1917 The Mirror of Gesture

THE MIRROR OF GESTURE
BEING THE ABHINAYA DARPANA

OF NANDIKESVARA
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
BY
ANANDA COOMARASWAMY
AND
GOPALA KRISTNAYYA DUGGIRALA
WITH INTRODUCTION AND

ILLUSTRATIONS
CAMBRIDGE
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD
Oxf OSD UuivERsm Fkess
I9I7
COPYEIGHT, 191
HARVARD TJNIVEKSITy PItESS
INSCRIBED BY THE TRANSLATORS
WITH AFFECTIONATE GREETING
TO ALL ACTORS AND ACTRESSES
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction i
The Indian Editor's Preface . ii

Invocation 13
Dialogue of Indra and Nandikesvara 13
Natya, Nrtta, and Nrtya 14
The Audience, Ministers, Stage, Danseuse, Bells, Dancer, Inner
and Outer Life of the Danseuse, Vulgar Dancing, the Course
OF THE Dance 15
Gesture 17
Nine Movements of the Head 18
Twenty-four Movements of the Head 19
Eight Glances . . . ... 21
Forty-four Glances . . 21
Six Movements of the Brows .... . . ... 24
Lives of the Hands . . . 25
Twenty-eight Single Hands 26
Twenty-four Combined Hands . 38
Twenty-six Combined Hands . 41
Hands denoting Relationships .
44
Hands denoting Devas . .
45
Hands denoting the Nine Planets 46
Hands denoting the Avatars of Vishnu 46
Hands denoting the Four Castes ... 46
Hands denoting Famous Emperors 47
HAfJDS denoting the Seven Oceans 48
Hands denoting Famous Rivers 48
Hands denoting the Upper and Lower Worlds 48
Hands denoting Trees 48
Hands denoting Animals 49
Hands denoting Flying Creatures 50
Hands denoting Water Creatures . . . . 51
Colophon . .
51
Works of Comparison and Reference 52
LIST OF PLATES
I. The Cosmic Dance or Siva (Nataraja). Madras Museum.
II. KuRUKUiLA. Calcutta Museum.
III. Danseuse. Buddhist Frieze, Borobodur, Java.
IV. Dancing Frieze. Ceiling Sculpture, Dilwarra, Mt. Abu.
fDANSEusES Before a Taina Goddess. Dllwarka, Mt. Abu.

V.
I Apsaras Dancing Before Vishnu. From Early Kangra Painting.
VI. Danseuse. From an Ajanta Fresco.
VII. Hands of Images.

VIII. Seated Image with Anjali Hands.
EX. Nautch Dance Before a Royal Patron.
X. Single Hands.
XI. Single aistd Combined Hands.

XII. Single and Combined Hands.
Xni. Combined Hands.

XIV. Combined Hands.
XV. Complete Poses.
INTRODUCTION
Mr. Gordon Craig, who understands so well the noble arti-
ficiality of Indian dramatic technique, has frequently asked me
for more detailed information than is yet available in this too
long neglected field.
" If there are books of technical instruction," writes Mr. Gordon Craig,
" them to me I pray you. The day may come when I could afford to
tell
have one or two translated for my own private study and assistance. I
dread (seeing what it has already done in other arts here) the influence of
the finished article of the East; but I crave the instruction of the instructors
of the East. The disastrous effect the Chinese porcelain and the Japanese
print has had on us in painting we must try to avoid in this theatre art. . . .
You know how I reverence and love with aU my best the miracles of your
land, but I dread for my men lest they go blind suddenly attempting to see
God's face. You know well what I mean, I think. So I want to cautiously
open this precious and dangerous (only to us queer folk) book of technical
instruction before the men go crazy over the lovely dancers of the King of
Cambodia, before the quaintness tickles them, before they see a short
' '
cut to a sensation. If only you knew how tmwiUing these men of the theatre
(most of all those dissatisfied with the old sloppy order) were to face the
odds, and how they long to escape obhgations (your phrase in Sati ') you '
would almost make a yearly tour of England crying ' Shun the East and the
^
mysteries of the East '.
"
While we still lack a complete and adequate translation,

"
and even a satisfactory edition, of the " Dramatic Science
{Ndtya Sdstra) of Bharata, the present version of a shorter
compendium known as the " Mirror of Gesture " {Abhinaya
Darpana) of Nandikesvara may be of use as an introduction
to Indian method.
The dramatic scriptures of India were framed by Brahma at
the request of the lesser gods, at the very beginning of the Treta
Yuga, the last aeon before the present. This event is described
as follows in the first chapter of the "Natya Sastra" of Bharata:
' Extract from a letter written in 1915.

2 THE MIRROR OF GESTURE
When Brahma was a Sage in the Krta Age, and when Vaisvata Manu was
preparing for the Treta Age, when popular morality is in the grasp of greed
and of desire, and the world is deluded by envy, by resentment, and by
weal and woe, when the Devas, Danavas, Gandharvas, Yaksas, Rak§asas,
Mahoragas, and the Lokapalas entered upon Jambu-dvipa, then Indra and
the other Devas said to Brahma: " We desire a pastime to be seen and heard.
This matter of the Four Vedas should not be heard by Sudras, pray there-
fore shape another and a fifth Veda for all the castes."
Saying to them, " So let it be," and turning away from Indra, he who
knows the essence of every matter, seated in Yoga posture, called to his
mind the Four Vedas, thinking, " Let me make a Fifth Veda, to be called
Natya (Drama), combined with epic story, tending to virtue, wealth, (pleas-
ure and spiritual freedom), yielding fame —
a concise instruction setting forth
all the events of the world about to be, containing the significance of every
Scripture, and forwarding every art." Thus, recalling all the Vedas, the
BlessedBrahma framed the Natya Veda from the several parts of the Four
Vedas, as desired. From the Rg Veda he drew forth the words, from the
Sama Veda the singing, from the Yajur Veda gesture, and from the Atharva
Veda the flavour.
This science was communicated by Brahma to Bharata and to

his hundred sons, and it was first used at the Flag Festival of
Devas in battle against the
Indra, to celebrate the victory of the
Danavas. When, however, the Danavas found that the drama
depicted their own defeat, they remonstrated with Brahma,
and this afforded occasion for an explanation of the true character
and significance of dramatic art —not to flatter any party, but
to represent the true and essential nature of the world. Brahma
explains to the Danavas:
" This play is not merely for your pleasure or the pleasure of the Devas,
but exhibits mood (bhava) for all the Three Worlds. I made this play
as following the movement of the world (loka-rt'-anukaranam), whether
in work or play, profit, peace, laughter, battle, lust, or slaughter; yielding
the fruit of righteousness to those who follow the moral law, pleasure to
those who follow lust, a restraint for the unruly, a discipline for the followers
of a rule, creating vigour in the impotent, zeal in warriors, wisdom in the
ignorant, learning in scholars, affording sport to kings, endurance to the
sorrow-smitten, profit to those who seek advantage, courage to the broken-
wiUed; replete with the divers moods (bhavas), informed with the varying
passions of the soul, Mnked to the deeds of all mankind, the best, the middhng,
and the low, affording excellent counsel, pastime, weal and aU else.
This drama shall be the source of all counsel in matters of flavour (rasa),
mood (bhdva), and every rite; it shall serve as a timely resting-place for
those who are grieved, weary, unhappy, or engaged in an arduous discipline;
THE MIRROR OF GESTURE 3
bestowing righteousness, renown, long life, fortune, increase of reason; afford-

ing counsel to the world. That which is not to be found herein is not
knowledge, nor craft, nor wisdom, nor any art, nor deeds, nor Union (yoga).
I made this drama according to the Seven Lands, and so you should not
feel resentment towards the Immortals. The drama is to be understood as
witnessing the deeds of Gods and Titans, kings of the spheres, and Brahma-
sages. Drama is that which accords with the order (sva-bhava) of the world,
with its weal and woe, and it consists in movements of the body and other
arts of expression (abhinaya). The theatre is such as to afford a means of
entertainment in the world, and a place of audience for the Vedas, for philo-
sophy, for history, and other matters."
He adds that no performance should be begun without fulfill-
ing the Office of the Stage (ranga-pujah), and that those who
neglect this ritual will be ruined.
In a following chapter Bharata explains, in connection with
the building of the theatre,how it is that the behaviour of the
artist must of necessity be studied, and not impulsive; for the
human actor, who seeks to depict the drama of heaven, is not
himself a god, and only attains to perfect art through conscious
discipline: " All the activities of the gods, whether in house or
garden, spring from a natural disposition of the mind, but all
the activities of men result from the conscious working of the

wiU; therefore it is that the details of the actions to be done by
men inust be carefully prescribed."
Indian acting or dancing — the
same word, Natya, covers
both ideas — is thus a deliberate art. Nothing is left to chance;
the actor no more yields to the impulse of the moment in gesture
than in the spoken word. When the curtain rises, indeed, it is
too late to begin the making of a new work of art.^ Precisely as

the text of the play remains the same whoever the actor may be,
precisely as the score of a musical composition is not varied by
whomsoever it may be performed, so there is no reason why an
accepted gesture-language (angikabhinaya) should be varied
with a view to set off advantageously the actor's personaHty.
It is the action, not the actor, which is essential to dramatic
art. Under these conditions, of course, there is no room for any
amateur upon the stage; in fact, the amateur does not exist in
Oriental art.
^ This general principle holds good even where an author acts his own play.
Granting, of course, a variety of natural capacity, there
naturally appears to be less difference between the good and bad
actor than we are accustomed to observe in modern Europe,
because the actor who merely exhibits himself is eliminated alto-
gether. The difference, however, exists, and the Indian connois-
seur is as sensitive to every shade of it as the western critic to
the wider range of variation on the European stage. The perfect
same complete and calm command of gesture that
actor has the
the puppet showman has over the movements of his puppets;
the exhibition of his art is altogether independent of his own
emotional condition, and if he is moved by what he represents,
he is moved as a spectator, and not as an actor.' Excellent
acting wears the air of perfect spontaneity, but that is the art
which conceals art. It is exactly the same with painting. The
Ajanta frescoes seem to show unstudied gesture and spontaneous
is hardly a position of the hands or of
pose, but actually there
the body which has not a recognized name and a precise signi-
ficance. The more deeply we penetrate the technique of any
typical Oriental art, the more we find that what appears to be
individual, impulsive, and natural ', is actually long-inherited,
'
well-considered, and well-bred. Under these conditions Hfe

itself becomes a ritual. The Indian actor rehes only to a very
small extent on properties, and still less on scenery. Referring
to this, Babu Dinesh Chandra Sen remarks with justice of the
Bengali Yatras, that these folk-plays " without scenery, without
the artistic display of costumes, could rouse emotions which
nowadays we scarcely experience while witnessing semi-
European performances given on the stages of the Calcutta
^
theatres."
But it is not merely in connection with folk-plays that
accessories are needless. Let us take a few episodes from
the " Sakuntala " of Kalidasa and see how they are presented.
The " Watering of a Tree " is to be acted according to the follow-
ing direction: " First show N
alina-padmakosa hands palms
downwards, then raise them to the shoulder, incline the head,
1 " Sahitya Darpa;ia ", 50.
2 " History of Bengali Language and Literature ", 1911, p. 733.
somewhat bending the slender body, and pour out. Nalina-

padmakoSa hands are as follows: Sukatuijîa hands are crossed
palms down, but not touching, turned a Httle backward, and
made PadmakoSa. To move the Nalina-padmakosa hands down-
wards is said to be pouring out ." The action indicated is
'
'
practically that of the extreme left-hand figure in Plate XII of

the India Society's " Ajanta Frescoes " (Oxford, 1915), but the
actress, of course, only makes beUeve to lift and pour, she does
not make use of an actual vessel. " Showing Fear of a Bee " is
to be acted as follows: " Move the head quickly to and fro
(Vidhutam), the hps quivering, while Patdka hands are held
unsteadily against the face, palms inward." " Gathering
Flowers" is "Hold the left hand
to be acted as follows:
horizontally in Ardla, the right hand in Haifisasya, extended
forward at the side." The left hand here represents a
basket, and imaginary flowers are picked with the right hand
and transferred to the left. " Mounting a Car " is to be shown
as follows: " The knees are to be raised, the leg being bent and
lifted, so that the knee is level with the chest, and there held;
and then the same is done with the other foot." ^

It should be noted throughout that the words Ndtya, etc.,
imply both acting and dancing; we have used the word dance '
'
in our translation only for want of any English word combining

the ideas of dancing and acting. The reader will go far astray
if he understands by dancing anything but rhythmic shewing.
Indian acting is a poetic art, an interpretation of life, while

modern European acting, apart from any question of the words,
is prose, or imitation.
It is needless to say that the appeal of the Indian actor's art
can only be felt by a cultivated audience; it is for this reason
that it possesses so Uttle interest for the ordinary European
1 Sukatmida, PadmakoSa, Arala and Hamsasya hands, and the Vidhuta head
are explained in the text of the " Mirror of Gesture " translated below. The above
stage directions are from Raghavabhatta's " Arthadyotanika ", a, commentary on
Sakuntala, printed in the " Abhijnana Sakuntala " edited by Godabole and Paraba,
Bombay, 1886. The immediate somrce is Sylvain Levi's well known and valuable
work, "Le Theatre Indien", which is, however, mainly concerned with the literature,
rather than the technique of the Indian drama.
O THE MIRROR OF GESTURE
spectator, who remains from begiiming to end of the performance
— if he remains so long — an outsider. The Indian artist is a
professional, and he works for an audience of unsparing critics.
The fact that dancing or pantomime is a learned art appears in
all the literature, and the accompHshed actor must be accom-
plished in many things . In the

'
' Mirror of Gesture " , for example,
the various definitions are constantly supported by the remark,
" This is the view of those who are learned in the Bharatagama." ^
It must not be imagined on this account that Indian Natya
served or serves only for the entertainment of an academic
cUque. This may have been the case with the old court dramas,
but was not so with Natya in general, which corresponded to
it
the common and collective need of the folk. Where such a need
is felt, there arises a common and collective art, that is to say,
an art which is not, indeed, practised by everyone, but is under-

stood by everyone. The Indian actor, despite the apparent
complexity of the gesture-language, makes no movement of
which the meaning is incomprehensible to an Indian audience,
while the subject-matter — religious, epic, or erotic — is common
ground for all. But the knowledge of technique and theme is
not alone sufi&cient, without imagination; and according to the

Indian view, the power to experience aesthetic emotion is inborn,
itcannot be acquired by mere study, being the reward of merit
gained in a former life.^ Whether or not this be true of the indi-
vidual, it is certainly true of human communities, where no great
art ever yet sprang into being out of nothing in a single genera-
tion. and the general imderstanding of art, are always the
Art,
result of a long, united, and consistently directed effort, and
nothing can be done unless the artist and the spectator share a
common inspiration. How far this is assumed to be the case in
India may be gathered from the remarks of the dramatic critics
such as Dhanarnjaya, who pours scorn upon the spectator who
seeks in drama the statement of fact rather than the experience
^ Phrases of this nature, which are constantly repeated, are generally omitted
in otur translation.
^ " Knowledge of Ideal Beauty,'' says Blake, " is not to be acquired. It is bom
with us."
of joy,* and says that this experience depends upon the specta-
tor's own
capacities, and does not arise from the perfections of
the hero, or because the work was deliberately designed to create
a beautiful effect; it is their own effort by which the audience
is delighted, just as in the case of children playing with clay
elephants, whose imagination bestows upon their toys a varied
and abundant Ufe.^ Those who lack imagination are said to be
no better than furniture, walls, or stones.'
The no longer to be seen in India
old Indian dramatic art is
in a complete state.* Themodern Parsee theatres,

art of the
chiefly exhibited in large towns such as Bombay and Calcutta, is
only nominally Indian. The scenery and costume are elaborate,
incongruous, and tawdry; the music and the ballet hybrid; and
the acting, though generally clever, is iU-informed and unsen-
sitive.^ Authentic Indian acting, however, survives in the
'Nautch', a form of dance which sets forth a given theme by
means of song and gesture combined. Performances of this kind
do not correspond very closely to modem European conceptions
of the dance, which belong rather to what is called in India mere
Nrtta, rhythmic movement without a theme and therefore with-
out " flavoxir." The Indian Nacni (Nautch-girl, bayadere)
generally exhibits an alternation of Nrtta and Nrtya. The latter,
together with the sister art of music, must be regarded as repre-
senting the most perfect form of old Indian practical aesthetic
culture now surviving, and one of the most beautiful and mov-
ing arts that maintain a precarious existence in a world that is
' The essential characteristic of aesthetic emotion (rasdsvddana) is a timeless

delight (dnattda) akin to that of the experience of union with the Brahman (Brah-
masvddana). — " Sahitya Darpaija ", 33, 54.
' "DaSarupa", i, 6, and iv, 47-50 and 90. For the general question of aesthetic
emotion, see also the " Sahitya Darpapa " of ViSvanatha Kaviraja, (Calcutta, 1875)
Regnaud, "La Rhfitorique Sanskrite", Paris, 1884; and my "Hindu View of Art",
in"The Quest", 1915, and "That Beauty is a State", Burlington Magazine, 1915.
' Dharmadatta, quoted " Sahitya Darpapa ", 39.
* It survives, perhaps, in Cambodia. Cf. A. Leclere, "Le Th64tre Cambodgien",
Revue d'Ethnographie et de Sociologie, 1910, Nos. ii-r2, pp. 257-282 — a valu-

able paper, and well illustrated.
" It may be remarked that the few attempts that have so far been made to ex-
hibit Indian drama on the English stage have merited similar criticism.
" thinking of something else." There are still innumerable
Indian temples where the ritual dancing of Devadasis before
the image is a part of the regular daily office; while in
orthodox circles the Nautch is still an indispensable element
in all festivities such as weddings and coronations. The Nautch
is a direct survival of the old Indian Natya. But the material
drama is rarely if ever presented at the present day,
of the classic
the theme of the modern Nautch being most often Vaisnava.
The development of Natya is thus analogous to that which has
taken place in painting and poetry.
It may be remarked here that it is very usual for Indian singers,
other than dancers, to accompany their singing with gesticulation.
This is of two kinds, of which the first, quite distinct from what
is spoken of in the present treatise, is a hand movement reflecting
the musical form; this expression of empathy (sddhdranl) is

sometimes very impressive or graceful, but not less often gro-
tesque. The second, known as bhdv batdnd or shewing moods is '
'
of the type here described as abhinaya, or '

gesture ' and differs
from Natya only in the greater relative importance of the music

and the words.
Certain of the dance poses possess not merely a general lin-
guistic, but also a special hieratic significance. These poses,

chiefly of the hands, are spoken of as mudras (seals), and are
more or less familiar to students of Hindu iconography. It is,
however, scarcely realised how closely connected are the dancing

and the sculpture. Many of the gods are themselves dancers, and,
in particular, the everlasting operation of creation, continuance,
and destruction — the Eternal Becoming, informed by All-pervad-
ing Energy — is marvellously represented in the dance of Siva.'
He also exhibits dances of triumph and of destruction. Kali, Hke-
wise, dances in the burning ground, which we understand to
signify the heart of the devotee made empty by renunciation.
Sri Krishna dances a dance of triumph following the victory over
' " In this drama of the world He is both the Chief Actor and the Chief of
Actresses. This drama commenced in the beginning with the union of Actor and
Actress, and will conclude, according to His unfailing will, at that night which is
the end of time " (" Tantra Tattva ", trans. Avalon, p. 38).
Kaliya, and another General Dance, with the milkmaids of Brin-
daban,who are the souls of men.
Most of the dances just mentioned, however, except the Rasa
Mandala or General Dance last spoken of, are Tandava dances
and represent a direct cosmic activity. Those of the Nrtya
class, which set forth in narrative fashion the activities of Gods
and Titans, or exhibit the relationships of hero and heroine " so
as to reveal an esoteric meaning", are for the most part Lasya
dances performed by the Apsaras of Indra's paradise, and by the
Devadasis and Nacnis upon earth. It will be seen that in all
cases the dance is felt to fulfil a higher end than that of mere
entertainment: it is ethically justified upon the groimd that it
subserves the Four Ends of life, and this view of Natya is plainly
stated in Tiruvenkatacari's preface translated below. The arts
are not for our instruction, but for our delight, and this delight
is something more than pleasure, it is the godlike ecstasy of
liberation from the mind and the senses,
restless activity of the
which are the veils of all reality, transparent only when we are
at peace with ourselves. From the love of many things we
are led to the experience of Union: and for this reason Tiruven-
katacari does not hesitate to compare the actor's or dancer's art
with the practice of Yoga. The secret of all art is self-forgetful-
ness.
Side by side with this view, however, there has always existed
in India a puritanical disparagement of the theatre, based upon
a hedonistic conception of the nature of aesthetic emotion; and
this party being now in full cry, and the Nautch, on the other
hand, being threatened by that hybridization which affects all
the arts of India that are touched by western influence, the old
Indian Natya is not likely to survive for very much longer.
Probably the art of the theatre wiU now first be revived in Europe,
rather than in India.
All that is said in the present volume will serve only as an
introduction to Indian dramatic technique and to Oriental act-
ing in general. But we are encouraged to think that even so
brief an introduction to an extensive science may prove of prac-
tical value to the many dramatists who are interested in the future
lO THE MIRROR OF GESTURE
of the European theatre; and though we have done all in our
power to serve the ends of scholarship, our main purpose in pub-
lishing the " Mirror of Gesture " is to interest and assist the
living actor —
not that we suppose that it might be profitable
for him to adopt the^ actual gesture-language of the East, but
that it may him with the enthusiasm and the patience
inspire
drama in his own environment.
needful for the re-creation of the
It remains to be said that our translation is based upon a
Nagari transcript of the second Telugu edition of the " Abhinaya
Darpana" of Nandikesvara, published imder the editorship of the
late Tiruvenkatacari of Nidamangalam. The translation is
intended to be literal, but in the latter part, and occasionally
elsewhere, is somewhat compressed by the omission of words
that are not absolutely essential, or phrases that are constantly
repeated, such as 'in the dance', 'this hand is called', or 'it
is stated in the laws of dancing '.
My thanks are due to M. Victor Goloubew for the photo-

graphs reproduced on Plates I and III, while the illustrations on
Plates IV and V (above) are from photographs by the Archaeo-
logical Survey of India.
Ananda Coomaraswamy
THE INDIAN EDITOR'S PREFACE
The Bharata Sastra, which is most dear to the Lord of Sri,
the Creator of every world, and which is the delight of every
connoisseur in every world, has been brought into being by Siva,
Sambhu, Gaurl, Brahma, Madhava, Nandikesvara, Dattila,
Kohala, Yajnavalkya, Narada, Hanuman, Vighraraja, Su-
brahmaniya, Arjuna, and the daughter of Bana (i. e. Usa) : these
are the famous authors of our science. Notwithstanding this, it
is known to everyone that in these days our people not merely

neglect this lore as though it were of the conmion sort, but go so
far as to declare it to be an art that is only suited for the enter-
tainment of the vulgar, imworthy of cultivated men, and fit to
be practised only by play-actors. But it is hke the Union-
sdence (Yoga-sdstra) which is the means of attaining spiritual
freedom (moksa): and the reason why a science such as this has
come to be regarded in such a fashion is that it is by movements
of the body (angikdbhinaya) that the lineaments and interplay
of hero and heroine, etc., are clearly exhibited, so as to direct
men in the way of righteousness, and to reveal an esoteric mean-
ing; obtaining the appreciation of connoisseurs and those who
are learned in the lore of gesture. But if we understand this
science with finer insight, it will be evident that it has come into
being to set forth the sport and pastime of Sri Krishna, who is
the progenitor of every world, and the patron deity of the flavour
of love; that by clearly expressing the flavour, and enabling
men to taste thereof, it gives them the wisdom of Brahma,
whereby they may understand how every business is unstable;
from which understanding arises indifference (vairdgya) to such
business, and therefrom arise the highest virtues of peace and
patience, and thence again may be won the BKss of Brahma.
It has been declared by Brahma and others that the mutual
relations of hero and heroine, in their esoteric meaning, partake
of the nature of the relations of master and pupil, mutual service
and mutual understanding; and therefore this Bharata Sastra,
which is a means to the achievement of the Four Aims of Human
Life, —Virtue, Wealth, Pleasure, and Spiritual Freedom, and —

the most exalted science, practised even by the Devas, should
also be patronized and practised by ourselves.
So thinking, I resolved to restore the science to its former
eminence, which has been day by day obscured. was
First of all
pubHshed the " Mirror of Gesture ", composed by one of the
founders of the science, Nandikesvara, to wit; but as it was not
readily understandable by all, there have been introduced into
this second edition pictures of the "Hands", with descriptions,
and also particulars of the occasion of their origin, race, patron
mentioned in various works; and also combined
deities, etc.,
hands, hands to indicate famous emperors, sacred rivers, trees;

animals, such as the lion; birds, such as the swan; water-
creatures, such as the crocodile; and a classification of " Heads."
In this way a total of four hundred and eight new verses have
been introduced, and therewith a simple translation with easy
Telugu words such as women and children can understand.
Besides this we have pubHshed another book, the Bharata
Rasa Prakarana, in which the Nine Flavours are explained,
with Telugu translations; and there exists a reference work of
the nature of a commentary, written by Raja Mannaru Gudi
Sabhapataya Garu, containing full explanations of such techni-
cal terms as raga, tdla, ndyaka, ndyakd, rasa, etc. May those of
the public who are connoisseurs both patronize and give us their
encouragement.
Madabhushi Tieuvenkata, of Nidamangalam,

A.D. 1887.
OM
MAY ALL BE WELL!
HAIL TO THE HOLY HAYAGRJVA!

DECLARED BY NANDIKE^VARA
The movement of whose body is the world, whose speech the sum of all
language,
Whose jewels are the moon and stars — to that pure Siva I bow!
Indra. —I bow to Nandikesvara, who dwells on Kailasa's

mount, the ocean of the essence of compassion, who reveals
the meaning of the Laws of Dancing.
Nandikesvara. —
Welcome to the King of the Suras Is it well !
with the dwellers in heaven ? What is the cause that brings

you here before me ?
Indra. —
This devotee of thine, this dancer, head of the dancing-
hall thy patronage adorns, has come to ask a favour.
Nandikesvara. —
Tell me truly and fuUy what I can do for you.
Indra. —
In the dancing-hall of the Daityas there is a dancer of
the name of Natasekhara. Indra seeks the Bharatarnava,
composed by thee, that he may gain the victory over him by
authentic knowledge of the skill of dancing.
Nandikesvara. — Hear, then, with attention the Bharatarnava
lore complete in four thousand verses.
Indra. — O Nandikesvara, image of compassion, apart from that
immensity, pray relate to me the authentic and entire Laws
of Dancing in a more concise form.
Nandikesvara. — O wise of heart, O Deva, I reveal accordingly
an abridgment of the Bharatarnava. Receive this simple
" Mirror " attentively.
' In this verse Siva is compared to an actor, whose means of expression (abhinaya)
are gesture, voice, and costume. He reveals himself through the world, the speech
of men, and the starry firmament. The image of Siva as dancer (Nataraja, NateSa)
and actor is everywhere conspicuous in Saiva literature (see " The Dance of Siva '',
by A. K. Coomaraswamy, " Siddhanta Dipika ", Vol. XIII, i).
The sages speak of Natya, Nrtta, and Nrtya.^ Natya is
dancing used in a drama {ndtaka) combined with the original
plot. Nrtta is that form of dance which is void of flavour {rasa)
and mood (bhdva). Nrtya that form of dance which pos-
is
sesses flavour, mood, and suggestion {rasa, bhdva, vyanjand

and the like. There is a twofold division of these three,
etc.),
Lasya and Tandava. Lasya dancing is very sweet, Tandava

dancing is violent.
Natya and Nrtya should be seen especially at festivals. Nrtya

at coronations, celebrations, processions of men or gods, mar-
riages, reunion of friends, entry into towns or houses, the birth
of children, and all auspicious occasions, by those who desire
fortune. Brahma has derived instrumental music, gesture, song,
and flavour respectively from the Rg, Yajur, Sama, and Atharva
Vedas,and has made these Laws of Dancing which yield fulfilment
of the Four Ends of Life, and are means to overcome misfortune,
hurt, affliction, disappointment, and regret, and yield therewith
more dehght than even Brahma-bhss. Nrtya should be seen by
a royal audience in the courts of kings.
The Audience (sabha) .
—
The Audience shines Hke the Wishing-
tree, when the Vedas are its branches, scriptures of art and science
{iastras) its flowers, and learned men the bees; where men of
truth are found, shining with good quahties, famous for righteous
conduct, honoured by kings, adorned by the Vedas; where the
Vedanta is expounded; when distinguished by the sound of
voice and lute {mnd) possessing heroes of renown, ornamented
;
by resplendent princes, shining with royal splendour.

The Seven Limbs of the Audience are men of learning, poets,
elders, singers, buffoons, and those who are familiar with history
and mythology.
^ Nftta and Njtya constitute dancing as a separate art. The ordinary perform-
ance of a nacni (nautch-girl, bayadire) consists of alternate Njtya and Njtta, the
former consisting of set dances with some special subject, and accompanied by
varied gesture, the latter merely moving to and fro, marking time with the feet, and
so forth. Njttahere dismissed with a merely negative definition, as the object
is
of the Abhinaya Darpaija is to explain how to express by gesture definite themes.

According to Dhanarnjaya (" DaSarupa " I, 14) speaking of Njtya and Njtta,
" the former, gesture-with-meaning is high {mdrga), the latter popular {deSi)."
The Chief of the Audience (sabha-nayaka). He who is Chief —

of the Audience should be wealthy, wise, discriminating, full of
gifts, versed in musical lore, omniscient, renowned, of charming
presence, knowing the moods (bhavas) ' and their expression

(hdva), void of jealousy and like faults, familiar with customary
etiquette, sympathetic, a Dhirodatta Nayaka, expert in all the
arts, clever in statecraft.
The Ministers (mantri). — Those who shine as royal ministers

are men of their word, discerners of good quahties, wealthy,
famed, learned in mood (bkava), knowing good from evil, fain
of the flavour of love, impartial, weU-conducted, of good will,
learned, devoted servants of the king, and men of culture.
The Stage (ranga). — The Chief of the Audience, as described,
should sit at ease, facing the east, the poets, ministers, and cour-
tiers at his side. The place before him, where dancing is to be
done, is called the stage.
The danseuse {pdtra) should stand in the middle of the stage,
and the dancer (nata) near her; on the right the cymbalist
(tdladhari); on drummers (mrdangikah)
either side the the ;
chorus (gitakdrah) between them; and the drone (srutikdra) a

little behind. Each of these, and thus ordered, should be present
on the stage.
The Danseuse, or Actress (patra). —
It is understood that the
Danseuse (nartakt) should be very lovely, young, with full round
^ Bhava is the first touch of emotion in a mind previously at rest; when the
emotion becomes more intense, and finds expression in movements of the eyes, eye-
brows, etc., it is called hdva. The ten hdvas or srngdra-ce}(ds are included among the
twenty or twenty-eight ornaments {alankdra) of a heroine, as follows: lild, the
imitation of the lover; vildsa, a flutter of delight, ricchitti, rearrangement of dress
or jewels to enhance loveliness; vibhrama, confusion or flurry; kilakincita, a combi-
nation of anger, tears, joy, fear, etc.; moflayiia, absorption in thoughts of the lover
when his name is heard; ku({amila, feigned anger; bibboka, feigned indifference;
laiita, graceful swaying or loUing; mhjta, silence imposed by modesty.
These are described in the " Sahitya Darpaîa " of ViSvanatha, " DaSarupa " of
Dhanamjaya, "Bhasa-bhusana" of Lala-candrika, etc. The physical signs expres-
sing the hdvas are detailed in subsequent verses of the " Mirror of Gesture,"
(e.g. pp. 20, 25). Strictly speaking, bhdva is mood or feeling unexpressed, hdva is
the emotion which finds expression, cej/d the gesture that expresses it. Rasa or
flavour and oyanjand or suggestion (transcending the literal meaning) distinguish
poetry from prose.
breasts, self-confident, charming, agreeable, dexterous in hand-
ling the critical passages,^ skilled in steps and rhythms, quite at
home on the stage, expert in posing hands and body, graceful
in gesture, with wide-open eyes, able to follow song and instru-
ments and rhythm, adorned with costly jewels, with a charming
lotus-face, neither very stout nor very thin, nor very tall nor
very short.
—
The Danseuse (veSya) should
Disqualifications of a Danseuse.
be rejected,whose eyes are (pale) Kke a flower, whose hair is
scanty, whose lips are thick, or breasts pendant, who is very
stout or very thin, or very tall or very short, who is hump-
backed, or has not a good voice.
The Bells (kinkinl). — The Bells should be made of bronze or
copper or silver; they should be sweet- toned, weU-shaped,
dainty, with the asterisms for their presiding deities, tied with
an indigo string, with a knot between each pair of bells. At the
time of dancing there should be a hundred or two hundred for
each foot, or a hundred for the right foot and two hundred for the
left.2
The Dancer or Actor (nata). — Wise men say the Dancer (or
actor) should be handsome, of swêet speech, learned, capable,
eloquent, of good birth, learned in the scriptures (sastras) of
art and science, of sweet voice, versed in song, instrumental
music, and dancing, self-confident, and of ready wit.
Outer Life (bahih prana) of the Danseuse. — The following
accessories are called the Outer Life of the Danseuse: the drum,
cymbals of a good tone, the flute, the chorus, the drone, the lute
(vino), the beUs, and a male singer (gayaka) of renown.
Inner Life (antah prana) of the Danseuse. — The ten factors

of the Inner Life of the Danseuse are swiftness, composure,
' KuSala graha-mokâyoh, lit. expert in grasping and releasing, emphasizing and
relaxing the stress of emotion. The actress is not to be swayed by impulse, but
perfectly self-possessed, mistress of a studied art, in accordance with the Telugu
saying bommale-vale adintsuta, " as if pulling the strings of a puppet ", a phrase
also used in speaking of the relation of God to man and the universe.
' No dancer ties the bells upon her ankles before dancing, without first touch-
ing her forehead and eyes with them, and repeating a brief prayer. Investiture
with the bells makes the adoption of a professional life inevitable.
sjTninetry, versatility, glances, ease, intelligence, confidence,

speech, and song.
Vulgar Dancing (nlca natya). — Those who are versed in the
Science of Dancing say that that dancing is vulgar in which the
actress does not begin with prayer, etc.
The Fruit of Witnessing Vulgar Dances. — Those who look upon
the dancing of such a vulgar actress will have no children, and
will be reborn in animal wombs.
The Course of Dance (natya-krama)
the What is said tra-
.
—
ditionally by our ancestors must therefore be kept in view.
Having made the prayer, etc., the dancing may begin. The song
should be sustained in the throat; its meaning must be shown
by the hands; the mood (bhava) must be shown by the glances;

rhythm (tdla) is marked by the feet. For wherever the hand
moves, there the glances follow; where the glances go, the mind
follows; where the mind goes, the mood follows; where the
mood goes, there is the flavour (rasa).
Gesture (abhinaya)
Gestiure is the principal theme of what is here related.

The root ni with the prefix abhi implies exposition, and the
word abhinaya is used in this sense. According to another book
(granthdntare) , abhinaya is so called because it evokes flavour
(mâ) in the audience. Thereare three kinds of gesture: ^ bodily,
vocal, and ornamental {dngika, vdcika, dhdrya), besides the pure,
passionate, and dark
{sdttvika, etc.). Here we are only con-
cerned with angikdbhinaya, " Exposition by means of the ges-
tures of the body and limbs."
The three elements of bodily gesture are the hmbs, parts of
the body, and features {anga, pratyanga, updnga).
In Angdbhinaya the head, hands, arm-pits, sides, waist, and
feet, these six, and some say also the neck, are called the Hmbs.
* Observe that abhinaya speaking means " expression " whether by

strictly
gesture, singing, or costume. In the present work it is expression by gesture which

is considered, and on this account the term abhinaya has been rendered by " ges-
ture " throughout.
In Pratyangabhinaya the shoulders, shoulder-blades, arms,
back, stomach, thighs and calves, some say also three others,
the wrists, knees, and elbows, are the parts of the body.
In Updngdbhinaya the eyes, eyehds, pupils, cheeks, nose, jaw,
the Kps, teeth, tongue, chin, face, these eleven are the features.
Beside these are the accessories, such as the heel, ankle, fingers
and toes, and palms, which I mention according to the old books.
Only such as are useful in dancing will be described. The
classification of Heads will be given first, then that of the Glances,
Neck, Hands, and Actions, and from these five will appear the
resulting movements.
Nine Movements of the Head. —
The following nine Heads are
named by those who are versed in the Science of Dancing: Sama,
Udvahita, Adhomukha, Alolita, Dhuta, Kampita, Paravrtta,
Utksipta, Parivahita.
Sama (level): not moving, not bent, nor raised. Usage: at
the begirming of dancing, prayer,^ authoritative speech,
satisfaction, anger, indifference, or inaction.
Udvahita (raised): raising the head and keeping it still. Usage:
flag, moon, firmament, mountain, flying things in the air, any-
thing tall.
Adhomukha head is bent. Usage: modesty,

(face incHned): the
sorrow, bowing, regarding anything vile, fainting, things on
the groimd, bathing.
Alolita (rolling): the head is moved in a circle. Usage: sleepi-
ness, obsession, intoxication, faintness, dizziness, hesitation,

laughter, etc.
Dhuta (shaken) the head is turned to and fro from right to
:
left and left to right. Usage: denial, looking repeatedy at

things, condolence with others, astonishment, dismay, indif-
ference, cold, fire, fear, first moment of drinking Hquor, pre-
paring for battle, rejection, impatience, glancing at one's own
limbs, summoning from both sides.
Kampita (nodded): shaking the head up and down. Usage:

indignation, saying "Halt!", enquiry, summoning, threaten-
ing, etc.
• Cf. usage in " Bhagavad Gita ", VI, 13.
Pardvrtta (turned round): the head is turned aside. Usage:

saying " Do this ", aversion, modesty, quiver, relaxing the
features, slighting, hair, etc.
Utksipta (tossed): turning the head aside and upwards.
Usage: saying "Take this", etc., indication, cherishing, assent.
Parivdhita (wagging) the head is moved from side to side like

:
a fan. Usage being in love, yearning for the beloved, pleasure,

:
gratification, reflection {vicar a).
The twenty-four Heads following are mentioned elsewhere, by

Bharatacarya and others: Dhuta, Vidhuta, Adhuta, Avadhuta,
Kampita, Akampita, Udvahita, Parivahita, Ancita, Nihancita,
Paravrtta, Utksipta, Adhomukha, Lolita, Tiryonnatannata,
Skandhanata, Aratrika, Sama, Parsvabhimukha, Saumya,
Alolita, Tirascina, Prakampita, Saundarya.
Dhuta: moving the head slowly and regularly to and fro. Usage
an empty place, looking to one side, failing to find sympathy,
astonishment, dismay, indifference, rejection.
Vidhuta: the same head, moved quickly. Usage: cold, heat,
fear, the first moment of drinking liquor.
Adhuta: slightly raising and turning the head sharply. Usage:
everything, looking at one's own body, looking at the sides with
an upward glance, abihty to perform an action, dignity.
Avadhuta: inclining the head sharply. Usage: saying " Stay ",
pointing out a place, asking a question, summoning, conver-
sation.
Kampita: raising the head high and shaking it. Usage : recog-
nition, indignation, consideration (w'torâ), threatening, hasten-
ing, questioning.
Akampita: the same movement slowly. Usage: something in
front, enquiry, instruction {upadeSa), one's own opinion, nar-
ration.
Udvahita: raising the head sharply. Usage: saying "I can",
dignity.
Parivdhita: turning the head in a circle. Usage: shamelessness,
misapprehension, keeping silence, recalhng (the appearance
etc. of) the beloved, astonishment, smiling, joy, horripilation,

giving pleasure, reflection.
Ancita (bent): the neck is slightly bent to one side. Usage:
regarding anything vile, being in love, fainting, etc., gazing at
the middle of the lower Hp.
Nihancita: raising the shoulder, and touching it with the head.
Usage : pleasure at seeing the beloved (yilasa) graceful posing ,
{lalitaj, affected indifference {bibboka), hysterics (kilakincita),

rapture at being reminded of an absent lover {mottayita)
feigned anger {kuttamita) , modest silence (maund), affectation
of being unmoved (stambha)
Pardvrtta: the head is averted. Usage: saying "Do this",
aversion, modesty, etc., relaxing the features, following one
who has gone aside, looking back.
Utksipta: the face is uphfted. Usage: things moving in the
sky.
Adhomukha: the head is bent. Usage: modesty, sorrow, bowing.
Lolita: the head unsteady, the eyes languid as if from excess of
pride. Usage: sleepiness, obsession, intoxication, faintness.
Tiryonnatdnnaia: the head is moved up and down. Usage:
affected indifference.
Skandkdnata: the head is rested on the shoulder. Usage : sleep,
intoxication, fainting, anxiety (cintd).
Ardtrika: turning the head to both sides, just touching the
shoulders. Usage: astonishment, inferring the opinions of
others.
Sama: natural pose of the head. Usage: expressing normal
circumstances.
Pdrsvdbhimukha: the head is turned aside in looking at persons
on one side.
Saumya: motionless. Usage: when the dance (nrtya) is to be

begun.
Alolita: the head is moved about freely. Usage: when flowers
are offered in the hands, in Carl-natana, charm {lavana)
Tirasdna: looking up on both Usage in dances showing
sides. :
modesty, and that called Mukhacarl, and such suitable occa-

sions.
Prakampita (waving about) : repeatedly moving the head for-

ward and to both sides. Usage: the marvellous (adbhuta
rasa), song, composition (prabandha) , bee, the enemy's mode
of fighting.
Saundarya (elegance) looking up and down, the trunk also
:
bent. Usage expressing

: a cause (kdrana) in dances showing ,
the " bee " hand, yoga-practice.
The Eight Glances (asta drsti) .

— In Bharatasastra the follow-
ing eight sorts of Eye or Glance (drsti) are mentioned: Sama,
Alokita, Saci, Pralokita, NimlHta, Ullokita, Anuvrtta, Avalokita.
Sama (level) : gazing without winking, Uke a woman of the

gods. Usage: beginning a dance, scales, thinking of some
other matter, surprise, the image of a god.
Alokita (inspecting): swiftly turning with keen glances. Usage:
potter's wheel turning, showing "all sorts of things", desires.
Sdci (sidelong) : looking out of the corners of the eyes, without
moving the head. Usage: secret purpose (ingita), twirling
the moustache (self-confidence) aiming an arrow, hinting, and
,
in Kulata natya.
Pralokita: turning from side to side. Usage: looking at things
on both sides, making signs, moving, disordered mind.
Nimilita (closed): the eyes half-closed, half-open. Usage:
appearance of a sage (rsi), subjection to another's will, prayer
(japa), meditation (dhyana), greeting {namaskrta) , madness,
keen insight (suksma drsti)
Ullokita (looking up): directing the glance keenly up and

aside. Usage: the point of a tower (gopura), temple (deva
flag,
mandapa), previous moonUght.

lives, height,
Anuvrtta (following): glancing quickly up and down. Usage:

angry looks, friendly invitation.
Avalokita (looking down): looking down. Usage: looking at a
shadow, reflection (vicdra), bed, study, looking at one's own
body.
The following Glances are mentioned elsewhere: Sama, Pra-

lokita, Snigdha, Srngara, Ullokita, Adbhuta, Karuna, Vismaya,
Trpta, Visanna, Bhayanaka, Sad, Drta, Vira, Raudra, Dura,
Ingita, Vilokita, Vitarkita, Sankita, Abhitapta, Avalokita,
Sunya, Hrsta, Ugra, Vibhranta, Santa, Milita, Sucana, Lajjita,
Malina, Trasta, Mlana, Mukula, Kimcita, Akasa, Ardhamukula,
Anuvrtta, Vipluta, Jihma, Vikosa, Madira, Hrdaya, Lalita.
Sama: looks like those of the women of the gods (not winking,
etc.). Usage: normal circumstances.
Pralokita: casting glances on both sides. Usage: looking on
both sides.
Snigdha (tender): the look that is associated with joy, plea-

sant anticipation, things after one's own heart, having an inner
radiance, expressing the surge of love passion. Usage: in
affection.
Srngdra (love) : born of great joy, in the toils of love — rais-
ing the eyebrows and looking out of the corners of the eyes.
Usage: mutual glances of those who are fast bound by amor-
ous desires.
UllokUa: looking upwards. Usage : tall things, previous births.
Adbhuta: the ends of the eyelids slightly curved, the eyebrows
raised in wonder, the eyes shining. Usage: the marvellous.
Karuna: a downcast glance, half- vouchsafed, with tears, benevo-
lent, the black pupil slowly moving, regarding the tip of the
nose. Usage: the pathetic.
Vismaya (astonishment): quickly raised, straight-staring.
Usage: astonishment.
Trpta (satisfaction) : steady, wide-opened, the pupil motionless,
keeping Usage resolution {utsahd)
its place. :
Visanna: the eyelids wide apart, eyelashes recurved, the pupil

fixed. Usage: dismay, anxiety.
Bhayanaka (inspiring fear): the eyelids raised and fixed, the
pupil bright and fluttering. Usage : great fear, the terrible.
Sad: looking persistently out of the corners of the eye. Usage:
secret purpose.
Drta (fish ?) : both pupils moving. Usage : excitement.
Vira (heroic): radiant, direct, open, rather majestic, self-
controlled, the pupils at rest. Usage : the heroic.

Raudra (cruel) : unfriendly, red, cruel, the pupils fixed and the
lids not moved, the brows contracted and raised. Usage:
the cruel.
Z)Mro (far): slightly raised. Usage: things at a distance.
Ingita: sidelong glances expressing joy. Usage: secret thought.
Vilokita: looking back. Usage : things or places behind.
Vitarkita (deliberation): direct, wide-opened, the eyelids sep-
arated, the pupils fixed as if in fear. Usage: consideration
{uhd).
Sankita (apprehensive) : a little moved, a little at rest, slightly
raised and moved to and fro, the pupils partly hidden.
Usage: hesitation.
Abhitapta (burnt): the eyelids moving, the pupils gazing lan-
guidly. Usage : indifference (i. e. regarding a thing, but with-
out interest)
Avalokita: looking down. Usage: study (pathana), reflection
(vicar a)
Sunya (vacant): eyelids level, pupils visible, motionless, gaze

vacant. Usage: misunderstanding (bahydrtha graharâ).
Ersta (merry): fluttering, pleasant, twinkling. Usage:
laughter.
Vgra (fierce): very wide open, a httle red at the comers.
Usage: ferocity.
Vibhrdnta (wandering): the pupils moving, rolling, uncon-
strained, between tears and laughter; the wandering glance of
excitement.
Santa (peace): gradually closing the Hds, the eyes slightly
moving, the pupils moving to the comers; the peaceful glance
of dispassion.
Milita: nearly closed. Usage: conditions such as subjection to
another's wiU.
SUcana: the eyes partly closed, following the movement of the
{silci) hand. Usage: pointing out.
Lajjita: the upper eyeUd dropped, the pupil also lowered bash-
fully, the lashes meeting; this modest glance is used modestly.
Molina: the lashes partly closed as if by rheum, the pupils

simken; this imclean eye denotes women (i. e. dissipation).
Trasta (frightened): inwardly expanded, the pupil raised.
Usage : fear and intoxication.
Mlana (dull): the pupils moving languidly and slowly,
squinting, the lashes seeming to touch; this dull eye indicates
insipid matters.
Mukula: the lashes trembling and touching, the expression of
the pupils mild, the upper lids lowered; this '
bud ' eye indi-
cates bKss {ananda).
Kuncita (curved): the lashes a Httle recurved, the eyeballs a
Kttle sunk; disKke, or jealousy.
Akasa (sky) : directed towards the sky, the pupil turned far
back; indicating things moving above.
Ardhaniukula: smihng, the pupils just visible under the lids;
this '
half-bud '
eye indicates bhss and rejoicing.
Anuwtta (following) : repeated glancing; it is used in hurry.
Vipluta: the Kds trembling, expanded, and then dropped; this
'
disordered '
eye indicates beauty in things of all sorts.
Jihnia (obHque) : bent back, a slow and hidden glance; used to

convey secret meanings, and in envy.
Vikosa: without winking, the pupils moving, the lids wide apart;
it is used in joy.
Madira: indirect, ranging, centred, imsteady, crooked; it is
used to indicate the early stage of intoxication.

Erdaya: unsteady, flurried, the pupils moving somewhat {an-
aglulita), the Kds recurved; it is used for mediocre things.
Lalita (graceful) : the comers of the eyes closed by the move-

ment of the brows, smiling because of the working of Love,
direct; it is used in graceful posing {lalita), etc.
According to another book there are named the following six

movements of the Brows: Sahaja, Patita, Utksipta, Catura,
Recita, Kuncita.
Sahaja: the natural brow in a smooth face. It expresses the

natural state.
Patita: the brows being at rest, are made to frown. Usage: dis-
taste, astonishment, jealousy.
Utksipta: either one or both of the brows is raised. Usage:

woman's anger, telling the truth, feelings of love (srngdra-
bhdva), dalliance {Uld).
Catura: the brows meeting and faintly quivering. It is used in
touching one another's face, heart's bhss, and excitement.
Recita: one brow is contracted with charm and sweetness.
Usage: listening to a secret, saying " Sadhu", looking at any
place.
Kuncita: one or both brows arched. Usage: rapture at being
reminded of an absent lover {mottayita), feigned anger (kuUa-
mita), pleasure at seeing the beloved ivildsa), hysterics {kila-
kincita)
Knowers of mood ihhdva) have declared that there are four

Necks: Sundari, Tirascina, Parivartita, Prakampita.
Sundari: moving to and

horizontally (tiryak pracalita)}
fro
Usage: the beginning of affection, making trial, saying " Well

done ! ", recollection, badinage, sympathetic pleasure.
Tirascina: an upward movement on both sides, Kke the gliding
of a snake. Usage: brandishing a sword, serpentine progres-
sion.
Parivartita: moving to right and left, Kke a half-moon. Usage
Srngara natana (erotic dances), when kissing the cheeks.
Prakampita: moving the head backwards and forwards like a
pigeon. Usage: sajdng "You and I", especially in DeUya
nata (folk-dances), swings, counting.
Lives of the Hands (hasta prana) .

—
The Lives (i. e. move-
ments) of the Hands are twelve, as follows Prasarana, Kuncita,
:
Recita, Punkhita, Apavestita, Prerita, Udvestita, Vyavrtta,

Parivrtta, Sanketa, Cihna, Padartha-tika.^
' This is one of tlie most characteristic, and at the same time most peculiar,
movements of Indian dancing.

^ The above-mentioned technical terms are used in the subsequent detailed
description of the hands and in more detailed texts such as those quoted on p. 12
of the Preface. Nos. s and 7 are produced by turning the forearm on its own axis,
so that the palm of the hand faces downwards (No. 5) or upwards (No. 7). In
No. 8 the fingers point vertically upwards: in No. 9 the fingers point across the
body.
Prasarana (outspread): extending the fingers (e.g. Plate X a).
Kutkita (bent, inclined) : bending the fingers (e.g. Plate XI a).
Recita (separated): separating the fingers (e.g. Plate XI c, e).
Punkhiia (feathered, or fluttering) : the hand (dii ected) forward,
(the fingers being) extended, bent, or separated (e.g. Plate
XII b). This movement is used in Pataka and other hands.
Apavestita (twisted down): the hand directed downwards
(e.g. Plate I, foremost hand and Plate XIII c, l.h.).
Prerita (directed): the hand turned back, (the fingers being)

extended, bent, or separated (e.g. Plate VII d, XII a).
Udvestita (twisted upwards): the hand directed (palm) up-
wards (e.g. Plates XI e, XII c, XIII d.)
Vydvrtta (turned back): the hand pointing upwards sideways
(e.g. Plate VIII).
Parivrtta (turned round) : the hand directed forwards, sideways.
Sankela (intimation) communicating an idea without words.'
:
Cihna (mark): the various Cihnas are the marks of those

things which are evident, and of those unseen, their state of
movement or rest, and eight others, viz. their form, face,
situation, banner, weapons, virtues, range, and habits, as set
forth in dance.
Paddrtha-tika (word-meaning commentary): the meaning of
words is conveyed.
The Classification of Hands (hasta bheda). — The character-

istics of the Hands will be set forth in order. There are two kinds,
the Single (asamyutta) and the combined (samyutta). There are
twenty-eight Single Hands as follows: Pataka, Tripataka,
Ardha-pataka, Kartari-mukha, Mayura, Ardha-candra, Arala,
Suka-tundaka, Musti, Sikhara, Kapittha, Kataka-mukha, Suci,
Candra-kala, (Padma-) Kosa, Sarpa-sirsa, Mrga-sirsa, Siinha-
mukha, Langula, Sola-padma, Catura, Bhramara, Harnsasya,
Hamsa-paksa, Samdainsa, Mukula, Tamracuda, Trisula.
Pataka (flag): the thumb bent to touch the fingers, and the
fingers extended. Usage: beginning a dance, cloud, forest,
forbidding things, bosom, night, river, world of the gods, horse,
' Akâra-mu^lika, communicating letters or ideas by the disposition of the
fingers, is one of the '
sixty-four arts.'
cutting, wind, r eclinin g, walking, prowess, graciousness, moon-

light, strong sunlight, knocking, meaning of the seven cases,
wave, entering a street, equahty, applying sandal paste, one's
self, taking an oath, silence, benediction, a good king, palmyra
leaf, slap, touching, saying "Such and such", the sea, the way
of good deeds, addressing (a person some distance away), going
in front, the form of a sword, month, year, rainy season, day,
sprinkling water.
According to another book, the thumb is bent against the base

of the forefinger and the palm and fingers extended. When
Brahma, the Shaper, went to Parabrahma, as he saluted him
with the cry of " Victory " he held his hand Uke a flag, since
!
when it has been called the " flag hand " It is the first of all .
hands, it originates from Brahma, its colour is white, its sage

Siva, its race Brahmana, its patron deity Parabrahma. Usage:
saying " Victory, \aelQry ", clouds, forbidding things, forest,
!
night, saying " Go ", going, conveyance, wind, chest, front,

!
merit {puny a), preeminence, flow, abode of the wise, crying

"Ha! ha!", moonlight, sunlight, abode of the gods, removal
of hindrance, wall, cutting, pleasing others, cheek, applying
sandal paste, mustering an army, boundary, removing fear,^
having no refuge, decrease, covering, recHning, the earth, flame,

pouring rain, wave, wings of a bird, petitioning a king, saying
"Thus", eye, saying "Like what?" and "Like that", slap,
touching, lake, massage, closing a dispute, strong wind, end of
the robe (ancala), cold, heat, radiance, shadow, ear, season,
half-year, day, fortnight, month, purity, high birth, approach,
saying "Protect", or "Caress", Brahmana caste, pure colour.
(Plate X A.).
Tripatdka (three parts of the flag): the third fin ger of the
Pataka hand is bent. Usage: a crown, tree, vajra weapon,
the bearer of the vajra (Indra), screw-pine flower, light, rising
flames, cheek, patterns drawn on the face or body {patra-
lekha), arrow, turning roimd, vmion of woman and man.
' The Pataka hand is commonly seen in the abhaya mudra of images, but is some-
times replaced by ardha-candra.
According to another book: same definition. It is so called
since Sakra (Indra) and others held the vajra weapon with three
parts of the "flag", leaving out the third finger. Its colour is red,
it is of Ksattriya race, its sage is Guha, its patron deity Siva.

Usage : invocation, descent {avatarana) , hf ting or bending down
the face, touching auspicious things, hook, site {khala), disre-
spect, doubt, crown, tree, Vasava (Indra) , irajra, stroking the hair,
lamp, marking the brow-spot, tying a turban, applying strong
scents, closing the nose or ears, rubbing-down a horse, arrow,
screw-pine flower, patterns drawn on the face or body, the flight
of certain birds, tongues of flame, Ksattriya caste, red colour.'
(Plates VII B, XII A.)
Ardha-pataka (half-flag) : the little finger of the Tripataka hand

is also bent. Usage: tender shoots (pallava), panel for writ-
ing or drawing (phalaka), bank of a river, dagger (krakaca),
knife, flag, tower (gopura), horn {srnga), saying " Both."
Kartari-mukha (arrow shaft face): in the same hand, the fore-
and little finger are outspread.- Usage: separation of

finger
woman and man, opposition or overturning, stealing, the cor-
ner of the eye, death, disagreement, Ughtning, sleeping alone,
falling, a creeper.
According to another book: the forefinger of the Tripataka

hand is out(-spread) . Once upon a time, the sages say, Sasanka-
sekhara (Siva), set out to slay Jadandhara; he drew a circle
round the centre of the earth with his forefinger, and that is the
origin of the Kartari-mukha hand. It originates from Siva, its
sage is Parjaniya, its race Ksattriya, its colour coppery, its patron
deity Cakrapani (Vishnu) . Usage : red paint for the feet (padd-
1 According to Dhanamjaj'a (" Dasarupa ", I, 126) the Tripataka hand is used in
stage whispers {janantika) to shut out the others when only one person is addressed
out of several present on the stage, e. g. " Sakuntala ", vi, 24.
" A fuller description of the Kartari-mukha hand is quoted by T. A. Gopinatha
Rao, from an unnamed source, in " Hindu Iconography,'' 1914, p. xxxi, where it
is stated that it is used for holding attributes (cf on Plate XI c) such as the conch
.
and discus; and also that the thumb and third finger should meet near the middle
of the pakns. The hands of images conform to this rule in most cases, but not in-
variably. Most likely there exists some confusion of Kartari-mukha and Mayura
hands. Our figure shows the Kartari-mukha hand according to the text description.
laktaka), drawing patterns on the body, yearning of separated

husband and wife, overturning or opposition, Madhava, light-
ning, sleeping alone, buffalo, deer, fly-whisk, hill-top, elephant,

bull, cow, thick coil of hair, Ksattriya caste, copper colour,
scissors, tower. (Plates VII D, XI c.)
Mayura (peacock) : the third finger of the Kartarl-mukha hand

isjoined to the thumb, the other fingers extended. Usage: the
peacock's beak, a creeper, bird of omen {sakuna), vomiting,
forehead, stroking the hair, forehead, brow-spot, wiping away
tears, argument according to law {sastra), renown.
Ardha-candra (half-moon) :
' thumb of the Pataka hand is
the
stretched out. Usage the : moon on the eighth day of the dark
fortnight, a hand seizing the throat, a spear, consecrating an
image, a platter, origin, waist, anxiety, one's self, meditation,
prayer, touching the Kmbs, greeting common people.
According to another book : same definition. This hand origi-
nates from the desire of Siva for ornaments, of which the moon
is one. Its sage is Atri, its race Vaisya, its colour smoky, its
patron deity Mahadeva. Usage: bangle, wrist, mirror, astonish-

ment, effort, intemperance, entirety, beating time, tying up the
hair, supporting the cheek in grief, the ear of an elephant, ex-
pelling evil-doers, wiping sweat from the brow, adolescence,
ability, moon, greeting common people, consecration, eyebrow,
cloth, bow, preeminence, tightening the girdle, making a vessel,
the body, movement of the feet, carrying a child, the back, white
colour, Vaisya caste. (Plate X b.)
Arala (bent): the first finger of the Pataka hand is curved.
Usage: drinking poison, nectar, etc., or sharp acid.
According to another book: thumb and forefinger

the of the
Pataka hand are curved. It was first used by Agastya in
drink-
ing (dposanam krte) the seven seas. Its colour is red, its race
mixed, its patron deity Vasudeva —
such is its history according
to Bharata and others. Usage: the sipping of water (dposana)
^ This hand often replaces the Pataka, e. g., in the Abhaya mudra of Plates I,
by Brahmanas, benediction, the aversion of a parasite (titd) for
his friend, dressing the hair, saying " circumam- Come soon ! ",
bulation at morning and evening prayer, wiping sweat from the

brow, putting coUyrium on the eyes, etc.
Sukatundaka (parrot's beak) : the third finger of the Arala hand

is also bent. Usage: shooting an arrow, throwing a spear
(kunta), mystery (marma), ferocity.
According to another book: same definition. It originates

from Parvati, who used it in a lover's quarrel with Sadasiva. Its
sage is Dhruvasa, its race Brahmana, its colour red, its patron
deity Marici. Usage: Brahma-weapon, nose (mukhagra), curve,
turning round, javelin, proceeding, fighting, crossing, disrespect,
lovers' quarrel, opinion, abandonment, dice, throwing a spear,
ferocity, secrecy, copper colour, Brahmana caste. (Plate X f.)
Musti (fist) : the four fingers are bent into the palm, and the
thumb set on them. Usage: steadiness, grasping the hair,
holding things, wrestling.
According to another book: the thumb placed on the middle

finger, and the fingers closed. It originates from Vishnu, who
used this hand when he fought with Madhu. Its sage is Indra,
colour indigo, race Sudra, patron deity the moon. Usage : grasp-
ing, waist, fruit, agreement, saying "Very well", sacrificial offer-
ings, greeting common people, carrying away, strong hold,

holding a book, rimning, lightness, wresthng, holding a shield,
holding the hair, fisticuffs, grasping a mace or spear, indigo
colour, Sudra caste. (Plate X c.)
Sikhara (spire): in the same hand, the thumb is raised. Usage:
the God of Love (Madan), bow, pillar, silence, husband, tooth,
entering, questioning, the body, saying " No ! ", recollection,
intimate suggestion {ahhinaydntara) , untying the girdle, em-

brace, lover, letting fly sakti and tomara weapons, sound of a
bell, pounding.

from Candrasekhara (Siva), when he held Mt. Meru as his bow.
It originates from that Meru-bow, its sage is Jihna, its race

Gandharva, its colour dusky, the God of Love {Rati vallabha) its
patron deity. Usage: gratifying the ancestors, steadiness,
establishing a family, hero, spire, friend, cleaning the teeth with
to and fro movement, plying a palmyra fan, difference, saying
" What ? ", drinking water from a spouted vessel (bhrngdra), the
number four, letting fly Sakti or tomara weapons, enjoying con-
sequences, demure attitude of an amorous girl, bashfulness,
bow, the God of Love (Smara), saying " No ! ", charity, perma-
nent mood {sthayi bhdva), Vinayaka, Mahisa-mardini, heroism,
galloping of a horse, half -moon, brow-spot, etc., making the sign
of the hair-knot, sapphire, intensity. (Plates X d, XII d, XV c.)
Kapittha (elephant-apple): the forefinger of the Sikhara hand
is bent over the top of the thumb. Usage: LaksmI, Sarasvati,
winding, holding cjonbals, milking cows, coUyrium, holding
flowers at the time of dalhance, grasping the end of the robe
(celdncala), veiling the head with the ancala, offering incense
or lights, etc.
According to another book: same definition. Long ago when

the Churning of the Ocean was done, Vishnu used this hand to
pull upon Mt. Mandara. Its sage is Narada, its race Rsi, its
colour white, its patron deity Padmagarbha (Vishnu). Usage:
churning, Laksmi, offering incense or lights, etc., spreading cow-
ries, holding elephant goad or vajra, or a sling, or cymbals, show-
ing a dance (ndtya), holding a lotus of dalliance Qildbja dhdratia),
counting Sarasvati's rosary, pounding barley etc., seizing the
end of the robe (celdncala), Rsi caste, white colour.
Kataka-mukha (opening in a link): the forefinger and middle

finger are applied to the thumb.^ Usage: picking flowers,
^ The
tip of the forefinger and the side of the middle finger are applied to the tip
of the thumb, the third finger is bent beside the middle finger, and the little finger
is also bent, but to a less degree. According to T. A. Gopinatha Rao, " Hindu
Iconography," Vol. I, pt. i, description of terms, p. 16, this hand (syn. Simha-
kartfo) in images is generally intended to receive the daily offering of a fresh
flower, and this is supported by the Ajaijta usage.
This hand is also used in teaching and is known to some iconographers, perhaps
incorrectly, as Vitarka mudrd.
holding a pearl necklace or garland of flowers, drawing a bow
slowly, distributing folded betel leaves, applying such things
as musk or scent, speech, glancing.
According to another book: the thumb of the Kapittha hand

is thrown forward. This hand originated when Guha received
instruction in archery from Siva. Its sage is Bhargava, its
colour coppery, its race Deva, its presiding deity Raghurama.

Usage : holding a pearl or flower garland or a fly- whisk, drawing
out an arrow, holding out a mirror, reins, conveyance, breaking
a twig, cleaning the teeth, picking flowers, distributing folded
betel leaves, applying musk, embrace of harlots, drawing the
bow, holding the discus, holdiag a fan, gold colour, Deva caste.
(Plate XI A.)
Suci (needle): the forefinger of the Kataka-mukha hand is
upraised. Usage : one, Parabrahma, demonstration, one hun-

dred, sun, city, world, saying "Thus", or " What ? ", "He",
fan, threatening, pining away, rod, the body, astonishment,
braid of hair, umbrella, capability, down (roma), beating the
drum, turning the potter's wheel, wheel, circle, explanation,
evening.

from Brahma, when he said " I am unique." Its sage is the sun,
its race Deva, its colour white, its patron deity Visvakarma.
Usage: boastings, truth- telling, pointing to a distant country,
life, going in front, one, the twihghts, solitude, lotus stalk, saying
" Sadhu ", looking at things, saying " Thus ", world, Parabrahma,
unity, rod, turning a wheel, sun, sunrise and sunset, arrow, secret,
hero (ndyaka), sili-mukha arrow, saying " What ? ", saying
"He", metal, handle, threatening, addressing inferiors, listening,
yearning for the beloved, recollection, nose, beak, white colour,
vision. (Plate XIII a.)
Candra-kald (digit of the moon) : the thumb of the Suci hand is
released. Usage: to indicate the crescent moon (Plate

XIV a).
Padmakosa (lotus bud) the fingers separated and a little bent,
:
the palm a Httle hollowed. Usage fruit, wood-apple, elephant-

:
apple, etc., breast, curve, ball of flowers, light food, bud, mango,
rain of flowers, cluster of flowers, theya/'a-flower, the shape of
a bell, the hole of a snake, a water-Uly, an egg.
According to another book: the hand is like a perfect white

lotus. Narayana used hand when worshipping Siva with
this
lotus flowers to obtain the discus. Its sage is Padmadhara, its

race Yaksa, and it also partakes of the Kinnara kind, its pre-
siding deity is Bhargava. Usage trunk of an elephant, brilliance,
:
vessel of gold or silver, coil of hair, moderation, charm, saying

"Sadhu", bell, ball of flowers, lotus, hole of a snake, etc., curve,
breast, coconut, mango, karnikdra, mirror, bending a bough, rain
of flowers, pot, egg, opening (of a flower), wood-apple, elephant-
apple. (Plate XI D.)
Sarpa-sirsa (snake-head): the middle of the Pataka hand is
hollowed. Usage: sandal-paste, snake, slowness, sprinkling,

cherishing, etc., giving water to gods and sages, the flapping
of elephants' ears, massage of wrestlers.
According to another book: same definition. This hand is
derived from Vishnu, who showed it when he offered to protect

the Devas against Ba'H, and promised to put him down. Its
sage is Vasava (Indra), its colour turmeric, its race Deva, its
patron deity Siva. Usage: rouge (kunkuma), mud, prandyama,^

washing the face, occasion of charity, sandal paste, elephant, a
short man, massage of wrestler's shoulders, fondHng, milk, water,
saffron, bashfulness, concealing a child, image, drinking water,
clinging (lino), saying "Very true", Brahmana caste, turmeric
colour, saying "It is proper", answering, sprinkhng sandal
powder, appljdng sandal paste, etc., holding the breasts, etc. of
women.
Mrga-Hrsa (deer-head): in the above hand, the thumb and

little finger are extended. Usage: women, cheek, traditional
manners (krama-marydda) , fear, discussion, costume of an
actor (naipathya), place of reside'iice, fete-a-tSte, drawing
1 To indicate pranayama the sarpa Hfâ hand is held upon the bridge of the nose,
precisely as in the daily ritual of regulated breathing.
three lines on the brow, patterns on the ground, massage of the
feet, combining, house, holding an umbrella, stair, placing
the feet, calling the beloved, roaming.
According to another book: the thumb and little finger are

raised. from Gauri, who used the Mrga-sirsa hand to
It springs
draw three on her forehead when practising tapas for the
lines
sake of Siva. Its race is Rsi, its sage is Markandeya, its colour
white, its presiding deity Mahesvara. Usage wall, deliberation, :
opportunity, place of residence, Padmini, Sankhini or Hastini

woman, slowness, applying sandal paste etc., gestures (abhinaya)
of women, screen, stair, self-manifestation, order, having three
Unes drawn on the brow, consideration {vitarka) deer-face, indi- ,
cating one's self, the body, Rsi caste, white colour.
Sifttha-mukha (hon-face): the tips of the middle and third fin-
gers are appHed to the thumb, the rest extended. Usage:

coral, pearl, fragrance, stroking the hair, a drop of water, sal-
vation (moksa) when placed on the heart, hotna, hare, elephant,

waving kusa grass, lotus garland, lion-face, testing the prepa-
ration of medicine. (Plates XII B, XIII A.)
Ldngula (tail): the third finger of the Padmakosa hand is
bent. Usage: lakuca-iruit, breast of a young girl, white water-

Kly {kalhdra), partridge, areca-nut, little bells, pill, cdtaka.
According to another book: the thumb, middle and forefinger

held like the eye of a coconut, the third finger bent, and the little
finger erect. It is derived from Siva when he made a pellet of

the poison that sprang from the sea of milk. Its sage is Kraunca,
its race Siddha, its colour golden, its patron deity Padma. Usage:
grapes, rudrdksa seeds, holding the chin, breast-bud (kuca-
praroha), areca-nut, bells, blue lotus, fruit, coral, a mouthful,
asterism (naksatrd), jujube fruit, circle, partridge, cdtaka, any-
thing small, hailstone, Siddha caste, myrobalan fruit, gold.
Sola-padma (full-blown lotus) (= Ala-padma): all the fingers

separated, turned about the Httle finger. Usage: fuU-blown
lotus, elephant-apple etc., turning, breast, yearning for the
beloved, mirror, full-moon, a beautiful vessel, hair-knot, moon-
pavilion (candra-Mla) , village, height, anger, lake, car, cakra-
vdka (bird), murmuring soimd, praise.
According to another book: it is the Ala-pallava hand when

there is turning. It originates from §rl Krishna, when he was
stealing butter and milk. Its sage is Vasanta, its race Gandharva,
its colour dusky, its patron deity the Sun. Usage: fresh ghl,
yearning for the beloved, head, sweetmeat, fuU-blown lotus,
cluster of flowers, crown, ball, praises, beauty of form, dancing
(nariana), fort, palace, braided hair, moon-pavilion, sweetness,
saying " Sadhu ", palmyra fruit. (Plate XII c.)
Catura : the thumb is bent to touch the base of the third finger,
the first and adjoining fingers outstretched together, and
the little finger extended (separately). Usage: musk, a little,
gold, copper etc., wet, sorrow, aesthetic emotion (rasdsvdda),

eyes, difference of caste, oath, playful converse (sarasa), slow-
stepping, breaking to pieces, seat {dsana), oil or ghl, etc.
According to another book: in the Pataka hand, the thumb

is made to touch the middle Hne of the third finger, and the Kttle
finger is stretched out. It originates from Kasyapa, who used
this hand to show the way to Garuda when he wished to steal the
nectar. Its sage is Valakhilya, its colour variegated, its race
mixed, its patron deity Vainateya. Usage : gorocana, dust, play-
ful converse, red paint (laktaka), c^n^ntration^ of mm
attention), camphor, eye, chin, earring, face, brow, side glance,
beloved, policy, musk, sugar, honey, oil, ghi, cleverness, mirror,
gold, diamond, emerald, sufiiciency, a Kttle, a moderate quantity
of anything, indigo, white colour, mixed caste, sword, cheek,
tip of the ear.
Bhramara (bee): the second finger and thumb touching, the

forefinger bent, the rest extended. Usage: bee, parrot, crane
{sarasa), cuckoo (kokila), imion (yoga).
According to another book: the forefinger of the Hamsasya

hand is bent. It originates from Kasyapa when he was making
earrings for the mother of the Devas. Its sage is Kapila, its
colour dark, its race Khacara, its patron deity the King of Flying
Creatures (Garuda). Usage: union (yoga), vow of silence, horn,
tusk of an elephant, picking flowers with long stalks, bee, utter-
ing the karna-mantra, taking out a thorn, untying the girdle,
adverbs of two letters, flying creatures, dark colour. (Plate X E.)
Hamsdsya (swan-face): the middle and following fingers are
separated and extended, the forefinger and thumb are joined.'
Usage: tying the marriage thread, initiation, certainty, hor-
ripilation, painting {citra-samlekhana) ,
gad-fly, drop of water,
raising the wick of a lamp, rubbing (metal on a touchstone),
examining things, drawing lines, carrying garlands, signifying
" Soham " (That am metaphor (rupaka), saying " No ",
I), !
indicating things to be examined by rubbing, accomplishment

of a task.
According to another book: the tips of the forefinger, middle

fingerand thumb are joined, the rest extended. This hand is
derived from Daksina-murti (Siva), when he was teaching the
Tattva system to the sages at the foot of the Nyagrodha tree.
Its sage is Sukha, its colour white, its race mixed, its presiding
deity Caturanana (Brahma). Usage: instructing in wisdom,
ritual ipuja), demonstration of a thesis {nirnaya), offering sesa-
mum, speaking, reading, singing, meditation (dhydna), demon-
strating bhdva, applying wax, horripilation, pearl, gem, sound of
the flute, gathering together (samyutia), smell, own self, drop
of water, taking aim, seal-ring, kissing, Brahmana caste, white
colour. (Plate VII c.) >
Hai)isa-paksa (swan-feather) : the Kttle finger of the Sarpa-slrsa
hand is extended. Usage: the number six, constructing a
bridge, making marks with the nails, arranging.
According to another book: same definition. It is said to be

associated with tdndava dancing, and springs from Tandi. Its
sage is Bharata, its colour indigo, its race Apsara, its patron
deity the God of Love (Paiicasayaka) . Usage: constructing a
bridge, re straining, gathering, feathers of a bird, completion,
drawing a portrait (rupa-lekhana) dusky colour, Apsara , caste,
and in Subha-natya.
Satfidatjtsa (grasping): the fingers of the Padmakosa hand are
repeatedly opened and closed. Usage: generosity, sacrificial
offerings, tumour, insect, apprehension, worship {arcana), the
number five.
According to another book : the middle finger of the Hamsasya

hand is outstretched.^ This hand originates from the Goddess
of Speech, when she bestowed a rosary. Its sage is Visvavasu,
its race Vidhyadhara, its colour white, its patron deity Valmiki.
Usage: tooth, small bud, singing (satpgUa) gentle dances Qdsya- ,
natana), exegesis (tika), jndna-mudra, scales, flaw in a tooth,

sacred thread (yajnopamta) , line, examining, painting pictures
{citra lekhana), truth, saying " No ! ", saying " A Httle ", moment,
listening, testing metals etc. on the touchstone (nikasa), shining
white, taking aim, nail, sprout, gunja seed, the number eight,
fiie-fly, poison, blades of grass, red ants, mosquito, eclipse, col-
lecting pearls, bug, fly, garland, down, pointing (sucana) , solitude,
touching, Veda, snow, speaking, slipping, cutting off, a wound,
brow-spot, collyrium, Vidyadhara caste, white colour, slowness.
Mukula the thumb and fingers are brought together

(bud):
show their tips. Usage: water-lily (kumuda), eating,
so as to
the God of Love (Pancabdna), holding a seal, navel, plaintaia
flower.
According to another book: the fingers of the Padmakosa

hand are brought together. It originates from the Scion of the
Wind (Hanuman) when he attempted to seize the sun, mistaking
it for a ripe bimba fruit. Its sage is Visakhila, its race Sankirna,
its colour tawny, its patron deity the Moon. Usage: charity
(ddna), prayer (j'apa), humble speech, eating, lotus bud, self
{dtman), hfe (prdna), the number five, behaviour of an amorous
woman, kissing children, worshipping the gods, umbrella etc.,
bud, accepting fruits, mixed race, brown colour.
1 In this case, exceptionally, the definition quoted " from other books " differs
markedly from that of NandikeSvara: this form of Samdamsa hand is identical

with Nandikegvara's Hainsasya hand, and is quite distinct in form and significance
from his Samdamsa.
Tdmra-cuda (red-crest, i. e. cock) : the forefinger of the Mukula
hand is bent. Usage: cock etc., crane (baka), camel, calf,
writing or drawing.
According to another text: the thumb and Httle finger of the

Pataka hand are pressed together. Of old, when the Three Vedas
assumed a visible form, and stood before Brahma to make expo-
sition of themselves, they used this hand. Its sage is Vajrayudha
(Indra), its colour mother of pearl, its race Deva, its patron deity
Brhaspati. Usage: the Three Worlds, trident, the number
three, wiping away tears, the Three Vedas, wood-apple leaf,
rubbing down a horse, leaf, panel (phalaka), cock, Deva race,
white colour.
TmM/a (trident): the thumb and httle finger are bent. Usage:
wood-apple leaf, three together.
Thus the Twenty-eight Hands are set forth. But it is said

that there are as many hands as meanings.
According to another text (three others are mentioned, as
foUows)
Urna-ndbha (spider): Padmakosa hand are

the fingers of the
bent. It originates from Narasimha when he was tearing the
body of the Daitya (Hiranyakasipu) . Its sage is Sardulaka,
its race Ksattriya, its colour blood-red, its patron deity the
Primal Tortoise (Kurmavatara of Vishnu). Usage: scratch-
ing the head, theft, Narasimha, face of a deer, Hon, monkey,
tortoise, karnikara, breast, fear, Ksattriya caste, blood-red
colour.
Bdna (arrow): the three fingers joined just touch the thumb,
and the little finger is extended. Usage: the number six,
Nala-nrtya.
Ardha-sucika (half-needle): the forefinger of the Kapittha hand
is raised. Usage: sprout, young bird, etc., large insect.
Combined Hands (samyutta hastani)

Twenty-four combined Hands are exhibited as follows: AnjaU,
Kapota, Karkata, Svastika, Dola, Puspaputa, Utsanga, Siva-
linga, Kataka-vardhana, Kartarl-svastika, Sakata, Sankha,

Cakra, Samputa, Pasa, Kilaka, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Garuda,
Naga-bandha, Khatva, Bherunda, Avahittha.
According to another book: when two Single Hands are com-

bined, that is a Combined Hand. Even though the origin and
meaning remain the same, the patron deity always differs.
Anjali (salutation) : two Pataka hands are joined palm to palm.

Usage: saluting Deities, Elders {guru) or Brahmanas — the
hands being held on the head for Deities, before the face for
Elders, and on the chest for Brahmanas.
According to another text: same definition. The patron

deity is Ksetrapala. Usage : bowing, obedience, clapping time,
indicating the form of Siva, saying " What am I to do ? ", medi-
tation. (Plate Vin.)
Kapota (dove) : the hands are joined at the side, base and top.
Usage: taking oath, conversation with elders etc., humble
acquiescence.
According to another book: the Anjah hands are separated.

The patron deity is Citrasena. Usage: acquiescence, trees such
as the coconut, areca-nut, etc., plantain flower, cold, nectar,
receiving things, casket, citron.
Karkata (crab): the fingers of the hands are interlocked, and

the hands turned inwards or outwards.* Usage: group, stout-
ness, blowing the conch, stretching the limbs, bending the
bough of a tree.
According to another book: in the Urna-nabha hand, the

fingers of one hand are introduced into the interspaces of those
of the other hand. Its patron deity is Vishnu. Usage: lamenta-
tion, yawning, breathing hard, crab, blowing the conch, cracking
the fingers by women. (Plates IV a, extreme left, and XII E.)
• i. e. '
clasped hands '; but the hands may also be flattened by extending the
elbows, the fingers remaining interlocked, and this used in stretching the arms
is
over the head, a sign of amorous feeling frequently mentioned in literature and
depicted in painting and sculpture (Plate IV a, extreme left).
Svastika (crossed) : two Pataka hands held together at the wrists.
Usage: crocodile, timid speech, dispute, praising.
Dola (swing) ^: two Pataka hands placed on the thighs. Usage:
beginning a Natya.
According to another book Pataka hands at the sides. The

:
patron deity is BharatT. Usage: infatuation, fainting, drunken

indolence, welcoming the beloved {vildsa) etc. ,
Puspaputa (flower-casket): Sarpa-sirsa hands are pressed

together. Usage: offering Hghts (drati), twilight water-
offering (sandhya argha ddna), flower-spells (mantra-puspa),
children receiving fruits, etc.
According to another book: one Sarpa-sirsa hand by the side

of the other. The patron deity is Kinnaresvara. Usage : offer-
ing and receiving flowers, com, fruits, or water.
Utsanga (embrace) : Mrga-slrsa hands held upon opposite arm-

pits. Usage: embrace, modesty, armlet, education of children.
According to another book: Arala hands held crosswise on

the shoulders. The patron
deity is Gautama. Usage: modesty,
embrace, assent, cold, saying " Sadhu ", hiding the breasts, etc.
Siva-linga (do.) : Ardha-candra with the left hand, Sikhara with

the right. Usage: Siva-Hnga. -^ z i
Kataka-vardhana (link of increase): Kataka-mukha hands with

crossed wrists. Usage: coronation, ritual (puja), marriage
blessing. ^ ,
According to another book: Kataka hands are crossed. The

patron deity is Yaksa-raja. Usage: deKberation (vicdra), the
erotic flavour {Srngara rasa), pacification, (the dances known as)
Jakkini natana and Danda lasya, certainty.
Kartari-svastika (crossed arrow-shafts) : Kartari-mukha hands

are crossed. Usage : trees, the boughs of trees, the summit of
ahiU.
Sakata (car): Bhramara hands with the thumb and middle
finger extended. Usage: the gestures of Raksasas.
^ Apparently identical with the Kafyavalambita hand of T. A. Gopinatha Rao,
" Hindu Iconography," Vol. I, pt. i, p. i6, and ibid., PI. V, fig. ii.
Sankha (conch) : the thumbs of Sikhara hands are joined, and

the forefinger extended. Usage: conch.
Cakra (discus): Ardha-candra hands askew, the palms in con-
tact. Usage: discus.
Samputa (casket): the fingers of the Cakra hand are bent.
Usage: conceahng things, casket.
PdSa (noose) : the forefingers of the Suci hand are bent and inter-
locked. Usage: enmity, noose, manacles. (Plate XII f.)
Kilaka (bond): hand are
the Httle fingers of the Mrga-slrsa
interlocked. Usage affection, the conversation of lovers.
:
Matsya (fish) : Pataka hands face downwards, the thumbs and

little fingers extended.! Usage: fish. (Plate XIV c.)
Kurma (tortoise) : the ends of the fingers of the Cakra hand are
bent, except the thumbs and little fingers. Usage: tortoise.
(Plate XIV D.)
Varaha (boar): Mrga-slrsa hands one upon the other (back to
back) the thimibs and little fingers linked. Usage boar.
, :
Garuda: Ardha-candra hands arfe held with palms askew, and

the thumbs interlocked. Usage: Garuda. (Plate XIV e.)
Naga-bandha (serpent-tie): Sarpa-sirsa hands are crossed.
Usage: naga-bandha, pairs of snakes, bower, Atharva Veda
speUs.
Khatvd (bed) : the thumbs and forefingers of two Catura hands
are left free. Usage: bed, etc. (Cf. Plate XIV b).
Bherunda: the wrists of Kapittha hands are joined. Usage:

pair of Bherundas.
Avahittha (dissimulation) : two Alapadma hands are held on the
chest. Usage: erotic dances {srngdra natana), holding a play-
ball, the breasts (Plates XI e, XIII d).
Such are the twenty-four Combined Hands in order.

According to another book the combined hands are as follows:
Avahittha: Sukatvmda hands held against the heart. The patron

deity is Markandeya. Usage: debility, wasting of the body,
eager interest, thinness.
1 The palm of one hand on the back of the other, the fingers along the fingers,
and the two little fingers and thumbs moved to and fro.
Gajadanta (elephant's tusk) :
' Sarpa-sirsa hands, the middles of
the arms boldly crossed. Patron deity Parainatma. Usage:
grasping a pillar, pulling up a stone, lifting anything heavy.
Caturasra (square): Kataka-mukha hands are held before the
chest. Patron deity Varahi. Usage: churning, Jakkini natana,
holding, milking, covering with cloths, wearing pearls, dragging
ropes, tying the girdle, tying the bodice, holding flowers, etc.,
plying the fly-whisk.
Tala-mukha (palms facing): two hands raised face to face be-
fore the chest, (not touching) Patron deity Vijiiaraja. Usage
.
embrace, stout things, a thick pillar, a sweet-sounding drum.

Svastika (crossed): Tripataka hands crossed on the left side.
Patron deity Guha. Usage: Wishing- tree, mountains.

Aviddha-vakra (swinging vydvrtta Pataka hands are
curve):
shown with grace and with (movement of) the elbows. Patron
deity Tumburu. Usage: tying the girdle, difference, slender-

ness of waist, folk dances (desya natana).
Recita: Hainsa-paksa hands face upwards, held apart. Patron
deity Yaksaraja. Usage: holding children, showing a painted
panel (citra-phalaka)
Nitamba (buttock): Pataka hands face upwards, turned over,
(extended from) the shoulder to the buttocks. Patron deity
Agastya. Usage: weariness, descent or entry (avatarana),
astonishment, ecstasy, etc.
Lata (creeper): Pataka hands held Kke a swing. Patron deity

Sakti. Usage: being heavy with drink, beginning (the dance
called) svabhdva natana, lines, state of union (yoga-condition),
etc.
Paksa-vailcita (bent wing): Tripataka hands are placed upon

the hips. Patron deity Arjuna. Usage: movement of the
thighs, difference.
Paksa-pradyota (shining wing): Paksa-vancita hands face
upwards. Patron deity Siddha. Usage: despondence, loss
of wits, strangeness, magic boar, pot gesture {kumbhdbkinaya)
' Quite distinct from the Gaja or Danda hand of T. A. Gopinatha Rao, " Hindu
Iconography", Vol. I, pt. i, p. i6, and ibid., PI. V, fig. 12, illustrated here on Plates
I and III.
Garu4a-paksa (Garuda wing) : Ardha-candra hands held at the

sides of the hips, extended upwards. Patron deity Sanan-
dana. Usage: waist string, superiority.
Nisedha (defence) : the Mukula hand enclosed by the Kapittha
hand. Patron deity Tumburu. Usage: estabKshing the con-
clusion of an argument, truth, saying "Verily", holding the
nipples, anga-puja.
Makara: Ardha-candra hands, one enclosing the other, palms
downwards, the thumbs moving. Patron deity Mahendra.
Usage: the sea, overflowing of a river, deer-face, prosperity,
solidity, platform, crocodile.
Vardhamana (increase) : Hamsa-paksa hands palms down,
turned together face upwards. Patron deity Vasuki. Usage:
Narasimha, his glory, tearing the raksasa's chest.
Udvrtta (asunder) : one Harnsa-paksa hand held face down-
wards and one face upwards. Patron deity Vasistha. Usage:
modesty, simile, torment, thorns etc., difference, considera-
tion.
Viprakirna (loosed) : Svastika hands quickly separated. Patron

deity Daksina-murti. Usage: drawing away the end of the
robe (celdncala) releasing.
,
Ardla-kataka-mukha: and Kataka-mukha hands held

Arala
crossed. Patron deity Vamana. Usage giving pieces of betel :
leaf, anxiety, dismay.

Sucydsya (needle-face): Suci hands are moved aside from the
front simultaneously. Patron deity Narada. Usage: saying
" What am I to do ? ", yearning for the beloved, saying
" Everything ", or " Look here."
Ardha-recita: of two Recita hands one is held palm downwards.
Patron deity Nandikesvara. Usage: invitation, giving
presents, concealing actions.
KeSa-bandha (tying the hair) Pataka hands binding the : hair.
Patron deity Durga. Usage: gem-pillar, binding the hair,

cheek, etc.
Musti-svastika (crossed fists): Musti hands are crossed on the
stomach. Patron deity Kimpurusa. Usage: playing ball,
boxing, great bashfulness, tjdng the girdle.

NaUni-padmakoSa: Padmakosa hands are outward-turned and
crossed. Patron deity Sesa. Usage: ndga-bandha, buds,
making equal distribution, cluster of flowers, the number ten,
Ganda-bherunda. (Identical with Nalina-padmakosa; Intro-

duction, pp. 4, 5.)
Udvestitdlapadma: Alapadma hands are held on the chest and

twisted upwards. Patron deity Sakti. Usage: husband,
humble words, the breasts, full-blown lotus, saying " I am
beloved ", conversation, indicating desires. (Plates XI e.
XIII D.)
Ulbana (abundance): the same hands held close to the eyes.
Patron deity Vijnesa. Usage large clusters of flowers, eyes.
:
Ldlita: the same hands crossed near the head. Patron deity
Vaisnavi. Usage: 5a/- tree, mountain.
According to a different book the Combined Hands are as

follows
Twenty-seven hands are described as follows: Viprakirna,
Tala-mukha, Gajadanta, Suci-viddha, Pallava, Nitamba, Kesa-
bandha. Lata, Dvirada, Uddhrta, Samyama, Mudra, Aja-mukha,
Ardha-mukula, Recita, Kusala, Paksa-vancita, Tilaka, Utthana-
vaiicita, Vardhamana, Jnana, Rekha, Vaisnava, Brahmokta-
sukatunda, Khanda-catura, Ardha-catura, Lina-mudra. [The
descriptions in many cases correspond with what has already
been given.]
Eleven Hands denoting Relationships:

Dampati (husband and wife): left hand Sikhara, right hand
Mrga-sirsa, indicating female and male.
Mdtr (mother) left hand Ardha-candra, right hand Samdainsa,
:
the left hand then placed on the stomach, showing the Stri
hand'; indicating mother or daughter.
Pitr (father) following the last hand, the right hand is held as
:
Sikhara; indicating father or son-in-law.

Svasr (mother-in-law): the right hand is held as Hamsasya
and Saindanisa at the throat, the left hand then placed on the
stomach showing the Stri hand.
^ The Stri (woman) hand is not separately described, but it will be seen that it
consists in placing either hand on the stomach, indicating the womb.

SvaSura (father-in-law) : following the last hand, the right hand

is shown as Sikhara.
Bharir-bhrdtr (brother-in-law) : the left hand Sikhara, the right
hand Kartarl-mukha at the side.
Nananda (sister-in-law): following the Bhartr-bhratr hand the

Stri hand is shown with the left.
Jyesta kanistha bhrdtr (elder or younger brother) : the Mayura

hand shown forwards and backwards.
Snusa (daughter-in-law): following the last, the Stri hand is
shown with the right.

Bhartr (husband): Hainsasya and Sikhara hands are held at
the throat.
Sapatni (co-wife) : the Pasa hand is shown first, and then Stri
with both hands.
Thus are described in order the eleven hands denoting rela-

tionships. Those not mentioned are to be inferred according to
circumstances.
Hands that indicate the forms which accord with the character
and actions of Brahma and other Devas: '
Brahma: 1. h. Catura, r. h. Hamsasya.

Sambhu: 1. h. Mrga-sirsa, r. h. Tripataka.
Vishnu: Tripataka with both hands.
Sarasvati: 1. h. Ardha-candra, r. h. Suci.
Pdrvati: Ardha-candra with both hands, the left upward, the right
downward, making Abhaya and Varada (Fear not, and
Charity). ^ \ ]
Laksml: two Kapittha hands held at the shoulders.^

Vijnesvara: two Kapittha hands held forward.
Sanmukha: 1. h. Trisula, r. h. Sikhara, held upwards.
Manmatha: 1. h. Sikhara, r. h. Kataka.
Indra: Tripataka hands crossed.
Yama: 1. h. Pasa, r. h. Suci.
Nairfti: Khatva and Sakata hands.

1 Showing Deva hands is referred to in a subsequent section as deva-vibhivana.'
'
2 '
Held at the shoulders ' is to be understood in the case of all the Deva hands
unless otherwise indicated.
Varuna: 1. h. Sikhara, r. h. Pataka.
Vayu: 1. h. Ardha-pataka, r. h. Arala.
Kuvera: 1. h. Padma, r. h. Gada.
Hands that indicate the Nine Planets (nava graha).
Surya: Solapadma and Kapittha hands held on the shoulders.
Candra: 1. h. Solapadma, r. h. Pataka.
Angdrakha: 1. h. Suci, r. h. Musti.
Budha: 1. h. Musti askew, r. h. Pataka.
Brhaspati: Sikhara with both hands, as if holding the sacred
thread.
Sukra: Musti with both hands, the left raised, the right down-
wards.
Sanaiscara: 1. h. Sarpa-slrsa, r. h. Trisula.
Rahu: 1. h. Sarpa-slrsa, r. h. Suci.
Ketu: 1. h. Suci, r. h. Ardha-pataka.

Hands Ten Avatars of Vishnu.
of the
Matsya: the Matsya hand is shown, then both hands Tripataka
level at the shoulders.
Kurma: the Kurma hand is shown, then both hands Tripataka
level at the shoulders.
Narasiipha: 1. h. Sirnha-mukha, r. h. Tripataka.
Vdmana: Musti with both hands, one upwards and the other
downwards, and towards the right side.
ParaSurdma: the left hand on the hip and Ardha-pataka with
the right.
Raghurdma: r. h. Kapittha, 1. h. Sikhara, held respectively near
and far.
Balardma: 1. h. Musti, r. h. Pataka.
Krishna: Mrga-sirsa hands facing one another on the shoulders.
Kalki: 1. h. Tripataka, r. h. Pataka.
(Buddha is omitted.)
The Raksasa Hand Both hands Sakata, held on the
: face.
Hands denoting the Four Castes:
Brdhmana: Sikhara with both hands, as if holding the sacred

thread, the right hand moved to and fro.
Ksattriya: Sikhara with the left hand moved to and fro, Pataka
with the right.
Vaisya: 1. h. Hamsasya, r. h. Kataka.

Sudra: 1. h. Sikhara, r. h. Sud.
The Hands of the Eighteen other Castes are shown according

to their work. In the same way the hands are to be inferred
which indicate the people of different countries.
There are as many hands as meanings. Their usage is to be
regulated by their hteral meaning, category, gender, and suita-
bility. So much is told in an abridged form, following careful
research; those who are acquainted with the moods of the heart
should use the hands with due care after consulting the texts, as
may be required.
The following are mentioned in another book:
Hands of Famous Emperors. —
Hariscandra, Sukatunda. Nala,
Mayura. Purukutsa, Alapadma. Pururavas, Musti. Sagara,
Alapadma on the head. Dilipa, Pataka. Ambarisa, Kartari.
Sibi, Kapittha hand waved forwards. Kdrttmrya, two Pataka
hands at the shoulders in deva-vibhdvana. Rdvana, the same hands
with widely separated fingers, feathered. Dharmardja, hands
waved near the arms. Arjuna, Tripataka moved forward again
and again. Bhima, Musti hand moved forward. Saibya, Suci
hand with the finger twisted upward. Nakula, Kataka. Saha-
deva, Sikhara. Nahusa, the hand moving. Yaydti, Tamractida.
Bhagiratha, Ardha-candra hand made like Tripataka, and this
is also used for an eclipse of the moon (Ht. seizing by Rahu).
For the Lords of the Earth Mandhata and Marutvdn, Mukula,

Sud and Musti hands and the Ardha-pataka twisted upwards
touching the body, these four hands are used in order. For the
great Kings Raghu and Aja, Ardha-pataka hands as aforesaid
are used respectively right and left. Dasaratha, Ardha-pataka
hands crossed. For Rama the Sikhara hand, and also for other
kings who bear the bow. For Bharata, Sikhara hand held on the
right shovdder. For Laksmana, the same on the left shoulder.
For Satrughna, the same on the face. If these are done with the
left hand on the left shoulder, it indicates those of the Lunar
race.
Hands of the Seven Oceans:
Lavana: Mukula hands moved upwards and downwards (vyd-

vrttacapavestitau) .1
Tksu: Alapadma hands in the same way.
Siira: Sankirna and Pataka hands in the same manner.
Sarpi: Catura (hands in the same manner)
Dadhi: Tripataka hands in the same manner.
Kslra: Sarpa-sirsa hands in the same manner.
Suddhodaka (Jala) : Pataka hands held just as before.
Hands of the Famous Rivers. — Moving upwards and down-

wards {vydvrttacdpavestitau) indicates a river, etc. : for any river,
the Pataka hand is used. I shall expound the right fashion of
those hands that indicate Ganga, etc., in accordance with their
special virtues.
For Ganga, etc., Tamracuda; for Yamuna, Rekha; for Krsnd-
veri, Simha-mukha; Kaveri, Catura; Sarasvati, Pataka and
Catura; N
armada, Ardha-pataka; Tungabhadra, Harpsasya;
Sarasvati, Bana; Vetrdvati, Suci; Candra-hhdga (Chenab) the
hand moving; Sarayu, Padma; Bhlmarathi, Arala; Suvarna-
mukhi, Ardha-catura; Pdpandsim, Sukatunda. So it is said by
those who know bhdva; and for rivers not mentioned here the
Pataka hand is appHcable.
The Upper Worlds. —
For the Seven Upper Worlds, Bhu,
Bhuvar, Svarga, Jana, Tapa, Satya, Mahar, the Pataka hand
twisted upwards is applicable.
The Lower Worlds. —
For the Seven Lower Worlds, Atala,
Vitala, Sutala, Taldtala, Mahdtala, Rasdtala, and Pdtdla, the
Pataka hand twisted downwards is apphcable.
Hands indicating Trees. —
Ahattha (pipal), Alapadma hands,
waving the fingers; Kadall, Mukula hands interlocked, extended,
and the fingers waved; Ndrangi (orange), Padmakosa; Lakuca,
Bhramara; Panasa (bread-fruit), Catura; Vilva (wood-apple),
the same; Punndga, Pataka and Catura; Manddra, Khanda-
catura; Vakula, Samdamsa; Vata (banyan), Pataka; Arjuna,
Simha-mukha; Pdtall, Sukatunda; Hintdla, Kartari-mukha;
1 Representing the up and down motion of waves.
Pilga (areca-nut), Padmakosa hands crossed; Campaka, Langula
hand downwards; Khadira, Tamracuda quite face downwards;
Sami, Kartari hands interlocked; ASoka, Pataka hands crossed,
i. e. touching at the wrists and freely moving to and fro; Sind-
huvdra, Mayura hands interlocked; Amalaka, the Samyama
Nayaka hand, i. e. the forefinger and second finger together in
the middle of the palm, the rest extended; Kuruvaka, Kartari
and Tripataka hands; Kapittha (elephant-apple), Alapadma
hands are crossed; Ketakl (screw-pine), Pataka and Catura
hands crossed at the wrists; Simiapa, Ardha-candra hands
crossed; Nimbasala, Sukatunda hands crossed; Parijdta, the
Trijiiana hand, i. e. Pataka with both hands twisted upwards;
Tintrini, Langula hand; Jambu, the Ardha-pataka hand;
Pdldsa, the Ardha-candra hand; Rasdla (mango), the Tripataka
hand.
Hands that indicate the Lion and other Animals. — Lion, the
Simha-mukha hand, i. e., r. h. Simha-mukha, and 1. h. Pataka
applied to the back of the right, the fingers being freely moved;
Tiger, the Ardha-candra hand held face downwards; Boar, the
Sankirna-makara hand, i. e. in the aforesaid Matsya hand, the
r. h. is held downwards and shaken, the five fingers being sever-
ally held apart, indicating bristles; Monkey, the Adho-musti-
mukiila hand is used, i. e. the thumb and second finger of the
Musti hand are joined; Bear, 1. h. Padmakosa face downwards,

r. h. Pataka placed on the back of the left; Cat, the Ardha-
mukula hand, i. e. the thumb and third finger of the Musti hand
are joined; Yak, the hands touching at the wrists, 1. h. Musti,
r. h. Mudrika, making the Musti-mudra hand; Iguana, Tala-
pataka hand, i. e. the thumb and little finger of the Pataka hand
are slightly raised; Porcupine Deer, the Candra-mrga hand, i. e.
the forefinger of the Mrga hand is raised; Antelope, the Mrga-
sirsa hand; Black Antelope, the Musti-mrga hand, i. e. the thumb
and little finger of the Musti hand are extended; Mule, Naga-
bandha hands directed upwards, indicating Cow-ear Mouse,
' ' ;
the Khanda-mukula hand, i. e. the foreiinger of the Mukula

hand is fully extended; Mole (?) (girika), the Khadga-mukula
hand, i. e. the forefinger of the Mukula hand is bent and moved
so THE MIRROR OF GESTURE
to and fro {tiryak prasdrita) ; Hare, the Tala-pataka hand is
moved horizontally {tiryak); Scorpion, the Karkata hand is
directed downwards; Dog, the Madhya-pataka hand, i. e. the

Httle finger of the Pataka hand is bent; Camel, the Kandanjali
hand, i. e. the thumbs of the Anjali hand are bent and moved up
and down; Goat, Sikhara hands in contact face to face; Ass, the
BhinnanjaU hand, i. e. the forefingers of the KhandanjaU hand are
bent in contact; Bull, the Tala-sirnha ^ hand, i. e. the second and
and the thumb placed
third fingers are bent to touch the palm,
over them, and the two other fingers extended; Cow, the San-
klrna-mudra hand, i. e. the middle finger is bent, and all the
others extended, also indicating Yantra-bheda.
Hands that indicate Flying Creatures. — Dove, the Kapota
hand fluttered (punkhita) ; Pigeon, the same hand moved hori-
zontally (tiryak); Hawk, Sukatunda hand; Owl, Gaja-danta
hands face to face in contact; Ganda-bherunda, Ardha-candra
hands face downwards, touching at the wrists, and all the fingers
separated; Cdtaka, the Langula hand fluttered; Cock, the Bhra-
mara hand; Kokila, the Arala hand fluttered; Crow, the Sam-
damsa-mukula hand, i. e. the forefinger of the Bhramara hand
is placed on the thumb, and the hand fluttered; Osprey, the
Suci hand relaxed (apaviddha); Parrot, the Sukatimda hand
fluttered; Crane (sdrasa), the Pradisa-mukula hand, i. e. the
Mukula hand with the little finger slightly Crane (baka),
bent;
the mingled-Harnsa hand, i. e. the forefinger and thumb are
joined, the second and third fingers extended, and the little finger
made to touch the palm, this is also used in Mantra-bheda;

Curlew, the Linalapadma hand is used, i. e. the Uttle finger of
the Alapadma hand is bent to touch the palm; Firefly, the
Hamsa-mukha hand, thumb is joined to the topmost
i. e. the
joint of the middle finger, and the hand relaxed; Bee, the
Bhramara hand fluttered; Swan (haipsa), the Hamsasya hand;
Cakravdka, Alapadma hands fluttered; Paddy-bird (koyastika),
the Arala-pataka hand, i. e. Arala with the right hand, Pataka
with the left, and the hands touching; Vydli, the VyaK hand,
^ i. e. Simha-mukha, with the back of the hand in the horizontal plane. Plate
XIII A.
i. e. the forefinger and middle finger bent like a bow, the third
finger placed at the base of the thumb, the little finger bent.
Hands that indicate Water-Animals. — Frog, the double Cakra
hand, i. e. the thumb and forefinger go in, the middle finger is
bent, and the little finger extended; Crab, the Lina-karkata

hand, i. Karkata direct upwards and placed on the 1. h.,
e., r. h.
the fingers being interlocked; Leech, Suci hands moved along;

Crocodile, Pataka hands crossed and held apart, also indicating
a box; Dundupha, the Kartarl-danda hand, i. e., r. h. Kartarl,
face upwards, placed on the other fore-arm, and 1. h. Kataka-
mukha.
This Mirror of Gesture has been edited by Tiruvenkatacari of

Nidamangalam, a very learned interpreter of Gesture and the
like, according to the Bharata Sastra, and into this work are
likewise introduced many extracts from the Bharata Sastra, for
the pleasure of the cultivated public. Thus ends the Mirror of
Gesture, with extracts from other books. Sri Sandtana-Rdma
arpanam astu!
Works of Comparison and Reference

Coomaraswamy, Ananda, ViSvakarmd, London, 1915.
Coomaraswamy, Ananda, The Arts and Crafts of India and Ceylon,
London, 191 3.
Craig, Gordon, The Art of the Theatre, London, 2d ed. 1911.
Craig, Gordon, The Mask, 1900
Foucher, L'Iconographie Bouddhique, Paris, 1910, 191 1.
Fox-Strangways, A. H., The Music of Hindustan, Oxford, 1914.
Grosset, Joanny, Bhdratiya-Ndtya-Cdstram, Tome I (all pub-
lished), Paris, 1898.
Haas, 0., The Dasarupa of Dhanawjaya, New York, 1912.

Hincks, Marcelle A., The Japanese Dance, London, 1910.
India Society, Ajanta Frescoes, London, 1915.
Kakuzo, Okakura, The Ideals of the East, 2 ed., 1904. (Ashikaga
Period.)
Knosp, Gaston, " Le Theatre en Indo-Chine," Anthropos, 1908.
Leclere, Adhemard, " Le Theatre Cambodgien," Revue d' Eth-
nographic et de Sociologie, 191 1.
Levi, Sylvain, Le Theatre Indien, Paris, 1890.
Fenollosa, Ernest and Pound, Ezra, " Noh " or Accomplishment,
London, 191 7.
Pischel, R.,The Home of the Puppet-play (translated by M. C.
Tawney), London, 191 2.
Rao, T. A. Gopinatha, Hindu Iconography, 191 5.
Stopes, Marie C, The Plays of Old Japan, London, 1913.
Visvanatha Kaviraja, Sdhityadarpana, ed. with translation,
BibUotheca India, Calcutta, 1875.
PLATES
PLATK I
THE COSMIC DANCE OF SIVA fNATARAJA)

Copper fii,'ure in Madras Museum. The first ri.L^ht hand holding a dram, the second in ahhaya
miidrd, the first left hand fout of the picture, see Plate XI B) holding a tlame, the
forward left hand exhibiting the anja or danda pose (cf. Plate III).
rLATJC II
KURUKULLA
Xepalese copf>er figure, about sixteentli c-fntLiry, Calcutta Museam. U["M'L-r iiands in [losiLion of
shooting an arrow (C[. Plate X\' ci.
PLATE III
DANSEUSE
Hands corresponding to the forward hands of Plate I. Buddhist frieze at Borobodur, Java,
about ninth century, a,d.
CEILIXi; SCULPTURE AT DILWARR^X, ML'. AHU
['ancc with hanri pa.-.es, ;inr| muîc.
DANSEUSES BEFORE A JAIXA GODDESS
Ceiling sculpture at Dihvarra, Mt- Abu,
APSARAS DANCING
In the \'aikuntha Sabhii of Vishnu: from an early Kangra painting in the collection of
Mr, W. Rothenstein.
PLATE VI
DANSEUSE
From an Ajanta fresco (sixth to seventh century A.D.): tracing by Samarendranath Gupta.
PLATE VII
A. Hl'DDHA H. iioDllIS \TT\'A
Seatfil in padmaadna , the han^h m dhaiinacakra mudra. Seated in lulliuuniu, ihi: r h.irlpa-
Xc[';ileê, ei^;lUh to ninth centurj-. IdkaA. h. holdin;,' stalk uf iutus.
(The r, h. alone is hamsdsya.) (Ja\'anese, ninth to ele\'cntli century.)
(Dr. Coomara^wamy's collection (British Museum)
D. Kartari mukha or mayura E, HaXDS of a I)AN<;tNG l^rvA
C. Hamsasya hand, Crom a hand (holding stalk of a lotus), r, h. Anllui-candni (fur paldka)^
Xepalese image. from a Nepalese image. making Abhaya mudrd.
HANDS OF IMAGES
Pi.ATi-: \'iii
SEATED IMAGE WITH AXJMJ IIAXDS

( '(II'PKR r;rLT I'lCTRK Of A IldN'UR
Nepal, sixteenth U> .seventuL-nlh centun,'. Indi;in Mu-ûum, South Ken-ini:tnn, Lnmlun.
PI.ATE IX
XAUTCH DANCE BEFORE A ROYAL PATRON

From a sixteenth century Rajasthani illustration of Pamama (?) rdqini, a musical mode, the
dancer exhibiting pataka hands: chorus to left.
(Dr. Coomaraswamy's collection)

PLATE X
A. Patdka hand B. Ardha-candra hand
C. Musti hand D. Sikhara hand
E. Bhramara hand
F. Sukatunda hand
SINGLE HANDS
(From drawings by Miss Dorothy M. Larcher.
PLATE XI
A. Kataka mukha hand with blue lotus Ardha-candra hand, with flame (upper left
(hand of Bodhisattva, Ajanta). hand of figure represented on PI. I).
C. Kartar mukha Chand of an D. Padmakosa hand.

image in Madras Museum),
E. Udvestitdlapadma hands.
SINGLE AND COMBINED HANDS

(D and E drawn by Miss Dorothy Larcher.)
I'l.ATI-: XH
1^ .\in!lh!-»iuf:h<l left iKinii
D. Sikhara left hand
C. AtapaJma luft hand
E. K'lrkiiln CimiljinfcJ liands (a Kruvc of trees)
SINGLE AND COMBINED HANDS

PI.ATE XIII
B. Raisini; Mt. Govardhan C The Rick-Mort^r

(Alapadma hands)
D. Both Hands udvcstildlapadma
COMBINED HANDS
PLATIO XIV
A, KvhBRMW^ LlKb: THE CRESCENT Mi.ii'X [\. h . raiijra-kdh]
C. The Fish (Aviituc

of \'islinui
I'hk Tortoise E. Garuda

lAvat.ir <jl \'ishnu) (Vehicle of X'ishnu)
COMBINED HANDS

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THE MIRROR OF GESTURE

BEING THE ABHINAYA DARPANA

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH

WITH INTRODUCTION AND

The Indian Editor's Preface . ii

IV. Dancing Frieze. Ceiling Sculpture, Dilwarra, Mt. Abu.

fDANSEusES Before a Taina Goddess. Dllwarka, Mt. Abu.

VI. Danseuse. From an Ajanta Fresco.

VII. Hands of Images.

EX. Nautch Dance Before a Royal Patron.

XI. Single aistd Combined Hands.

Xni. Combined Hands.

While we still lack a complete and adequate translation,

' Extract from a letter written in 1915.

This science was communicated by Brahma to Bharata and to

bestowing righteousness, renown, long life, fortune, increase of reason; afford-

He adds that no performance should be begun without fulfill-

the activities of men result from the conscious working of the

too late to begin the making of a new work of art.^ Precisely as

well-considered, and well-bred. Under these conditions Hfe

somewhat bending the slender body, and pour out. Nalina-

practically that of the extreme left-hand figure in Plate XII of

and then the same is done with the other foot." ^

in our translation only for want of any English word combining

Indian acting is a poetic art, an interpretation of life, while

plished in many things . In the

an art which is not, indeed, practised by everyone, but is under-

not alone sufi&cient, without imagination; and according to the

in a complete state.* Themodern Parsee theatres,

' The essential characteristic of aesthetic emotion (rasdsvddana) is a timeless

* It survives, perhaps, in Cambodia. Cf. A. Leclere, "Le Th64tre Cambodgien",

Revue d'Ethnographie et de Sociologie, 1910, Nos. ii-r2, pp. 257-282 — a valu-

the musical form; this expression of empathy (sddhdranl) is

of the type here described as abhinaya, or '

from Natya only in the greater relative importance of the music

guistic, but also a special hieratic significance. These poses,

however, scarcely realised how closely connected are the dancing

My thanks are due to M. Victor Goloubew for the photo-

is known to everyone that in these days our people not merely

Life, —Virtue, Wealth, Pleasure, and Spiritual Freedom, and —

hands, hands to indicate famous emperors, sacred rivers, trees;

Madabhushi Tieuvenkata, of Nidamangalam,

THE MIRROR OF GESTURE

Indra. —I bow to Nandikesvara, who dwells on Kailasa's

with the dwellers in heaven ? What is the cause that brings

sesses flavour, mood, and suggestion {rasa, bhdva, vyanjand

Lasya and Tandava. Lasya dancing is very sweet, Tandava

Natya and Nrtya should be seen especially at festivals. Nrtya

by resplendent princes, shining with royal splendour.

of the Abhinaya Darpaija is to explain how to express by gesture definite themes.

The Chief of the Audience (sabha-nayaka). He who is Chief —

presence, knowing the moods (bhavas) ' and their expression

The Ministers (mantri). — Those who shine as royal ministers

chorus (gitakdrah) between them; and the drone (srutikdra) a

Inner Life (antah prana) of the Danseuse. — The ten factors

sjTninetry, versatility, glances, ease, intelligence, confidence,

by the hands; the mood (bhava) must be shown by the glances;

Gestiure is the principal theme of what is here related.

* Observe that abhinaya speaking means " expression " whether by