, Dakka, Edakka etc.
produces a percussion sound that attracts people; for example Panchavadhyam, a well known cultural event,
inevitably performed by a group during the extravagant festival of Thrissur Pooram includes all the
aforementioned instruments. As mentioned earlier, this instrument has been produced in a rural area of Kerala in
a small scale.
Besides this, the research also concentrates on utilization of green building materials such as “Bamboo” which is
most commonly available in kuttampuzha, the local village in Ernakulum district. Bamboo based
entrepreneurship also act as a solution to environmental problems which is indeed an apt example of the proverb
“think globally and act locally”.
Rural entrepreneurship also provides activities which are eco friendly in nature, moreover keeping the old
tradition in the verge of not being extinct.
II. Importance of the study
The rural entrepreneurship is of enormous significance for the development of rural industries in state like
Kerala. The vital importance of the rural industrialisation in improving the income of people and generating
employment in rural areas has been accepted. So rural industrialization becomes all the more significant in view
of the fact that the percentage share of contribution to GDP and the percentage of population engaged in this
sector have been plummeting all over the world. The southern region of India, Kerala cannot deviate from this
trend. This study tries to guide the entrepreneurs in identifying entrepreneurial opportunities, by suggesting two
of the local villages in Kerala and assisting them, in order to start new entrepreneurial ventures in the state of
Kerala.

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III. Scope of the Study

The scope of the study confined to the areas of Peruvamba in Palakkad district and Kuttampuzha in Ernakulam
district, bring insights for development of rural Entrepreneurship within the state of Kerala.
In the case of Peruvamba in Palakkad district, which is well known for production of various traditional
instruments like Chenda, Dakka, Edakka etc. are commonly used in various cultural events and festivals all
across Kerala. These instruments have been produced in the rural area of Kerala in a small scale, so in order to
contribute to the progress of the rural industrialisation it is required to encourage the mass production of these
instruments by spreading rural entrepreneurship.
The entrepreneurs are not born they can be originated through providing proper education, training and
experience. So the Bamboo based entrepreneurial development in the Kuttampuzha Panchayath promotes the
process of rural development in this local village, and it enhance the Potential economically viable Rural
enterprises which can utilize this Green Building Materials in a more better way.
The study further emphasises the need to develop rural entrepreneurs to achieve rural development through rural
industrialisation.
IV. Methodology
The study is mainly based on case studies within the rural local areas of Palakkad and Ernakulam. This research
concentrates on the lifestyle of people who persue this type of Rural Entrepreneurship and have a mentality to
keep the traditional business alive for a long time.

V. Findings and Analysis

CASE STUDY-1
The first study is about the rural entrepreneurship in Palakkad. Here the study have concentrated on traditional
instruments that are mainly used for festivals in the southern part of India.
Initially, the two producers for traditional instruments
within Palakkad are Mr. P. Rajan and Mr. Paramashwaran
(otherwise known as Kannan).
They have been supported by NABARD (National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development), which contains over
74 members in Palakkad District. They have allotted around
10 lakh rupees to aid their business. The government have
also provided Health cards and workshops in addition to the
financial aid.

Mr. P. Rajan is well known for making traditional

instruments, mainly Mridangam. He has inherited the skill
from his older generations, starting from his great
grandfather. During his childhood, he had no financial
support for education and hence had no choice other than to
continue with their ancestral profession. When asked about
his job satisfaction, Rajan replied “We are proud of our job
since it uniquely helps us save our tradition like no other
profession”.
Fortunately, the two have various plans for expansion as
NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development) have agreed to fund their business and run as
a group and keeping their traditions alive for a long time.
Talking about their product, the ‘Mridangam’ is a
percussion instrument from India of ancient origin. It is the primary rhythmic accompaniment in a Carnatic
music ensemble. Alternate spellings include "mrudangam", "mrdangam", "mritangam" and "miruthangam in
Tamil". The mridangam is also played in Carnatic concerts in countries outside of India, including Sri Lanka,
Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. During a percussion ensemble,
the mridangam is often accompanied by the ghatam, kanjira, and the morsing. The mridangam is nicknamed as
the "King of Percussion".
The artisans have huge sales for their product. The cost they incur for making the instrument is Rs.7000 for the
teak wood and Rs.3000 for the skin of buffalo and goat which will lead to total cost of around Rs. 10,000 for a
pair of mridangams. Thereafter, they sell the finished product at a price of Rs.11, 000 where Rajan prioritizes
customer satisfaction and minimal financial profit.
The personals required for this type of business is limited to two and not more where they should have ample
experience and skill in order to retard chances of aberration in the authentic sound of the instrument which may
occur due to minor flaws in manufacturing.

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 K. P. Vishnu et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 41-44

Mr.Parameshwaran on the other hand is well known for

making ‘chenda’ and sticks which is a cylindrical percussion
instrument used widely in the state of Kerala for various
festivals. . This business was started by his father and then
followed by his brother. After the demise of his brother,
Mr.Parameshwaran was forced to continue this profession.
Additionally, he said that he would continue with his
profession until the passion for these percussion instruments
ends”.
As far as the raw materials are concerned, they use purely
natural materials, such as buffalo and goat skins, rice and teak
wood and absolutely no machines for their production.
The cost that he incurs is around Rs. 400 per pair and the
price at which he sells is Rs.600, which would well explain
his minimal profit.

CASE STUDY-2
The research also concentrates on utilization of green building
material “Bamboo”, which is most commonly available in
Kuttampuzha, a local village in Ernakulam district. This study
on bamboo reeds and its entrepreneurial utilisation extremely
points towards quality reeds utilisation, which is commonly found in Kuttampuzha Panchayath.
The people who belong to various rural communities in Kuttampuzha panchayath mainly engage themselves in
bamboo based life style. To meet the necessities and needs, the people belonging to these communities try to
produce various handicrafts and other related products by using bamboo. Even though there is a greater
availability of this green building material and well educated young generation, people are yet to show the
entrepreneurial potential for the up growth of this business. For the optimum utilisation of this material, an
entrepreneurial development in Kuttampuzha panchayath is absolutely essential.
Bamboo industry belongs to the traditional rural industries of Kerala. Its beginning may be delineated to the
time when our forefathers engaged in cultivation of paddy and other food crops thousands of year back. Bamboo
industry pioneered with the creation of articles such as murams, mats, baskets made out of reeds are widely used
for packing of vegetables, leaves, fish, fruits and many other commodities. Gradually, in due course of time, it
adopted the making of various value added products like flattened bamboo board, bamboo flooring files,
laminated bamboo ply boards and many others.
Bamboo industry has a separate entity which no other cottage industry has except the coir industry. The
industrial contribution of widespread employment opportunities with relatively small volume of investment and
focused eco-friendly product make it more attractive. The major participants in bamboo industry comprises of
KERALA STATE BAMBOO CORPORATION.LTD (KSBC), ASSAM PLYWOOD, MARINE PLYWOOD,
ASSAM MATS. They chiefly engaged in three separate operations such as:-
i) Cutting and collection of reeds from the forest.
ii) Transportation of reeds to the centre of production.
iii) Making of products at factory.
The bamboo reeds are collected from the deep forest of Kuttampuzha by specialised workers from scheduled
caste communities and hill tribes. The forest authorities issue passes to the specialised workers for cutting the
reeds from the forest. The labourers go deep into the forest, cut the reeds and they bundle it. Thereafter these
bundles are negotiated through the Periyar River and its tributaries along the direction of the stream. In
Kuttampuzha bamboo corporation (KSBC), the collected bundles are transported to the production areas in
Angamaly, Thrissur, Kalady, Malayatoor etc. There have been forty vehicles carrying bamboo to the
aforementioned places per month. The bamboos are then converted into variety mats, which are used as an input
for producing ply woods and furniture. These mats have been used by the Cinema industry substantially for
creating artificial location and to display advertisements.
Nowadays eco-friendly value added products have greater demand, so the call for this bamboo products and
bamboo based entrepreneurship is not much longer. It acts as a solution to environmental problems and is an apt
example of the renowned proverb “think globally and act locally”.

VI. Conclusion
The major conclusion asserted from both the entrepreneurs is that they are satisfied with the job in spite of their
minimal financial profit and so are their customers. Whereas the bamboo based enterprises being labour
intensive serve, will generate employment, regular income and support and uplift the weaver sections of the
society. Rural industrialisation through rural entrepreneurship is one of the most desirable ways of pursuing the

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 K. P. Vishnu et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 41-44

process of rural development. Hence, both of these Panchayaths necessitates the process of rural development in
local village.
References
[1] Entrepreneurship Development and Small Business Enterprises, Dr. CB Gupta and Dr. S.S Khanka, Publications- Sultan Chand
&Sons.
[2] Entrepreneurship Development in India.
[3] By Bishwanath Ghosh, Publications- Jain Book Agency.
[4] Wikipedia-Evolution of Chenda and Bamboo production.
[5] Malayala Manorama Newspaper(Palakkad and Ernakulam Editions).
[6] Madirbhumi Newspaper (Palakkad and Ernakulam Editions.)

IJEBEA 15-216; © 2015, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 44

 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Two case Studies on constraints faced by property developers in Mauritius

Reshma Rughooputh, Vaashita Nundlalee
Faculty of Engineering,
University of Mauritius
Reduit, Mauritius
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: One of the major problems encountered by property developers in Mauritius include the funding of
particular projects in hand and ensuring that the projects attain successful completion in scope and time.
Consequently, the island has witnessed some major projects either never reaching completion or experiencing a
very slow progress of works. This paper attempts through the selection of two case studies, to describe the
limitations or constraints observed by identified property developers in the construction industry for residential
development. While financial and marketing constraints were common and serious for the two case studies;
economic, physical and planning constraints have also been observed.
Keywords: Limitations, constraints, property developers, residential projects, case studies
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
Indeed any project that has not reached completion or witnesses very slow problems imparts major problems to
the various stakeholders concerned. Some property developers in Mauritius have recently encountered serious
constraints that have influenced the smooth progress or even have resulted in the non- completion of their
respective progress. Nathan S. Collier, Courtl and A. Collier and Don A. Halperin., (2008), state that the
developer’s knowledge of financial markets is essential. He must be aware of the sources capable of funding the
type of projects being worked on. They also added that if visions of development projects are to become
realities, the successful investor or developer must find reliable sources of funding. In Mauritius the most
important source of finance is the commercial banks. However, such banks are reluctant to lend for purely
speculative development because of the high risk involved. They prefer low risk pre-let or pre-sold
development; and stick to lending criteria such as repayment capacity, size of companies, nature and size of
development, length of loan, security offered, the assets of the companies and their cash flows and finally, the
location of the development, prime locations being preferred to less important ones. The viability of projects and
the need for rental income to cover interest payments weigh heavily in the scales. But the authors do not
consider the various constraints that developers face apart from certain disadvantages. Rughooputh et al., 2014,
comment on the various constraints faced by property developers in the funding of residential property
development in Mauritius. Among the main limitations faced and discussed, financial and marketing constraints
were further elaborated and found to be more critical. Marketing tactics are dealt with extensively by Bevan
(1991). He analyses every possible tactic that relates to the property industry. He deals with a wide range of
tools used to promote sales of properties like advertising, the use of media which consist of TV, radio,
newspapers, magazines, and other forms of media advertising like cinema and posters. Attention is also focused
on media events as a promotional tool in the property industry. The role of Chartered Surveyor Weekly which
reports on sporting events or the launching of new enterprises is also emphasized. Bevan (1991) does not fail to
distinguish between market research and marketing research. The former deals with the size and nature of the
market place while the latter looks at the reasons behind demand. This distinction is important since much
confusion results in this respect. Inspite of all the details given by Bevan (1991) on marketing of residential
property the thirst of the researcher remains unquenched in terms of constraints in marketing apart from the
drawbacks of certain marketing techniques.
This paper aims at analysing the main constraints faced by some property developers locally through the
selection of two case studies (fictitious names). The objectives were to select two companies that have faced
serious defined constraints, identify and analyse these limitations that the developers have faced.

II. Methodology - Case studies

Two uncompleted residential projects in Mauritius were used as case studies in order to identify the sources of
finance, financial constraint, marketing strategy and other constraints faced by developers in the island.
II.1 Case Study 1 - A Construction Ltd
A Construction Ltd is a property developer specializing in the construction of residential complexes for the
middle income bracket which has now gone under administration. It successfully completed two residential
projects. The property developer has been facing financial difficulties and around seven of the twelve residential

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Reshma Rughooputh et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 45-48

projects it undertook have been left uncompleted with only skeleton structures standing on land. This property
developer did not play an active role internationally except that in 2008 it was in partnership with a South
African firm, which was entrusted with the marketing of flats. But this partnership no longer exists.
II.2 Case Study 1 – B Construction Ltd
B Construction Ltd launched one of the biggest and most prestigious residential projects consisting of luxury
apartments. Construction has stalled and out of five towers only three structures have been erected and left
unattended for over 6 months. The project started in 2012 comprising 250 luxury apartments with prices
ranging from Million Mauritian Rupees (MUR) to 5 Million MUR, per finished unit. The project was valued at
1.8 Billion MUR with an additional 1.5 Billion MUR development in terms of commercial facilities attached to
the original project. Since July 2014, this company has also gone under administration. The chairman of the
same company is a renowned property developer and an award winning architect. The project (in plan) has
received various Design and Development awards and received in 2012 two other recognitions, the International
Star for Leadership in Paris and the International Diamond Prize by the European Society for Quality Research
in Rome.

III. Analysis
III.1 Case Study 1 - A Construction Ltd
The main constraints faced by A Construction Ltd are summarised below.
III.1.1 Financial constraints
(a) Reluctance of banks to finance
As the company sold its flats ‘on plan’, that is, before construction had even started, the banks which were the
main source of funding refused to lend to such a company. Banks are usually unwilling to lend to companies
which either do not have assets or have insufficient assets as security. Thus the developer relied wholly on the
payments made by clients who had to make a reservation deposit of 25% of the total amount. Further payments
were made accordingly as construction proceeded.
(b) Clients’ failure to pay
A Construction Ltd had started site clearance after 60% of reservations had been made. But as work proceeded a
number of clients failed to pay on time thus creating a shortage of funds for further works. The only way out for
the company was to borrow from banks through limited overdraft facilities at an exorbitant rate (18-19%). At a
certain construction stage the bank became flexible in giving loans.
III.1.2 Marketing constraints resulting in lower sales of apartments
The Marketing manager of A Construction Ltd operating under the name of A Marketing highlighted the
following constraints in the disposal of his flats which in turn resulted in lack of funds to reinvest in the
development.
(a) High marketing costs
The manager allocated huge financial resources to modern means of advertisement. He complained about the
high costs of advertising on TV, radio and the press. He expressed the view that he was in favour of government
intervention to regulate advertising costs so as to boost up property sales. The company spent fifty thousand
rupees monthly on advertising and admitted that it was not sufficient to promote sales in the property market.
(b) Cut throat competition in the property market
The Manager was of the view that cut throat competition was prevailing in the buoyant property market. The
supply of flats increased as more and more developers turned towards such a market. The company lowered its
price of flats so as to compete out other developers. This price cutting policy paid handsome dividends but the
situation was complicated by late payments by clients.
III.1.3 Other constraints
In addition to funding constraints faced by A Construction Ltd, other constraints were also noted as summarised
below:
(a) Economic constraint
 2 acres of land were brought for the project at a price of 40 Million MUR. This was indeed a high price
when compared to the Open Market Value of comparable properties in the area.
 Scarcity of skilled labour- This resulted in attracting skilled labour from competing firms at a higher
cost.
 The prices of building materials skyrocketed.
(b) Physical constraint
 The existence of wetlands- Wetlands were governed by stringent law. The first site chosen by A
Construction for the project was not suitable and had to be given up in favour of the current one
because it would have caused great damage to the ecosystem.
 The construction company further experienced much hardship due to the rocky nature of the land. An
increase in both costs and time taken occurred thus causing considerable delay in keeping within the
time frame.

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Reshma Rughooputh et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 45-48

(c) Planning (Legal) constraint

In Mauritius, stringent guidelines for a Building and Land permit and other planning requirements need to be
satisfied. Not much could be done about that. The District Council took too much time to deliver building
permits for huge projects. Delay beyond limit was an impediment and resulted in higher costs.
III.1.4 Summary
The main findings from Case Study 1 – A Construction Ltd are as follows:
 Banks were reluctant to finance a development where sales were on an ‘on plan’ basis because of the
high risk profile of the project.
 Clients’ failure to pay once construction had started resulted in an inability on the part of the developer
to complete the project on time.
 Prices of building materials increased significantly during the construction period which was scheduled
for 2 years thus causing an increase in expenditure on materials.
III.2 Case Study 2 - B Construction Ltd
The main constraints faced by A Construction Ltd are summarised below.
III.2.1 Funding process
(a) Commercial banks
Reservations for flats were taken before construction had started. Commercial banks did not have any issues
with financing the purchase of flats by their customers as payments were made in instalments depending on the
stage of construction. Furthermore, the project enjoyed a good reputation as it had recently completed a big
project successfully.
(b) Stock Exchange of Mauritius
Funds were also generated through the sale of shares on the SEM. According to information available at the
registrar of companies (verbal communication), in October 2012, the company changed ownership, split at
41.6% each between D Investments Ltd and E Properties Ltd. The remaining 16.8% was floated on the SEM to
attract capital into the project.
III.2.2 Financial Constraints
(a) High expectations on returns
The first problem was that the developers oversold the project to potential investors and customers. Investors
were promised rich returns and according to documents presented by the company; these investors were told
that profits of the company would jump by over 42% a year between 2012 and 2015. In 2012 (verbal
communication), for instance, when profits of 64 Million MUR were promised, the company made only 51
Million MUR and in 2013 instead of the 109.4 Million promised MUR, a profit of only 32 Million MUR was
reaped. These differences among figures floated by the company and the profit projections led to the suspension
of the company from the Stock Exchange.
(b) A major contraction in demand
According to the developers, there was a major contraction in demand which led to sales falling drastically
thereby generating a shortage of funds to complete the project. As funds were needed to complete the
construction and since the company was suspended from the SEM, a fall in sales of units complicated matters
and a lack of revenue resulted in construction being stopped. Sales of apartment stopped at 108 out of 250 units.
(c) A reduction in the ability of commercial banks to finance the purchase of flats in the project.
Commercial banks were no longer willing to finance their clients’ purchase of flats in this project. As the
construction did not progress at a reasonable pace and with all the problems encountered by the developers,
doubts about the viability of the project were amplified. Clients who had paid first and second instalments could
not obtain additional funds from their banks for the completion of their units. According to figures supplied by
the company itself (verbal communication), 84.9 Million MUR were received in deposits and with all the
instalments paid for the 108 units sold, this figure rose to up to 300 Million MUR.
III.2.3 Summary
The main findings from Case Study 2 – B Construction Ltd are as follows:
 There was a major contraction in demand for apartments which led to a drastic fall in revenue thus
reducing the cash flow of the company and making it difficult to repay its creditors.
 Commercial banks were reluctant to finance their client’s acquisitions of apartments when it became
obvious that the company would default and construction was not progressing at a reasonable pace
 The developer oversold the project to investors promising wild returns on the Stock Exchange of
Mauritius. When these high expectations were not met, SEM suspended the company therefore further
exacerbating their financial condition.

IV. Conclusions
The research attempts to identify constraints faced by the residential property developers. The philosophy
behind it is to produce something that has rarely been dealt with in the country by professionals in the field. In
this connection two case studies in Mauritius were selected, analysed and reported. Evidence shows that the

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Reshma Rughooputh et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 45-48

Mauritian property developer faces numerous constraints. Among the identified limitations were those of
financial and economic, marketing; as well as legal (planning) and legal ones. Moreover, client’s inability to pay
for their already reserved apartments is another constraint the developers face. Some developers thrust the blame
on the economic crisis. Others believe that an oversupply of apartments and housing units in residential
complexes over the last 5 years is the cause of failure for new projects. Hence in light of the study, it is expected
that similar works be conducted to substantiate the need to encourage major residential projects in the island.

V. References
[1] Nathan S. Collier, Courtl and A. Collier andDon A. Halperin, Construction Funding: The Process of Real Estate Development,
Appraisal, and Finance, 4th ed., Wiley Online Library, 2008, doi: 10.1002/9780470259931.
[2] Rughooputh, R., Rana, J. and Nundlalee., Constraints faced by property developers in the funding of residential property
development in Mauritius, GE-International Journal of Management research, vol. 2, issue. 11, pp. 473-482, Nov. 2014.
[3] Bevan, O., Marketing and Property People (Building & Surveying Series), Palgrave Macmillan, Oct. 1991.

IJEBEA 15-218; © 2015, IJEBEA All Rights Reserved Page 48

 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE - AN IMPORTANT CONTRIVANCE

FOR INNOVATION
Dr. N. Sundaram 1, Mrs. G. Uma Maheswari 2
Professor of Commerce 1, Research Scholar 2
School of Social Sciences and Languages 1, VIT Business School 2
VIT University, Vellore – 632 014, Tamil Nadu, INDIA 1, 2
________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: In the corporate world, emotional intelligence is crucial, especially for the innovative purposes,
where there is a need of continuing relationships and feedbacks between the superiors and subordinates.
Organizations should consider emotional intelligence as a vital tool to improve the innovative climate which in
turn derives optimal performance and high return on investment (ROI). In this paper, the application of
Emotional Intelligence skills and concepts at the work place is discussed to make the innovations meaningful
and successful for individuals and organizations, which will generate a positive work environment.

Key words: Emotional Intelligence; innovation; organizational climate; relationship management; work culture
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
“Innovation need people and better the people, better the innovation”
With the increasing competition in all the sectors due to globalization and privatization, it is imperative for
organizations to bring about innovations and focus on innovative processes. The innovation is the need of the
hour in view of continuous changes taking place all around. It can be an innovation of a product or process or
business practice, but the innovation cannot be achieved by theory. People have to break the inertia, give respect
to the innovative ideas and be prepared to take risks within reasonable limits after providing resources. On the
part of all concerned, there is a need for in depth knowledge on the subject; one is dealing, either with a person,
or knowing where it is available.
Successful businesses are always looking for new ways to do business, finding different solutions for the range
of problems, new products and more efficient systems. To stay competitive, it keeps innovation at the top of its
business agenda. Thus the study about any concept which will help in successful implementation of innovative
methods and processes is very imperative and necessary one at any cost. In this way the study about emotional
intelligence principles having high impacts and applications on innovative processes comes to prominence. This
paper attempts to study the role of Emotional Intelligence in an innovative and creative process in organizations
and its effectiveness implying thereby that Emotional Intelligence should be an integral part of an organization’s
overall innovative attempts.
II. Innovation
Innovation refers to novelty in ideas, approaches, methods, processes, structures, behaviors, attitudes and
cultures as well as in technologies and skills. It is referred to the process by which an idea or invention is
translated into a good or service for which people will pay, or something that results from this process. To be
called an innovation, an idea must be replicable at an economical cost and must satisfy a specific need.
Innovation involves deliberate application of information, imagination and initiative in deriving greater or
different value from resources and encompasses all processes by which new ideas are generated and converted
into useful products. In business, innovation often results from the application of a scientific or technical idea in
decreasing the gap between the needs or expectations of the customers and the performance of a company’s
products. In a social context, innovation is equally important in devising new collaborative methods such as
alliance creation, joint venturing, and flexible working hours and in creative buyers’ purchasing power through
methods such as lay away plans for our purposes, management innovation is anything that substantially alerts
the way in which the work of management is carried out, or significantly modifies customary organizational
forms and by doing so advances organizational goals.
Patterson (2005) argues that creativity and innovation are overlapping constructs, but the main distinction is
with regard to novelty. Creativity is exclusively concerned with generating new and entirely original ideas.
Innovation is a broader concept as it also encompasses the application of new ideas to produce something new
and useful (in the context of groups, organizations or societies). Innovation is often referred to as a process,
because implementing new ideas necessarily involves influencing others (whereas creativity could be achieved
in isolation).Employee innovation goes beyond individual creativity as it also concerns the extent to which

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employees implement and sustain innovations. Further, an innovation could be the application of something
familiar in one organization to another unfamiliar organization (i.e., imported innovation).

III. Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the capacity to recognize our own feelings and those of other for motivating
ourselves and for managing emotions well in our relationship. It is the ability to monitor and regulate one’s own
feelings and use feeling to guide thought and action (Goleman, 1995). EI is the ability to acquire and apply
knowledge from our emotions and the emotions of others. We can use the information about what to say or do
(or not to say or do). EI is not about being soft! It is a different way of being smart - having the skill to use our
emotions to help us make choices in the moment and have more effective control over ourselves and our impact
on others.
The discovery of the emotional intelligence and its impact on the interpersonal relationships and human
consciousness in the modern times has so far been endorsed to Goleman’s Emotional Quotient (EQ) model,
wherein he propagates the self and its supreme acceptance by the individual mind by making self-awareness,
self-assertiveness and self love as the centre piece of all interpersonal relationships be it in the social sphere, the
work place or the dealing and living with the people skills.
The concept of EI, defined as “the ability to perceive accurately, appraise and express emotion; the ability to
access and/or generate feelings when they facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion and emotional
knowledge and the ability to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth” (Mayer &
Salovey, 1997), has become very popular in recent years. Some suggest that EI has a positive influence on
organizational innovation, both for leaders and individual employees. Specifically, researchers have suggested
that employees who show high levels of EI are likely to benefit more from both positive and negative creativity-
related feedback (Zhou, 2008). Similarly, leaders’ levels of EI are likely to accentuate the employees’
inclination to engage in the innovation process (Zhou & George, 2003).
Before we go through various aspects of emotional intelligence, we should understand the meaning of the word
of emotion. The word emotion connotes various meanings to various people. Going by the Oxford dictionary,
emotion is defined as “any agitation or disturbance of mind, feeling, passion, any vehement or exited mental
state” (Baron & Parker, 2000). Emotions vary in accordance with the blends, variations and mutations of the
mental state. In such emotional repertoire, each emotion plays a unique role as prompted by their biological
tendencies. The bodily response towards the emotional stimuli could be classified into various feelings like
anger, fear, happiness, love, surprise, disgust and sadness.

IV. Four Provinces Of Emotional Intelligence

Daniel Goleman (1995), in his book “Emotional Intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ”, theorized four
domains of emotional intelligence. They are briefed below.
A. Self- Awareness: (Emotional self-awareness, accurate self-assessment and self-confidence)
This is about how aware one is and how accurately he can assess his own emotions. It is the ability to recognize
emotions and how they affect thoughts and behaviors. It reflects the importance of recognizing one’s own
feelings.
B. Self- management: (Emotional self-control, transparency, trustworthiness. adaptability, achievement
orientation, initiative, optimism and conscientiousness)
It is the ability to control impulsive feelings and behaviors, manage emotions in healthy ways take initiative,
follow through on commitments, and adapt to changing circumstances. It helps in regulating and distressing
affects like anxiety and anger and to inhibit emotional impulsivity.
C. Social Awareness: (Empathy, organizational awareness and service orientation)
It is the ability to observe and understand the emotions, needs and concerns of other people, pick up on
emotional cues, feel comfortable socially and recognize the power dynamics in a group or organization. It
generally encompasses the competency of empathy.
D. Relationship Management: (Inspirational leadership, influence, developing others, change catalyst,
conflict management, building bonds, team work, collaboration, communication)
It is the ability to develop and maintain good relationships, communicate clearly, inspire and influence others,
work well in a team, and manage conflict. In other words it means having good social skills and being
competent in relating to the emotions of others and remaining connected.

V. Role of Emotional Intelligence on innovation

EI is the crucial and key factor in accelerating innovative processes in many organizations. If the superiors and
subordinates are trained well in emotional intelligence skills, they can undoubtedly, act as the catalysts of
innovations and overcome all difficulties related with it. Emotionally intelligent human resources will be well
aware of their emotions and of others and they can control and manage all blends of emotions and feelings.
They can develop a positive attitude towards innovation and understand the things in the right perspective. They

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 N. Sundaram et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 49-51

can think that the problems are bound to occur and challenges are always there in any job instead of
complaining and brooding about unpleasant matters and situations, they will stay calm and will focus on how to
handle the deadly situation.
Employees with Emotional Intelligence will always keep smile, enjoy the work and encourage others to do the
work better for innovative purposes. EI skills help them to accept criticism in a positive way and support team
members whenever there is an innovation opportunity. Though being emotionally intelligent they can manage
their work and life at once and maintain a balance between the both. All these positive attitudes and optimistic
beliefs lead him finally to the better performance and great success at the workplace. Thus the emotional
competencies and motives work as the generator of innovative steps in an organization. By ensuring better
relationships at work place brings some changes at culture and climate of workplace, which leads to gregarious
innovation practices in the organization.
A. Ensure relationship management
Innovation process produces a range of emotions and feelings in an individual as it brings a certain kind of
organizational change that require micro level management. The emotional skills are highly required to
successfully manage these organizational changes. As the relationship management domain of EI act as a
change catalyst initiating and managing changes it is mostly required in this aspect.
One of the most important characteristics of innovation is knowledge accumulation and it comes from complex
and dynamic interactions between the firm’s own internal innovation capacity and external expertise. The
emotional intelligence is very essential for keeping these interactions healthily and it comes under the
relationship management domain of emotional intelligence as described by Daniel Goleman.
B. Culture and climate at innovative workplace
Innovation at the individual, team and organizational level can be affected by the organizational climate and
organizational culture. Climate and culture are important antecedents to creativity and innovation to the extent
to which risk taking and idea generation are encouraged (Ciarrochi, 2000). Supportive and challenging climates
encourage innovation whereas environments characterized by distrust, personal hostilities, limited autonomy
and unclear work goals inhibit the implementation of ideas. Organizational support for innovation is
characterized by support for members pursuing new ideas, and encouragement of innovation through both words
and deeds. The espoused expectations and organizational values in relation to innovation (such as openness to
change and willingness to experiment with ideas) are likely to have a major influence on employee behavior,
work environments that are influential in promoting innovation. A supportive and stimulating work environment
enhances idea generation and innovation. Various other sources contribute to providing a supportive and
stimulating work environments including, amongst other; supportive management practices and leadership,
constructive evaluation and feedback and supportive and stimulating co-workers.
An organization can build the innovative culture and climate which will lead to the increased employee morale
and robust revenues through training its human resources in emotional intelligence skills. All EI domains and
principles such as relationship management and social awareness have a direct linkage to the creative and
innovative work place culture.
VI. Conclusion
The study finds that EI practices play a positive and significant role in the innovation process. This paper
conclude that EI principles are an important part in building a positive and innovative environment inside the
organizations helping them to introduce and keep introducing new processes and products into the market.
Organizations have to come forward to develop emotional intelligence skills in its employees and train them
well on its principles to make its innovative agenda successful.

VII. References
[1]. Baron, R. E., & Parker, J. D. (2000). The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application
at home, school, and in the workplace. Jossey-Bass.
[2]. Ciarrochi, J. V., Chan, A. Y., & Caputi, P. (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and
Individual differences, 28(3), 539-561.
[3]. Davies, M., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R. D. (1998). Emotional intelligence: in search of an elusive construct. Journal of
personality and social psychology, 75(4), 989.
[4]. Dayananda Swamy (1990), emotional maturity, 1 st Edition published by Sri Gangadhareswar Trust, Purani Jhadi, Rishikesh-
24920.
[5]. George, J. M. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human relations, 53(8), 1027-1055.
[6]. Goleman.D (1995), Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ, Newyork, Bantam Books
[7]. Goleman.D (1998) Emotional Intelligence: working with emotional Intelligence, A Bantam Exports Edition.
[8]. Knowledge Based Economy, “International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol4, pp:371-89
[9]. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence. Personality and individual
differences, 29(2), 313-320.
[10]. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1989). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185-211.
[11]. Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.
[12]. Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An
exploratory study. The leadership quarterly, 13(3), 243-274.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Influence of Smartphones on Shoppers Behaviour: An Empirical Study

Samarth Singh
Research Scholar, Noida International University,
Plot No. 1, Sector 17-A, Yamuna Expressway,
Opposite F1 Track, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 203201, INDIA
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Recognizing the importance of technology like smartphones during shoppers purchase journey , this
paper reports results from an empirical study that investigates Smartphone’s influence on Shoppers before
visiting a store and inside store undertaken in organized retail in Delhi. One hundred fifty shoppers’ data was
attained using a survey questionnaire. Study reveals that before visiting a store majority of shoppers use
smartphones to receive discount offers and coupons to redeem them at store followed by barcode scanning to
know more about products , receiving promotional SMS ,researching products and locating nearby stores .
However while inside store shopper use smartphone to access promotional coupons followed by checking
product reviews online, scanning barcode for price comparison with other retailers ,product knowledge
,checking prices on retailer’s mobile site, price comparison online ,making an online purchase at other retailer.
Based on the findings the research provides retail marketing strategies. Research outcomes encourage retailers
to implement technology driven targeted marketing.
Keywords: Shopper, Retail, Retail marketing, Behaviour, Technology.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
Technologies such as smartphones are driving buying behaviour as never before. Technological developments
have opened up new opportunities to influence shopper attitudes and behavior [1] .Shoppers are using
smartphones for searching products, coupons, price comparisons etc. which is influencing their perception .
Technology has given power to both marketer to influence shopper buying cycle and the shoppers who have
more control over the access and use of information than ever before. Understanding how a shopper behaves
with the smartphone is thus imperative for retailing and manufacturing organizations to affect shopper attitude
and behaviour along the shopping cycle. The present paper explores shoppers’ Smartphone behaviour in a
market like Delhi. Based on the findings it suggests shopper Marketing strategies to retailers and manufacturers.

II. Review of Literature

Researchers have highlighted the use of Smartphone during the buying process [2] observed shoppers’
behaviour in traditional and new formats in the city of Ahmedabad. .The research highlighted that Shoppers
generally refrain from browsing and getting the touch and feel of the products while buying from the traditional
format In most cases they window shop. However in case of the new retail format, they browse and consider
several brands before choosing. The findings also revealed that some shoppers make telephone calls to their
family members for advice and to obtain "remote approvals [3] mentioned that Shoppers often visit the websites
of manufacturers and retailers prior to making purchase decisions. Few researches highlight the usage of
smartphone by retailers in offering promotions and other offers and by shoppers for gathering information etc.
[4] mentioned that retailers are looking forward to offer real time coupons while shopping. They would offer
loyalty cards on smartphones. Even shoppers are comparing prices & scanning information using their
smartphones [5] highlighted that US marketers must contend with shoppers who can use their smartphones
inside stores to check whether the special promotions are actually special and shoppers can compare prices [6]
revealed that promotions inside store targeted to shoppers based on their projected shopping path and delivered
via mobile shopping app can increase path length [7] reveled that in US most of cell owners used their phone
while inside a store to call a friend or family member for advice about a purchase they were considering
followed by look for reviews of a product to help decide if they should purchase it and look for prices of a
product, to see if they could get a better price elsewhere.

III. Objectives
The present study has been conducted in organized retail formats in Delhi to accomplish following objectives:
1) To study shoppers’ behaviour using smartphones
2) To suggest Retail marketing strategies.

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 Samarth Singh, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 52-54

IV. Research Methodology

The methodology involved is as follows:
A. Sampling Element
The study is carried out in Delhi. The shoppers visiting various types of organized retail formats are the targeted
respondents. The individual & family visiting for purchase are considered as a sampling unit for the research
work
B. Sampling Technique
The study involves non-Probability convenient sampling technique based on judgment of surveyor for the
purpose of data collection. Due care is taken to ensure that the sample represents all demographic profiles of the
population
C. Sample Size
A sample size of 150 respondents is selected from different organised retail formats.
D. Data Source
Data is collected using both, Primary and Secondary sources. Primary data is collected using a structured
questionnaire. Initially a pilot study is conducted to test the reliability, validity and sensitivity of the
questionnaire and finally the data is collected by survey method whereby face to face interaction with the
respondents are done.
V. Results and Findings
The finding are based on only the most frequent and frequent options chosen by shoppers.
Checking prices has always been core to shoppers’ behaviour but smartphones have elevated both access and
usage prior to store visits. Smartphone users track store information ,compare prices and source deals .When
asked respondents about usage of smartphone for shopping activity before visiting a store majority , thirty four
percent of the respondents use smartphone to receive discount offers and coupons to redeem them at store(
Figure 1).Thirty one percent respondents use it for QR scanning to know more about products . Twenty eight
percent use it receive SMS of retail promotions followed by twenty four percent using it to research about
different products and twenty three percent using it to locate a nearby store( Figure 1).

Before visiting a store you use your smartphone for following shopping activities

I use it to research about different products 24

I use it to receive sms of retail promotions 28
I use it for QR scanning to know more about products 31
I use it to receive discount offers and coupons to redeem … 34
I use it to locate a nearby store 23

0 10 20 30 40
percent
Figure 1

When asked about behaviour with smartphone inside store majority of respondents use smartphone to access
promotional coupons to redeem at store (twenty eight percent), check product reviews online (twenty seven
percent) , scan barcode code to compare prices with other retailer ( twenty seven percent) and product
knowledge ( twenty six percent). Price comparison was also accorded higher importance as twenty three percent
use smartphone to check prices on retailers’ mobile site and twenty two percent for checking competitive
pricing online (Figure 2).

While inside store how do you behave with your smartphone

Purchase a product from other retailer using… 11
Make payment using smartphone 2
look for further information on the retailer's website 15
Scan the bar code to know more about the product 26
Scan the bar code and compare prices with other … 27
Check prices on retailer's mobile site 23
Check competitor's pricing online 22
Check for product review online 27
Access promotional coupons to redeem them at… 28
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
percent
Figure-2

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 Samarth Singh, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 52-54

Fifteen percent respondents further search for information on retailer’s website while inside store. Few
respondents, eleven percent make an online purchase at other retailer having had entire information inside the
store. Usage of smartphone for making payment was accorded least importance (Figure 2).

VI. Retail Marketing Strategies

Based on the finding retailers may incorporate following in their marketing strategies:
1) Retailers must think beyond traditional and incorporate mobile commerce to capture shoppers.
2) Retailers must deliver a comprehensive online shopper experience well supported by core elements like
search functionality , sufficient product information and imagery
3) Retailers must localize their marketing efforts by connecting shoppers to the retail outlets, introducing
coupons and discounts.
4) Price comparison must be facilitated by providing enough information online and otherwise as customer
checks for fair pricing
5) Reviews must be integrated into the shopping experience fostering an onsite shopper community

VII. Conclusion
The changing shopping behaviour has shifted the balance of power from the manufacturer to the retailer and is
now moving towards the shopper. As a result, both manufacturers and retailers stand to benefit by better
understanding how people shop and what really impacts their behaviour at the shelf. The changing
technological environment has further changed the entire picture. Consumers are using Smartphones to scan
product information, compare prices, receive coupons and other promotions, check reviews thus retailers need
to develop their strategies accordingly in order to engage and generate more revenues

References
[1] V. Shankar and S.Balasubramaniam, “Mobile Marketing: Synthesis and Prognosis” Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol 23
,Issue 2,2009,pp118-29.
[2] N. Dholakia and P.K. Sinha, “Observation on observation in India’s dynamic urban markets”, Qualitative social
research.[online] 6(1). Art. 13, 2005. Retrieved from http:// nbnresolving. de/urn :nbn:de:0114-fqs0501131.
[3] P.C. Verhoef, S.A.Neslin and B.Vroomen, “Multi-channel Customer Management: Understanding the Research Shopper
Phenomenon” International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24(2),2007.pp.129–48.
[4] S.Rosenbloom,“Cellphones let shoppers point, click and purchase. New York Time.26 th February, 2010.Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/27/business/27shop.html?_r=0
[5] M.Bustillo and A. Zimmerman , “Phone wielding shoppers strike fear into retailers”, Wall Street Journal. 15th December 2010.
Retrieved from http:// online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB1 0001424052748704 694004576019691769574496
[6] Y.Huang,S. Hui,J.J.Inman,and J.A. Suher, “The Effect of In-Store Travel Distance on Unplanned Purchase with Applications to
Store Layout and Mobile Shopping Apps”, Working paper,2011,University of Pittsburgh. PA.
[7] A.Smith, “In-store mobile commerce during the 2012 holiday shopping season”, Pew Research,2013 .Retrieved from
http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/in-store-mobilecommerce.aspx

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net
Optimization of Plate Thickness of Air Receiver Tank of Centrifugal
Compressor Using Neuro Fuzzy Logic
Mr. Aswalekar Uday V.
Vidyavardhini’s College of Engineering and Technology,
Vasai (w), University of Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Optimization has become a significant area of development, both in research and practice among
design engineers. In this paper for optimization of air receiver tank, of reciprocating air compressor, the SLP
method is being used. The capacity of tank is considered as optimization constraint. Conventional dimension are
utilized as reference. Inequality constraints such as different design stresses for different parts are determined
theoretically, experimentally and with the help of ANSYS software. Algorithm is prepared and conventional SLP
is done in MATLAB software to get optimized dimension of the air receiver tank. The conventional SLP is
modified by fuzzy heuristics and the relevant algorithm is prepared. Fuzzy based SLP is prepared and executed
in MATLAB software, corresponding dimension are obtained. Comparing FSLP with SLP it is observed that
FSLP is easier in execution. In FSLP starting point is easily accepted while it is cumbersome in case of
conventional SLP. It can be observed that the thickness obtained from FSLP is 5% more than suggested by SLP
method for crown section. Neuro Fuzzy logic can also be used for SQP which expands the possibilities of
Sequential programming for various design optimization problems.
Keywords: Fuzzy, SLP, FSLP, Stress, and Optimization
_________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
Pressure vessel is a leak proof container and is very common in engineering application as well as in day-to-day
life. At every bicycle mart and tyre works one will see an air receiver tank of reciprocating compressor, which is
nothing but pressure vessel. Compressed air storage tank at automobile service station, cylinder for LPG, air
vessels of pneumatic brakes in automobiles and oxyacetylene tank at welding workshop are a few applications
of pressure vessels. In different chemical plants, the containers or vessels of pressurized liquid or gases are also
pressure vessels. Generally employing a spiral welding using annular force makes cylindrical pressure vessel.
As change in ratio of thickness on layer is accompanied by change in the reinforcement strength. Even small
deviation from optimum design parameters can reduce the load carrying capacity of composite structure [9].

II. STRESS ANALYSIS OF AIR RECEIVER TANK

Pressure vessels commonly have the form of spheres, cylinders, ellipsoids or some combinations of these. Based
on the ASME code, stresses are categorized into three types with different stress limits
The stress limits change for different service levels. Since these stress limits change for the types of stresses and
the service levels, multiple loading conditions should be utilized during an optimization. According to the
ASME code, the failure condition can be evaluated by comparing the stress intensity, which was obtained from
the stress linearization at the concerned section, with the prescribed one.. The three categories of stresses are
primary, secondary, and peak. Primary stresses are load controlled; secondary stresses are displacement
controlled; and peak stresses are local in nature. Primary and secondary stresses can be a membrane or a
bending.( A) In practice, vessels are usually composed of a complete shell together with flange ring and
fastening devices for connecting and securing mating parts. The main purpose is to contain a media under
pressure and temperature; however, in doing so they are subjected to the action of steady and dynamic support
loading, piping reaction, thermal shocks results in various stresses [18].
A. Comparison of Stress Values
Table 1 Comparison of stress value
Parameter Theoretical Expt. F.E.A.
σl 45.11 45. 92 47.68
σh 90.23 91.5 91.14
σmcs 58.49 61. 2 64.14
σcs 58.49 62.31 64.14
σm 58.49 57.5 60.14
σc -134.34 -141.28 -102
Table 1 shows stress values are obtained using Theoretical, Experimental, and Finite Element Analysis Using
ANSYS
Circumferential stress on knuckle section of head (σc) , Meridional stress on knuckle section of head (σ m)

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 Aswalekar Uday V., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 55-59

Circumferential stress on crown section of head (σcs), Meridional stress on crown section of head (σ mcs)
Circumferential stress on shell (σh),Longitudinal stress on shell (σl)

III. PROBLEM FORMULATIONS FOR SEQUENTIAL LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Aim of this work is to determine the optimum dimensions of air receiver tank. To workout the same one need to
write the expressions for objective function and constraints. For the convenience objective function is
considered as the volume of material of air receiver tank of reciprocating compressor.
Objective function is given as,
F (x) = Volume of material of air receiver tank = Volume of material of cylindrical shell + 2(Volume of
material of Torispherical head)
Volume of material of Torispherical head = (surface area of knuckle region + surface area of crown
region)*(thickness of head)
F(x) = (π (R+ts)2L- πR^2L) + 2 (2πrc(β(R-rc)/57.3 + rcsin β)th + 2 π rk2(1-sinβ) th) [10],[18]
where,
R = radius of shell = x1
L = length of shell = x2
ts= thickness of shell = x3
rk = knuckle radius of head = x4
rc = crown radius of head = x5
th = thickness of head = x6
r2 = radius of curvature = x7
β = angle included by knuckle radius = 3.14/2- angle included by crown radius
where as, sin (Φ) = (R-rk)/ (rc-rk) = (x1-x4)/( x5- x4)
= π/2 - (x1/ (x5- x4)- x12/(6 x5(x5- x4))- x4/( x5 – x4)+ x1 x4 /(6 x5(x5- x4))
The objective function can be written as,
F (x) = 6.28 x1 x2 x3 + 3.14 x32 x2 + 6.28 x42 x6 + .3443 x5 x6 x1- .3443 x52 x6- .256 x5 x6 x12/( x5- x4) + .0366 x6
x1/(x5- x4) + .256 x5 x6 x1 x4/( x5- x4)- .0366 x6 x4 x12/( x5- x4)+ .2194 x6 x1 x52/( x5- x4)- .2194 x6 x4 x52/ (x5-
x4)+12.56 x52 x6 cos [(x1/( x5- x4))- x12/6 x5(x5- x4)- x4/( x5- x4)+ x1 x4/(6 x5(x5- x4))][( x1/( x5- x4))- x12/6 x5(x5-
x4)- x4/( x5- x4)+ x1 x4/(6x5(x5- x4))]-12.56 x42 x6 cos [(x1/( x5- x4)) -x12/6 x5(x5- x4)- x4/ (x5- x4)+ x4 x1/(6 x5(x5-
x4))][( x1/( x5- x4))- x12/6 x5(x5- x4)- x4/( x5- x4)+ x1 x4/(6x5(x5- x4))]
Capacity of tank as equality constraint h (x) and expressing it in the terms of design variables as follows,
Capacity of tank is 5.86*108 mm3 i.e. (586 lit)
Volume of tank = Volume of shell + 2(Volume of Torispherical head)
Therefore, h (x) = 3.14 x12 x2+2.1008 x13- 5.86*108 = 0
The five inequality constraints, g (x) are longitudinal and circumferential stress in shell, circumferential and
meridional stress for knuckle section and meridional and circumferential stress for crown section of head.
Representing these constraints in the form of design variables [3], [11].

IV. FUZZY KNOWLEDGE BASED CONTROLLER

Fuzzy controllers, contrary to classical controllers are capable of utilizing knowledge elicited from human
operators. This is crucial in control problems for which it is difficult or even impossible to construct precise
mathematical models. These difficulties may result from inherent nonlinearities, the time varying nature of the
processes to be controlled, large unpredictable environmental disturbances and a host of other factors.
Knowledge here means a model, which provides a conceptual structure to capture those aspects of the project,
which accurately represent its behavior. A knowledge based system for closed loop control is a control system
that enhances the performance reliability and robustness of control by incorporating knowledge as in the case of
manual modes of operation. This cannot be accommodating in the analytical model. [7]
In particular, fuzzy knowledge based controller replaces completely the conventional controller in the closed
loop. Specific knowledge representation technique derived from fuzzy logic can be utilized to build knowledge-
based controller. The methodology of the same is shown below as block diagram. Figure 1

Knowledge
based

Fuzzi- Inference DeFuzzi- Denormalisation

fcation fcation

Figure 1 Fuzzy Block Diagram

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 Aswalekar Uday V., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 55-59

A. Fuzzy Design Procedure

Step 1 defining the universe of disclosure
The range of values that input and output may take is called as universe of disclosure. It is necessary to define
the universe of disclosure for all the input and output crisp values of fuzzy controller. The universe of disclosure
for individual inputs and outputs are given in table 5.1

Table 2 Universe of disclosure for individual inputs and outputs

Maximum
Constraint Input/ output Minimum value
value

σl 1 -5 10
σh 1 -10 20
σmcs 1 -45 30
σm 1 -7 9
σc 1 -50 20
β 0 0.5 1.2
α 0 0.5 1.2
Step 2 fuzzify the inputs
The inputs to the fuzzy controller are the constraints 1 to 5. Gaussian membership function is used to fuzzify
these inputs. The input variable can be discredited in the following fuzzy sets table 3 (Feasible, Binding, and
Infeasible, Very infeasible)
Table 3 Fuzzify inputs

Fuzzy Variable Feasible Binding Infeasible Very

Constraint Infeasible

1 (-5) to (-2) (-3) to (3) (3) to (7) (6.5) to (10)

2 (-10) to (-4) to (5) (3.5) to (10.5) (10) to (20)

(-2)
3 (-45) to (-11) to (6) (5) to (20) (20) to (30)
(-10)
4 (-7) to (-3) (-4) to (3) (4) to (6) (5) to (9)

5 (-50) to (-20) to (1) (1) to (14) (10) to (20)

(-10)

Step 3 fuzzify the outputs

The outputs of fuzzy controller are move limit factor and boundary control factor. Fuzzified outputs assigning
membership function are shown in table 4
Table 4 Fuzzified outputs

For β For α Fuzzy variable

[1.00] [0.95,1.05] Unchanged
[0.9] [0.87,0.912] Reduced
[0.5] [0.45,0.55] Reduced much
[1.05] -------- Increased

Step 4 creation of fuzzy rule base

It is necessary to construct a set of rules that describe the operation of fuzzy logic controller. The heuristic
proposed are
I) if the design point is feasible, then increase the move limits slightly
II) If the design point is very infeasible, then slightly reduces the move limit factor and tightens constraints
III) If the design factor is near the binding constraints, then rapidly reduce
The first heuristic is an attempt to speed up the movement when design point is inside feasible space and
constraint boundaries are far away. The second heuristics are encouraging movement towards feasible space by
tightening the constraints aggressively. It shifts the next solution closer to feasible space. Once the binding
constraints are identified, the third heuristic aims at rapid convergence by shrinking the move limits quickly.
Thus, fuzzy heuristic for Sequential linear programming can be expressed in the form of fuzzy rules as
1 If gj(x) is feasible, then β is increased.
2 If gj (x) is binding, then β is reduced much.
3 If gj (x) is infeasible, then β is reduced.

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 Aswalekar Uday V., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 55-59

4 If gj (x) is infeasible, then α is unchanged.

5 If gj (x) is infeasible then αj is reduced
6 If gj(x) is very infeasible, then α is reduced much. .
Where gj (x) are input constraints
αj is boundary control factor at j = 1 to 5
β is move limit factor.
Step 5 Clipping of fuzzy output and defuzzification
For every input, constraint is determined and applied to fuzzy rules and checked whether it satisfies any of the
rule or combination of these rules. If it is satisfied, the rules are said to be fired. Accordingly, the problem
defined here, four rules are fired. Each of four rules is satisfied for the applicability of five constraints to get
individual output of move limit factor and boundary control factor. The overall output of each of these rules is
determined by clipping in the form of membership function
The outputs are then defuzzified by the method of area defuzzification using MATLAB software and the results
are obtained [20].

V. NEURAL NETWORKS
Neural Networks are a different paradigm for computing: Von Neumann machines are based on the
processing/memory abstraction of human information processing.
 Neural networks are based on the parallel architecture of animal brains.

Fig 2 Simple Perceptron

Neural networks are a form of multiprocessor computer system, with
 simple processing elements
 a high degree of interconnection
 simple scalar messages
 adaptive interaction between elements
A biological neuron may have as many as 10,000 different inputs, and may send its output (the presence or
absence of a short-duration spike) to many other neurons. Neurons are wired up in a 3-dimensional pattern. Real
brains, however, are orders of magnitude more complex than any artificial neural network so far considered
[21][22].

VI. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Design Variable Conventional Optimum dimensions Optimum dimensions
Dimensions obtained using fuzzy obtained using Neuro
in mm based SLP in mm fuzzy based SQP in mm
Radius of shell 353 353 351
Length of shell 1200 1211 1208
Thickness of shell 7.1 7.55 7.5

Crown radius of 593 589 585

head
Knuckle radius of 138 135.2665 140
head
Thickness of head 9.2 9.1685 9.35

FSLP is easier than conventional SLP. Even though the later is easy to prepare, it has a limitation such as not
suitable for arbitrary starting point. This problem is overcome by fuzzy based SLP, so as to choose arbitrary
starting point for iteration. This can be obtained by introducing move limit factor and boundary control factor.

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 Aswalekar Uday V., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 55-59

Thus it can be stated that Conventional Sequential linear programming can be improved by introducing fuzzy
heuristics
In this work optimization method used is sequential linear programming, applied with fuzzy logic and result
compared with Sequential Quadratic programming with Neuro fuzzy. Other optimization technique can also be
employed with Fuzzy logic, which expands the possibilities for various design optimization problems.

REFERENCES
[1] I.F. Obraztsov, V. A .Bunakov, “Optimization of cylindrical pressure vessel with respect to weight” Vol 122 Feb 2000
Transaction of ASME.
[2] Lei Zhu, J, T Boyle, “Optimal Shapes for Axisymmetric Pressure Vessel; A Brief View” Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,
Nov 2000 Volume 122 pp no. 443 450
[3] S.S. Rao, “Optimization Theory and Application” third edition New Age International (p) limited, publishers
[4] J. S. Arora, “Introduction to Optimum Design “McGraw Hill, 1989
[5] Mulkay E.L. and S. S .Rao, “Fuzzy heuristics for sequential linear programming” Journal of Mechanical Design, Volume 120,
March 1998
[6] Dan Simon, “Sub normal optimization of fuzzy membership function” International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness
Knowledge Based System 1993
[7] Andrea’s Numberger .Rudolf Kruse, “Neuro–fuzzy techniques under MatLab / Simulink applied to real plant” 7 th International
Conference of P.V.T. parts
[8] B.K. Kannan and S.N.Kramer, “ Augmented langrange Multiplier Based Method for Mixed Integer Discrete Continuous
optimization and its application to Mechanical Design” Volume 116 pp 405 to 411, June 1994
[9] Choong Yung Jung and. Pulmano, “Improved FUZZY linear programming Model for Structural Design”, Computers and
Structures volume 58 pp.no. 471 to 477 Nov. 1994
[10] Dennis R. Moss, “Pressure Vessel Design Manual” Butterworth Heinemann second edition pp. no1 to 80
[11] John F. Harvey, P.E., “Theory and design of pressure vessel” CBS Publishers & Distributors pp. no. 1 –35
[12] Manual of Strain Gauge, Micro-Measurements Division, Measurement Group, Inc USA
[13] A. K. Sawheny, “A Course in Measurement and Instrumentation” Dhanpat Rai & co. twelveth edition, pp no. 598 – 609.
[14] Dr. Sadhu Singh, “Theory of elasticity” Khanna Publisher’s Fourth edition pp. no. 114 – 193
[15] S. D. Rajan, A.D. Belagundu, D lee, St. Ville, “Finite Element Analysis & Design Optimization in a Distributed computing
Environment”, International Conference Proceeding Pennsylvania State University Paris
[16] T.R. Chandurupatla, A.D. Belegundu, “Introduction to Finite Elements in Engineering”, Eastern Economy Edition, Third edition.
[17] Kalyanmoy Deb, “Optimization for Engineering Design – Algorithm and Examples”, Prentice Hall of India limited, 1995.
[18] M V.Joshi, V.V.Kulkarni, “Process equipment design” Macmillan India ltd. third edition.
[19] George J Klir / Bo Yuan, “Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic theory and application” Eastern Economy Edition first edition
[20] Lefter H.Tsoukalas, Robert E. Ubrig, “Fuzzy and Neural Approaches in Engineering”, Wiley Interscience Publication, 1997
[21] Stephan J Chapman Brooks / Cole Thomson learning, “MATLAB Programming for Engineers”
[22] Rudra Pratap, “MATLAB” Oxford University Press 2003
[23] MATLAB 7.1 Manual Fuzzy Tool Box
[24] Efren Mezura- Montas, Carloscoello and Ricardo Landa-Becerra, “Engineering Optimization Using a Simple Evolutionary
Algorithm”, AV Instituto Ploitecnico Nacional No 2508

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

CONSUMER BEHAVIOR OF PRE-TEENAGERS

Amit Gupta
Jaypee Business School,
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

Abstract: In this paper, we have reviewed the techniques and parameter responsible for customer behavior.
Since the customer varies by age. This paper studies the behavior of teenagers and children’s by surveying
teenagers with simple questioner. In this paper, we have discoursed the different marketing strategies used by
companies to capture the product market of teenager customers.

Keywords: WWW; component; formatting; style; styling; insert (Minimum 5 to 8 key words)

I. Introduction
Consumer behavior is an attempt to understand & predict human actions in the buying role. It has assumed
growing importance under market-oriented or customer oriented marketing planning & management. Consumer
behavior is defined as “all psychological, social & physical behavior of potential customers as they become
aware of, evaluate, purchase, consume, & tell others about product & services”[1].
In consumer behavior we consider not only why, how, & what people buy but other factors such as where, how
often, and under what conditions the purchase is made. An understanding of the buyer behavior is essential in
marketing planning & programs. In the final analysis, buyer behavior is one of the most important keys to
successful marketing [1].

II. Major Factors Influencing Buyer Behaviour

Fig. 1 Buyer Behaviour

A. Cultural Factors
Cultural factors exert the broadest and deepest influence on consumer behavior. The roles played by the buyers
culture, subculture and social class are particularly important.
 Culture: Culture is the most fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. The growing
child acquires a set of values, perceptions, preferences, and behavior through his or her family or other
key institutions.
 Sub-Culture: Sub-culture includes nationalities, religions, racial groups, and geographical regions.
Many sub-cultures make up important market segments, and marketers often design marketing
programs tailored to their needs.

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 Amit Gupta, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 60-64

 Social Class: Social classes are relatively homogenous and enduring divisions in a society, which are
hierarchically ordered and whose members share similar values, interests, and behavior. Social classes
do not reflect income alone, but also other indicators such as occupation, education, and area of
residence.

B. Social Factors
 Reference Groups: A Person’s reference groups consist of all the groups that have a direct or indirect
influence on the person’s attitudes or behavior. Groups having direct influence on a person are called
membership groups.
 Family: The family is the most important consumer buying organization in society, and has been
researched extensively. Family members constitute the most influential primary reference group.
 Role and Statuses: A person’s position in each group that he participates throughout his life –family,
clubs, and organizations can be defined in terms of role and status. A role consist of activities that a
person is expected to perform. Each role carries a status. Marketers are aware of the status symbol
potential of products and brands.

C. Personal Factors
A buyer’s decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics. These include the buyer’s age & stage in the
life cycle, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle, personality & self concept.
 Age & Stage in the Life Cycle: People buy different goods & services over their lifetime. They eat
baby food in the early years, most foods in the growing & mature years & special diets in the later
years. People’s taste in clothes, furniture & recreation is also age related.
 Occupation: A person’s occupation also influences his or her consumption pattern. Marketers try to
identify the occupational groups that have above – average interest in their products and services. A
company can even specialize its products for certain occupational groups.
 Economic Circumstances: Product choices are greatly affected by one’s economic circumstances.
Economic stability consist of their spend able income (its level, stability and time pattern), saving and
assets (including the percentage that is liquid), debts, borrowing power, attitude toward spending
versus saving.
 Lifestyle: People coming from the same subculture, social class & occupation may lead quite different
lifestyles. A person’s lifestyles the person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in the person's
activities, interests & opinions.
 Personality and Self-Concept: Each person has a distinct personality that influences his or her buying
behavior. By personality, we mean a person’s distinguishing psychological characteristics that lead to
relatively consistent and enduring responses to his or her environment. Personality can be a useful
variable in analyzing consumer behavior, provided that personality type can be classified accurately
and that strong correlations exist between certain personality types and product or brand choices.

D. Psychological Factors
A person’s buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors-motivations, perception, learning,
beliefs and attitudes.
 Motivation: A person has many needs at any given time. A need becomes motive when it is aroused to
a sufficient level of intensity. Motivational researchers hold that each product is capable of arousing a
unique set of motive in consumers.
 Learning: When people act they learn. Learning involves changes in an individual’s behavior arising
from experience. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build up demand for a product by
associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues and providing positive reinforcement.
 Perception: Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, & interprets
information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. A motivated person is ready to act. How
the motivated person actually acts is influenced by his or her perception of the situation.
 Beliefs & Attitudes: A belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Through
doing & learning, people acquire beliefs & attitudes. These in turn influence their buying behavior.
Particularly important to global marketers is the fact that buyers often hold distinct disbeliefs about
brands or products based on their country of origin. An attitude is person’s enduring favorable or
unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, and action tendencies towards some object or idea. People
have attitude toward almost everything: religion, politics, clothes, music, food, and so on. Attitude put
them into a frame of mind of liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it.

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III. Buying Process

Fig. 2 Buying Process

A. Pre – Teenagers
As people age their needs and wants change, some organizations develop specific products aimed at particular
age groups for example Nappies for babies, toys for children, clothes for teenagers and so on. Kids 0-14 years:
31.1% (male 190,075,426/female 172,799,553) (2009 est.)
Our report deals with the consumer group of pre – teenage children who are between the age of 8 and 12 years.
These children are also an important target market due to increased globalization in today’s arena.They are
school going kids who have access to good education and are well aware of the new and innovative products
that are introduced in the market. Children like these make the marketers strive hard in order to attract more and
more pre – teenage children. Thus, it would not be wrong to say that these kids of the 21st century who are
conscious about what product and services they are choosing. These kids are very much aware of different
products available in the market.
This is well portrayed in the interviews conducted by us and this report is a concise summary of the conclusions
that we got from our interviews. The questions mainly asked by pre teenagers (8-12 years) are:
 What major products / services do they buy?
 How do they search?
 How they evaluate?
 Where do they buy from?
 How do they use/ dispose?

Here, we have interviewed 9 children namely Shubhika, Aashna, Siddhant,Ayush Modi,Prateek and other.
Amit Gupta interviewed Shubhika, Aashna, siddhant who are 8 ,11,7 years old.
Aditya Agrawal interviewed Ayush Modi who is 11 years old.
Abhimanyu Singh interviewed Prateek is who is 09 years old.
Akash Gupta interviewed Varun is who is 11 years old

IV. What Major Products /Services Do They Buy?

In today’s scenario both products and services are of utmost importance for pre teenage groups. Firstly, we will
focus on the types of products used by children. This is the era of technology, hence video games, remote sensor
, toy , cars , bikes and other such Electronic toys are the first preference of pre – teenage children. Apart from
this, dolls have always been and still are the first preference of children. Also, Sports items such as bats, balls,
studs, sport shoes give the children a joyride and thus are one of their favorite items. It is for this lesson that
marketers and producers are launching huge varieties and variants of these products.
We must not forget, that Clothes such as fancy dresses and attire along with matching accessories such as
hairpins, ribbons, bellies and shoes have become a must for children. Clothes they mainly buy from(Lilliput,
Pantaloons). Sporting activities are concerned, children are extremely fond of bicycles of different colours, sizes
and designs. These newly designed bicycles attract a core group of pre- teenage children. Another important
product that catches the eye of pre- teenage children are attractive stationery items such as colourful pencil
boxes , paints , colored pencils which help children to give wings to their imagination.

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We must not forget lunch boxes and well designed colourful water bottles which though are a necessity for
school going children have also become products of their choices and interests. It has been often observed that
bags – whether school bags or side bags are an important product for both boys and girls as they are used daily
and have to be attractive in order to be liked by the children. Wrist watches (Titan, Fastrack) are favorites of
pre- teen kids as they want them to be colourful, attractive and of different designs. These products help children
to achieve admiration among their friends and peers.
This age Group is also interested in FMCG products like Maggie, Horlics, Bornvita, Noodles, Cartoon Shaped
Tooth Brush etc.Not just products, even services are in the wish list of these pre-teen children. The most
important service used by the children in today’s scenario is when they go to malls they love eating at KFC, Mc
Donalds, PAPA JONES etc.They hire TRANSPORTATIONAL SERVICES, which comprise of bus and cab
services which drop children to schools and then bring them home.

A. How Do They Search?

With the glowing amount of technology and mass media, it is no longer a difficult task for pre-teenage children
to search for various products and services available in the market. The most elusive way which attracts children
towards product and services is Television. The televisions commercials are repeated often have a great impact
on the minds of the children and hence the products advertised catch the attention of the young brigade. This is
how they are able to search for new, trendy products launched in the market. Friends also impact a lot. Children
between the ages of 8 to 12 years are influenced by their friend circle.
Few products are:

Fig. 3 Products
A child would always crave for a new and trendy product; say an electronic toy owned by his or her friend. This
is an age where friends play a very important role as far as searching for products and services is concerned. It is
also important for us to know that not just friends but the siblings also influence each other while searching for
and gaining knowledge about the most extravagant items in the market.
One must say that Television has long been the staple of advertising to children and youth. Children view
approx 40,000 advertisements each year. The products marketed to children – sugar coated cereals, fast foods
restaurants, candy and toys have remained relatively constant over time. But, marketers are now directing these
same kinds of product to children online. Hoardings and Banners are also eye catchy and thus give pre-teenage
children vast knowledge about goods, electronic items and other products of their interest. Therefore, all these
are a vast and enormous source which helps our pre- teenage consumers to search for the products and also
assist them in identifying products and services of their interest. Now a days Adds could be found on note books
or items they use. Different Magazine, Books also advertise products related to pre teenagers which help parents
to learn about the product because in this age group kid also relies on their parent’s choice.

B. How they evaluate?

Pre teenagers evaluate the products that they want to buy through the following list:-Design or outlook,
Packaging of the product, Color, Brand Name,
They look either for their favorite characters on the product they buy or Look for the autographs or insignia on
the product of their favorite players. Most of the time this Age Group take help of their Parent, Friends to judge
the quality of the product.

C. Where do they buy from?

Pre teenagers buy from showrooms of branded stores; go to malls, nearby shops. Sometimes pre teens also buy
from vendors. In malls showrooms display attractive, eye catchy products to which pre teens get attracted to. Pre
teens want to buy all those products which fascinate them in malls but they buy those products on which parents
also agree. In apparel stores pre teens like buy those clothes are pretty on them. Pre teens are now also having a

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 Amit Gupta, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 60-64

fall for branded products. All pre teens cannot buy from malls or branded stores so they also buy from medium
or small sized apparel stores.
Due the social class pre teens display separate buying behavior. In different social class pre teens buy from
different stores. Pre teens like to buy sweets from malls or small confectionary shops. Pre teens girls like to buy
hair clips, bands from malls or all shops.
Pre teens buy all those products which are of their interest then whether that product is at mall or at a small
shop. Sometimes pre teens buy eatables from Road side.

D. How do they use/ dispose?

Pre teens use products till the time they are fully satisfied by the product. Pre teens dispose products by passing
on their products to their siblings or on request of their parents giving them to children who cannot who cannot
afford them like servants, maids. Sometimes pre teens lose their products. Pre teens lose parts of their products
while playing or fighting. Most of the time they share the product with their friends which might his friend to
buy similar product. Teens should be taught to handle their toys and stuff carefully and to keep them clean.
Teens should use products carefully so that they could showcase their products or make collection of a particular
toy. Parents should also keep an eye on how pre teens should use their products. Parents should bring such toys
through which children can show their creativity and improve their knowledge.

V. References
[1] Solomon, Michael R., Rosemary Polegato, and Judith Lynne Zaichkowsky.Consumer behavior: buying, having, and being. Vol.
6. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
[2] Park, Chung-Hoon, and Young-Gul Kim. "Identifying key factors affecting consumer purchase behavior in an online shopping
context." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 31, no. 1 (2003): 16-29.
[3] en.wikipedia.org/
[4] Webster Jr, Frederick E., and Yoram Wind. "A general model for understanding organizational buying behavior." The Journal of
Marketing (1972): 12-19
[5] Phau, Ian, and Sui Meng Poon. "Factors influencing the types of products and services purchased over the Internet." Internet
Research 10, no. 2 (2000): 102-113.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Waste Management in Hospitals: An Empirical Study of Selected Hospitals

Vidya D Avadhani
Lecturer, Department of Management and Commerce,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Mysuru Campus, Karnataka, INDIA
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Managing the waste generated daily from the hospital and other health care facilities are not a new
issue but it has gained importance in the recent years. Unfortunately, the management procedures and practices
in many countries, not to mention those in other, less‐developed, parts of the world, leave a lot to be beloved.
Large hospitals are providing continuous training and education to staff members on handling of waste, proper
waste segregation from risky waste to non-risky waste, safety measures to staff; infection control measures are
adopted by the large hospitals against small hospitals of semi urban areas of Mysore city. Whoever it may be
generated those wastes and also that of the government in keeping surveillance on them by enacting the laws,
rules and regulations to punish for non compliances. Mysore is the city which has been identified as clean city
and green city. Hope this identity remains for long period and longer period.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
The most vital problem faced by almost all urban areas in India is Municipal solid waste management. The
trash, garbage, refuse and unwanted things are called as waste. It can be a solid waste or liquid waste or it can be
bio-degrable or non bio-durable waste. Rapid changes in the life style of people are the main cause for huge
amount of waste or trash. It can be in any form but has to be controlled or managed in a systematic way. Waste
management is a biggest challenge for the society today. The waste management process consists of a series of
activities in connection with the generation, collection, storage, transport and disposal of the waste generated at
any source, at home, at the hospital, at a company, at an institution etc.Any kind of waste requires a proper
management to avoid bad circumstances that would arise in case of mismanagement. There should be well
planned system of waste management to reduce the consequence of harmful effects of improper waste
management cleanliness next to godliness. Hygine and cleanliness leads to better of the surrounding population,
healthy nation contributes more for sustainable development of the economy. So it is sure that where there is a
health there is development. To ensure this, there should be a proper mechanism for the waste management
generated at different sources. It is the responsibility of all the citizens. Whoever it may be generated those
wastes and also that of the government in keeping surveillance on them by enacting the laws, rules and
regulations to punish for non compliances. Mysore is the city which has been identified as clean city and green
city. Hope this identity remains for long period and longer period. In maintenances with the city cleanliness
there is need to understand the future challenges, which may pose serious threat to the ecology. In this regard
there is a serious need to study and understand the role of hospitals in their waste management in achieving
growth and sustainability.
II. Conceptual frame work
According to united nations statistics division, glossary of environment statistics, waste materials that are not
prime products for which initial user has no further use in terms of their own purposes of production,
consumption and of which he or she wants to dispose. Waste may be generated during the extraction of raw
materials or during the time of processing or during the consumption of final products or other human activities.
Immediate measures should be taken to treat and dispose biomedical waste or else it will cause damage to the
society.Bio-medical waste can be stored maximum time of 48 hrs in case due to some problem if health care or
hospital wants to store it for little more time than it should take permission from local state authority by owning
the entire responsibility.
III. Need for the study
Due to developments that are taking place in medical and health care field , no doubt the quality of health and
life span has been increasing but at the same time quantum of waste generated from such services are also been
increasing. Mismanagement of biomedical waste poses a threat to the very purpose of existence of hospitals.

IV. Literature Review

Shahida Rashee in the article title Hospital waste management in the Teaching of the Karachi has mentioned
that hospitals should give prior importance to managing of waste than on technology, to keep the healthy

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 Vidya D Avadhani, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 65-69

environment need to manage effectively. The hospital waste management guidelines enacted on 7th June 2004
should be followed and regulated.
M. Tsakona, E. Anagnostopoulou, E. Gidarakos “Hospital waste management and toxicity evaluation: A case
study” has mentioned that Hospital waste management is an essential ecological and public safety issue, due to
the waste’s infectious and hazardous character. This paper examines the existing waste policy of a typical
hospital in Greece with a bed capacity of 400–600. The segregation, collection, packaging, storage,
transportation and disposal of waste were monitored and the observed problematic areas documented
Nosheen Arshad, “Hospital Waste Disposal: A Review Article” study says that awareness of proper waste
management training has to be provided to the employees on a continuous basis, there is a lack of technology
support to manage the waste logically.

V. Objectives of the study

 To study the need and significance of waste management in hospitals.
 To calculate average waste produced in each hospital.
 To examine present waste management system of the selected hospitals.
 To study the need for the health and safety programmes for employees involved in waste management.
VI. Hypothesis
There is a positive relationship between the size of the hospital and the level of importance given to waste
Management.
There is a positive relationship between the location of hospital and the level of importance given to waste
Management.
VII. Research Methodology
The study included eight hospitals situated at the heart of the Mysore city and rural areas of the district. The
random sampling method is used for choosing Hospitals. The target respondents included Nurses, Medical
Superintendents, Doctors, Sanitary Supervisors, cleaners, administrative heads. Kannada and English language
were used for better communication while interviewing. The primary data collected by personal interview and
through observations. Data analysis tools include tabulation, averages, percentage analysis, and charts for
hypothesis testing.
.VIII. Data Analysis and Findings
Hospitals have not mentioned about their corporate social responsibility in their vision statements but one can
find out from their general practices adopted for day to day transactions. 34% of the hospitals mentioned about
corporate social responsibility in their vision statement but many hospitals even big in size have not mentioned
in the vision statement but inculcated in their practice, as per the study it shows that many hospitals lagged in
waste handling areas, there is a need for waste handling and managing it. Maximum hospitals have an idea and
knowledge of waste generators but not managers.
H1: There is positive relationship between size of the hospital and level of importance given to the waste
management.
Size of hospital Level of waste Management (%)
small 19
medium 33
Large 48
Total 100

Level of waste Management (%)

50

40

30 Level of waste Management

(%)
20

10

0
small medium Large

Source: Primary data

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 Vidya D Avadhani, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 65-69

Inference:
It’s a clear indication that there exists a positive relation between size of the hospital and level of importance
given to waste management. In the large hospitals there will be separate department for waste management and
proper repeated training will be provided to employees in handling it, but in case of generation of waste in small
and medium sized hospitals are relatively less in the same time scope for handling the waste in hospitals are also
less.
H2: There is a positive relationship between the location of hospital and the level of importance given to waste
Management.

Location of Hospitals Level of Waste Management (%)

Rural 23
Semi-urban 31
Urban 46
Total 100

Level of Waste Management(%)

50
45
40
35
30 level of waste
25 management(%)
20
15
10
5
0
Rural Semi-urban Urban

Source: Primary data

Inference:
Awareness about handling the waste, managing it in a appropriate way can be seen more in urban areas than
rural and semi urban places. It is a clear indication that location of the hospital and level of importance given to
the waste management are positively correlated.
Impatient treatment, consultation for out patients, laboratory, and dispensary are the major services provided by
the hospitals to the public. Most of the hospitals do not maintain the track record of waste generators in each
units and it is difficult to get the exact track record of waste generators from different health care centres. Waste
generated (Bio-medical waste) &( General Waste) by the OT in health care centers and in Hospitals range
between 0.40-1.20 kgs/day/bed.

Average waste generated in hospitals/day/bed (in kgs)

Type of waste Minimum Maximum
Biomedical waste 0.20 0.80
General waste 0.20 0.40
T0tal 0.40 1.20
Source: Primary data
Waste segregation is very essential task of the hospitals. There are mainly two types of hospital waste they are
risk leading waste and non-risk leading waste. The process of segregation (separating risk waste from non-risk
waste) has to be done at the source to minimize the injury or chances of infection. The person or group of people
is to be trained properly for segregating the waste in a systematic way. Waste segregation techniques are
followed by majority of the large hospitals. Techniques are colour coding and labeling.

Type of Wastes Percentage

General wastes of hospital 65
Infectious hazardous waste 35

Source: Primary data

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 Vidya D Avadhani, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 65-69

Percentage

Infectious
hazardous
waste
35%

General wastes
of hospital
65%

Around 80% of the hospitals follow colour coding to segregate the wastes in the hospitals. Different colour bins
are used in the hospitals. Red and white are generally used colours to segregate the wastes. White color coding
is for general waste and red is for hazardous infectious wastes. All the hospitals need to follow colour coding to
segregate hazardous waste from general waste as per the Bio-medical waste rules guideline (1998).This method
would help the handlers to avoid the mistakes. Efficient handling of waste in the hospital is an indication of
proper training to waste handlers in the organization. Puncture proof cans were used in the major hospitals to
carry sharps. Infection Control measures are adopted to put off cross or infection contamination between
patients and staff. Changes in infection control and advances in technology have resulted in the increased use of
disposable medical products, which have in turn increased waste treatment/disposal volumes. When clinical
waste is appropriately handled and contained through good work practice and the use of protective apparel, the
risk of infection is minimized. It is essential to correctly segregate waste to ensure that safe work systems
protect all workers. The most significant risk associated with clinical waste is transmission of a blood borne
virus from a needle stick The harmful impacts on the environment of augmented disposable items have
incorporated pollution and the reduction of non-renewable natural resources. The adoption of waste
minimization practices should reduce environmental deprivation, without compromising
Infection control standards.
Segregation can be achieved best all the way through
 Providing education and training programs to all staff that generate waste.
 Establishing identifiable Colour coding, labelling, postures.
 Provide suitable containers in suitable locations.
 Incorporating fast, well-organized waste disposal methods into patient care measures.
 Mobile Garbage Bags and trolleys should be used while transporting waste to decrease spills, minimize
collector contact with waste and minimize manual handling. Loads contained in trolleys should be less than
50kgs.
Trolley after the usage should be rinsed in cold water and should wash in hot water, drained and left for dry and
waste water may only be sidetracked to the sewer. Waste management is the responsibility of all the employees
and employers of the organization. Detailed and appropriate training is needed for waste generators as well as
waste handlers in the organization. Specific training on waste management helps to avoid the injuries as well as
minimize the risk. Education and training should be given to employees during the time of induction. Awareness
programmes should be conducted in the organization about the uses and risks of waste management and
mismanagement.

IX. Findings
 Effective waste management can be seen in large hospitals against medium and small hospitals of the
city.
 Awareness about the handling the waste and proper management is more in urban areas.
 Conclusion.
 Waste generation in hospital is 0.40-1.20 kgs/day/bed.
 Out of total waste generation 65% comprises general and non hazardous waste and 35% comprises
hazardous waste.
 Infection control measures are adopted.

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 Vidya D Avadhani, International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 65-69

 Color coding system is adopted in majority of the hospital to segregate the biomedical waste from
general waste.
X. Suggestions
 Employees who involved in generation of waste need to be educated on the consequences of improper
waste management in the small and medium hospital, this work can’t not be done overnight,
continuous training and motivation from the management is required.
 Biomedical waste or risk involved waste has to be segregated from the general waste to avoid the life
threat.
 It is a collective effort of the each individual of the organization, to promote the public health.
XI. General suggestions
 Organizations should develop strong policies and procedures on waste management.
 Develop an infrastructure for the safe disposal and recycling.
 Hospitals/Organizations should concentrate and take decisions in investing on waste management
equipment and technologies.
 Ensure workers safety through continuous education on waste management and handling the
equipments.
 Provide secure collection of waste and safe transportation.

XII. Conclusion
Proper collection and segregating of waste is a preliminary and utmost important task of the organization. In the
hospital segregation of biomedical waste is very essential since there is no much information on medical waste
management technologies. Arrangement of proper training programmes both for urban and rural hospital staff
and health professionals are essential. Mainly for the better health of the society hospital need to manage the
waste.
Annexure
Visited hospitals are categorized based on
No of beds in the hospital Type of hospital
Less than 50 Small
50-100 Medium
More than 100 Large

References
[1] M. Tsakona, E. Anagnostopoulou, E. Gidarakos “Hospital waste management and toxicity evaluation: A case study” Waste
Management, Volume 27, Issue 7, Pages 912-92.
[2] Nosheen Arshad et al /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res.(2011)” Hospital Waste Disposal: A Review Article “Vol.3(8), 1412-1419
[3] Satpal Singh (Apr. 21-27, 2001) “Mismanaging Hospital Waste” Economic and Political Weekly”.Vol. 36, No. 16, pp. 1297-
1298.
[4] Shahida Rashee “Hospital Waste Management in the Teaching Hospitals of Karachi”,
[5] Retrieved from http://ban.org/library/11reco~1.pdf on 03/03/2015.
[6] Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/440199 on 05/03/2015
[7] Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management on 20/02/2015.
[8] Retrieved from http://www.mysorecity.gov.in/http%3A/%252Fmysorecity.gov.in/sites/mysorecity.gov.in/files/SWM.pdf on
1/03/2015
[9] Retrieved from http://iproxy.inflibnet.ac.in:2584/stable/pdf/4354832?acceptTC=true on 05/03/2015.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

ROLE OF MICROFINANCE AND MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS MODELS IN

IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE - A CRITICAL REVIEW
Ramkumar Rudrabhatla1, Supriyo Roy2, S. K. Bose3
1,2,3
Department of Management,
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra,
Ranchi, Jharkhand, INDIA.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: With globalization of microfinance models, it accrues a lot of financial services to the needy like
saving programs, agricultural housing, credit for microenterprises, education and consumer purchases,
insurance, training, and other financial based transactions. Moreover, all Micro Financial Institutions (MFI)
worldwide don’t function in a uniform manner, rather they differs when it comes to ownership, structure of
organization, rendering of financial services, lending criteria and sources related to funding. In this respect,
there are some institutions where clients themselves own but functions as per the prescribed rules by community
members. Again, there are some institutions which come under the purview of Governments, NGOs or banking
entities. In spite of variation in ownership and structure, poor has the access to avail loans and to repay the
same. The present paper critically reviews the role of microfinance and microfinance institution models in
enhancing quality of life. This review restricted on how Microfinance and Microfinance Institution models
addressed the development rather than its impact from MFI.
Keywords: Microfinance and Microfinance Institutions Models, Quality of Life
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
Gross National Happiness concept has developed over a period of time from emphasising insufficiencies of
conventional theories of economics for measuring development and ascertaining the development policy’s
direction and putting forward ‘four pillar’ objective approach (Balanced Equitable Development, Environment
Conservation, Preservation, Promotion of Culture and Heritage and Good Governance) consistent with
millennium development goal in an attempt to accomplish functions of the same with introduction of indicators
of measurement. Indicators were populations’ health, living standard, education, vitality and diversity of
ecosystem, good governance, time use and balance, cultural vitality and diversity, vitality of the community and
emotional well being (Hulme, 2000[13]). Microfinance’s universal appeal originated from its potential to reach
the poor without collateral and begetting almost full recovery rates (Camp and Spiedel, 1987[5]). Recognising
microfinance’s significance, major actions have already been taken by World Bank in developing this sector
(Awaworyi, S.K., 2014[2])

II. Microfinance and Microfinance Institution Models

A. Grameen Bank Model of Bangladesh
Model of Grameen Bank (GB) is designed through participation of five volunteers to form a small group with an
aim to support one another at the time of furnishing of collateral as per the requirement of traditional banks
(Mahanta et al., 2012[22]). In this context, women had also the leverage of accessing financial services in initial
stage of this model. However, interesting fact here was that women proved themselves as trustworthy
entrepreneurs. In due course of time, conventional banking practice of GB has undergone change where there is
no need of furnishing the collateral formalities; rather it is developed with the theme of accountability, mutual
trust, participation and creativity (Imai and Azam, 2012[14]).
Credit for finding Grameen Bank goes to Professor Yunus, who has given some insights over the availability of
credit by the poor. As per his views, credit is the potent weapon for poor to deal with inequalities in society and
to join in the mainstream. However, curtailment in this respect was collateral to which Grammen Bank dealt
successfully (Khandker, 2005[18]). Nonetheless, Prof. Yunus had different views as far as the conventional
banking system was concerned. According to him, there were many liabilities like anti-poor, anti-women, and
anti-illiterate associated with conventional banking leading to no change in the social status between the rich
and poor (Yunus, 2006[39]). For this reason, microcredit acts as panacea to deal with various issues while
providing impetus to set up micro enterprises.
B. The MC2 Model
The MC2 model basically stands for rural development micro-banking. The concept of this was developed by a
community with responsibility of management to maintain their local tradition. Brain child behind this concept
was Dr. Paul K. Fokam. The reason was that he was very much inspired by the Einstein’s famous formula:

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Victory over Poverty (VP) is possible if the Means (M) and the Competences (C) of the Community (C) are
combined. Thus, accordingly, formula of VP = M x C x C =MC2
MC2 model has its fundamental approach in micro banking executed by a community. Those who are in need of
this model should depend on their own contribution to generate wealth for better quality of live on progressive
basis. There are two versions which come under the purview of this model: one is rural (MC2) and other one is
urban (MUFFA). Women are the only beneficiary as far as second version of the model is concerned. Study
report in this regard reflects that women from the urban conglomerates are the most vulnerable to poverty
(Fotabong, 2011[9]). Concept of MUFFA, is, therefore comes handy to avail financial services on the part of
women in order to kick start any business venture (Fotabong, 2011[9]).
One of the major drawbacks of MC2 model is that it requires a longer period to become financially self reliant
as well as to have enough resources. Thus, to fulfill social dimension objective, it might require another 10-15
years. As a result, various activities of this model don’t blossom to reality as needed by its members.
C. Rotating Savings and Credit Associations Models
This model is very popular where people from a community were responsible to contribute certain amount on
regular basis to raise funds to be utilized in cycle by any needy member; is generic way of savings and credit
(Harper 2002). Group from the community comprises of friends, neighbours, closely related community etc.
(Manimekalai and Rajeshwari, 2001[23]). This type of group is also known as Merry-go-rounds or Self-Help
Groups. As per the study by Rajasekhar, 2001 the banks exist in villages are community based to raise funds and
to avail credit through the help of NGOs where they assist in creating self help groups for the necessary
financial services.
D. Grameen Solidarity Group Model
Pressure from peers within the group also leads to creation of Grameen Solidarity Group Model. In this model,
four to seven members of a group could seek loan assistance and is ensured by themselves. If the group wants to
seek further loan assistance, then it would be decided as per their repayment of the first loan. As per generic
guidelines, payments are disbursed on weekly basis. Financial services by solidarity groups are very much
fruitful to deal with the defaulters of loan repayment as per the microfinance model (Puhazhendhi and Satyasai,
2001[29]).
E. Village Banks Models
Banks which operate out in rural areas are managed by a community where NGOs assist to form self help
groups for the necessary financial services involving credit and savings in order to assist its members (Teng et
al., 2011[37]). Operational of this bank started in mid-1980s and continues to deliver the financial services till
date. Those in the low income categories have the opportunity to raise their living standard through various self-
employment activities with a group comprising 25 to 50 members. Members of the group are responsible for
overall functions of the bank including selection of office bearers, formulating by-laws, aspect of loan sanction
and repayment of the same. Here, approval of loan is on the basis of moral collateral; it is a kind of undertaking
where needy get support of rest of the members. There is a MFI in this regard makes sure the village bank gets
capital loan which in turn is utilized by members of a group as per the loan amount requirement. Since
collective guarantee is the procedure to avail the loan; it requires all members’ written consensus on agreement
paper. Again, it is expected from the members to oblige to the standard procedure of saving twenty percent of
the availed loan amount in a cycle (Kaboski and Townsend, 2012[15]). The amount deposited by the members
that goes into savings is utilized to sanction loans and for initiating various activities which will fetch them
income. As a result, members have to be under the purview of village bank. However, members are entitled to
get certain amount of profit through the re-lending activities of village banks (Banerjee, 2013[4]).
F. Individual Lending Model
Issue involving in this model is that an individual could seek loan even without any membership formality
which usually happens in other lending models. In this model, borrower can avail the micro-loan directly as per
the practice prevalent. However, banking institutions need to remain in touch with individual client on frequent
basis to provide customized financial products (Ayuub, 2013[3]). The procedure involving lending is most
suitable and lucrative to initiate business in urban areas. There are some funding organizations like Bank Rakyat
of Indonesia, Senegal of Egypt, Association for the Development of Micro-Enterprises (ADEMI) in Dominican
Republic and Self-Employment Women’s Association in India who follow this model to render financial
products (Hiatt and Woodworth, 2006[12]).
G. Credit Unions and Co-operatives
As far as credit unions are concerned, it works on the governing principle of its own without any profit motive.
In the co-operative society, they are the proprietors and clients as well and in some circumstances originated by
the people having identical region or professional with common interest (Kiran and Samarpreet, 2010[19]). The
usual notion is that co-operatives provide its members the details of banking and financial services. The major
decisions are taken by the members themselves through electoral measures prescribed in order that the co-
operative gets some personnel to supervise and to look after administrative works. Only members are eligible to
avail the loans.

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H. Microfinance Models - Indian Context

In Indian context, two prominent players are Microfinance Institutes (MFIs) and Self-Help Groups Bank
Linkage Programme (SBLP) having root in SGH Bank Linkage Model, SKS and Non Banking Finance
Company and Microfinance (Patnaik, 2012[28]). There is a need to solidify the bond between banks and poor
through the assistance of NGOs for which the role of the SBLP Reserve Bank of India and National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development is highly significant. In India, SBLP has managed to reach the maximum
number of clients, successfully (Sriram, 2004[36]). Another pivotal role played in this regard is the
microfinance institutions. In due course of time, the MFI required involvement of more number of clients, where
it was behind the approach of the SBLP. However, over the last years, it has gained momentum and appears as if
it will compete well with the SBLP.
All most all the countries like China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam have
adopted the Grameen Banks lending model. The concept of the Self-Help Group model prevalent in India was
developed by nongovernmental organizations and most of the MFIs and banks follow suit its principles. In
Indian scenario, those MFIs interested in earning revenue profitable could follow the models of NBFCs. This is
the reason, profit motive MFIs are following the NBFC route. Capital market provides the necessary capital to
these institutions with the expectation that lending to the poor is a trustable and profitable venture without the
relying on low cost funds for lending. Another opinion in this regard is that there is a need for huge amount of
money where the financial markets are the major players to raise the necessary resources. This reflects about the
resources need to be accumulated at the rates of interest prevailing in the market. Debts and mezzanine assets
are well utilized by these institutions. These institutions for the financing the micro projects depend on the
capital markets investment and borrowings from commercial banks as well (Rao, 2008[31]). These funds in turn
are made available to the poor for their various business activities further downgrades their living condition
I. Islamic Microfinance Models
Findings of research observed the fact that, those who are into banking services, at least at the foundation level,
have the issue of credit crunch (Dusuki, W. A., 2008[8]). Muslims from the Middle East are having this
problem; this is the reason, they are in search of such institutions having the feature of interest-free borrowing
(Smolo and Ismail, 2010). Majority of the Muslim population is reluctant to accept interest-based financing; the
prime reason is, it further aggravates their poor economic condition (Karim et al., 2008[16]). As per research
study done by Islamic Development Bank, it is revealed that maximum number of Muslims resides in the six
countries in India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt and Nigeria. These people estimated to be more than
half a billion (628 million) and for their livelihood is something shocking, they are maintaining their daily
requirements with less than $2 (Lawai, 1994[21]). Research study conducted off late aids some interesting fact
that most of the Muslims have no access to banking services and its products; if it is estimated in terms of
exclusion rate; it stands at 80% in India. Survey report in this regard reveals that 40% of Muslims have no
interest to avail the loans on religious grounds. Thus, it provides impetus to interest-free microfinance institute
to explore to have the giant market. There is no doubt that Islamic Finance is progressing at higher pace, but the
number of Muslims in this regard are very negligible. Hence, ‘Islamic Finance’ is the right initiative to address
this issue as their population is near about half of the Muslims in the world. Poorest of the poor don’t come
under the purview of microfinance institution as they require basic needs like food and health security. Hence,
they are counted as borderlines of poor as per the poverty line of CGAP. There are some people who have all
the means of quality of life with the entrepreneurial knacks, but no access to finance (Sofi, 2012[35]). Due to
flexible features of microfinance, it could be moulded as per the need of the local people and financial
circumstances in any environment (Khan et al., 2012[17]). Therefore, those countries having various bottlenecks
also infuse the mechanism of microfinance to get the due leverage even in the countries where the practice of
Islamic finance is prevalent.
J. Value-Based Hybrid Model of Islamic microfinance
Sofi (2012) had proposed a theory on ‘A Potential Value-Based Hybrid Model of Islamic microfinance for
financing Microenterprises’. There was an attempt to develop a Shari’ah-complaint model to execute the
functions of Islamic microfinance. This microfinance comprises of three Shari’ah-based modes namely; Ijarah
wa Iqtina, Mudarabah partnership, and Bai’al-Istisna. Thus, it could assist the poor for their endeavor towards
various micro entrepreneurial activities, as most of the times they don’t get the adequate support. As a result, the
poor no longer depend on the middlemen who charge exorbitant interest rate for rendering loans, which is
actually a way of exploiting. Moreover, this Islamic microfinance makes utmost effort to bring a qualitative
change to various micro financial activities and assists for long-term growth, and rendering due marketing and
technical inputs as per the requirement (Remenyi and Quinones, 2000[32]).
K. Joint Liability Group (JLG Model)
As far as this model is concerned, the agents make earnest effort in persuading women to form group with 4-5
members with the responsibility of giving the nod of approval while seeking loan by a member. But the way
bonding or relationships exist in SHG was lacking in this model. The levy of interest rate is between 12-18
percent in JLG by MFIs; whereas, the charge of SHG operated through PSU banks stood at 18-24 percent. The
interest rate charged by MFIs remains under shroud as there are some hidden charges along with the processing

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fees and penalties which is more than 27 percent. The main concern of this model is to ensure MFIs make
profit. Since the bonding among the members is not firm, the rate of repayment remains at low. The actual
production doesn’t exceed the credit generation. It has been claimed reportedly by the MFIs that their lending
activities is towards the purpose of income generation; however, in actual the purpose differs. Hence, it clearly
reflects that the purpose of lending doesn’t meet the reality and indirectly encourages borrowing to meet some
other requirements. As a result, the borrowers ultimately suffer and pay the price which is known as
microfinance crisis (Ahmed et al., 2011[1]).
L. Self Employed Group (SEG) Model
The main theme of this model is sharing of profit and loss. The emphasis of this model is on credit generation.
Poverty mitigation is possible, provided the unemployment issues get reduced for which the need is to have
distribution of production in decent (Durrani et al., 2011[7]). MFIs are reaping the dividends due to the policy of
charging higher interest rate which leads it goes against the poor and fall prey to debt trap (Vetrivel and
Kumarmangalam, 2010[38]). This model functions in a way the cooperative societies do. Be it group formation
or any plausible business interest, MFIs render due insights for best of the result. Business opportunities could
be categorized as farming and non-farming and put into practice both in rural and urban conglomerates in India
(Marban, 2010[24]).
Feasibility of the Model
Since MFIs and SEG group members bear the onus of risk factors and high return also accrues, this model is
very much reliable. The model SHG and JLG are dipolar, as one model is concerned about attaining the social
objective while putting the self sustainability of MFIs at stake. On the contrary, another model in this regard
primarily aims at making profits at the cost of not paying attention to social concern. The aim of this model is to
have growth on sustainable basis and functions with its own set of prescribed rules without having the credit
burden. Model makes sure to deal with the issues of all groups within the village. Moreover, basic amenities of
the village were also paid high attention which further boosted the attributes of trust and loyalty among the
villagers.
III. Basic Microfinance Centre
SEGs get due assistance through these units with the mechanism of control in place. The professionals who are
associated with development programmes get the compensation through fixed salary and incentives in context to
their performance. Moreover, the SEGs get the requisite training and consultancy insights through these centers.
Musharaka Programme
The aspect of entrepreneurship is promoted by MFIs promote on profit and loss sharing basis as per the
guidelines of the programme. The motive behind is to leverage the advantages of savings to the villagers. There
are certain Musharaka business units like poultry; dairy farm, etc. get the contribution from MFI and SEG
members which in turn induce profit to them through sharing. Moreover, SEG members also receive the
compensation due to their operational contribution; MFIs too receive the same for their contribution in terms of
consultancy and operational assistance rendered. National Small Industry Corporation (NSIC), a government
organization is also taken into account for its contribution to the MFIs if required; moreover, it also assists in
promoting small scale industries.
Mudaraba Programme
As per rules laid down in this programme, both the MFI and group members invest. The former ensures 100
percent investment and the later through the application of skills and labour. The potential of this programme is
that the villagers get maximum employment opportunities. Those having without any skills get the training
through Basic Microfinance Centres (BMC) with an aim to utilize the funds for the necessary economic
activities. When it comes to repayment, the installment option is there involving weekly and monthly basis to
which the SEG group members comply. Moreover, district polytechnic colleges might also impart training and
skills as per the requirement. This programme is responsible for creating skilled work forces like dairy farming,
food processing, poultry farming, independent services like auto mechanic, barber, tailor etc. which comes
under the purview of SMEs.
Kafala Programme
There are two prominent things of MFIs which get high attention in this programme: consumption needs and
social security of villagers. In addition to these, other focused things are basic amenities, food and health
security, hygienic conditions, education, electrification, etc. All these things ensure the attributes of the loyalty,
trust and commitment among the villagers. MFIs work with an aim to attain certain objectives like sustainable
development which is ensured through this programme. However, funds are required to achieve the objective
this programme, where MFIs and group members ensure mandatory 2.5 percent investments along with
voluntary contribution.
Ijara Programme (Leasing Finance)
Be it farming activities or non farming, both require requisite equipments and machines. This programme
ensures these things to the ready. Lease or selling on credit are the two options to avail various machines and
equipments like tractors, harvester, thresher, grinding machines etc. at reasonable price is ensured through this
programme to the villagers.

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IV. Solidarity
Repayment is one aspect where it requires motivating the members to be in strong bonding with others and to
encounter the aspect of liability as well. Consider the case of village banks where the focus is on income
generating activities for the loans financed. When an individual is granted loan through groups, it sounds
unconventional. Reason is that banks don’t believe in a policy where members of the group will meet the
collateral requirements. Mutual trust is the base that urges the group members to assist the borrower. To avail
the loan, there is no such secured thing to recover the amount in the case of a defaulter. Rather the group has the
responsibility to repay loans. This basis of microcredit is replicated as it exists in the Grameen Bank of
Bangladesh (Lathif, 2001[20]).
Group formation is the theme prevalent in solidarity group lending. The onus of repayment is on the group
where all members make it sure to standby for an individual’s loan. Thus, a conventional loan requirement has
the perfect alternative as briefed above. It needs to be seen how it assists the lenders’ in case of joint liability
lending. It has the authority for transferring default risks from the institution to the borrower, at reduced charges
involving in order to render small loans in huge numbers (Panda, 2009[26]). Best part of this methodology is
that women clients get the opportunity to participate in various financial activities to create solidarity through
paying emphasis on shared visions and goals in order to have collective strengths. To have the requisite change
in social perspective on continuous basis, this methodology could be used as an effective tool due to the fact of
critiques of cultural ideologies dominant in the society. Women clients come to aware of the advantages and
how it empowers them in society (Mohindra et al., 2008[25]).

V. Liquidity
In context to need of more savings on the part of the rural poor, aspect of liquidity and low transaction attains
high attention as compared to alluring interest rates. Reliable options are in need by the financial institutions in
order to avail liquid funds immediately as per the requirement including to have secure investment with more
liquid funds at minimal returns. Mandatory savings from the clients is collected by MFIs on weekly or monthly
basis, before making further loan disbursement. Once loan is disbursed, client gets the net amount minus the
payment for first installment. This reflects, lender has already taken the first installment immediately after loan
transaction. Clients have the opportunity to withdraw, once loan term ends as per the time period prescribed
otherwise their termination from membership.
The past decades have witnessed so many policy initiatives. Still there is no favorable result as far as the growth
of small-scale industry in Bangladesh is concerned (Parvin, 2012[27]). Liquidity problem is the reason for this
dismal growth. There are so many factors which have been taken into account apart from liquidity to assess the
dismal performance of large scale enterprise having origin from the micro-enterprise sectors. The factors
responsible for this sordid growth of enterprises are: poor infrastructure, lack of effective entrepreneurial and
management skills and minimal access to machinery and materials. The hindrances for the expansion of the
micro-enterprise sector are lack of access to have enough credit and financial services of the financial
institutions as well. For this reason it becomes incumbent on the part Medium and Small-scale Entrepreneurs to
depend on family and informal moneylenders. The radical change in microfinance movement happened in the
1990s with the inception of group-lending methodology. In recent times, this approach has gained significance
to deal with the issues involving supply-led lending methodology in context with high transactions costs, low
repayment rates, risk, poor targeting, and sustainability. Many considered the ‘new world of microfinance’ as
savior due to its potential in rendering credit assistance to the poor on a large scale through various financial
services. Gaps are evident in credit market in spite of microfinance institutions succeeding in their efforts in
context to supply led policies and financial liberalizations. Another drawback in this respect is the difficulty in
gaining enough access to credit facilities as felt by some enterprise and entrepreneurs (Rutherford, 1998[33]).
Thus, field of microfinance has the reason to probe into the nature of liquidity which is encountered by the
entrepreneurs (Cheston and Khun, 2002). There are so many suggestions in this respect to address the liquidity
problems encountered by the MSE. Those are: risk aversion, issue of repaying the loan leading to loss of
possessions, a hesitant to guarantee other people’s loan, inability and reluctance on the part of members to
attend meetings on weekly basis and rejection of ‘poorest of the poor’ by wealthier group members (Harper,
2002[11]; Hamdani and Naeem, 2012[10]).

VI. Conclusion
The present study aimed to critically review the role of Micro Finance and its impact over the quality of life
which is measured in termed of income, expenditure, patterns, saving, health, empowerment, entrepreneurship
and literacy. In general, these micro finance serves are the financial service that supports lower-income group of
business sector or the entrepreneurs with lower income business activities. It remains a matter of debate that in
what context the study defines the above mentioned theories. First thing in this respect is to assess how the
living standards and savings of poor people got shaped by the concepts of microfinance. Loans are being
provided to the poor by the MFIs with an aim to raise the income and mobilize their savings as well. Poor
people could live a secure life through mobilizing savings. This leads to income and savings of those in the poor

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community who has garnered more attention to ascertain the cause. In addition to these, factors responsible for
contributing towards human development like education, medical amenities and overall empowerment become
the theme of fact-finding probe as these variables are linked to the basic program and methodology of
microfinance. Poor have participated in various microfinance programmes. Therefore, effort was made to assess
the standard of living to poor people in the line of any improvement in this situation or the status quo. Base of
microfinance is attributed to the fact of requisite solidarity. Theory provides insights about the role of solidarity
in getting the synergy of microfinance. It is evident from previous studies that, microfinance counts solidarity is
a powerful tool to minimize the risk and to have the secure capital. The emerging entrepreneurs having the aim
to establish medium scale business encounter with the major problem of crunch in liquidity. The exact nature of
the liquidity problem needs to be investigated through observations involving the range of initial capital sought
as loan from MFIs by the people.
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[38] Vetrivel, S. & Kumarmangalam, S.C., 2010. Role of Microfinance Institution in Rural Development. International Journal of
Information Technology and Knowledge Management, 2(2), pp.435-441.
[39] Yunus, M., 2006. Nobel Prize Lecture, Speech presented at Oslo City Hall, Oslo, Norway. Retrieved December 10, 2006.

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Stress Analysis of a Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Using Three

Dimensional Finite Element Model
Saksham Dhanjal1, Richa Arora2
1
Undergraduate Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, DAVIET, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
2
Incharge, Mechanical Engineering Department, Mehr Chand Polytechnic, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
_________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Geometric irregularities such as holes, notches, keyways, shoulders provided on shafts etc. are
common features provided in machine members. But such irregularities often lead to stress concentration near
the irregularity due to which the stress near the irregularity is higher than the average stress in the whole
member. In this study, a rectangular plate with circular hole at center is analyzed by using three dimensional
finite element analysis. The plate is subjected to tensile loading and the effect of ratio of thickness of plate to
hole diameter ie. T/D on the stresses and displacements is studied. Further, the stress concentration factor for
different T/D ratios is calculated theoretically and is compared with stress concentration factor computed by
using ANSYS.
Keywords: Finite Element Analysis, Aluminium 7075 alloy, T/D ratio, ANSYS
___________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
Machine elements are generally provided with geometric irregularities such as holes, notches, keyways etc. Due
to such irregularities in machine parts, the stress distribution around the irregularities is disturbed and the
elementary equations of stress cannot define the state of stress in the stress concentrated regions in machine
elements. Various methods of stress analysis include experimental methods such as photoelasticity, brittle
coating, electrical strain gauges etc. and numerical or analytical methods like Finite Element Analysis,
Boundary element analysis and Complex Variable Approach[1]. In this study, stress and displacement behaviour
of a rectangular plate with circular hole at center under tensile loading is studied by developing a three
dimensional Finite Element model of the problem.
Lightweight aluminium alloys like Al 7075 finds many structural applications in aerospace and automobile due
to their excellent mechanical properties and light weight. Generally a rectangular plate with a central hole is a
common appearance in structures. But stress concentration around the hole makes the member highly prone to
failure across the hole region. Many solutions to decrease the stress concentration includes providing relief
holes, notches etc.
Gunwant and Singh [2] analyzed a rectangular plate wih elliptical hole using analytical and FEA and studies the
effect of aspect ratio (ratio of minor to major diameter of the ellipse) on the stress concentration factor and
conclude that as the aspect ratio increases, the stress concentration factor goes on deceasing. Also it was found
out that irrespective of the aspect ratio, maximium stress occurs at the corners of the ellipse. Nagpal et al. [3]
studies the effect of D/A ratio(ratio of diameter of hole to plate width) using FEA on a rectangular plate having
circular hole and concluded that as the D/A increases, the stresses in X , XY and von mises stress also goes on
increases but stress in Y direction does no follow the same trend. Studies shows a decrease in SCF on increasing
D/A ratio.SCF was mitigated by providing relief holes at optimized position and size. Nagpal et al.[4] derived
an equation to calculate the size, position of the auxiliary hole. Mitigation curves were also suggested to
optimize the V notch position. A mathematical analysis of the isotropic plates subjected to in plane loading is
performed by Peterson [5] to calculate stress concentration factors. Kawadkar et al.[6] studied the effect of
different orientations of the geometric irregularities on stress concentration using experimental and Finite
element method. Different hole profiles such as rectangular, circular and triangular were studied. They draw the
conclusion that the stress concentration increases with increase in the orientations of the holes.

II. Problem Description

In this research work, the effect of T/D ie. ratio of thickness of the plate to diameter of the hole on stresses
induced and the displacements produced due to the applied load. The plate material is aluminium alloy Al 7075.
The material is assumed to be isotropic and the Young’s modulus for the material is 72000Mpa and the
Poisson’s ratio is 0.33. The analysis is carried out on five T/d ratios which are 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5. Stress
concentration factor for a rectangular plate of finite width and centred circular hole is given by the following
equation ([5],[7]).
Kth= σmax/ σnom (1)

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where σmax is the maximum stress which is likely to occur near the irregularity whereas σ nom is the nominal
stress in the member. σnom is calculated by using elementary stress equations[8] i.e.(σ= F/A) where F is the force
which is calculated by multiplying the pressure load (in MPa) by the area on which it is applied, ie.(W*T). The
area considered in calculating the nominal stress is net cross sectional area i.e. ({W-D}*T) which is area
considering the irregularities such as hole in this study. The stress concentration factor also depends on the ratio
2R/W (R=radius of hole) and can be calculated by the following relation.[9]
K= 3.00-3.13(2R/W)+3.66(2R/W)2-1.53(2R/W)3 (2)

III. Finite Element Analysis

Finite element analysis of the problem is performed in popular FEA package ANSYS 13. Model of the
geometry is generated and analysed in ANSYS. The plate is fixed at one end and a tensile load of 8 Mpa is
applied on the other end of the plate. The model is meshed with SOLID186 element. This element has 20 nodes
per element and 20 degrees of freedom at each of the node. This element has the capabilities like plasticity,
creep, stress stiffening, large deflections etc. It is also suitable for modeling irregular meshes.[10]. The mesh is
refined near the hole. The plate geometry and the FE model of the plate are shown in the Fig.1 and 2
respectively.

Fig. 1 Plate geometry(All dimensions are in mm) Fig. 2. 3-D FE model of the plate with hole

IV. Results and Discussion

The various stress and displacement values are shown in the Table 1. By studying the table, it is clear that as the
T/D ratio increases the maximum von Mises also increases. Same is the case with stress in X direction. But the
stress in Y direction increases from T/D ratio 0.1 to 0.4 and decreases slightlier further. The displacements (
resultant, X and Y directions) decreases as the T/D ratio increases which is highly expected because as the T/D
ratio increases, the hole diameter gets reduced, material in the plate increases which makes it more strong to
restrict the deformation induced due to loading. The variation of von Mises stress and resultant displacement
with T/D ratio are graphically represented in graphs 1-2 and stress concentration around the hole and
displacement plots are shown in the Figures 3-7.

Max. von X component of Y Component of Max Resultant X Component of Y component of

S.No T/D Mises Stress stress (Max. Value stress( Max. Value Displacement displacement displacement
Ratio (Mpa) in Mpa) in Mpa) (mm) (mm) (mm)

1 0.1 98.5025 99.976 6.74203 0.098023 0.098021 0.054961

2 0.2 30.8862 31.444 6.97365 0.039919 0.039918 0.006138
3 0.3 26.9271 27.3621 7.09829 0.035792 0.035769 0.003695
4 0.4 25.6535 26.4661 7.14378 0.034584 0.034535 0.003001
5 0.5 24.5474 25.9444 7.12384 0.03405 0.033987 0.002692
Table 1 Stress and displacement results for various T/D ratios from FEA

120 0.12
Max. von Mises Stress (Mpa)

Max resultant. Displacement

100 0.1
80 0.08
60 0.06
(mm)

40 0.04
20 0.02
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
T/D Ratio T/D Ratio
Graph 1. Max.von Mises stress v/s T/D ratio Graph 2 . Max.resultant displacement v/s T/D ratio

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 Saksham Dhanjal et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 77-80

Fig. 3 Stress concentration (von Mises) around the hole(left) and displacement plot(right) for T/D =0.1

Fig.4 Stress concentration (von Mises) around the hole(left) and displacement plot(right) for T/D =0.2

Fig.5 Stress concentration (von Mises) around the hole(left) and displacement plot(right) for T/D =0.3

Fig.6 Stress concentration (von Mises) around the hole(left) and displacement plot(right) for T/D =0.4

Fig.7 Stress concentration (von Mises) around the hole(left) and displacement plot(right) for T/D =0.5

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 Saksham Dhanjal et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 77-80

For various T/D ratios, the stress concentration factors are calculated based on results of ANSYS (eq. 1) and
theoretically (eq.2). The SCF values increases as the T/D ratio increases and this indicates an increase in SCF
for reduction in diameter. The values of SCF based on eq 1 and 2 are compared and % error is calculated and
the data is plotted in the Table. 2. Graph 3 shows the graphical representation of the experimental (from
ANSYS) and theoretical values (eq.2) of SCF.

Nominal stress
S No. T/D Ratio Max. von Mises stress, σmax σnom=F/A S.C.F,KANSYS S.C.F, Keq. 2 % Error

1 0.1 98.5025 48 2.052 2.048 0.175

2 0.2 30.8862 13.714 2.252 2.221 1.376
3 0.3 26.9271 11.07 2.432 2.354 3.207
4 0.4 25.6535 10.11 2.537 2.483 2.128
5 0.5 24.5474 9.6 2.557 2.573 0.622
Table 2. Comparison of SCF values obtained from FEA(eq. 1) and equation 2.

Graph 3.Comparison of different SCF values obtained

V. Conclusion
In this study, a rectangular plate with circular hole in center is analyzed with FEA and effect of T/D ratio on
stress and displacement is studied. Also, effect of T/D ratio on the SCF is studied and the SCF values obtained
with FEA and relation (eq. 2) were compared. Following conclusions can be drawn from the study.
1. Maximum stress occurs at the corners of the hole irrespective of the T/D ratio. Also, von Mises stress
decreases with increase in T/D ratio.
2. The resultant displacement in the plate decreases with increase in the T/D ratio.
3. The SCF increases with increase in the T/D ratio. The SCF values obtained from FEA results are in a
good agreement with the values obtained with the relation (eq. 2) with a maximum error of 3.207%.
From these results, it can be concluded that Finite Element analysis is a valuable tool to study stress
concentrations in structural and machine elements.

References
[1] Patel D, Panchal K, Jadav C. , “A Review on Stress Analysis of an Infinite Plate with Cut-outs”, International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153
[2] Gunwant D., Singh J. P., “Stress and Displacement Analysis of a Rectangular Plate with Central Elliptical Hole”, International
Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2013
[3] Nagpal S, Sanyal S, Jain N.K “Analysis and mitigation of stress concentration factor of a rectangular isotropic and orthotropic
plate with central circular hole subjected to in-plane static loading by design optimization” International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 7, July 2013
[4] Nagpal S, Sanyal S, Jain N. “Mitigation Curves for Determination of Relief Holes to Mitigate Stress Concentration Factor in
Thin Plates Loaded Axially for Different Discontinuities”, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
(IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2012
[5] Peterson R. E. , “Stress concentration design factors,” New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1966.
[6] Kawadkar D. B., Bhope D. V., Khamankar S. D. , “Evaluation of Stress Concentration in Plate with Cutout and its Experimental
Verification”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2(5), 2012, 566-571.
[7] Wang, Q.Z. Simple formulae for the stress concentration factor for two – and three Dimensional Holes in Finite Domain. J. of
strain analysis, 37, 2002, p. 259-264.
[8] Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eighth Edition
[9] Mekalke G. C., Kavade M. V., Deshpande S. S., “Analysis of a plate with a circular hole by fem” , IOSR Journal of Mechanical
and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684, PP: 25-30
[10] ANSYS 13.0 Help

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 International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR)
ISSN (Print): 2279-0020
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) ISSN (Online): 2279-0039

International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

A Modified Power Gating Technique for Ground Bounce Noise Reduction

in CMOS Adder Circuit
Dr. Neelam Rup Prakash1, Mayank Shukla2
1
Professor, ECE Department, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India.
2
PG Scholar, Electronics (VLSI Design), PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: As technology is continuously scaling down, leakage current is increasing exponentially. Power
gating is a very effective technique to reduce the leakage current and leakage power by using sleep transistors
to turn off the functional blocks when they are not in use. But when circuit transition goes from sleep to active
mode, abrupt transitions introduces Ground Bounce Noise in the circuit which disturbs the normal working of
any circuit and tends to give wrong output and also reduces the reliability of circuit. In this paper, we have
presented a new power gating technique which uses stacking power gating along with an additional wait mode
to reduce ground bounce noise in an adder circuit. A comparison analysis between existing and proposed power
gating techniques has been done which shows that the proposed technique reduces leakage by 70.40 and ground
bounce noise by 14.02% as compared to existing power gating techniques. We have performed simulations
using Cadence Spectre 180nm standard CMOS technology at room temperature with supply voltage of 1V.
Keywords: Ground bounce noise, leakage current, sleep to active mode transition, Sleep Transistors
________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important issues in VLSI design is leakage current in standby mode with continuous down
scaling in advanced CMOS technology. As the dimension of MOSFET is continuously scaling down, the supply
voltage and the threshold voltage ( ) of integrated circuits is also scaling down to maintain reliability of
devices. Low threshold voltage however leads to an exponential increase in sub-threshold leakage current and
hence leakage power [1,2,3]. Power gating is one of the popular leakage power reduction strategies applicable to
idle circuits [4]. In power gating technique, high threshold voltage (high-| |) sleep transistors (header and
footer) are used to cut off the power supply or the ground connection to the idle low threshold voltage (low- )
circuit blocks as shown in figure 1.

Figure 1 Power and Ground bounce noise generated in Conventional CMOS circuit
While operating the circuit in the active mode, the sleep transistor is turned on to perform the desired
functionality of the circuit. In the sleep mode, the sleep transistor is turned off, due to which the source nodes of
the transistors in the functional block float, thus cutting off the leakage path to the ground. The only path that is
left for the leakage current to flow is the parasitic capacitances of the transistor shown in Figure 2.Thus the
leakage current starts charging up the parasitic capacitances of the transistors. When the circuit is turned on,
these capacitances need to be discharged to get the circuit back to the normal mode of operation. This sudden

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discharge of current causes voltage fluctuations in the circuit. This sudden voltage fluctuation is known as
Ground Bounce Noise [5].This ground bounce might cause performance degradation or even worse, functional
failures in the adjacent units. Transistors may stuck into a meta-stable state causing failure of the circuit
operation and it can results in increase of power dissipation and leakage current [6].

Figure 2 Parasitic capacitances in a inverter circuit being charged up by the leakage current when the
sleep transistor is off.
Ground bouncing phenomenon in CMOS 1-bit adder circuit is evaluated in this paper as adders are heart of
computational circuits and many complex arithmetic circuits are based on the addition, this is why building low
leakage adder cells are of great interest. A novel stacking power gating with additional wait mode structure is
presented in this paper to effectively suppress the ground bouncing noise during mode transition (sleep to active
mode transition) and leakage current during standby mode in adder circuits. The remainder of this paper is
organized as follows. In section II, full adder circuit with stacking power gating technique and its equivalent
circuits are discussed. In section III, analysis of the stacking power gating technique with wait mode has been
done and its equivalent circuit is explained. In section IV simulation results of conventional CMOS full adder
cell and full adder cell with stacking power gating circuits are explained. Then the paper is summarized in
section V.

II. PROPOSED STACKING POWER GATING TECHNIQUE WITH WAIT MODE

Stacking power gating technique with wait mode (shown in Fig. 3) has been introduced in this section to further
reduce the activation noise and standby leakage current. In this technique high threshold sleep transistors
( ) are used to reduce leakage current effectively. Transistor stacking is an effective way to reduce
leakage current so two high threshold NMOS transistors ( are used in stack. An additional wait mode
is being introduced between sleep and active mode so that discharging of virtual ground voltage ( ) during
sleep to active mode can be divided into two parts using wait mode which will reduce peak of ground bounce
noise efficiently. Delay ΔT is provided between the activation of two transistors ( ). This delay isolates
the ground for a short period of time during the mode transition. An additional capacitor is inserted in the
intermediate node to control the drain current flowing through the second sleep transistor in mode
transition. Forward body biasing voltage ( ) has been applied to wait transistor so that more virtual ground
voltage get discharged during sleep to wait mode transition. Detailed analysis has been done in Section III.

Figure 3 Stacking Power gating with wait mode

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III. ANALYSIS OF STACKING POWER GATING TECHNIQUE WITH WAIT MODE

This power gating technique works on two strategies: (A)Strategy for standby leakage current reduction and
(B)Reduction of Ground bounce noise (GBN) during mode transition.
A. Strategy for Standby Leakage Current Reduction
In this technique the leakage current is reduced by turning OFF the transistors in standby mode.
The expression for the sub threshold leakage current is [3]

(1)
Where is the zero bias threshold voltage, is the body effect coefficient and η is the DIBL coefficient,
is the gateoxide capacitance and is mobility. , and are the gate to source, bulk to source and
drain to source voltages respectively. Equation (1) shows that the sub threshold leakage current will reduce
exponentially if body effect is increased (negative ) and drain-to-source voltage is decreased. The
stacking structure [7] is shown in Fig. 4. When sleep transistors are turned OFF in standby mode then the
voltage of the intermediate node raises to the positive values due to small drain current of the sleep
transistor . Further, due to this positive potential at the intermediate node the drain-to-source potential ( )
of decreases which results in negative body-to source potential ( ) of causes more body effect. This will
reduce leakage current effectively.

Figure 4 Stacking Power Gating

B. Strategy to Reduce Peak of Ground Bounce noise During Mode transition

Ground bounce noise can be reduced by limiting the large transient current flowing through the sleep transistors
during mode transition. When sleep transistor is turned ON, voltage of virtual ground goes down sharply which
causes fluctuations in ground rail. The voltage of the virtual ground line is maintained at during the sleep
mode. Before the activation of the circuit, the transistor is turned on while transistor is
maintained in cut-off. In this situation the circuit transits to the intermediate wait mode. Body biasing has been
done for wait transistor so that threshold voltage of wait transistor can be reduced without increasing the width
and more virtual ground voltage can discharge during transition from sleep to wait mode [8]. The virtual ground
line is discharged to the threshold voltage of the wait transistor and then transition from wait mode to active
mode takes place. Due to two-step transitions from the sleep mode to active mode through wait mode voltage
swings on ground rail get suppressed which leads to ground bounce noise suppression [9,10]. To complete the
reactivation process from wait to active mode, the stacked transistors are subsequently turned on.
The transistor is turned off. By isolating the ground for small duration during mode transition and turning
ON the transistor in linear region instead of saturation region ground bounce noise will reduce effectively.
During wait to active mode transition, transistor is turned ON and transistor is turned ON after a small
duration of time (ΔT). The logic circuit is isolated from the ground for a short duration as the transistor is
turned OFF. During this time, the ground bounce noise can be greatly reduced by controlling the intermediate
node voltage and operating the transistor in triode region. The intermediate node ( ) voltage can
be controlled by (1) Inserting proper amount of delay, that is less than the discharging time of the transistor,
and (2) Proper selection of the capacitance .
Since the voltage across the capacitor does not change instantaneously, the voltage across capacitors and
remain same by instantaneously turning on the sleep transistor . Now the equivalent circuit for stacked
transistors during wait to active mode is shown in Fig. 5.

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Figure 5 Equivalent circuit of stacking sleep transistors during wait to active mode transition

Here is the ON resistance of sleep transistor , is the internal capacitance at virtual ground node
and is the external capacitance at intermediate node .The voltage across the capacitor ≈ , and the
voltage across the capacitor ≈ . When ΔT >t>0, the capacitor having voltage will begin to discharge,
and the capacitor will be charging by the amount with which is discharging. This process will continue
until both the capacitances have the same potential. From above point of view by controlling the capacitor
and ΔT we will be able to control the intermediate node voltage so that both the transistors
( can be turned on in triode region and hence voltage swing at ground rail during wait to active
mode transition can be controlled and ground bounce noise will reduce effectively.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this section, we have performed simulation of our conventional 28 T and modified 28T adder (adder with
stacking power gating technique) on Cadence Virtuoso Tool and SPECTRE Simulator at 180 nm Technology.
A. Active Power
The Active power is dissipated by the circuit when the circuit is operation state. Here we will calculate the
active power of the circuit at basic of voltage and temperature for the 180 nm technology .The Active power
consumption of CMOS circuit is consumed by the following equation.
(2)

(3)
Where Clock frequency, Power supply, Short circuit current, Leakage current.
As shown the table I, in the case of modified 28T adder with stacking power gating active power is reduced as
compared to conventional 28T adder. The reduction is almost 44% at voltage 1.8 V and temperature 27 .

Figure 6 Conventional 28T adder circuit

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Table I Active Power Dissipation of 28T Adder

Circuit Conventional Modified
Adder(nW) adder(nW)
1.8V,27 1.8V,27
Active Power 108.67 61.84

Figure 7 Modified Adder circuit

B. Stand By Leakage Current
The stand by leakage is obtained when the circuit in idle mode. When we measure the leakage current in
stacking power gating then both sleep transistors are off. The basic equation of stand by leakage is [11]:
(4)
Where, Subthreshold leakage current, Gate oxide current
Stand by leakage current is measured by at 1.8V and 27 . It is greatly reduced almost 80% in modified 28 T
adder with stacking power gating .The table II shows the leakage current at various voltage and various
temperature .

C. Leakage Power
The stand by leakage power is measured at the time of idle mode. Here measured the leakage power when the
sleep transistor is off. Basically the stand by leakage power is the product of the leakage current and supply
voltage [12]. The basic equation of leakage power is
(5)

Table II The stand by Leakage Current and power due to Voltage variation
Voltage Leakage Leakage power(nW)
(V) Current(nA)

Conv. Modified Conv. Modified

Adder Adder Adder Adder

0.7 31.8 4.3 36.9 17.7

1.0 53.7 18.8 79.4 41.1

1.5 76.8 43.7 101.5 69.3

1.8 102.6 54.9 133.8 98.2

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Table III The stand by Leakage Current and power due to Temperature variation
Temp. Leakage Leakage
( .) Current(nA) Power(nW)
Conv. Modified Conv. Modified
Adder Adder Adder Adder
27 102.6 54.9 133.8 98.2

47 103.1 65.7 135.7 126.7

67 103.7 69.1 139.4 139.4

87 104.2 77.8 143.5 152.3

The table II and table III shows leakage power is reduced almost 30% in various voltages and temperatures after
applying stacking power gating.

D. Ground Bounce Noise

During mode transition of the circuit an instant current pass from sleep transistor, which operates in saturation
region at that time and causes a sudden flow of the current. Because of self inductance of the off- chip bonding
wires and parasitic inductance on chip power rails , results an increase in voltage level in the circuits ground rail
depends on input / output buffers and internal circuitry[13]. The noise depends on the voltage. All the below
mentioned results have been simulated under the condition that the all logical inputs of full adder circuit are held
at logic 1 for ground bounce noise calculation (worst case for peak ground bounce noise).The ground bounce
noise model [14] is shown in Fig.8.
As shown in the Table IV & V the ground bounce noise is reduced up to 90 % in to various voltage and
temperature. The ground bounce noise is measured at 1.8V and 27 . It is greatly reduced almost 90 % in
modified 28T adder with stacking power gating and also shown in the table IV & V at various voltage and
various temperature. As sleep input is given to transistor after a delay , so peak of ground bounce noise
also vary with respect to Variation in Ground Bounce Noise with respect to delay is shown in figure 9.

Figure 8 DIP-40 package pin ground bounce noise mode

Table IV Ground Bounce Noise for 28T Adder
Voltage Ground Bounce Noise
(V)
Conventional (uV) Modified (uV)
0.7 9.7 0.39
1.0 19.5 0.97
1.5 27.3 1.7
1.8 34.6 4.1

Table V Ground Bounce Noise for 28T Adder

Temperature Ground Bounce Noise
( .) Conventional Modified
(uV) (uV)
27 34.6 4.1
47 45.7 5.7
67 59.1 6.3
87 67.8 6.9

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Figure 9 Variation of Ground Bounce Noise with respect to

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper we proposed a modified 28T Adder for arithmetic logic circuits with low ground bounce noise and
reduce leakage power. Here we have used high performance power gating technique to reduced active power,
leakage power, leakage current and ground bounce noise. The leakage current up to 80% and leakage power up
to 30%. The ground bounce noise is reduced to up to 90% and active power is reduced up to 44 %.The proposed
modified 28T adder is operated at various voltages and various temperatures.

VI. REFERENCES
[1] International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Semiconductor Industry Association, 2005 [online], Available:
http://public.itrs.net.
[2] S. G. Narendra and A. Chandrakasan, “Leakage in Nanometer CMOS Technologies”, New York: Springer-verlag, 2006.
[3] C. Piguet, Low power Electronics Design, CRC press, 2005.
[4] S. Kim, S. V. Kosonocky, D. R. Knebel, K. Stawiasz, D. Heidel, and M. Immediato, "Minimizing Inductive Noise in System-on-
a-chip with Multiple Power Gating Structures," in Proc. European Solid- State Circuits, pp. 16-18, 2003.
[5] Y. Chang, S. K. Gupta, and M. A. Breuer, “Analysis of Ground Bounce in Deep Sub-micron Circuits,” in Proc. 15th IEEE VLSI
Test Symposium,” pp. 110–116, 1999.
[6] M. H. Chowdhury, J. Gjanci, and P. Khaled, “Controlling Ground Bounce Noise in Power Gating Scheme for System-On-a-
Chip,” in Proc. IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium VLSI, pp. 437–440, Apr. 2008.
[7] R. Bhanuprakash, Manisha Pattanaik and S. S. Rajput, “ Analysis and Reduction of Ground Bounce Noise and Leakage Current
During Mode Transition of Stacking Power Gating Logic Circuits ”,IEEE Region 10 Conference TENCON 2009, pp. 1-6.
[8] Narendra S., A. Keshavarzi, B. A. Bloechel, S. Borkar, and V. De, “Forward Body Bias for Microprocessors in 130-nm
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Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net
Reengineering the Speed of Internationalization
1
Mohammad Reza Hamidizadeh, 2Maryam Zargaranyazd, 3Hamid Reza Dehghani
1
Professor, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IRAN,
2*
M.S., Shahid Beheshti University, R.A. Tehran, IRAN,
3
M.S., Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IRAN,

Abstract: Whereas Firm internationalization process is considered as dynamic, the dimension of speed has
rarely been the chief focus of research. The appearance of the study of international entrepreneurship has
established the role of speed; however, this has usually been measured in terms of the time lag between a firm’s
foundation and its initial international action, with little attempt at defining and explaining the speed of the
process once it is under way. This study reviews the concept of speed from an internationalization point of view.
With the new definition, a model is presented of how the speed of international process is influenced by enabling
forces.

I. Introduction
A lot of research in the internationalization literature over the past five decades has focused on firms’
internationalization processes, its speed and diffusion– which we take as the foundation for this study– has
concentrated on examining such processes along three main dimensions: extent, process and speed [1, 29].
Nonetheless, while knowledge on internationalization processes has progressed, two main questions still deserve
more attention. First, even though internationalization has always been theorized as a dynamic process [9, 27],
the concept of speed was not contained in the literature until the mid-1990s, following the development of
international entrepreneurship concept [15, 20, 29, 6], which evaluated development by contrasting static
observations [18]. Second, speed has mostly been theorized as the time elapsing between the company’s
foundation and its first international scheme [22, 25, 29], and therefore copes more with the pre-
internationalization than the internationalization process for itself, which we argue still remains under-
investigated. As Autio et al. (2000, p. 909) mentioned research has not adequately differentiated between two
intimately related but different issues: first, the time lag between the founding of a firm and its initiation of
international operations [14, 15] and, second, the speed of a firm’s following international growth. Prashantham
and Young (2011) postulated that the difference between initial speed of internationalization (related to the time
between a firm’s founding and its first international action) and post-entry speed (time between the first and
subsequent international activities) is particularly essential for the success/failure international ventures.
II. Literature Review
Internationalization: The literature defines internationalization as a process through which a firm enhance its
level of participation in foreign markets during the time [27], and conventionally considered it as a series of
events that happen over time [9], i.e. as Jones and Coviello (2005, p.7) mention: ‘by definition,
internationalization behavior occur during the time, demonstrate in a time sequence in which events occur’.
Mathews and Zander (2007, p.398) perceive a firm’s internationalization as operating not through a severe
series of ‘stages’, but via pathways that expose entrepreneurial observations and strategic actions in a ‘stage
model’ approach.
Furthermore, Liesch and Knight (1999) defined internationalization readiness as “being a function of its state of
awareness on foreign market(s) and the means for entering them” [31, 32].
Speed and internationalization process: The notion of speed associate to the length of time over (or within)
which particular aims are attained, and is mostly measured as an amount between a particular disparity and a
specific unit of time. Thus, speed links two basic components: the first is change within a specific dimension,
the second a specific pointer of time.

III. Analyzing Models and Axioms

Recognizing concepts of the speed of internationalization processes (in terms of the relationship between
patterns of events and time) require a finer-grained consideration of such elements as the multidimensionality of
international actions, and the concept of concurrent but different ‘types’ of time.
A. Multidimensionality of internationalization process
Internationalizing behavior incorporates an extensive range of decisions and events that affect both an
organization’s externally visible aspects and its internal profile. Welch and Luostarinen (1988) detect some of
these features in noting: (1) the method of operation (how); (2) the target of the sale (what); (3) target markets
(where); (4) organizational capacity; (5) personnel; (6) organizational structure; and (7) finance; whereas Zahra

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 Hamidizadeh et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 88-91

and George (2002) differentiate three noticeable issues of internationalization: (1) scope; (2) process; and (3)
diffusion. However speed is the subject of this study, we have also sum up their first two dimensions below.
A.1. Scope (or extent) denotes to the level of the firm’s commitment to its foreign expansion, and it is likely
to classify two various attitudes towards this concept. The first refers to the commitment to foreign sales [29],
and frequent studies have concentrated on examining exporting intensity, taking the firm’s exports as a portion
of its total sales turnover [4, 5, 6]. Sullivan (1994) used this variable as an pointer of the degree of a firm’s
internationalization, whereas other research have taken a more wide view of this commitment by contemplating
the proportion of foreign sales (the sum of its exports and its foreign subsidiaries’ sales) to the multinational
company’s entire sales turnover [26]. The second measure of the extent of a company’s commitment to
internationalization is founded on resources that it makes available for the process [16, 6], with those having
foreign production plants and subsidiaries manifesting their greater involvement to internationalization by
assigning a larger proportion of their resources beyond their national frontiers.
A.2. Process (or mechanism) is defined as the range of locations where the company establishes its business
[29], covering the markets and/or countries where it sells or manufactures its products and services [27]. Firm
internationalization can be computed by the number of countries to which it exports its products, the number in
which it owns subsidiaries, the divergence of its foreign markets, and the physical and/or cultural distance
between those countries where it is active. The traditional consecutive approach considers that firms inception
their internationalization process in just a few countries that are both physically and culturally close to their own
domestic markets, and increasingly go in more and more distant countries as their internationalization processes
enhance [1, 9, 12, 6]: therefore, the number, distance and variety of countries can be used as index of the degree
of the firm’s internationalization [7, 6].
A.3. Diffusion (or speed) can be considered as the rate of change in either of the two past dimensions, and it
is likely to determine three ‘types’ of speed in the internationalization process [26 29, 6]. The first two associate
to the intensity of a firm’s internationalization, whereas the third refers to its degree. These three types of speed
are: (1) the speed of the growth in a firm’s international commercial strength; (2) the speed of its upsurge in
commitment of resources overseas; and (3) the speed of the change in breadth of its international markets.

Extent or Scope Process or Mechanism Diffusion or Speed

{Readiness stage before {During entering the market} {After entering the market}
entering the market}

Dynamic Internal Behavior of the Firms

Figure 1: Types of speed in the internationalization process [6]

 Speed of international strength (exporting intensity) can be described as the growth of the proportion of
company sales derived from foreign countries over a specific period of time. In the case of exporting companies,
speed can be assessed as the growth of its exporting intensity between two specific moments in time [4].
Whereas companies have foreign subsidiaries, this measurement becomes more complicated, as it is essential to
understand the proportion of the group’s income derived from foreign subsidiaries at two points in time, and
then assess the growth of that proportion [26, 6].
Axiom 1: Speed of international growth is a type of speed in internationalization process.
 Speed of increased commitment of resources to foreign activity [9, 13, 6] can be determined by various
simple indicators, such as increases in the proportion of company assets held abroad or of its workers employed
in foreign firms [26]. A firm’s foreign market entries can also be appropriate index of this type of speed – the
numbers of new subsidiaries established overseas, of foreign production plants installed or of foreign companies
obtained by the company between two specific moments again tell of the speed of change in its commitment of
resources abroad over that period [3].
Axiom 2: Speed of increased commitment of resources to foreign activity is a type of speed in
internationalization process.
 Speed of the dispersion (growth in breadth) of international markets is described as the increase, over
time, in the number, variety and distance of the countries where a company is active [3, 15, 29], and can be
evaluated through different factors: the number of new countries to which the firm exports or in which it makes
capital investment (subsidiary outlets, production plants); the increase in the geographical divergence of its
sales; or the mean physical and/or cultural distance of those countries from its home base [26, 30]

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 Hamidizadeh et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 88-91

Axiom 3: Speed of the dispersion of international markets is a type of speed in internationalization process.
B. International entrepreneurship: International business scholars Wright and Ricks (1994) emphasized
on international entrepreneurship as a new emerging research ground. International entrepreneurship is a
mixture of innovative, proactive, and risk-seeking behavior that crosses national borders and is intended to make
value in organizations [19, 6]. International entrepreneurship is the discovery, enactment, evaluation, and
exploitation of opportunities—across national borders—to create future goods and services.
C. A Model of Internationalization Speed
Figure 2 shows a model of factors on the speed of entrepreneurial internationalization. As shown, there are
three critical aspects to such speed. First, there is the time between the discovery or enactment of an opportunity
and its first foreign market entry. Second, is the speed with which country scope is increased. That is, how
quickly do entries into foreign markets gather and how fast are countries entered that are psychically distant
from the entrepreneur’s home country? Third is the speed of international commitment.

Mediating
Enabling Knowledge
Technology  Foreign Market
 Intensity Internationalization
Speed
Mediating  Initial entry
Entrepreneurship
Opportunity
Entrepreneurial Actor  Country scope
Perception  Commitment

Motivating
Moderating
Competition
Network Relationships
 Tie strength
 Network size
 Network density

Figure 2: Model of influential forces on Internationalization Speed [6]

The process of entrepreneurial internationalization in our model starts, as shown in Figure 2, with a potential
entrepreneurial opportunity. We will plainly suppose here that an entrepreneurial actor somehow discovers or
enacts such an opportunity due to the fact that our focus is not on the nature of the discovery or enactment, but
on the speed with which that opportunity is internationalized. Most important, our model depicts that the speed
of entrepreneurial internationalization is verified by four types of forces: (1) enabling, (2) motivating, (3)
mediating, and (4) moderating.
The quicker, or the enabling force, makes fastened internationalization possible [23]. Faster and more efficient
transportation among multiple foreign countries has brought down costs for foreign trade and investment.
Transportation, communication, and digital technology seem to be the foundation enabling rapid
internationalization of such an entrepreneurial opportunity.
The second general force effecting on the speed of internationalization is the motivating force of competition.
Where technology enables quicker internationalization, competitors inspire or even force it upon entrepreneurs.
The entrepreneurial actor is the third, the mediating force. The person or group that discovers or enacts an
opportunity is dominant to the dynamics of international exploitation. Through the lens of their personal
characteristics (e.g., years of international experience) and psychological traits (e.g., risk-taking propensity),
entrepreneurs detect and explain the potential of the opportunity, the potential of communication, transportation,
and computer technology to enable internationalization, and the degree of threat from competitors [24].

IV. Results and Conclusion

Given the complexity of the concept, because of its multidimensionality and different time scales, we develop
the research aimed at understanding how the different dimensions of speed discussed above connected to each
other, both from a theoretical viewpoint and also in terms of how they might be applied to empirical studies [3].
This brings up questions, three of which are most significant. First, we need to understand whether companies
that internationalize rapidly in their early stages – the so-called ‘born global’ firms or international new ventures
– internationalize equally rapidly in subsequent stages [2, 6]. Second, we have little comprehension of how
internationalizing speed associates to entry modes that demand greater commitment of resources (such as
foreign direct investment) and the diversity of markets that the company prefers to enter, or of the affiliation
between these two variables and international commitment as reflected in the proportion of the company’s sales
attributable to its foreign activities. Third, we demand to work with dynamic profiles to gain profound
understanding of the variability of speed over time.

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 Hamidizadeh et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 88-91

The classic literature on the internationalization process contains a rich stream of studies on the determinants of
entry mode and country selection, which made a large work between the 1960s and the 1990s. This literature
deems that decisions on both these choices depend on the combined influence of different factors or enabling
forces of technology, the motivating forces of competition, the mediating perceptions of entrepreneurs, and the
moderating forces of knowledge and networks that collectively determine the speed of internationalization.

V. References
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Prashantham, S. and Dhanaraj, C. (2010). The dynamic influence of social capital on the international growth of new ventures.
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[25] Rialp, A., Rialp, J. and Knight, G.A. (2005). The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: what do we know after a decade
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[28] Wright, R.W. & Ricks, D.A. (1994). Trends in international business research: Twenty-five years later. Journal of International
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[29] Zahra, S.A. and George, G. (2002). International entrepreneurship: the current status of the field and future research agenda. In
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Blackwell, pp. 255–288.
[30] Zhang, Y., Li, H. and Zhou, L. (2010). FDI spillovers in an emerging market: the role of foreign firms’ country origin diversity
and domestic firms’ absorptive capacity. Strategic Management Journal, 31, pp. 969–989.
[31] Liesch, P. and Knight, G. A. (1999), “Information internalization and hurdle rates in small and medium enterprises
internationalization”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.30 No.1, pp.383-394.
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International Markets (Case Study: Food companies), International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise
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International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise

Applications (IJEBEA)
www.iasir.net

Readiness for integrating sustainability issues in public procurement

process of Bangladesh
Md. Saifur Rahman1 and Md. Zohurul Islam2 and Rashed Morshed3
1
Assistant Chief, Bangladesh Planning Commission
2
Academic coordinator, BIGD, BRAC University, Bangladesh.
3
Procurement Specialist, Ministry of Education, Bangladesh.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Recognizing the role of public procurement to support sustainable development due to its multiplier
effects on the economy, the present study seeks to provide an assessment of readiness of integrating
sustainability issues in public procurement process of Bangladesh by analyzing its incentives, barriers and
needed supports. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from randomly selected 60
public procurement practitioners of Bangladesh. The recorded data were analyzed using SPSS 17 computer
package. The highest proportion of the respondents was middle aged and male. Majority of them were from
engineering background and involved in the development of specification and tender document for their
organization. Almost all of them were trained in public procurement but most of them did not get training on
sustainable and ethical procurement and sustainable development. The highest portion of them define SP as
procurement based on considering the environmental, social and economic impacts for achieving long term
value for money. Improvement of environmental quality, higher labor standard, better health & safety condition
of worker and optimize use of natural resources were regarded as highly ranked opportunities arise from
addressing sustainability through public procurement. Lack of policy guideline, absence of political will in
promoting sustainability and avoidance of complexity for secondary objectives of procurement were the
common responses as a barrier. In addition to formulate a sustainable procurement policy, political willingness
and a clear commitment is necessary form the government. Limitation with public sector, the proposed typology
of sustainable procurement can serve as a basis to develop an emerging thought among policy makers and
academic researchers to use procurement as important tool for sustainable development of Bangladesh and
future research in this area.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Public procurement, PPR, Bangladesh.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
Bangladesh is among the most densely populated countries in the world, vulnerable to natural disasters and
increasingly affected by climate change. Bangladesh needs to balance economic, social and environmental
requirements of development in order to ensure the needs of the present generation are met without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs (GED, 2013). Government
expenditure is having a significant share of GDP’s in each country because countries are using public
procurement to pursue social goals such as reduce unemployment rate, raise labor standard, provide
employment opportunities for disable persons and promote gender, racial and ethnic equality (McCrudden,
2004). Foundational to the role of government itself, procurement has been conceptualized as one of four major
economic activities performed by government (Thai, 2001). Public procurement (PP) represents 18.42% of the
world GDP (Mahmood, 2010). As a developing country, Government expenditure constitutes about 16 per cent
of its GDP in Bangladesh. For sustainable development (SD), we should ensure best value for money (Mannan
and Islam, 2013). Sustainability is driven by an incorporation of economic, environmental, and equity-driven
values and policy aims-further defined as people, profit and planet (Weybrecht, 2010). Sustainable Procurement
(SP) worldwide is heavily driven by public procurement agendas and is often viewed as a public sector
initiative. While SP activities are common in many developed countries, the awareness and implementation is
still comparatively low in most developing countries (Kamruzzaman, 2013). Potential barriers and challenges
of implementing SPP have been mentioned mainly based on the European experience as clustered by GIZ
(2013) such as economic, political, regulatory policies, cognitive and legal framework. Warner and Ryall (2001)
found integration of environmental considerations only rated as moderately successful, with higher costs of
green products emerging as the most commonly cited barrier in local authorities of England and Wales.
Thomson and Jackson (2007) reported the main barriers to sustainable supply were a perceived lack of priority
at senior level. Ning et al. (2003) identified that the initial higher cost of green building is than conventional
buildings limited by the design and technology level is one of the significant challenges that face practice of SP.
Islam and Siwar (2013) mentioned additional costs of more sustainable options, perceptions of inability to offset
whole cost and lack of resources and budget to do anything other than what is conventionally expected. After

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 Md. Saifur Rahman et al., International Journal of Engineering, Business and Enterprise Applications, 12(1), March-May 2015, pp. 92-98

studied the implementation status of SP in LICs, GIZ (2013) found that there are currently no incentives to
implement SPP in Bangladesh, since the enforcement of environmental regulations is weak. Other challenges
refer to the level of poverty, low capacity of local contractors, lack of enforcement of the law in general, non-
utilization of environmental/economic evaluation criteria in bidding processes and political influence in
decentralized procurement.
Public procurement process of Bangladesh is governed by two principal legal instruments; the Public
Procurement Act (PPA) 2006 and Public Procurement Rules (PPR) 2008 under the authority of Central
Procurement Technical Unit (CPTU) of Ministry of Planning. The main objective of enacting PPA 2006 &
introducing PPR 2008 was ensuring transparency, accountability, fair treatment in all public procurement for
achieving value for money throughout the public sector organizations of the country. But these two legal
instrument lacks special emphasis on all three aspects of sustainability in procurement process (Kamruzzaman
2013). Despite of limited scope to address sustainability, various economic, social and environmental criteria
could be incorporated through specifications, selection criteria, awarding the contract and contract performance
clauses within the existing framework of PPR. Recognizing this prospect, the objectives of this study are to
identify key factors influencing successful incorporation of sustainability issues in public procurement and to
assess the its readiness perception by analyzing challenges and needed support for its implementation in
Bangladesh. This provides fresh input into the SP discourse to inform policy development at the government
and organizational levels of Bangladesh.
II. Methodology
A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gain a better insight and understanding of
barriers/opportunities/supports needed for assessing readiness of integrating sustainability issues through public
procurement process from 60 randomly selected procurement professionals of various organizations. Both open
end and close end questions were included. Two types of variables; independent and dependent were selected.
Age, gender, background, education, years of experience, training, volume of procurement, major involvement
in types of procurement, role in procurement process, knowledge of SP , their daily sustainable activities.
General readiness perception was considered as dependent variable comprising 3 aspects of sustainable
procurement; opportunities, barriers and needed supports. Respondents were asked to rank the
barriers/opportunities/supports needed for addressing sustainability through PP in a scale of 1 to 10 (1=Least
Important and 10=Most Important), a value above “5” would represent that factor is of importance. They were
also given the opportunity to add others which would be of importance, but they did not do so. For this
purpose, Barrier for Addressing Sustainability Index (BASI), Opportunities for Addressing Sustainability
Index (OASI) and Support needed for Addressing Sustainability Index (SASI) were measured by using the
formula as used by Rahman et. al. (2009).
BASI /OASI/SASI= P 1 x 1+ P2 x 2 + P3x 3+ P4x 4+ P5 x 5+ P6x 6+ P7 x 7+ P8x 8+ P9 x 9 +P10x 10.
Where, P1= Percentage of respondents scoring the barrier/opportunity/support needed as 1; P2=…..scoring as 2;
P3=.….scoring as 3; P4= ..…scoring as 4; P5= …..scoring as 5; P6 = .….scoring as 6; P7=.…. scoring as 7;
P8=….. scoring as 8; P9 = .….scoring as 9; P10 =…..scoring as 10.
Index for a category could range from 100 to 1000, where 100 indicated low barrier/opportunity/support
needed and 1000 high barrier/opportunity/support needed. Collected data have been cleaned, edited, arranged
and coded before statistical analysis. The analysis was performed by using SPSS 17. Descriptive analyses such
as number and percentage, mean, standard deviation were calculated to find out the differences between
selected item variables of the study. The correlation between dependent and independent variables were carried
out to find the relationship and to measure the strength (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).

III. Result and Discussion

Reliability
Cronbach’s alpha was calculated through SPSS 17 version for identifying the coefficient of questionnaire items
and its consistencies (Table 1).
Table 1 The reliability testing of the questionnaire item
Variables Items Cronbach’s Alpha value

Daily sustainable activities 10 0.679

Training 04 0.723
Opportunities 10 0.677
Barriers 13 0.694
Needed supports 09 0.742
Age: Fewer young practitioners in the study might be due to the fact that young professional lacks experience
and confidence to run procurement efficiently and effectively. Poorer participation of older persons in
procurement might be related to their change of role from clerical/administrative to supervisory (Table 2).
Years of experience: According to classification, Majority (47%) of the procurement practitioner were mid level
professionals while 21 per cent and 32 per cent were young and senior professionals respectively.

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Gender: Lower representation of female might be due to the fact that procurement happens to be one of the vital
areas, where women are usually deprived off. Less participation of women in public procurement process might
reflect the lower representation of women’s in government service of Bangladesh as a whole.
Background: The highest proportion of development budget has been allocated for various engineering
divisions which might necessitate large numbers of engineering graduate in procurement activities by default of
their allocation of business in Bangladesh.
Level of Education: Most of the procurement practitioners (60%) had post graduate level education. Possession
of some professional degree on procurement by some of the respondent is a positive aspect to develop and adopt
best practice management in the country’s procurement sector. This might be the outcome of the ongoing
commitment of the government of Bangladesh to develop organizational human capital in procurement sector in
association with Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply (CIPS), UK.
Annual volume of procurement: Based on the classification, about 40 per cent of the respondents were
responsible for low volume, 43% medium volume and 17% high volume of procurement. Variation in volume
of procurement might be due to their respective position and role within organisation, capability and managerial
ability.
Type of procurement: About half of the respondents were involved mainly in procurement of works. Another
47 per cent respondent highlighted their major responsibility for procurement of goods. Only 3 per cent
mentioned that procurement of services constituted a major part of procurement activity for them. Variation in
the proportion of goods, works and services might be due to the nature of job of their respective department.
Training: Almost all of the respondents (92%) were trained on procurement of goods, works and services.
CPTU in collaboration with World Bank providing trainings of various durations in different procuring entities
which might explains the findings. Only 45 per cent were well familiar with sustainable development, 30 per
cent for sustainable procurement and 25 percent for responsible procurement. Mannan and Islam (2013) found
poor education and practices in honesty, morality and professional ethics were prevailing among human
resources involved in public procurement. Such a scenario signals the importance of training on sustainable
procurement for using PP as a policy instrument for sustainable development of Bangladesh.
Place of Training: All of the respondents (98.3%) were trained on procurement in their professional life.

Major responsibility of the respondent in public procurement process

Receive instructions and
17% 13% implement
Development of
5% specification and tender
document
Member/ chairperson of
tender evaluation
22% committee.
43% Approve tendering process.

Figure 1 Role of respondent in public procurement process

Table 2 Selected characteristics of respondent involved in public procurement
Item Category and scoring Respondents Mean SD Chi-Sq. Observed
system (N=60) (Asym. range
No. % Sig.) (Possible)
Age of respondent (years) Young (≤30) 6 10.0 40.10 7.71 22.8 28-57
Middle (30-50) 36 60.0 (0.000) (Unknown)
Old (≥50) 18 30.0
Years of Experience in Young (≤7) 13 21.7 12.18 6.11 5.70 2-30
Public procurement Mid level (08-14) 28 46.7 (0.058) (Unknown)
(years)
Senior (≥15) 19 31.7
Gender Male (1) 53 88.3 1.12 0.32 35.26 1-2
Female (2) 7 11.7 (0.000) (1 or 2)
Background Engineers (1) 42 70.0 1.30 0.46 9.60 1-2
Non engineer (2) 18 30.0 (0.002) (1 or 2)
Level of education Graduate (1) 12 20.0 2.00 0.64 19.2 1-3
MS/MBA (2) 36 60.0 (0.000) (1 or 2 or 3)
Professional degree (3) 12 20.0
Training on Public Yes (2) 55 91.7 1.92 0.28 41.66 1-2
procurement No (1) 5 8.3 (0.000) (1 or 2)
Training on Sust. Yes (2) 27 45 1.45 0.50 0.60 1-2
development No (1) 33 55 (0.439) (1 or 2)
Training on Sust. Yes (2) 18 30 1.30 0.46 9.60 1-2
procurement No (1) 42 70 (0.002) (1 or 2)
Training on ethical Yes (2) 15 25 1.25 0.44 15.0 1-2
procurement No (1) 45 75 (0.000) (1 or 2)
Place of Training University education(1) 1 1.70 1.98 0.13 56.07 1-2

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Professional life (2) 59 98.3 (0.000) (1 or 2)

Annual volume of Low (≤99 million) 24 40.0 623.97 1451.83 47.20 8-8000
procurement Medium (100-500) 26 43.3 (0.002) (Unknown)
High (≥500 million) 10 16.7
Type of procurement Goods (≥50%) 28 46.7 43.15 27.41 -- 0-50
Works (≥50%) 30 50 47.42 30.05 (0-100)
Services (≥50%) 2 3.3 9.35 11.83
Daily sustainable Least(≤19) 16 26.7 21.32 2.68 23.7 16-28
activities Medium (20-24) 37 61.7 (0.000) (0-30)
High (≥25) 7 11.7
Practice of daily sustainable activities of the respondents
Based on their extent of daily sustainable activities, respondents were classified into least sustainable (≤ 19),
medium sustainable (20-24) and highly sustainable (≥25). Daily sustainable activities of about 62 per cent of the
respondents were categorized as medium sustainable, 27% least and 12% highly sustainable. Variation in the
extent of daily sustainable activities among the respondents might be due to their respective awareness and
education level.
Table 3 Distribution of respondent according to their daily sustainable practices
Daily sustainable activities Number of respondents Mean SD
(3) (2) (1)
DSA.a. Turned off electric fan, computer etc. after use 49 11 0 2.28 0.39
DSA.b. Buy energy saving electrical and IT equipment 40 19 1 2.65 0.52
DSA.c. Use less water for all activities 33 27 0 2.55 0.50
DSA.d. Avoided using plastic bags 7 49 4 2.05 0.43
DSA.e. Avoided buying products with lots of packaging and no biodegradable 1 44 15 1.77 0.47
packaging
DSA.f. Thrown food and organic materials into waste bin 21 34 5 2.27 0.61
DSA.g. Used recyclable and renewable goods 3 45 12 1.85 0.48
DSA.h. Sharing knowledge of SD and how to make public procurement more 9 44 7 2.03 0.52
social and environmental friendly
DSA.i. Buying recycled paper 3 38 19 1.73 0.55
DSA.j. Using or procuring vehicles running on alternative fuels 9 18 33 1.60 0.74

(Always=3; Sometime=2; Never=1)

Knowledge of Sustainable Procurement
Sustainable public procurement is a process whereby public institutions meet their needs for goods, services
and works in a way that achieves value for money on a whole life cycle basis in terms of generating benefits
not only to the organization, but also to society and the economy, while minimizing damage to the
environment (DEFRA, 2006).
The highest portions of the respondents (55%) were able to define SP in line with the definition of DEFRA
(2006). Variation in the concept of sustainable procurement might be due to their different academic
background and education level, cosmopoliteness and level of familiarity about SP.
SP.A. • No idea about sustainable procurement.
10 %

SP.B. • Spending and investing process to maximize net benefits for the organization and the country as a
15% whole.

SP.C. • Procurement that maintained maximum transparency, fairness, quality and participation.
20%

SP.D. • Procurement based on considering the environmental, social and economic impacts for achieving value for
55% money.

Figure 2Knowledge of Sustainable Procurement

Opportunity for Addressing Sustainability
The attractive factors, barriers and support needed of addressing sustainability through public procurement have
been discussed by many previous researchers. Through public procurement, governments can “raise the bar” for
the respecting of labor and environmental standards by all market operators, thereby facilitating sustainable
development. Ten attractive factors for adopting SP were rated by the respondents (Figure 5). A value above “5”
would represent that the reason for implementing sustainability issues through public procurement process of
Bangladesh is of importance. The mean value for the attractive factors as rated by respondents ranged from

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5.45 to 8.83.This observations has reflected that variation in their responses are relatively high which represents
that responses are not consistent because of different understanding about attractive factors.
OB.Improve reputation and image 545.00
OA.Financial savings 628.33
OH.Promotion of innovation 681.67
OG.International competitiveness of local industry 691.67
OF.Assist dis-advantaged groups in society 695.00
OI.Expectation of civil society 711.67
OC.Compliance on national and international obligations 745.00
OD.Reduces use of natural resources 835.00
OE.Higher labor standard and health & safety 846.67
OJ. Improvement of environmental quality 883.33
0 200 400 600 800 1000

Figure 3 Ranking of opportunities based on OASI.

Barriers for Addressing Sustainability
Thirteen barriers for addressing sustainability through PP were rated by the procurement professionals with
mean ranged from 5.78 to 8.98. In general, the barrier factors are rated higher by the respondents because
considerations of country context factors are deemed to be more challenging. It also implies that respondents are
not very much confident about practicing sustainable public procurement process.
BG.Fear of restricted supplier competition 578.33
BL.Attitude/Cultural resistance to change 666.67
BI.Product availability and cost of sustainable alternatives 668.33
BC.Lack of social drive 690.00
BE. Local suppliers incapability to invest in sustainable… 713.33
BJ.Corruption among procurement practitioners 715.00
BK.Time pressure of procurement professionals 726.67
BD.Lack of expertise on sustainable procurement 761.67
BM.PPR is inadequate to incorporate sustainability criteria 821.67
BF.Lacking awareness among procurement practitioners 851.67
BB.Avoidance of complexity for secondary objectives 853.33
BH.Absence of political will in promoting sustainability 863.33
BA.Absence of policy guidance 898.33
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Figure 4 Ranking of Barriers based on BASI.

Support required for Addressing Sustainability

The mean values for the support factors as rated by respondents ranged from 5.95 to 9.05. This observation has
reflected that the variation in their responses is relatively high. The finding shows that the respondents rated the
support factors much more inconsistently with larger variation.
SH.E- procurement activities 595.00
SI.Need for international collaboration 656.67
SG.Cooperation and networking 675.00
SF.Identification of green/sustainable alternatives 698.33
SE.Introduction of lifecycle approach of costing 828.33
SC.Awareness building 890.00
SD.Political will/commitment 895.00
SA.Policy guidance on sustainable procurement 898.33
SB.Training of procurement professionals 905.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000

Figure 5 Ranking of supports needed based on SASI.

Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of Respondents and Their Perception of Opportunities,
Barriers and Support needed for Addressing Sustainability in Public Procurement Process of Bangladesh.
The Pearson two-tailed correlation coefficient was used to ascertain the degree of association among the
variables. Thirteen characteristics of the respondents were selected for exploring the relationship with their
perception of opportunities, barriers and support needed for addressing sustainability through public
procurement. It is revealed that respondent’s age, education, years of experience, training, DSA and extent of
knowledge on SP had significant positive relationships with their exploring / scoring of various opportunities.
On the other hand, respondent scored higher barrier confrontation who had higher level of education, work

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experiences and training. Age, years of experiences, role in the procurement process and DSA were positively
correlated with the respondent’s responses in scoring needed support for addressing sustainability in the public
procurement process of Bangladesh.
Table 4 Relationship between the Selected Characteristics of Respondents and Their Perception of
Opportunities, Barriers and Support needed for Addressing Sustainability
Variables Computed R value
Opportunities Barriers Supports
.1Age .274* .240 .288*
.2Gender -.017 -.050 -.076
.3Background .028 .005 -.056
.4Education .467** .421** .245
.5Years of Experience .347** .265* .289*
.6Training .380** .270* .200
.7Volume of procurement .157 .170 -.031
nneoleement in.8Goods Procurement -.055 .077 -.038
nneoleement in .9Works Procurement -.064 -.175 -.016
nneoleement in .11Service Procurement .282* .267* .128
.11 Role in Public Procurement .025 .060 .280*
.12DSA .397** .238 .336**
.13Knowledge of SP .366** .057 .249
* = Significant at 0.05 level of probability, ** = Significant at 0.01 level of probability

V. Conclusion and Recommendation

Having a multiplier effect and purchasing power of public sector to promote sustainability, the findings indicate
that there are many actual or perceived barriers which need to be removed for making ready to integrate
sustainability issues in public procurement process of Bangladesh. Improvement of environmental quality,
higher labor standard, better health & safety condition of worker were regarded as highly ranked opportunity
arise from addressing sustainability. Lack of policy guideline, absence of political will in promoting
sustainability and avoidance of complexity for secondary objective of procurement were the responses as high
barriers. Formulation of a national policy and awareness building is badly needed for addressing sustainability
issues through public procurement. Based on the above conclusions some specific recommendations for
addressing sustainability in an appropriate way are given below:
 Awareness campaign should be arranged focusing on how to take account of non-monetary benefits of
SP. As part of CPTU’s awareness programs, it should also highlight the necessity of addressing
sustainability in public procurement process through a solid multi-stakeholder approach.
 There is the need for a higher degree of collaboration and engagement between all parties, such as the
government, contractors and suppliers, who are found to be the member of supply chain.
 As engineers are mainly involved in procurement activities, all engineering degree should include a
course on Contract and Procurement Management.
 The government should provide training to incorporate sustainable procurement techniques into
ongoing training programs of CPTU. The key intervention points in the procurement process for
sustainability are the same as with traditional procurement which might be applicable within the
existing framework of PPR-2008.
 Public sector procurement professionals should be given clear direction from the top of their
organizations with sustainability targets and performance measuring systems and progress monitoring.
 Procurement should be done by the full-time procurement professionals. Abrupt transfer and posting to
other professional areas might affect their career plan as well as achieving professional competence for
addressing sustainability imperatives through their practices.
 There is scope to further study about the sustainability issue. Advanced research needs to be conducted
in order to get a deeper insight into the sustainability issue in relation to the public procurement of
Bangladesh.
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