Scan 08 Oct 2022

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 20

How do Organisms CHAPTER 3

Reproduce? THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES


Do Organisms Create Exact Copies of
, Themselves?
Modes of Reproduction
eoroduction is one of the most fundamental attributes of all living Asexual Reproduction
organisms in_WnNch an organism produces fertile young ones of
Fission
hesame species. Reproduction is not an indispensablelife process
ke respiration, excretion, nutrition, circulation, locomotion, Fragmentation
immunity and coordination which are necessary to Sustain the life
Regeneration
of an individual organism. Aather, it is
essential to maintain the Budding
Continuity of different species on the earth. It involves the
ransmission of genetic material from one generation to another, Spore Formation (Sporulation)
ensuring that the species survives over long periods of time. Vegetative Propagation (in Plants)
Sexual Reproduction
D0 ORGANISMS CREATE EXACT COPIES 0F
THEMSELVES? Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Reproduction in Human Beings
&In asexual reproduction, a new individual develops
directly from specialised or unspecialised parts of a Reproductive Health
single parent without involving fusion of sex cells
Population Size
(gametes). Therefore, offsprings resulting from the
asexual reproduction are exactly
identical to the Quick Recap
parent except in size and are called clones Each
individlal of a clone is called ramet. Assignment
trsexuat reproduction, first haploid (n) gametes are produced by meiotic division (reductional division), then
fusion of gametes takes place leading to the formation of a diploid (2n) zygote. The zygote, then, divides
by mitotic division (equational division) and develops into an individual.
Thus, reproduction basically involves cell division. Before a cell can divide, it must unravel its chromoSomes,
and copy all its DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), so that each new daughter cell can get a complete copy
of the genetic information.
Key concept of reproduction is the formation of a DNA copy. By the use of biochemical reactions which
is known as DNA replication, cells build up copies of their DNA. DNA copying is accompanied by the
formation of an additional cellular apparatus and then the DNA copies separate, each with its own cellular
apparatus. Thus, a cell divides to give rise to two daughter cells
&DA present cell carries information for making proteins
in a nsnmal
which help in expressian Of body characters.
this information is altered, it will eventually lead to the
formation of altered proteins and hence lead to
abnormal body characters. So nuls
*Alternation of DNA actually depends on how accurately the
reactions which are involved in DNA replication
(copying of DNA) Occurs. No biological reaction is absolutely reliable. Therefore, it can be expected that
the process of copying the DNA
may have some variations each time it occurs. As a result, the DNA copies
generated will be similar, but may not be identical to the original
Organisms RepródUC
Biology Class (Level-)
08 How do
that the new DNA copy cannot work with
vaiations might be so drastic ith the cellular
Some ofthese
it inherits. Such a newborn cell will simply die. On the other hand, there could still be many apparat
such a drastic outcome. Thus, the
other small
ariations in the DNA copies that would not lead to .
ving cells are
This inbuilt tendency for variation during reproductior
identical to the parent cell. is the basis
similar, but not
of evolution of new species.

Significance of variation
in the ecosystem, using their
fill well-defined places, or niches,
Population ofseveral organisms
to
of DNA copying during reproduction
is important for the maintenan
reproduce. The consistency
to use niche. Iherefore, reproduction is linked to the
that particular stahit
design that allows the organism
of populations of species.
in the earth's temperahse
be changes in organisms such as rise or fall
the niches or ure,
Sometimes, there can
organisms were suited tto a
meteorite hits etc. If a population of reproducing
changes in water levels or the population could be wiped out. However
were drastically altered,
particular niche and if the niche these populations, there would be some chance for
some variations have
occurred in a few individuals in
were a population of
bacteria living in temperate waters, and if the
them to survive. For instance, if there
due to global warming, most of these bacteria would die, but the few
temperature of water increases here are thus useful for the survival of
and grow further. Variations
variants resistant to heat would survive
species over time.

MODES OF REPRODUCTION

various organisms reproduce depend on the body design of the organisms.


The modes by which
two methods:
Living organisms reproduce mainly by
1. Asexual Reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction

1. Aseu Reproduction
mitotic divisions and
In this mode of reproduction, certain body cells of the organism undergo repeated
created from
form two or moresimilar individuals. In asexual modes of reproduction, new generations are
a single parent. It takes place in
unicellular organisms, some plants, and some multicellular animals like
invertebrates and all the vertebrates. The parent individual
sponges and Hydra. t is absent in the higher
splits,buds or to form identical daughter cells or individuals.
fragments
Asexual reproduction occurs by various ways

(A) Fission (B) Fragmentation

C) Regeneration (D) Budding


(E) Spore formation (F) Vegetative propagation (in plants)
(A) Fission : It is a mode of asexual reproduction which occurs in unicellular organisms, such as Amoeba,
Paramoecium, Planaria, Vorticella, Euglena and other protozoa. It involves the division of the parent
body into two or more daughter individuals identical to the parent.

Fission are oftwo types binary fission and multiple fission.

aBinary Fission: It is the division of the body of an individual into two equal halves, each of which
functions as an independent daughter individual. Many bacteria and protozoa split into two halves
through binary fission. Depending upon the plane of division, binary fission is of the following types

() Simple Binary Fission (Irregular Binary Fission) Division can occur through any plane,
ie., the plane of division can pass through any axis, e.g., Amoeba.
the body of an organism ir el-i) |
Fraamentation: It is the proOcess or breaking up of two or
(R called fegments, each of which grows into a new individual. Fragmentation is quite commonmore
in simpl
parts
part
Such as algae, fungi and bryophytes.
muitcellular organisms
filamentous alga, Spiroqura
commonly observed in green
e.g, Fragmentation is
Cell-wall
Chloroplast
Pyrenoids
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

Fig. 4 Fragmentation in Spirogyrat


maturation. These pieces arow into
breaks up into smaller pieces (fragments) upon
Spirogyra simply
new individuals.
restoration of any lost part ofthe body or
Regeneration is the process of renewal or
(C) Regeneration: from a small fragment. For example, simple animals
formation of the whole body of an organism
the cut into number of pieces and each piece grows
into a complete
Planaria can be any
Ake Hydra and
organism. of an organism.
cells (totipotent) present in the body
Regeneration is carried out by some specialised of cells (callus) different cells
These cells proliferate and make large
number of cells. From this mass
tissues. These changes take place
become various cell types and
undergo changes (differentiation) to
in an organised sequence referred to as development.

--
Fig. 5: Regeneration in Planaria

Differences between Regeneration and Reproduction

Regeneration Reproduction
1. This process occurs by asexual method only. 1. This process occurs by asexual and sexual
method.
2. The organisms are being cut or broken and 2. The individuals give rise to young ones of their own
each of the broken or being cut part grows kind.
into a separate new individual.
3. It is seen in simple organisms like Planaria, 3. It is seen in complex organisms like plants,
Hydra, etc humans, hens, dogs, etc.

() BuddingFew multicellular animals (e.g, Hydra) produce small buds, which gradually grows
lbmately acquiring the characteristic form of the parent organism. Organisms such as Hydra use
egeneratve cels for reproduction in the process of budding. In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth
due to repeated cell division at one specific site. Then, this bud grows into a tiny individual and when
fully mature, it detaches from the parent body and becomes an independent
individual.]
Tentacles

Bud

Fig. 6: Budding in Hydra


ydfhg is also observed in yeast. Yeast is an unicellular organism (lungus). During buding in yeast
a small protuberance (outgrowth) appears on the upper part of anBtultcel,this gracdually grows in size
From this newly budded cell, another bud appears at the tip. This process continues 3-4 times, resulting
in a chain of buds which grow into yeast cells.

New bud
Developing Chain
of
Yeast bud buds

b d

Fig. 7 Budding in Yeast

Spere Formation (Sporulation) : Spore formation is a common form of asexual reproduction, which
occurs widely in Monera, Protista, Algae and Fungi.
body.
Spores are minute, single-celled, thin or thick-walled propagules,released from the parent
environmental
Generally, spOres are dispersive in nature and are able to withstand unfavourable
conditions such as dryness, extreme heat or cold.
During spore formation in fungi, a structure called sporangium develops from the fungal hypha.
that can eventually
Sporangium is a tiny blob-on-a stick like structure, which contan cells, or spores,
nucleus divides several times and each
develop into new individuals. Within the sporangium, the
nucleus, with a bit of cytoplasm, develops into a spore. Spores are covered by thick walls that protect
are liberated and
them until they comeinto contact with moist surface and begin to grow. The spores
they develop into new fungal hypha after reaching the ground or substratum. Example Rhizopus (bread
-

mould), Mucor

Note: Spores are means of perennation and not true form of reproduction.

Spores
Sporangium

Hyphae

A
Fig. 8: Spore formation in Rhizopus
(F) Vegetative Propagation (in Plants): Anumber of perennial plants propagate vegetativelyin nature. In
these methods, vegetative propagules (somatic parts) of the plant develop into new plants under suitable
conditions. Vegetative propagation is of two types - Natural and Artificial.
i2 How do
Organisms
Reproduce?
Blology- Class X
Propagation)
(Leveli
Natural (Vegetative
(a)
means
It is done by following

B v Roots Roots of
some plants develop adventilious buds whichgrowto form
Guava, Sweet potato, Dahlia, Asparaqus ete
eg Dalbergia (sheesham),
Stem

Root tuber
(Swollen root)

Fig.9: Root tuber of Dahlia

(i) By Stems
stem structures bearing a few hud
ouds
Underground stem: Different types of underground below
are given
take partin vegetative propagation. Some examples
Tubers: Potatoes are vegetatively propagated by tubers. These have buds or eyes over
their nodes. The buds produce new plantlets when a stem tuber or a part of it having an

eye is placed in the soil.

Young shoot
Germinating eye bud

Tubers

Roots Eyes (Nodes)


Fig. 10 Bud in the region of node (eye) in stem tuber of potato

(i) By Leaves: Legvés of many plants have adventtious buds and help in vegetative propagation.
e.g.. Begonia, Bryophyllum, Saintpaulia etc. The leaf buds fall on the soil and develop into new
plants.

Adventitious buds

Young plant

Petiole
- Leaf

Fig. 11: Leaf buds of Bryophyllum


(b) Artificial (Vegetative Propagation): The property
methods such as cutting, layering and
of vegetative propagation in plants is used in
grafting for agricultural and horticultural purposes.
) Cutting:Acuting of stem, root, or leaf can be used for
vegetative propagation.
off roots when placed
partly under moist soil, and then, develops into a newAcuting gives
horticultural plants such as grape, plant. Many
by means of cutting. phalsa, sugarcane and rose are
propagated commercially
Bud

New plant
Bud

Adventitious
roots

Fig. 12: Propagation of sugarcane from section of aerial stem


Layerng: In layering, a part of the stem of a plant is buried in the soil while it is still attached
and supported by the parent plant. Soon, the layered stem grows roots and later developS nto
which can
d
EW plant.
Many plants, like raspberry, strawberry, etc. produce natural layers
be separated from the parent plant and grown into a new plant

Parent Plant

New Plantlet

Adventitious
Roots

Fig. 13 Layering in Jasmine (Chameli)


desired plant variety with superior
(ii)Grafting By grafting, a very young scion (part of
on a mature stock (plant with strong root
characters) can be made to flower when it is grafted
on the same stock; for example, on
system). Sometimes, different varieties can be grafted
Citrus root stock, varieties like sweet orange, lemon, lime and grape fruit can be grafted.

Grafting is done in Mango, Apple, Pear, Citrus, Guava and Rubber plant.

Cut

Scion- Stock

Fig.14:Grafting
14How do Organisms Reproduce? Biology Class x
(Level-h
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation
plants whichdo
do not prodtieo
vegetative propagation is usually a means of propagating
dormant period of seeds. Examples+
produce viable
Seeds, or produce very few seeds or have long
pineapple, orange, grape, rose and jasmine.

(m) It helps in producing disease-free plants


are genetically Similar to the parent nlani.
(m) All plants produced by vegetative propagation ants and
have all its characteristics
() Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear tlowers and fruits earlier than t h o e
which
.

are produced from seeds,


follows:
Significanceof Asexual Reproduction are as
without a mate.
()This type of reproduction enable organisms to reproduce
takes to search a mate.
() It does not require the time and energy that
(i) lt resuts in the reproduction of large number of offspring rapidly.
() Like in plants, it enables to spread and colonize an area in short period of time.

)Animals that are confined to one particular place and unable to look for a mate reproduc

asexually.
() Stable environments with very little change are favorable for organisms to reproduce asexualy

Micropropagation (Propagation by Plant Tissue Culture)

Micropropagation is the tissue culture technique used for rapid vegetative multplication of omamental plants
and fruit trees by using different parts as explants.
Micropropagation is also called clonal propagation. Each of the cultivated plant produced by this method
is
genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown.
i n plant tissue culture, new plants are grown by using
living tissues or cells of the plant (explant). The
cells are then placed in an artificial nutrient medium where they divide
rapidly to form a small group of
undifferentiated cells callus. The callus is transferred to another medium
or
hormones for growth and differentiation. The plantlets are then
containing nutrients and
placed in the soil so that they can grow
into mature plants. Using tissue culture, many disease-free
plants can be grown from one parent plant.
This technique is commonly used for ornamental
plants.
Excised piece of differentiated tissue or
explant used to initiate growth in culture The non-dividing differentiated
cells of the explant when grown
on a nutrient medium forms a
mass of undifferentiated cells
Transfer to another nutrient (meristematic) called callus.
media containing hormones
for rooting and shooting

Formation of
new roots and
Transfer to soil shoots occur

Fig. 15 Regeneration of whole plant using tissue culture technique


Advantages of Micropropagation
) A large number of plants can be
produced in relatively short span of time and space.
() Helps in crop improvement by
producing disease-free plants.
B i o l o g y -
lass X (Level-l)

Howdo Organisms Reproduce?


Try Yourself
1. Multiple fission occurs in
(1) Euglena
(2) Paramoecium
(3) Plasmodium (4) Yeast
2 Which of the following set of
organisms are not unicellular?
(1) Leishmania and Yeast (2) Amoeba and Plasmodium
(3) Plasmodium and Leishmania (4) Penicllium and Spirogyra
3. Hydra reproduces by the process of
(1) Budding (2) Multiple fission
(3) Binary fission (4) Layering
4. Vaniations are useful for ensuring
(1) Survival of the species (2) Multiplication
(3) Evolution (4) Both (1) & (3)
5. Grafting is done for all, except
(1) Mango (2) Apple
(3) Pear (4) Potato

[()s ) ()e ()z (e)L suy]

2. Sexual Reproduction

formation and fusion of male and female


It is the process development of new individuals through the
of
fusion
individuals-male and female. The process of
gametes. It is usually biparental and involves sexual
of wo diferent types of gametes i.e. male gamete (sperm) and
female gamete (egg) is called fertilization.

DNA from two diferent individuals via


As know, the sexual mode of reproduction inyolves combining
we
new generation is to be the combination
of the DNA
gametes. But this may create a problem. If each
copies from two pre-existing individuals, then each new generation will end up having twice the amount
of DNA that the previous generation had. This will disturb the control of the cellular apparatus by the DNA

Besides, if each generation doubles its DNA, there will be only


DNA on eath, with anything
no room for
else. Thus, in order to resolve this problem, complex multicellular animals have developed special lineages
amount of
of cells in specialized organs which have only half the number of chromosomes and half the
DNA as compared to the non-reproductive body cells. Thus, when these germ cells from two individuals
combine during sexual reproduction to form a new individual, it results in re-estabishment of the number
of chromosomes and the DNA content in the new generation.

If the zygote is to grow and develop into an organism which has highly specialised tissues and organs,
then it has to have sufficient reserve of energy. In very simple organisms, it is seen that the two germ-
cells are not very different from one another, or may even be similar. But as the body designs become
more complex, the germ cells also specialise. One germ-cell (female gamete) is large and contains the
food stores while the other is smaller and likely to be motile (male gamete). Differentiation of gametes has
led to differences in the male and female reproductive organs and differences in the bodies of male and
female individuals
FAC)T
FILE
Wny the Sexual Mode of Reproduction Produces Variations involves crossing
over between the
Meiotic division
meiotic division. accurate. Both
ametes are produced by which is not absolutely
of DNA,
and also the copying
Ogous pair of chromosomes
of these factors result in variation. as of the cellular apparatus
DNA, as well
from copying of the
one involves results in
variations. Variations are
cells
reation of two
e new
accurate and
hence
to different
mechanism is not absolutely organisms to adapt
nE DNA copying the survival of the species as these can help variation.
Userul for ensuring results in
GITVironmental
Sexual mode of reproduction
conditions. asexual over reproduction
advantages
and has many fusion
evolved process because it results from the
reproduction is a highly the offsprings
Sexual diversity of characters in In sexual reproduction, there
Sexual reproduction promotes distinct individuals.
from two different and sexually therefore, it plays a prominent role
of fwo gametes coming of characters and
new combination
increasing opportunity for
evolution.
is an necessary for
It leads to variation, which is
in the origin of new species. pattern of accumulated
different
involved have quite
the two parents combination of variants.
In sexual mode of reproduction result in new
individuals would
variations from two
vanations. Combining

(A) Sexual Reproduction in Elowering Plants is considered to be modified shont


reproduction in plants. Flower
Flower: Flower is the site of sexual Thia axis has two parts-the
stalk of the flower
The axis on which a flower is borne is called mother axis. on the thalamus
of a flower are arranged
and its swollen top called thalamus. The parts floral
called pedicel leaves or whorls).
These appendages in
has four kinds of floral appendages (floral
A iower
typica
Successive order are
- Stigma- Anther
Filament)
Style-

-Petal

-Ovary Sepal

Fig. 16:Longitudinal section of a flower


and protect the floral whorls in bud stage.
(iSepals(calyx) Usually green in colour
Coloured and attract the pollinators.
(i) Petals (corolla):
male reproductive part and produce pollens.
(ii) Stamens (androecium) (= Microsporophylls):
female reproductive part and produce egg cell.
(iv) Carpels (gynoecium) (= Megasporophylls):
Flower may be unisexual ie., they have either stamens (male) or carpels (female). e.g., papaya,
mustard.
watermelon or bisexual ie., flowers possess both stamen and carpel e.g., Hibiscus,
colour. Each
Stamen is the male reproductive part and produce pollens that are yellowish in
stamen consists of a stalk called filament and a flattened top called anther. The anthers produce
the pollen-grajs. A pollen grain produces two male gametes.

Carpel is the femalereproductive part and consists of stigma, style and ovary. Carpels have a
swollen ovary at the base, an elongated middle style and a termtnal stigma which is sticky in
nature. The ovary contains ovules. Each ovule has an egg cell, the female gamete. In plants, the
fusion of male and female gametes takes place when pollen grains are transferred from anther to

stigma of same or another flower.


iology Class X (Level-1)
How do Organisms Reproduce?
Pollination
The process of transfer and
deposition of pollen
pollination. It is an essential event in the sexualgrains
from theofanther plants.ofThere
to the stigma the flower is
reproduction seed bearing are fwo main called
of
types pollination: Self Pollination and Cross Pollination.
(1) Self Pollination: It is the process of transfer of pollen
the same flower grains from the anther to the
ene stigma or
another lower borne on the same
or
plant.
(2) Cross Potination It is the process of transfer of the pollen grains from the anther of
the stigma of another flower one iower to
borne on a different plant of the same species. Cross
pollination reque
the aid of an extemal agency. The extermal agency may be abiotic (wind/water) or biotic (insects
irsbats/snails and other animals). Cross pollination brings about genetic recombinations and
proouces variations in the offsprings. It also increases the adaptability and makes the ofsprings
better adjusted towards the changes in the environment.

Fertilization in Plants
In plants, pollination is followed by fertilization. Once the pollen grain is deposited on a suitable stgma.
it gives rise to a pollen tube which grows chemotropically through the style and reaches the ovary where
called micropyle.
e ocated. Ihe pollen tube normally enters the ovule through a small opening
Inside the ovule, the pollen tube releases two male gametes into, the embryo sac. The embryo sa
ouie contains the-egg. One male gamete fuses with the egg. The fusion of the male gamete with tne
Temale gamete is called fertilization and it results in the formation of a zygote. The zygote divides
male gamete fuses with
repeatedly (by mitotic divisions) to form embryo within the ovule. The other
an
called triple fusion and forms a triploid
ne two polar nuclei to form an endosperm. This process is as fertilization occurs twice,
endosperm (3n) which nourishes the growing embryo. Thus, inside embryo
sac,
it is called double-fertilization. After fertilization, the ovule developsa tough coat and is gradually
converted into a seed. The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit. Meanwhile, the petas, sepals,
stamens, style and stigma may shrivel and fall off.
Pollen grain

Stigma
9A
Pollen tube

-Style

Ovary
Antipodal cells

Secondary nucleus / Polar nuclei

Egg Cell

Synergids
Fig. 17: Longitudinal section of a flower showing growth of pollen tube
Longitudinal section of a pistil showing pollen germination one pollen tube
showing its growth through the style and entry into the embryo sac through micropyle
Seed Seed contains the future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under appropriate
conditions. This process is known as germination. Plumule develops into the shoot whereas radicle
develops into the root.

Plumule
(future shoot)
Cotyledon- - Radicle
storef d)
(future root)
Fig 18:Germination of Bengal gram seed
Reproduction in Human Beings
Puberty
.The age at which the Sex hormone and gametes begin to be
produces and the Boy and Girl become sexually mature is
called Puberty.

.In males, after Puberty, testes starts producing sperms and


the Male sex hormone called Testosterone
In females, after puberty, ovaries starts producing Ova(or
eggs) and Female sex hormone, Estrogen.

.Male and female also starts developing secondary sexual


characters.

Secondary Sexual characters in Male:


a. Hair grow in Armpits, Pubic regions, Chest and
Face
b. Body becomes muscular
c. The voice deepens.
d. Chest and Shoulders broaden.

Secondary Sexual characters in Female


a. Hair grow in Armpits and Pubic regions.
b. Mammary glands develop and enlarge.
c. Hips broaden.
d. Fallopian tube, uterus and Vagina enlarge.
Male Reproductive System:
Seminal vesicle

Ureter-
Bladder

-Prostate gland

-Penis
-Urethra
Vas
deferens

Testis
Scrotum

Pigure 8.10 Human-male reproductive system

.The male reproductive system consists of portions which


perform two major functions-
-
Produce sperms -

Testes

Deliver sperms to the site of fertilization All the rest


(Vas deferens, Seminal Vesicle, Prostrate)

1) Testes
It is primary reproductive organ in male.
It is located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum
because sperm formation requires a lower temperature
than the normal body temperature.

Functions of Testes -

Formation of Sperms.
Secretion of testosterone.

Testosterone
-
It is the Male sex hormone.
It helps in the development of secondary Sexual characters.
-
It regulates the formation of Sperms.

2)Vas Deferens
Vas deferens delivers sperms from testes to urethra.

3 Prostate and SeminalVesicle


Both of these gland add fluid secretions to the sperms
which makes the transport of sperms easier and provides
nutrition.

4) Urethra
Forms a common passage for both and Urine.
Sperms

Sperms
-

They are tiny bodies that consists of mainly genetic material and a
long tail that helps them to move towards the female germ cell.
Human Body: Reproductive System
The male and female reproductive systems are controlled by hormones
by the pituitary gland in the brain, and the reproductive organs themselves.
produced
Brain
The Reproductive Organs
Ihese organs make, mature, and store gametes, or sex cells, in
the human body. The male
gametes are called sperm and femae
gametes are called ova or egg cells. Each gamete contributes
half of an offspring's DNA, providing genetic variation through
hypothalamus sexual reproduction.

Male reproductive system


Spinal -
Pituitary gland Sperm is made in the seminiferous tubules and stored in the
tOrd epididymis. It travels through the vas deferens, where it mixes
With seminal 1luids and passes through the urethra.

infundibulum
Ireters -

anterior posterior
pituitary pituitary
vas deferens8-
Pituitary Gland bladder epididymis
head
The pituitary gland secretes hormones
that control the reproductive organs.
signals the production of sex prostate
thormones and controls ovulation
and the menstrual cycle in women.
urethra
penis

testis
epididymis
body
seminiferous tubules epididymis tail

Female reproductive system


Immature eggs are found in the ovaries where they mature and are
released into the falloplan tubes. An egg travels down the tude to
Developing9
Ovarlan Follicle
the uterus, where it either implants and develops into an embryo or
IS shed with he lining of the uterus at the end of a menstrual cycle.

fallopian tubes

Ovary ovary

uterus mature
G99

vagina
CAROLINAA
www.caroina.com
o 2017 Carolina Biological Suppily Company
Female Reproductive System

Oviduct or -

Fallopiann
tube

Ovary-

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina-

Flgure 8. l1 Human-female reproductive system

Ovary
-

It is the primary reproductive organ in female. It performs


two major functions

.Production of - Egg/ Ovum.

Secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone


One egg is produced every month by ovaries.

2)Fallopian tube/Oviduct
It is the primary reproductive organ in female. It performs
two major functions

It acts as a site of fertilization.

3) UterusS

The Oviducts unite into an elastic bag like structure


known as the uterus.

Uterus opens into the vagina through cervix.

4) Vaging
It receives sperms from male partner, serves as a Birth
Canal.

5) Cervix
- Uterus is connected to vagina through a narrow opening
called Cervix.
Fertilization &Development of Embryo
The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during sexual
intercourse.

They travel upwards and reach the oviduct where they may
encounter egg.

The fertilized egg (zygote) starts diving to forma ball of


cells or embryo.

The embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus where


they continue to grow and develop organs to become foetus.

The embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with the
help of a special tissue called Placenta.

Placenta
-It is a disc shaped structure embedded in the uterine wall.

-
It helps in exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products
between the embryo and mother.

The development of the child inside the mother's body takes


approximately nine months (Gestation period). The child is born
as a result of rhythmic contractions of the muscle in the
uterus.
Mensuration
Every month, Ovary releases one egg and uterus prepares
itself to receive the fertilised egg by developing thick,
spongy lining.
If fertilisation doesn't take place, egg along with the uterus
lining breaks down and comes out through vagina as blood
and muCus.

This cycle takes place roughly every month and is known as


Mensuration.

It lasts for about 2-8 days.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)


Diseases which are spread by sexual contact with an infected
person are called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD).

Common STD are:

Gonorrhoea

Syphills Caused by Bacteria

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Caused byy


Virus
Contraceptive/ Birth Control Methods
The prevention of pregnancy in Women is called Contraception.

1. Barrier Method Condoms

Advantage: It helps in the prevention of STD

2) Chemical Method Oral pills

Disadvantage It changes hormonal balance which can


cause side effects.

3) TUCD (Lntra Uterine ContraceptiveDevices)- Copper-T


Disadvantage: Can cause irritation of uterus

4) Surgical Methods

Vasectomy Tubectomy
Blocking of Vas deferens in male Blocking of fallopian tube in females.

You might also like