Filipino

Personality and
Social Work
A
R
U
Jervy Kristelle B. Palayon, RSW

A
AB
Lecturer
Monday -Introduction to Personality
-Psychodynamic Perspective (Part 1)

Tuesday -Psychodynamic Perspective (Part 2)

-Humanistic Perspective
Wednesday -Behaviorist Perspective, SCT
-Trait Perspective, Cognitive
Thursday -Family Systems Theory, Moral
-Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Friday -Exam
-Rationalization
What is Theory?
-a set of concepts, propositions intended to
describe and explain phenomenon (Sigelman &
Shafer, 1995).

-a network of logically related statements that

generates testable hypothesis and explain some
aspects of experience (Hoffman & Feist, 2013).
- the combination of behavior, emotion,
motivation, and thought patterns that define an
individual. Personality psychology attempts to
study similarities and differences in these
patterns among different people and groups.
- a relatively enduring pattern of permanent
traits and unique characteristics.

- individual differences in characteristic

patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
(APA).
- a pattern of
relatively
permanent traits,
disposition, or
characteristics that
give some measure
of consistency to a
person’s behavior.
 Characteristics of Personality

CONSISTENCY - a generally recognizable order and regularity

to behavior.
BEHAVIORS & - personality not only influences how we move
and respond in our environment, but it also
ACTIONS causes us to act in certain ways.

MULITPLE -personality is displayed in our behaviors,

thoughts, feelings, close relationships,
EXPRESSIONS and other social interactions.
 Philosophical Questions about
Personality
HEREDITY vs
UNIQUENESS vs. ACTIVE vs. REACTIVE
ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSALITY •Is human behavior passively
•Do internal or external
•Are individuals shaped by environmental
influences play a larger role
factors, or are humans more
generally more active in this role?
in determiningpersonality?
alike (similar to
each other) or OPTIMISTIC vs.
FREEDOM vs PESSIMISTIC
different (unique) DETERMINISIM Do people tend to focus
in nature? • How much, if any, of an on the positive (optimists)
individual’s personality is or the negative
under their conscious control? (pessimists)?
"Every man is in certain respects like
all other men, like some other men,
and like no other men."
- Kluckhohn and Murray, (Personality: In Nature,
Culture, and Society, 1948)
 Determinants of Personality

Biological Situational
heredity, brain, challenges, freedom,
physical features competetion, etc.

Social Cultural
family; interactions way of life, collectivist
w/ other people; vs individualist,
social media
Methods of Assessing Personality

1. Objective Test
- psychological tests that measure an individual’s
characteristics in a way that isn’t influenced by the
examiner’s own beliefs; in this way, they are said to be
independent of rater bias.
examples: Self-Report Inventories , Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Myers-Briggs
Type Indicator (MBTI), etc.
https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test
 Methods of Assessing Personality

2. Projective Test
- personality test in which you offer responses to ambiguous
scenes, words, or images with the goal of uncovering the
hidden conflicts or emotions of an individual.

- are analyzed for meaning based entirely on the open-

ended responses given by individuals unlike OT, whose
response options are shaped by and compared to a more
limited and universal standard of meaning.
 Types of Projective Tests
1. Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach, 1921)

ž - a series of symmetrical inkblot

cards that are presented to a client
by a psychologist. What the test-
taker sees reveals unconscious
feelings and struggles.
(Piotrowski, 1987; Weiner, 2003)
"roar-shock"
2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
(Henry Murray & Christiana Morgan, 1930s)

- composed of 8–12 ambiguous

pictures and the individual is
asked to tell a story about each
picture. The stories give insight
into their social world, revealing
hopes, fears, interests, and goals.
sample TAT card
3. Sacks Sentence Completion Test
(Dr. Joseph M Sacks, 1950s)

- is a 60-item test that asks respondents to complete 60

questions with the first thing that comes to mind across
four areas: Family, Sex, Interpersonal, Relationships and
Self concept.

Examples:
When the odds are against me ______________________________________.
At work, I get along best ____________________________________________.
3. Word Association Test (Carl Jung,

It is based on the idea that your subconscious is

sometimes capable of controlling conscious will. As such, a
single word can unleash past traumas or reveal unresolved
internal conflicts. The test consists in presenting 100
stimulant words to the patient. When faced with each
word, the patient must say out loud the first thing that
comes to their mind. They should do this quickly and
automatically.
Erroneous Methods of Assessing Personality

1. First Impression. judging one's personality

based on physical appearance, facial features
or expressions, mannerisms, style of dressing,
what a person says and how it is said.
2. Physiognomy – the
method of judging
personality through the
measurement of a person’s
physical features,
particularly facial features
such as distance between
the eyes, the size and shape
of the chin, color of hair,
etc.
 3. Phrenology – personality is
judged by the size and shape of the
skull. These measurements are then
translated into corresponding
personality characteristics.

4. Graphology – uses a person’s

handwriting to determine his or her
personality. It is believed that general
penmanship and the way the letter is formed
have corresponding personality
characteristics
 K!
EC
CH
ION A personality test in
NT which you offer responses
TTE to ambiguous scenes,
A words, or images with the
goal of uncovering the
hidden conflicts or
emotions of an individual.
PSYCHODYNAMIC
HUMANISTIC

The Four Major Approaches in

Understanding Personality

TRAIT
BEHAVIORIST
A. Psychodynamic Approach
- encompasses a number of theories that explain both
normal and pathological personality development in
terms of the dynamics of the mind. Such dynamics
include motivational factors, affects, unconscious
mental processes, conflict, and defense mechanisms.
1. Sigmund Freud Pyschoanalytic Theory
2. Carl Jung Analytical Psychology
3. Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
4. Erik Erikson Ego Psychology
5. Karen Horney Pyschoanalytic Social Theory
6. Harry Stack Sullivan Interpersonal Theory
7. Erich Fromm Humanistic Psychoanalysis
1. Psychoanalytic theory
Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic method, originated
by Sigmund Freud, for treating mental disorders by
investigating the interaction of conscious and
unconscious elements in the patient's mind and
bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the
conscious mind, using techniques such as dream
interpretation and free association.
Key Concepts:
- Human behavior is the result of the interactions among
three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and
superego.

- personality develops during childhood and is critically

shaped through a series of five psychosexual stages,
which he called his psychosexual theory of development.

- People use defense mechanisms to protect themselves

from information contained in the unconscious.
ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO
Processes or systems of the
mind that interacts with one
another in a dynamic way so
that personality is influenced
and changed. Each of these
systems struggles to dominate
the personality.
 - most basic system; the origin of personality;
- operates accdg to pleasure principle;
- it demands immediate and direct satisfaction;
-powered by libido (energy variously described as
ID “physical desire”, “erotic tendencies”,“sexual desires”,
and motive forces of sexual life);
- functions as the reservoir of instincts – inborn forces
that are both physical (bodily needs) and psychological
(wishes);
- later became 2 categories of instinct: Eros & Thanatos
 - a coherent organization of mental processes that
develop out of “ID” energy;
- operates according to the “reality principle";

EGO - has access to consciousness, thus rational;

- strives to adapt personality to the world itself;
-has the capacity to delay satisfaction of ID’sdemands
until an appropriate object is found that will allow
gratification w/o harmful side effects;
- serves as a bridge to reality.
 - a coherent organization of mental processes that
develop out of “ID” energy;
- operates according to the “reality principle";

EGO - has access to consciousness, thus rational;

- strives to adapt personality to the world itself;
-has the capacity to delay satisfaction of ID’sdemands
until an appropriate object is found that will allow
gratification w/o harmful side effects;
- serves as a bridge to reality.
SUPEREGO
-The representation of society in personality that
incorporates the norms and standards of the surrounding
culture;
-Operates according to “morality principle” – the concept
of right and wrong;
-Conscience – an aspect or function of the superego – acts
as the internal agent that punishes people when they do
wrong;
-Suppresses the needs of the id rather than satisfying them.
 2 systems of SUPEREGO
1. Conscience - punishes the ego by causing feelings of
guilt. If the ego gives in to the id's demands, the
superego may make the person feel bad through guilt.

2. Ideal Self (Ego-ideal)

- an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and
represents career aspirations, how to treat other people,
and how to behave as a member of society.
 K!
EC
CH
ION It contains all those
NT
TTE elements that are not
A conscious but can
become readily
available.
 Anxiety anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people
seek to avoid

Types of Anxiety

1. Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of

the id's urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior.

2. Reality anxiety is fear of real-world events. The cause of this

anxiety is usually easily identified.

3.Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles.

Defense Mechanisms

- psychological strategies that are unconsciously

used to protect a person from anxiety arising
from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
-defense mechanisms are used to protect
ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which
arise because we feel threatened, or because
our id or superego becomes too demanding
1. Repression
- Repression is an unconscious mechanism employed by the
ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from
becoming conscious.
Example:
a. A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the
events but has trouble forming relationships.

b. A man has a phobia of spiders but cannot remember the first time he
was afraid of them.
2. Projection
- involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feeling,
and motives to another person (A. Freud, 1936).Thoughts most
commonly projected onto another are the ones that would
cause guilt such as aggressive and sexual fantasies or
thoughts.

Example:
A woman who has been unfaithful to her husband but who accuses her
husband of cheating on her.
3. Displacement
- the redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a
powerless substitute target (A. Freud, 1936). The target can be
a person or an object that can serve as a symbolic substitute.

Example:
Someone who is frustrated by his or her superiors may go home and
kick the dog, beat up a family member, or engage in cross-burnings
4. Sublimation
- similar to displacement, but takes place when we manage
to displace our emotions into a constructive rather than
destructive activity (A. Freud, 1936).

Example:
Many great artists and musicians have had unhappy lives and have
used the medium of art of music to express themselves. Sport is
another example of putting our emotions (e.g., aggression) into
something constructive.
5. Denial
- Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that
something has occurred or is currently occurring because
its too uncomfortable to face.

Example:
Drug addicts or alcoholics often deny that they have a
problem.
6. Rationalization
- involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling
in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons
for the behavior.

Example:
A person who is turned down for a date might rationalize the situation
by saying they were not attracted to the other person anyway.
7. Regression
- used when one is troubled or frightened, thus behaviors
often become more childish or primitive.

Example:
A child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when
troubled.
8. Reaction Formation
- the converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts,
feelings, or impulses into their opposites.
Example:
A woman who is very angry with her boss and would like to quit her job
may instead be overly kind and generous toward her boss and express a
desire to keep working there forever. She is incapable of expressing the
negative emotions of anger and unhappiness with her job, and instead
becomes overly kind to publicly demonstrate her lack of anger and
unhappiness.
8. Reaction Formation
- the converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts,
feelings, or impulses into their opposites.
Example:
A woman who is very angry with her boss and would like to quit her job
may instead be overly kind and generous toward her boss and express a
desire to keep working there forever. She is incapable of expressing the
negative emotions of anger and unhappiness with her job, and instead
becomes overly kind to publicly demonstrate her lack of anger and
unhappiness.
9. Introjection
- a process in which an individual unconsciously
incorporates aspects of external reality into the self,
particularly the attitudes, values, and qualities of another
person or a part of another person’s personality
Example:
Agatha experiences introjection related to her highly critical mother as
the internal voice that continuously criticizes and berates her. As a result,
Agatha has developed low self-esteem and often runs herself down.
10. Undoing
- Trying to make up for what you feel are inappropriate
thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Example:
if you hurt someone's feelings, you might offer to do something nice
for them in order to assuage your anxiety or guilt.
11. Compensation
12. Identification
13. Altruism

14. Humor
15. Fantasy
16. Compartmentalization
 K!
EC
CH
ION Marimar slammed her
NT door after being nagged at
TTE by her father for not
A washing the dishes
properly. What defense
mechanism is at work in this
case?
 Pyscosexual Stages of Development
- Freud proposed 5 stages of development where each
stage is marked by an erogenous zone. He believed that
the child must release sexual energy during each stage to
complete it successfully and develop a healthy personality.
- Each of the psychosexual stages is associated with a
particular conflict that must be resolved before the
individual can successfully advance to the next stage
 Fixation
- a persistent
focus of the id’s
pleasure-
seeking
energies at an
early stage of
psychosexual
development
Frustration
- happens when needs of the developing individual at any
particular stage may not have been adequately met .

Overindulgence
- happens when needs may have been so well
satisfied that he/she is reluctant to leave the
psychological benefits of a particular stage .
Stage 1 ORAL (0-1 yr old)
- Libido is centered on the baby’s mouth ;
- activities: sucking, biting, etc.
- also known as the narcissistic stage.

Fixation:
- ORAL RECEPTIVE: dependent, gullible, interested in
receiving information, etc.

- ORAL RETENTIVE: aggressive, argumentative,

sarcastic; prefers rock candies
Stage 2 ANAL (1-3 yrs old)
- Sexual gratification occurs when defecation
relieves the tension of a full bowel and
simultaneously stimulates the anus.
-Toilet-training is crucial in this stage as it involves
conflict between parent and child.
- The child is now fully aware that he/she is a
person in her own right and that her wishes can
bring her into conflict with the demands of the
outside world (i.e., their ego has developed).
Stage 2 Fixation
a. Anal-retentive
- persons with this trait usually delay gratification and
retain objects for future use; orderliness, stubbornness.

b. Anal-expulsive
- persons of this type react against others’ attempts to
restrict them from doing whatever they wanted; messy,
sloppy, temper tantrums; explosive emotional outbursts,
and even sadistic cruelty.
Stage 3 PHALLIC (3-6 yrs old)
- satisfaction is gained primarily by stimulation of the
penis/clitoris;
- Dominated by the realization that boys have penises
whereas girls do not;
- the most controversial stage of development as boys
develop Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex for girls.
-Boys experience castration anxiety – a generalized fear
that they might lose their penises, their highly prized organ
of pleasure.
Stage 3 PHALLIC (3-6 yrs old)
- Boys resolve this conflict by Identification -
imitating, copying, and joining in masculine dad-
type behaviors;
- penis envy;
- The girl resolves the EC by repressing her desire
for her father and substituting the wish for a penis
with the wish for a baby and identifies with the
mother to take on the female gender role.
Stage 4 LATENCY (6-12 yrs old)
- the absence of a dominant erogenous zone;
- children lay aside his attraction to parents and
are sexually disinterested
- Libidinous instincts are reduced in intensity or
deeply buried in the unconscious through
repression and sexual energy can be subli- mated
towards school work, friendships, and hobbies
Stage 4 GENITAL (13+ yrs old)
- erogenous zone is once again in the genitals, but
the pleasure comes more from others than from
masturbation;
- superego has developed so they turn their focus
to the needs of others;
- Freud believed that if all of the previous stages
were completed successfully, a person will be set
up to form a loving, stable relationship with a
person of the opposite sex.
 K!
EC
CH TRUE OR FALSE
ION
NT
TTE 1. Freud has an optimistic
A view of human behavior.

2. The way to resolve

Oedipal Complex is through
Identification.
2. Analytical Psychology
Carl Gustav Jung

The analytical psychology

approach to mental health
views a person's beliefs and
behaviors as stemming from
both conscious and
unconscious beliefs.
 View of Human Nature
The human psyche is embedded in the past,
present and future. It consists of conscious and
unconscious elements, masculine and feminine traits,
rational and irrational impulses, spiritualistic and
animalistic tendencies, and the tendency to bring all
these contradicting behaviors into harmony with each
other.
 For Jung, libido is a creative life force that could
be applied to the continuous psychological growth of the
person.
As the person becomes more proficient in satisfying
these needs or as they become less important, libidinal
energy is applied to the solution of more philosophical and
spiritual needs.
Libido is the driving force behind the psyche
(personality for Jung) which is focused on needs, whether
psychological or spiritual.
 Jung used the term Teleology to explain
human behavior. It means that human behavior
has a purpose; it is drawn by the future just as
much as it is pushed by the past. To fully
understand a person, one must understand his or
her goals and aspirations.
 Components of the Psyche

CONSCIOUS PERSONAL COLLECTIVE

UNCONSCIOUS UNCONSCIOUS

- The ego represents the

conscious mind as it comprises
the thoughts, memories, and - a universal version of the
- contains temporality
emotions a person is aware of. personal unconscious, holding
forgotten information mental patterns, or memory
The ego is largely responsible
for feelings of identity and and well as repressed traces, which are shared with
continuity. memories other members of human
species (Jung, 1928)
 Archetypes
a ge s
n d im
r n s , a c c ur
p a tt e ha t o
r m s , t u r e t a s
f o a t h
-are llective n r the ear
a c o ll ov e n d
of a lly a
y t h s a
tic m
prac uents of ts of
on s t it o d u c
c a l p r . THE SELF
v i du ig in
indi scious or
u nc o n
PERSONA ANIMUS/ANIMA
SHADOW strives for unity,
wholeness, integrity
one's public self

Anima- the female component of

darkest and deepest part of
the male psyche
the psyche
Animus- the masculine component
of the female psyche
Individuation
 Other archetypes include the Great
Mother (the archetype of nourishment and
protection); the Wise Old Man (the archetype
of wisdom and meaning); and the Hero (the
image we have of a conqueror who
vanquishes the evil).
 Personality Types
Introversion Extraversion
ATTITUDES - refers to people's -an orientation toward
subjective perception the objective world

- uses logic and reason; recognizing the

Thinking
meaning of stimuli

Feeeling - placing a value on something; like or dislike

FUNCTIONS Sensation - taking in sensory stimuli

- perceiving data that are beyond our

Intuition
awareness; the ability to understand something
quickly without the conscious reasoning
 Jung's Stages of Life
Jung began offering another way of understanding human
development that became known as the Stages of Life. These
stages outline the inner development people undergo through time.

1. Childhood (birth to adolescence)

- libidinal energy is expected in learning to walk, talk, and other
necessary skills for survival. After the fifth year, libidinal
energy is directed towards sexual activities, reaching its peak
during adolescence.
2. Young Adulthood (adolescence to 40)
- libidinal energy is directed towards learning a vocation, getting
married, raising children, and activities relating to community life.
The individual is outgoing, energetic, impulsive, and passionate.

3. Middle Age (from 40 to later years of life)

- the most important stage because the person is transformed from an
energetic, extroverted, and biologically oriented individual to one with
a more sophisticated cultural, philosophical, and spiritual sense of
value

4. Old Age
- the period of old age parallels childhood because of a return to
submersion in the unconscious.
 K!
EC
CH
ION Forms, patterns, and images of
NT
TTE a collective nature that occur
A practically all over the earth
as constituents of myths and
individual products of
unconscious origin.
Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler
 View of Human Nature
All human behavior is goal orientated
and motivated by striving for superiority.
Individuals differ in their goals and how
they try to achieve them.

He emphasizes the positive attitude of

human nature and control of one's own
destiny, rather than just being a victim.
 Major Concepts
Organ
Inferiority stems from physical deficiencies
the ultimate goal of life,
drive to perfection,

Feelings of
innate in all humans as we Inferiority Striving for
all depend on adult for Inferiority
Complex Superiority
survival when we were
younger
- inability to overcome inferior feelings
- result of overcompensation
 "If I cant be pretty,
I can be smart."
View of Human Nature
A natural and healthy reaction to inferiority is compensation:
efforts to overcome real or imaged inferiority by developing one's
own abilities.

If a person is unable to compensate for normal feelings of

inferiority, they develop an inferiority complex.

The overarching goal of Adlerian psychotherapy is to help the

patient overcome feelings of inferiority
 Major Concepts
Fictional
overcompensate for feelings of inferiority
Finalism
Superiority exaggerated opinion of one’s abilities and accomplishments
Complex An imagined

Style of Social central goal that

guides our
The guiding
Life Interest behavior.
framework for
all later behaviors
Innate potential to cooperate
Expression of striving for superiority with others to reach personal
to attain goals (means) and societal goals
Superiority Complex

Adler (2013a) claims that superiority

complexes are born out of inferiority
complexes; they are “one of the ways which
a person with an inferiority complex may
use a method of escape from his difficulties”
(p. 97)
 Birth Order

- refers to the order in which the children of a family

were born. Adler believed that birth order had a
significant and predictable impact on a child’s
personality: First Born, Second Born, Youngest Child,
Only Child
 Birth Order

First Second Youngest Only

Born Born Child Child

-have inherent -always in the shadow - in a constant state - becomes “dependent

advantages (the of older, strives for of inferiority; can be to a high degree,
waits constantly for
stronger, older, superiority under the most successful
someone to show him
larger; with high pressure; can work or the most
the way, and searches
amount of personal together with older fortunate
for support at all
power sib if encouraged
times.