Marist School

Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
 Science – to know, systematic-  Independent – varied by the
systematized body of knowledge. experiment.
 Technology – application of Science –  Dependent – effect of change.
product (medicine) – process (water  Constant – stays the same.
purification) – gadget (phone)
Control Group
I. The Science Skills and Processes
 basis of comparison
A. 7S: System of Good House Keeping  standard of comparison

 Sort – arrange systematically in groups, C. Tools in Science (Laboratory Apparatus, Skills,

according to type, class etc. Processes, Safety)
 Shine – a quality of brightness,
cleanliness of the area.  Lab Safety
 Systematize – arranging in organized o As part of laboratory safety one
system. must wear the proper
 Self-Discipline – the ability to control laboratory attire
and overcome weaknesses.  Laboratory Gowns
 Safety – the condition of being  Safety Goggles
protected from or unlikely to cause  Mask
danger, risk or injury.  Gloves
 Standardize – cause to conform to a o Everyone should be familiar
stand, adopt as one’s standard. with the location of the gas and
 Sustain – strengthen or support water outlets, fire exit, first-aid
physically or mentally, uphold. kit and the safety shower.
o Eating, drinking and smoking
B. Scientific Method and Technology are STRICTLY PROHIBITED in the
laboratory at all times.
Problem/Question Can be solved through
o Exactness, neatness and
experimentation
cleanliness are essential to
Observation/Research Observation about the
topic good work and good result.
Hypothesis Possible answers for NEVER WORK IN MESSY
the problem (IF and SURRONDINGS.
THEN)  Prevent or lessen spills
Experiment Develop and follow a on the laboratory
procedure tables.
Collect and Analyze Modify and Confirm
 Clean broken glass and
Results
Conclusion Accept or rejects the corrosive liquid spills on
hypothesis, the floor immediately.
recommendations
Variable Control
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
o Follow the correct laboratory  IN USING THE FIRE
techniques when doing EXTINGUISHER:
experiments in the laboratory.  P – Pull the Pin
 Waft the vapors  A – Aim at the
towards your face. base
 Hold the stopper  S – Squeeze
between your fingers. trigger
 NEVER put stopper  S – Sweep
down on the Working o One should be aware of the
table. first aid measure for SKIN CUTS
o Follow the correct laboratory encountered when doing
techniques when doing experiments in the laboratory.
experiments in the laboratory.  Wash with water
 Never mouth pipettes  Press blood from the
anything in the wound
laboratory.  Apply tincture of iodine
 Wash hands before and (fresh wound only)
after every experiment.  Cover with sterile gauze
o Know the proper way of or medicated Band-Aid
disposing solid and liquid o Be acquainted with the first aid
wastes in the laboratory. measure to use if the EYES get
 Segregate chemicals by irritated by different solutions
compatibility groups for or chemicals.
storage.  Tap water, 2% solution
 Do NOT throw the of NaHCO3 (for ACIDS),
wastes directly into the Saturated Solution of
sink. Boric Acid (other
o One should observe the first aid solutions), dry sterile
treatment given in case of FIRE gauze, olive oil
in the laboratory. o Be familiar with the first aid
 SMALL FIRES: Wet safety measure for BURNS
towels; Sand occurring in the laboratory.
 CLOTHES ON FIRE:  ALKALI burns – large of
Stop, Drop and Roll use water; 5% solution
safety blanket acetic acid; boric
 BUILDING ON FIRE: ointment/ petroleum
Keep calm; go to the jelly
nearest fire exit  Minor burns – COLD
water, boric ointment
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
or sterile petroleum  MEKER BURNER – is
jelly also used for heating
 Acid burns – running materials. (DEVICE)
water; saturated  It has a short
solution of NaHCO3 for blue inner
20 mins.; wash with cones and a
water sterile gauze large single
 Heat burns – water; outer cone, grid
Vaseline burnt at the top of
ointment the burner,
o Know what to do when a constriction in
person FAINTS. the tube.
 lie down victim (head in  TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE
the level with his body); – is used to measure
loosen tight clothing; the mass of an object.
aromatic spirit of (DEVICE)
ammonia  Parts are pan,
adjustment
** If these safety measures are RELIGIOUSLY
knob, beams,
followed, the Chemistry laboratory will NOT be
riders and base.
a dangerous place**
 pH METER – is an
 Lab Materials and Equipment’s electronic instrument
o Laboratory EQUIPMENTS are used to measure the pH
instruments that we use in (acidity or alkalinity) of
laboratory or research work or a liquid
for production of various things. (DEVICE/INSTRUMENT)
o Laboratory DEVICE is a  FUME HOOD – is a
laboratory equipment
mechanism designed to serve a
used to limit a person’s
special purpose.
exposure to hazardous
 BUNSEN BURNER – is
and/or unpleasant
used for heating,
fumes
sterilization and
(DEVICE/INSTRUMENT)
combustion. It
 DESSICATOR – is a
produces a single open
laboratory apparatus
gas flame (DEVICE)
used to protect
 TIRRIL BURNER – is an
chemicals which are
apparatus used for
HYGROSCOPIC (which
heating materials or
react with water from
substances. (DEVICE)
humidity) (DEVICE)
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
 BURET/BURETTE – is a to a known volume.
glass tube used (LAB GLASSWARE)
especially for  REAGENT BOTTLES – is
ACCURATE fluid a glass container used
dispensing and to HOLD or store liquid
measurement. (DEVICE) chemicals. (LAB
 THERMOMETER – is a GLASSWARE)
device that is used to  TEST TUBE – is used as
measure temperature. a container for various
(DEVICE/INSTRUMENT) materials. (LAB
 SPRING BALANCE – is GLASSWARE)
used to measure the  IGNITION TUBE – is
WEIGHT of an object used as a container for
(DEVICE/INSTRUMENT) heating substances
 ERLENMEYER FLASK – (solutions). (LAB
is used to hold liquids GLASSWARE)
and carry out chemical  CRUCIBLE – is a heat-
reactions. (LAB resistant container in
GLASSWARE) which materials can be
 FLORENCE FLASK heated to very HIGH
(Boiling) – is used as a temperatures.
container to hold (PORCELAIN)
solutions of chemicals.  MORTAR and PESTLE –
Uniform heating and is used to crush and
ease of swirling. (LAB grind substances.
GLASSWARE) (PORCELAIN)
 BEAKER – is used to  EVAPORATING DISH –
HOLD liquids and serves is used for heating
to make APPROXIMATE things over a burner.
measurements of liquid (PORCELAIN)
volumes. (LAB  TEST TUBE HOLDER – is
GLASSWARE) an apparatus used in
 GRADUATED CYLINDER holding the test tubes.
– is used to (METAL ACCESSORY)
ACCURATELY measure  UTILITY CLAMP – is
out volumes of objects. used to hold large test
(LAB GLASSWARE) tube or Florence flask.
 VOLUMENTRIC FLASK – (METAL ACCESSORY)
is used in the  RING CLAMP (iron ring)
preparation of solutions – is used a support to
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
other laboratory  WIRE GAUZE – is a fine
materials. mesh of thin wires
 BURETTE CLAMP – is a woven closely together
metal tool attached to a used in heating setups.
ring stand to HOLD a (LAB ACCESSORY)
single burette, test  WATCH GLASS – is used
tube, flask or as a COVER for a beaker
thermometer. (METAL or to CONTAIN a small
ACCESSORY) amount of a chemical.
 PIPETTE – is used to (LAB ACCESSORY)
measure small amounts  CONDENSER – is used
of solution very in the distillation
accurately. process as the tube
(ACCESSORY) collecting the gas
 FUNNEL – is an distillate so as to
apparatus used in change it into liquid
FILTRATION processes. form. (LAB
(LAB ACCESSORY) INSTRUMENT)
 MEDICINE DROPPER –  CONNECTING TUBE
is used to TRANSFER (adapter) – is used for
small amounts of connecting two or more
liquids solutions. (LAB containers. (LAB
ACCESSORY) INSTRUMENT)
 TEST TUBE RACK – is  STIRRING ROD – is used
used to hold test tubes to mix liquids in flasks
while reactions happen or beaker. It is also
in them or while they used to as a guide in
are needed. (LAB transferring liquids
ACCESSORY) from one container to
 IRON STAND – is used another. (LAB
to hold or support ACCESSORY)
glassware during  TEST TUBE BRUSH – is
experiments (METAL used to clean the inside
ACCESSORY) part of a test tube. (LAB
 TRIPOD – is a three- ACCESSORY)
legged rack used for  WASH BOTTLE – is used
support in heating to rinse GLASSWARE
setups. (METAL and not your EYES in
ACCESSORY) the Chemistry
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
Laboratory. (LAB  When properly
ACCESSORY) calibrated, provides a
 METER STICK – is used quick and simple means
in measuring physical of determining the
quantities (LAB mass of a substance.
ACCESSORY)’  Tare function of an
 WOODEN PLANK – is electronic balance
used as an accessory in instructs the balance to
MOTION experiments perform this calculation
(LAB ACCESSORY) in subsequent readings.
o BURNERS ad FLAMES  Remove all items from
 Parts of a BURNER; the scale. Make sure
Barrel, Collar, Air hole, the scale is CLEAN and
Base, Needle Valve and FREE of DEBRIS; If you
Gas Inlet wipe down the scale,
make sure that the
scale is COMPLETELY
DRY before doing to the
next step; LEVEL
SURFACE. Do not move
it until all
measurements are
complete; Press and
hold the button labeled
“tare” (on/off button)
until the digital display
reads ZERO; place the
empty container for the
substance to be massed
on the pan of the
electronic balance;
Press the Tare button
*Luminous – incomplete combustion (orange to on the balance. Tare
yellow) instructs the computer
*Non-Luminous – complete combustion (blue chip in the electronic
to colorless) balance to subtract the
current mass from all
o ELECTRONIC BALANCE
future readings; add
the chemical to be
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
massed to the o GAS EXCHANGE – diffuse
container. though skin.
o Respiratory System
The Need to Respire

o Respiration – is the overall

o it is the body system that gets exchange of gases (how the
oxygen into the body and body gets oxygen and gets rid
removes carbon dioxide from of carbon dioxide) among the
the body atmosphere
o oversees gases exchanges o Breathing – the act of taking in
between the blood and external air in the inspiration and out of
environment the lungs (expiration)
o passageways to purify, warm o External Respiration –
and humidify the incoming air exchange of oxygen and carbon
o exchange of gasses takes place dioxide between the air and the
within the lungs in the alveoli blood within the lungs.
o shares responsibility with o Internal Respiration – exchange
cardiovascular of oxygen and carbon dioxide
o move air in and out of the lungs between the blood and body
o delivers Oxygen (O2) and cell.
removes Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\ o Cellular Respiration – the
o Respiration – external (lungs) process of using oxygen to
internal (hemoglobin) break down sugar in food,
o Pulmonary Ventilation producing energy (ATP –
(Inhalation and Exhalation) Triphosphate) in cells and
releasing carbon dioxide as a
o ASSISTANCE – abdominal waste product.
compression (urination) Upper Respiratory Tract
defecation (passing of the o Consists of nose, nasal cavities,
feces, poop) and parturition pharynx, and larynx.
o CLEANING – coughing and o Nostrils – here the air we
sneezing (self-cleaning reflexes) breathe in is inhaled through
o SOUND PRODUCTION – air the nose, where it is filtered
move through larynx through the two opening
o OLFACTION – sense of smell o Nasal Cavity (Septum) – divides
o DEFENSE – cilice (coarse hairs, the cavity into the right and left
goblet cells, fight bacteria, portions.
mucus keeps epithelium from o Nasal Conchae – extend from
dropping out) walls to nasal cavity.
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
o Mucus Membrane – warms and sponge-like organs located in
moistens the air. the chest cavity, bounded on
o Cilla – help eliminate particles. the sides by the ribs and on the
o Glands in the Nasal Cavity like bottom by the diaphragm.
the coarse hair in the nostrils o Diaphragm – is a powerful
traps large dust and dirt muscle nestled in the bottom of
particles, which are coated with the rib cage, aids in the
mucus. respiration.
o Pharynx – it is a muscular tube o Lobes – sections in the lungs
in our upper throat where the o Pleura – it is the thin membrane
filtered air moves. It is also a that surrounds the lungs.
common passageway for both o Bronchi – the air reaches a
food and air – the esophagus place where the trachea
(digestive system) and the branches into two tubes. Left
trachea (respiratory system) bronchus enters the left lung;
o Epiglottis – is a flap of tissue Right bronchus enters the right
that closes the entrance to the lung.
rest of the respiratory system o Bronchioles – it is like tiny
when we swallow. tubes in the size of twigs.
o Larynx – is the hollow muscular o Alveoli – are air sacs which
organ forming an air passage to inflate during inhalation and
the lungs and holding the vocal deflate during exhalation, it is
cords in humans and other the gateways for oxygen into
mammals; voice box the body.
o Throat – used for Cellular Respiration
inhalation/exhalation, o Energy-releasing process,
swallowing food, serves fueled by oxygen.
respiratory and digestive Gas Exchange (Animals)
systems. o Intergumentary – Occurs
through skin.
Lower Respiratory Tract
o Gills – allows echange of gases
o Consists of the Trachea, Bronchi underwater.
and Bronchioles. o Tracheal System – used by
o Trachea or windpipe – is a insects.
tube-like structure that acts as o Lungs – found in land animals
the main passageway to the Human Respiration
lungs. o Internal – exchange of gases
o Lungs – is the main organs of between the blood and the
the respiratory system, are body tissues.
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
o External – exchange of gases severe disease which can even
between the atmosphere and lead to pneumonia.
the blood, involves breathing Vaccinations and Antiviral drugs
and the lungs are available in some countries.
Mechanisms in Breathing o Pneumonia – refers to any
o Inspiration – air rich in O2 infection of the lungs caused by
enters the lungs from the bacteria, virus, fungi or
atmosphere, the diaphragm protozoa in rare condition.
contract or flattens, the Symptoms include fever, chest
intercostal muscle raise the pain, and fluid in the lungs and
ribs. difficulty in breathing. Causes
o Expiration – air rich in CO2 exits inflammation of the lung’s air
the lungs, the diaphragm sacs or alveoli. It can lead to
relaxes, and the intercostal severe symptoms and can cause
muscles lower the ribs. death if left untreated. X-rays
o Medulla Oblongata – controls accompanied by blood and
rhythm and depth of breathing. sputum tests can confirm the
o Pons – controls the rate of type of pneumonia. Treatment
breathing includes medications and
participation in follow-up care.
Prevention, Detection and All who have AIDS can
Treatment of Diseases of the commonly suffer a protozoan
Respiratory System infection known as
o Infectious Diseases of the Pneumocystis Pneumonia.
Respiratory Tract.
o Common Cold – is a contagious
infection of the upper
respiratory tract and is usually
the result of a viral infection.
Symptoms include sneezing,
runny nose, congestion and
mild fever. Cure is taking
enough rest and drinking lots of
fluids.
o Influenza – is a contagious
illness caused by several
influenza viruses. Influenza has
the same symptoms as
Common Cold but it is more
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
o Tuberculosis – is caused by the fluids. Chronic can be treated
bacteria Mycobacterium by giving proper medical
Tuberculosis, which can spread attentions.
via respirations droplets o Emphysema – is a long-term
through coughing and other. disease of the lungs caused by
Tubercles are bacteria form prolonged exposure to
small lump-like lesions; respiratory irritants like tobacco
Symptoms include bad cough chemicals and air pollutants
lasting for three weeks or more, such as factory fumes or coals.
discolored or bloody sputum, Medications such as use of
weight loss, weakness or bronchodilators, antibiotics,
fatigue, slight fever, night’s steroid aerosol spray, oxygen
sweats, loss of appetite, and supply and more.
pain when breathing or o COPD – stands for Chronic
coughing. Cure includes taking Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
several antibiotics. The term is associated with
o Respiratory Disorders emphysema, asthma, and
o Asthma – is a chronic and chronic bronchitis. Medications
allergic condition that makes include antibiotics.
the breathing airways narrow o Lung Cancer – is one of the
and swollen, and causes them common causes of leading
to produce extra mucus. Cause cancer-related deaths. It can be
of asthma is unknown but acquired through the long-term
several factors or allergens help exposure to tobacco smoke.
trigger asthmatic attacks such Treatments include the removal
as the inhalation of pollen, dust of damaged part,
mites, and animal dead skin chemotherapy and radiation.
cells, asthma cannot be cured
but its symptoms can be
controlled.
o Bronchitis – is the inflammation
or swelling of the breathing
passages, the pathway between
the nose and the lungs. The
disease is often caused by viral
lung infections. The disease
comes in two forms – acute and o Circulatory System
chronic. Acute can be treated o To carry oxygen and nutrients
with sufficient rest and enough to every cell of the body and to
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
remove carbon dioxide and
other wastes from the cells, the
movement of materials from
blood to cells and vice versa
happens through the process of
diffusion.
o It consists of the heart, blood The Blood and its Composition
and blood vessels that carry
blood to every part of the body
and the lymphatic system.
o Person has around 4 to 5 liters
of blood and men have more
blood than women.
o Heart – is about the size of your
clenched fist. It pumps blood
through the blood vessels. The
two upper chambers are the
right and left atria which are
the receivers of the blood o Transportation of dissolved
coming into the heart while the gases, nutrients, hormones, and
two lower chambers are the metabolic wastes.
right and left ventricles which o (1) Blood transports the
pump blood out of the heart. digested food from the
o Septum – divides the heart in intestines to all parts of the
half, prevents blood from body, excretory products from
flowing between the two atria the tissues to the respective
or two ventricles, and separates excretory organs for removal.
the flow of oxygenated blood o (2) Protection against toxins,
and deoxygenated blood. pathogens and blood loss
o *When the heart pumps, the injuries.
two atria contract, forcing o (3) Stabilization of body
blood into ventricles, the atria temperature.
then relax and the two o (4) Regulation of the pH
ventricles contract, pushing through the blood buffering
blood into the blood cells. system and electrolyte
composition of interstitial fluids
throughout body.
o Blood is accurately called a fluid
tissue.
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
o The fluid part of the blood is they live for 120 days. It is color
known as blood plasma. red because of hemoglobin a
o Blood Plasma – is a pale special kind of protein
yellowish liquid that is about containing iron and also of the
ninety-two percent water. The pigment substance.
remaining eight percent is o White Blood Cells also known
made up of a dissolved complex as leukocytes (leuko means
mixture of various substances. “white”), are colorless and do
 soluble or plasma not contain hemoglobin, they
proteins such as serum are larger than RBC but are
albumin, serum globulin fewer in number. It is irregularly
and fibrogen shaped and contains a nucleus.
 dissolved mineral salts The main task of WBC is to
such as chlorides, protect the body from diseases
bicarbonates and caused by bacteria, viruses and
sulfates and other foreign substances. The
phosphates of sodium number of WBC increases
and potassium dramatically when the body
 food substances such as becomes infected.
glucose, amino acids, o Types of WBC
fatty acids and vitamins o Lymphocyte – active against
 excretory products like various pathogens; virus-
urea, uric acid, and infected and tumor cells. Same
creatinine mature as plasma cells and can
 Hormones such as produce antibodies.
insulin, growth o Monocyte – engulfs pathogens
hormones, and turns into macrophages
testosterone, estrogen, upon migration to tissues and
adrenaline bloodstream.
o Eosinophil – active against
Blood Cells and Cell
parasites and in allergic
Fragments
reactions.
(RBC, WBC, Platelets)
o Basophil – active in allergic
o Red Blood Cells are also called reactions and matures like mast
erythrocytes (erythro means cells.
“red”; cytes means “cells”). Is a o Neutrophil – active against
circular, flattened, biconcave bacteria and fungi and capable
disc, it does not have a nucleus, of phagocytosis.
elastic and can squeeze itself,
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Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
o Macrophage – engulfs o It is a network of lymphatic
pathogens and alerts vessels and tiny bean structure
lymphocytes called lymph nodes. Lymph
o Blood Platelets are not true tissues are also located in
cells but are fragments pf various parts of the body,
cytoplasm from large bone including tonsils, thymus,
marrow known as spleen and bone marrow. Aside
megakaryocytes. They play a from collecting and recycling
part in the clotting of blood. fluids that leak from the
Fibrin is made of fibrogen circulatory system, it also helps
(protein in the blood plasma) fight bacterial and viral
forms long, sticky strands of a infections.
substance, it traps platelets. o Lymph – it is a leaked fluid
Blood Vessel passes by diffusion into the
o Consist if arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels.
capillaries. o Lymphocytes – is the one that
o Arteries – are blood vessels fills the nodes with WBC, they
that move blood away from the are also produced in the spleen,
heart, thick-walled, muscular the largest organ of the
and elastic, transport lymphatic system.
oxygenated blood (except Body Circulation
Pulmonary Artery), blood o Pulmonary Circulation –
carried under great pressure, transports oxygen-depleted
steady and pulsating. Arterioles blood from the heart to the
are the smaller vessels that lungs. (1) Right ventricle
enter tissues. Contracts, the blood is food
o Veins – carries blood to the through (2) the two pulmonary
heart, carries blood that artery into the lungs. Gas
contains waste and CO2 exchange happens in the (3)
(exception Pulmonary Veins), capillaries of the lungs, where
blood under much pressure, oxygen is picked up and carbon
valve to prevent much gravity dioxide is released to be
pull. Venules are vessels that exhaled. During inhalation, the
are larger than capillaries. blood is replenished and
o Capillaries – smallest vessel, becomes rich with fresh
microscopic, walls are one cell- oxygen, which then flows into
think, nutrients and gases the (4) pulmonary veins and
diffuse here into the (5) left atrium.
Lymphatic System Contraction of the left atrium
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First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
forces the blood into the (6) left of the heart. It can cause
ventricle. sudden heart attacks so to
o Systematic Circulation – (7) As prevent this you must stop
the left ventricle contracts, the smoking and be healthy.
oxygen-rich blood will go to the o Hypertensive – results from the
(8) body’s organs and tissues tighthening of the arterioles,
and it will return to the heart the smalles arteries of the
through the veins/ (9) Blood body. Treatment is promising
will travel and bring because of the availability of a
deoxygenated blood in the (10) wide variety of
right atrium. antihypertensive drugs.
Prevention, Detection and o Rheumatic – is a heart disease
Treatment of Diseases of the that usually occurs in children.
Circulartory System It causes damage to heart and
o Atherosclerosis – is the disease inflammation of the innermost
of the arteries that is associated layer of the heart.
with cholesterol buildup called Disorders of the Blood
plaque inside of the walls of the o Hemophilia – the blood does
arteries. The arteries harden not clot properly; treatment of
and lose the elasticity and bleeding episodes can be
degenerate. Medication resolved by antihemophilic
requires number of procedures factor.
such as angioplasty and o Anemia – is a condition
bypasses graft surgery, can whenever the RBC count stays
clear clogged arteries. persistently low. Sickle Cell
Prevention is quit smoking and Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia
exercise. and Pernicous Anemia are kinds
o Stroke – is a disorder that of it. Treated by taking folic
results from the blockage acid, iron supplements.
brought by the hardening of the o Leukemia – is a disorder
arteries in the brain or in neck. characterized by an abnormal
Cerebral Hemorrhage occurs increase in the WBC. Modern
when a patient has both treatment include radiation and
artherosclerosis and high blood. drugs
Cure for this illness is o Genetics
rehabilitation. o Branch of biology that studies
Diseases of the Heart heredity formation.
o CHD – the inability of the heart
to reach the coronary arteries
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Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
o Heredity – passing of o Cytokenesis – division of
characteristics from parents to cytoplasm produces daughter
offspring. cells.
o Allele – contrasting expression o Mitosis – 2 daughter cells,
or alternative forms of trait. single-stranded, repair, growth,
two genes that occupy the makes identical cells.
same position on homologous o Meiosis – 4 daughter cells,
chromosomes and that cover single-stranded, process that
the same trait. contribute, reduction division.
o Mendelian – basic laws of o Gene – a unit of heredity a
inheritance. section of DNA sequence.
o Molecular Genetics– chemical o Genome – the entire set of
nature of gene. genes in an organism.
o Population Genetics– behavior o Locus – a fixed location on a
of a gene and how the gene’s strand of DNA where a gene or
frequency affected by the one of its alleles is located.
environmental factors. o Homozygous – having identical
Heredity and Variation genes for a particular
o Gregor Mendel (July 20, 1822 characteristic.
[Aeinzendort, Austria] to o Heterozygous – having two
January 6, 1884 [Brno, Austria]) different genes for a particular
o Chromosome – found in the characteristic.
nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, o Dominant – the allele of a gene
made up of molecules and DNA, that masks or surpresses the
threadlike structure, expression of an alternate
(interphase), tightly coiled, part allele; the trait appears in the
of a cell that control the genes, heterozygous condition.
parts are centromere, gene, o Recessive – an allele that is
chromatids, contains genetic masked by a dominant allele;
information responsible for the does not appear in the
expression. We have 46 heterozygous condition, only in
Chromesomes (23 from sperm homozygous.
(male)) and (23 from egg o Phenotype – the physical
(female)) appearance of an organism.
o Karyokenesis – division of o Genotype – the genetic make
nucleus produces daughter up of an organism.
nucleus. o Monohybrid Cross – a genetic
cross involving a single pair of
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Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
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SCIENCE 9
genes (one trait); parent doffer Law of Independent States that the
by a single trait. Assortment separation of gene
o Dihybrid Cross – cross of two pairs in a given
chromosomes and the
different true-breeding strains
distribution of genes
(homozygous) that differ in a to gametes during
single trait. meiosis are entirely
o P – Parental generation independent of the
o F1 – First filial generation distribution of other
o F2 – Second filial generation gene pairs in other
pairs of chromosomes.
o FUNCTION OF CHROMESOMES
Law of Segregation States that a pair of
 Act as storage facility of genes is segregated or
genetic information separated during the
 Responsible for the formation of sex cells
expression of inherited Law of Dominance States that one trait
characteristics manifest itself while
 Transmit heredity the other trait is
hidden
information from
generation to the next
Punnett Square
 Factors of variation
o Nucleotides are the building
units of nucleic acid molecules
chemically made up of three
components.
o 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases
Guanine, Adenine (Purine)
Cytosine and Thymine
(Pyrimidine)
o Polynucleotide is formed when
nucleotides are linked together
into a straight chain.

SOMA = body Production of

offspring
Mainly concerned with Gametes =
the maintenance of reproductive cells in
life processes animals
Diploid – no. Haploid – same as
chromosomes Diploid
Mitosis Meiosis
Mendel’s Laws of Heredity
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
 Non-Mendelian o Pedigree – a chart that shows
o Refers any pattern of the family history and illustrates
inheritance in which traits do how a trait is inherited over
not segregate in accordance several generations.
with Mendel’s Laws. o Plant Breeding – better crop
o Incomplete – is a situation in varieties, genetically modified
which one allele is not food, food security and supply.
completely dominant over o Improving Animal Breeds –
another. polyploidy (leads to the
o Codominance – is a situation in expression of desirable traits),
which both alleles of a gene husbandry (increased milk)
contribute to the phenotype of o Transgenic – recombinant
the organism. proteins, produce useful
o Polygenic – is a trait controlled organs, study the effects of
by two or more genes. drugs and how diseases
o Multiple Alleles – is a situation develop.
having three or more alleles of o MIRA and her sisters – to
the same gene. contain pharmaceutical
o Sex-Linked – are any disease or products for humans (1998)
abnormality that is determined o ANDI – use for laboratory
by the sex hormones. experiments (2000)
 Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome o CC – for business reproducing
– a rare hereditary pets (2001)
disease that affects o Millie, Alexis, Christa, Dotcom,
young boys, usually Carrel – reproduce human
causing early death. organs (2000)
o Color Blindness – an inability to o SNUPPY – study human
distinguish between red and diseases (2005)
green and sometimes between
blue and yellow is caused by a Invertebrates
defect in one of the three color- o Phylum Porifera – the pore
sensitive cells in the retina.
bearing animals, most sponges
o Hemophilia – a rare bleeding
are hermaphroditic, reproduce
disorder in which the blood sexually or asexually (budding
doesn’t clot normally. or branching), shelter and
o DHT – dihydrotestosterone homes for many smaller
activate the baldness of a invertebrates, without tissues.
person. o Phylum Cnidaria – the stinging
celled animals, Jelly Fish, Hydra,
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
Portuguese Man O’ War,  Gastropoda – snails and
Nematocyst – it contains slugs
venomous coiled thread that  Cephalopoda – squid,
can be projected in self-defense octopus, cuttlefish etc.
or to capture prey, radially or  Bivalvia – clams,
biradially symmetric, have oysters, scallops etc.
tentacles and possess true o Phylum Echinodermata – the
tissue, with specialized nerve, spiny skinned animals, radial
muscle and digestive tissue symmetry, no heart, brain and
o Phylum Platyhelminthes – eyes, exclusively marine, can
flatworms, blind digestive regenerate missing limbs, arms
system, free living are and spines.
hermaphroditic, parasitic o Phylum Arthropoda – jointed
flatworms have suckers/hooks legs, is an invertebrate animal
called scolex. having an exoskeleton, a
o Phylum Nematoda – segmented body and jointed
roundworms, simplest appendages, it includes insects,
organism to have a complete arachnid, myriapods,
digestive tract, no respiratory crustaceans, consists of chitin,
and circulatory system, polymer of glucosamine, rigid
reproduce sexually. cuticle inhibits growth, it
o Phylum Annelida – segmented replaces periodically by
worms, well-known molting.
earthworms and red worms  Biodiversity
used in backyard composters, o it is the variety of life, the
simplest animals that possess a existence of many different
coelom, with segmented kinds of plants and animals in
bodies, have organs and an environment
systems for circulation, o Extinction – it is the state or
digestion, reproduction, situation that results when
excretion and coordination. something has died out
o Phylum Mollusca – the soft completely.
bodied animal, mollusks are the o Tamaraw, Mouse Deer,
largest marine phylum, Philippine Deer, Monkey-Eating
comprising about 23% of all the Eagle or the Philippine Eagle,
named marine organisms, the Palawan Peacock Pheasant,
most universal features of the Giant Scops Owl, Kock’s Pitta,
body structure of mollusks are a Mindoro’s Imperial Pigeon,
mantle with a significant cavity. Eastern Sarus Crane, Rufous
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
Crane, Dugong, Green sea o Epidermises, Vein, Mesophyll
turtle.. are the three major parts.
o Natural Catastrophic Causes – o Stoma – flanked by 2 guard
global warming, major cells, where oxygen and carbon
glaciations, or ice ages, dioxide passes.
fluctuation in sea level, global
reduction of oxygen level, Light (Photolysis) Dark (Carbon
Fixation)
volcanic eruptions, meteor
Occurs in the GRANA Occurs in the STROMA
impacts, plate tectonics,
of the chloroplast of the chloroplast
gamma radiation, diseases. It is a light dependent This process does not
o Human Activities – DIRECT – process require light
over exploitation, deliberate Photolysis of water Photolysis of water
extermination of undesirable takes place and does not take place.
species – INDIRECT – habitat oxygen is liberated CO2 is absorbed
ATP and NADPH is Glucose is produced.
destruction and fragmentation,
produced and they are Reduced NADP is
introduction of exotic species,
used to drive the dark oxidized.
pollution. reaction
 Photosynthesis and Respiration
o Autotrophic Pattern – light
energy is transformed to AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
chemical energy that can be CELLS Most needs Occurs in
INVOLVED oxygen to muscle cells
used by the cell, cells in which
produce and RBC
transformation occurs. energy
o Heterothropic Pattern – cannot Lactic Acid NONE YES
transform light energy, can Production
break down organic molecules Glucose/Energy HIGH (38 LOW (2 ATP)
manufactured by autotrophs, ATP)
cells that obtain energy by Products ATP, Water ATP, Lactic
and CO2 Acid
feeding on other organisms.
Reactants SUGAR Glucose
o Photosynthesis – food-making
Reaction site Cytoplasm, Cytoplasm
process in plants., light, carbon mitochondri
dioxide of the atmosphere, a
temperature, water supply., Stages involved Glycolysis, Glycolysis
functions; glucose is supplied to Kreb’s Cycle Fermentation
plants, helps the heterotrophs Election
Transport
in their organic food
Chain
requirements, they maintain at
Combustion Complete Incomplete
a constant level.
 Marist School
Reviewer/ Pagbabalik-tanaw
First Quarter
SCIENCE 9
Glycolysis

 Glucose
 6-carbon compound
 2 molecules of PGAL
 2 molecules of 3-carbon compound
 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Krev’s Cycle

 Acetyl Co-A combines with 4-carbon to

form 6-carbon compound
 CO2 is released from 6-carbon resulting
to 5-carbon compound
 Another CO2 is released resulting to 4-
carbon compound
 4-carbon converted to 4-carbon
compound
 Re-enters cycle

God Bless!